stringtranslate.com

Close central rounded vowel

A spectrogram of /ʉ/.

The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of its symbol, "barred u".

The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [ẅ].[2]

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).

Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel (listenⓘ), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩, ⟨ʊ̈⟩ and ⟨ʊ̟⟩, but ⟨ɵ̝⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵿ⟩ represents free variation between /ʊ/ and /ə/.

Close central protruded vowel

The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Occurrence

Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Close central compressed vowel

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ ([ɨ] modified with labial compression[39]).

Features

Occurrence

This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ɨᵝ] where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
  3. ^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
  4. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 14.
  5. ^ Abdel-Massih (1971), p. 20.
  6. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  7. ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
  8. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  9. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
  10. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  11. ^ Schneider et al. (2004), p. 582.
  12. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 133.
  13. ^ a b Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
  14. ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 116.
  15. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 476, 487.
  16. ^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), pp. 188, 191–192.
  17. ^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
  18. ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
  19. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
  20. ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
  21. ^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
  22. ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  23. ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
  24. ^ a b c d Urua (2004), p. 106.
  25. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
  26. ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  27. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 50.
  28. ^ Fattah (2000), pp. 110–122.
  29. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  30. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.
  31. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  32. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 75.
  33. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 38, 67–68.
  34. ^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), p. 54.
  35. ^ Nance (2013).
  36. ^ "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  37. ^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
  38. ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
  39. ^ e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
  40. ^ Olson, Kenneth; Meynadier, Yohann (2015). "ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS". 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: USBkey#0522. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  41. ^ a b Okada (1999), p. 118.
  42. ^ Labrune, Laurence (2012). The Phonology of Japanese. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4.
  43. ^ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
  44. ^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 29.
  45. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 18.

References

External links