stringtranslate.com

Lista de premios Nobel de Química

El Premio Nobel de Química fue establecido en el testamento de 1895 del químico sueco Alfred Bernhard Nobel .

El Premio Nobel de Química ( en sueco : Nobelpriset i kemi ) es otorgado anualmente por la Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias a científicos en los diversos campos de la química . Es uno de los cinco Premios Nobel establecidos por el testamento de 1895 de Alfred Nobel , quien murió en 1896. Estos premios se otorgan por contribuciones destacadas en química, física , literatura , paz y fisiología o medicina . [1] Según lo dictado por el testamento de Nobel, el premio es administrado por la Fundación Nobel y otorgado por la Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias. [2] El primer Premio Nobel de Química fue otorgado en 1901 a Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , de los Países Bajos. Cada destinatario recibe una medalla, un diploma y un premio monetario que ha variado a lo largo de los años. [3] En 1901, van 't Hoff recibió 150.782 coronas suecas , lo que equivale a 7.731.004 coronas suecas en diciembre de 2007. El premio se entrega en Estocolmo en una ceremonia anual el 10 de diciembre, aniversario de la muerte de Nobel. [4]

Al menos 25 laureados han recibido el Premio Nobel por contribuciones en el campo de la química orgánica , más que en cualquier otro campo de la química. [5] A dos laureados con el Premio Nobel de Química, los alemanes Richard Kuhn (1938) y Adolf Butenandt (1939), su gobierno no les permitió aceptar el premio. Más tarde recibirían una medalla y un diploma, pero no el dinero. Frederick Sanger es uno de los tres laureados que recibieron el Premio Nobel dos veces en la misma materia, en 1958 y 1980. John Bardeen , que recibió el Premio Nobel de Física en 1956 y 1972, y Karl Barry Sharpless , que ganó el Premio Nobel de Química en 2001 y 2022, son los otros. Otros dos han ganado el Premio Nobel dos veces, uno en química y otro en otra materia: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (física en 1903, química en 1911) y Linus Pauling (química en 1954, paz en 1962). [6] Hasta 2023, el premio ha sido otorgado a 192 personas, incluidas ocho mujeres (Maria Skłodowska-Curie fue la primera en recibirlo en 1911). [7]

Hubo ocho años en los que no se concedió el Premio Nobel de Química (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940-1942). También hubo nueve años en los que se retrasó un año su entrega. El premio no se concedió en 1914, ya que el Comité Nobel de Química decidió que ninguna de las nominaciones de ese año cumplía los criterios necesarios, pero se le concedió a Theodore William Richards en 1915 y contó como premio de 1914. [8] Este precedente fue seguido por el premio de 1918 otorgado a Fritz Haber en 1919, [9] el premio de 1920 otorgado a Walther Nernst en 1921, [10] el premio de 1921 otorgado a Frederick Soddy en 1922, [11] el premio de 1925 otorgado a Richard Zsigmondy en 1926, [12] el premio de 1927 otorgado a Heinrich Otto Wieland en 1928, [13] el premio de 1938 otorgado a Richard Kuhn en 1939, [14] el premio de 1943 otorgado a George de Hevesy en 1944, [15] y el premio de 1944 otorgado a Otto Hahn en 1945. [16]

En 2020, Ioannidis et al. informaron que la mitad de los premios Nobel de ciencia otorgados entre 1995 y 2017 se concentraron en solo unas pocas disciplinas dentro de sus campos más amplios. La física atómica , la física de partículas , la biología celular y la neurociencia dominaron las dos materias fuera de la química, mientras que la química molecular fue la principal disciplina premiada en su dominio. Los químicos moleculares ganaron el 5,3% de todos los premios Nobel de ciencia durante este período. [17]

Laureados

See also

References

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations

  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  5. ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  6. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  7. ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  8. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  9. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  10. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  11. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  12. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  13. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  14. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  15. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  16. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  17. ^ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234612. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534612I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMC 7390258. PMID 32726312.
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  20. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  23. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  24. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  26. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  28. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  29. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  30. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  31. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  32. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  34. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  38. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  39. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  41. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  42. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  43. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  44. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  45. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  46. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  47. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  48. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  49. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  50. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  51. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  52. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  53. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  55. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  56. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  58. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  59. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  60. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  61. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  62. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  63. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  64. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  65. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  67. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  69. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  70. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  71. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  72. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  73. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  74. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  75. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  76. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  77. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  78. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  79. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  80. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  81. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  83. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  85. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  87. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  89. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  90. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  92. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  93. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  94. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  95. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  96. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  97. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  98. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  99. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  100. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  101. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  102. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  103. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  104. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  105. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  106. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  107. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  108. ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  109. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
  111. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  112. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  113. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  114. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  115. ^ "3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  116. ^ "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize". BBC. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  117. ^ "Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  118. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  119. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  120. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  121. ^ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae Archived 9 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  122. ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  123. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  124. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  125. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  126. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  127. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Chemistry.