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Lista de las estrellas más grandes

A continuación se muestran listas de las estrellas más grandes conocidas en la actualidad, ordenadas por radio y separadas en categorías por galaxia. La unidad de medida utilizada es el radio del Sol (aproximadamente 695.700  km ; 432.300  mi ). [1]

El Sol , la órbita de la Tierra , Júpiter y Neptuno , comparados con cuatro estrellas. ( Estrella Pistola , Rho Cassiopeiae , Betelgeuse y VY Canis Majoris )

Descripción general

Aunque las supergigantes rojas suelen considerarse las estrellas más grandes, se ha descubierto que otros tipos de estrellas aumentan temporalmente su radio de forma significativa, como durante las erupciones de LBV o las novas rojas luminosas . Las novas rojas luminosas parecen expandirse con extrema rapidez, alcanzando miles o decenas de miles de radios solares en tan solo unos meses, significativamente más grandes que las supergigantes rojas más grandes. [2]

Algunos estudios utilizan modelos que predicen que las estrellas supermasivas (SMS) de Población III o Población I de alta acreción en el universo primitivo podrían haber desarrollado "protoestrellas supergigantes rojas". Se cree que estas protoestrellas tienen tasas de acreción mayores que la tasa de contracción, lo que resulta en temperaturas más bajas pero con radios que alcanzan hasta muchas decenas de miles de R , comparables a algunos de los agujeros negros más grandes conocidos . [3] [4] [5]

Diámetros angulares

Los diámetros angulares de las estrellas se pueden medir directamente mediante interferometría estelar . Otros métodos pueden utilizar ocultaciones lunares o de sistemas binarios eclipsantes , que pueden emplearse para probar métodos indirectos de búsqueda de radios estelares. Solo unas pocas supergigantes pueden ser ocultadas por la Luna, incluidas Antares y 119 Tauri . Ejemplos de sistemas binarios eclipsantes son Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei y V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Las mediciones del diámetro angular pueden ser inconsistentes porque el límite de la atmósfera muy tenue ( opacidad ) difiere según la longitud de onda de la luz en la que se observa la estrella . [ cita requerida ]

Sigue habiendo incertidumbres con respecto a la composición y el orden de las listas, especialmente cuando se derivan varios parámetros utilizados en los cálculos, como la luminosidad estelar y la temperatura efectiva . A menudo, los radios estelares solo se pueden expresar como un promedio o estar dentro de un amplio rango de valores. Los valores de los radios estelares varían significativamente en diferentes fuentes y para diferentes métodos de observación. [ cita requerida ]

Todos los tamaños indicados en estas listas tienen imprecisiones y pueden ser cuestionados. Las listas aún están en proceso de elaboración y los parámetros están sujetos a cambios.

Advertencias

Existen varios problemas a la hora de determinar los radios exactos de las estrellas más grandes, que en muchos casos presentan errores significativos. Las siguientes listas se basan generalmente en diversas consideraciones o suposiciones, entre ellas:

Liza

Las siguientes listas muestran las estrellas más grandes conocidas según la galaxia anfitriona.

vía Láctea

Nubes de Magallanes

Galaxias Andrómeda (M31) y Triángulo (M33)

Otras galaxias (dentro del Grupo Local)

Fuera del Grupo Local (dentro del supercúmulo de Virgo)

Fuera del supercúmulo de Virgo

Téngase en cuenta que esta lista no incluye las estrellas oscuras candidatas JWST , con radios estimados de hasta 61 unidades astronómicas (13 000  R ) [138] ni las cuasiestrellas , con modelos teóricos que sugieren que podrían alcanzar radios de hasta 40 700 radios solares (189 au). [139]

Eventos transitorios

Durante algunos eventos transitorios, como las novas rojas o las erupciones LBV, el radio de la estrella puede aumentar en una cantidad significativa.

SN Progenitors

Largest stars by apparent size

The following list include the largest stars by their apparent size (angular diameter) as seen from Earth. The unit of measurement is the milliarcsecond (mas), equivalent to 10×10−3 arcseconds. Stars with angular diameters larger than 13 milliarcseconds are included.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Methods for calculating the radius:
  2. ^ a b c d e f At the J2000 epoch
  3. ^ [9][10][11][12][13]
  4. ^ Using an angular diameter of 7.8±0.64 milliarcseconds[27] and a distance of 1610+130
    −110
     parsecs.
    [28]
  5. ^ Using an angular diameter of 14.11±0.6 milliarcseconds and a distance of 940+140
    −40
     parsecs.
  6. ^ Luminosities are calculated using the apparent bolometric magnitude and distances in the following equation:
    100.4 • (4.74−(mbol+5−5 • log(dist)))
  7. ^ Legend:
    UD=Uniform disk diameter
    LD=Limb-darkened diameter
    Ross=Rosseland diameter
    Est = Estimated using distance and physical radius

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