A worker sweeping the floor of a parking garage in Atlanta.Janitorial closet in Elko, Nevada, United States
A cleaner, cleanser, cleaner or cleaning operative is a type of industrial or domestic worker who is tasked with cleaning a space. A janitor (US and Canada), also known as a custodian, porter or caretaker, is a person who cleans and might also carry out maintenance and security duties. A similar position, but usually with more managerial duties and not including cleaning, is occupied by building superintendents in the United States and Canada and by site managers in schools in the United Kingdom.
According to the Cambridge English dictionary a "cleaner" is "a person whose job is to clean houses, offices, public places, etc.:";[1] the Collins dictionary states that: "A cleaner is someone who is employed to clean the rooms and furniture inside a building."[2]. However, a cleaner does not always have to be employed and perform work for pay, such as in the case of volunteer work or community service. "Cleaner" may also refer to cleaning agents e.g. oven cleaner, or devices used for cleaning, eg. vacuum cleaner.[2][3]
Cleaner cleaning the footpath in Abu Dhabi, Middle East.
Cleaning operatives may specialize in cleaning particular things or places, such as window cleaners, housekeepers, janitors, crime scene cleaners and so on.[4] Cleaning operatives often work when the people who otherwise occupy the space are not around. They may clean offices at night or houses during the workday.
Etymology
The word janitor derives from the Latin"ianitor",[5] meaning doorkeeper or porter, itself from "ianua", meaning door, entrance or gate.[6] This derives from "Janus", the Roman god of doors, gates and portals.[7]
Its first recorded use meaning "caretaker of a building, man employed to see that rooms are kept clean" was in 1708.[6]
Demography
Between 17% and 23% of the total illegal immigrant population living in the United States work in the cleaning industry[8] (and growing at a rate of 1/2% to 1/3% percent per year). In addition to this population offering an abundant source of inexpensive labor,[9] janitorial work is mostly undertaken at night, making it an appealing option for janitorial companies to employ illegal workers[10][11] seeking clandestine employment.
In the Netherlands, the number of cleaning companies grew from 5,000 in 2003 to 8,000 in 2008.[12]
Pay scale
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2023 the median pay of a janitor working in the US was $16.84 per hour.[13]
Outsourcing
Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services.[14] Some of the reasons for this include:
Basic cleaning tasks are standardised, with little variation among different enterprises.
The nature of the job and required standard of performance can be clearly defined and specified in a contract, unlike more technical or professional jobs for which such specification is harder to develop.
Some organizations prefer to outsource work unrelated to their core business in order to save additional salaries and benefits required to manage the work.
Some organizations may feel uncomfortable dealing with labour relations related to low wage employees; by outsourcing, these labor relations issues are transferred to a contractor whose staff are comfortable and experienced in dealing with these issues, and their approach can benefit from economies of scale.
If a janitor is unavailable due to sickness or leave, a contractor which employs many janitors can easily assign a substitute. A small organisation which employs one or a few janitors directly will have much more trouble with this.
Occupation classification: Types of cleaning operatives
The cleaning industry is quite big as different types of cleaning are required for different objects and different properties. For example, cleaning an office space requires the services of a commercial cleaner, whereas cleaning a house requires a residential cleaner or residential cleaning service. Depending on the task, even these categories can be subdivided into, for example, end-of-lease cleaning, carpet cleaning, upholstery cleaning, window cleaning, car cleaning services etc. Cleaners specialize in a specific cleaning sector or even a specific task in a cleaning sector, and one cannot expect a window cleaner to be able or willing to clean a carpet.
9112.6 - train cleaner: "Train cleaners keep the interiors of trains tidy and clean. They clean out the bins in the different compartments, and perform other cleaning activities such as hoovering, mopping and deep cleaning."[15]
9123.1 - window cleaner: "Window cleaners use cleaning tools such as sponges and detergents to clean windows, mirrors and other glass surfaces of buildings, both on the interior and exterior. They use specific ladders to clean taller buildings, using safety belts for support."[15]
9122.1 - vehicle cleaner: "Vehicle cleaners clean and polish surfaces of external parts and interiors of vehicles."[15]
9111.1 - domestic cleaner: "Domestic cleaners perform all necessary cleaning activities in order to clean their clients' houses. They vacuum and sweep floors, wash dishes, launder clothes, dust, scrub and polish surfaces and disinfect equipment and materials."[15]
9129.2 - sewerage cleaner: "Sewerage cleaners maintain and clean sewerage systems and their pipes within communities. They remove blockages that stop the sewerage flow to ensure the smooth running of the systems."[15]
9112.2 - building cleaner: "Building cleaners maintain the cleanliness and overall functionality of various types of buildings such as offices, hospitals and public institutions. They perform cleaning duties like sweeping, vacuuming and mopping floors, empty trash and check security systems, locks and windows. Building cleaners check air conditioning systems and notify the appropriate persons in case of malfunctions or problems."[15]
9112.3 - furniture cleaner: "Furniture cleaners maintain furniture items by removing dust, applying furniture polish, cleaning stains and maintaining colouring."[15]
5153.1.1 - amusement park cleaner: "Amusement park cleaners work to keep the amusement park clean and take on small repairs. Amusement park cleaners usually work at night, when the park is closed, but urgent maintenance and cleaning is done during the day."[15]
8160.10 - cacao beans cleaner: "Cacao beans cleaners operate machines for the removal of foreign materials such as stones, string and dirt from cacao beans. They operate silos as to move beans from there to hoppers. They direct the cleaned beans to specified silos. They operate air-cleaning system in order to remove further foreign materials."[15]
7133.2 - building exterior cleaner: "Building exterior cleaners remove dirt and litter from a building's exterior, as well as perform restoration tasks. They ensure the cleaning methods are compliant with safety regulations, and monitor the exteriors to ensure they are in proper condition."[15]
9129.1 - drapery and carpet cleaner: "Drapery and carpet cleaners clean draperies and carpets for their clients by removing stains, dust or odors. They do this by applying chemical and repellent solutions and with the use of brushes or mechanical equipment."[15]
9112.5 - toilet attendant: "Toilet attendants clean and maintain toilet facilities in accordance with company standards and policies. They use cleaning equipment to clean mirrors, floors, toilets and sinks. They perform the cleaning activities before, during and after operational service hours. Toilet attendants refill the facility with supplies as needed and maintain records of their daily operations."[15]
9129 - Other cleaning workers: cleaning workers not classified[15]
In addition:
9112.1 - aircraft groomer can clean in airplanes: "Aircraft groomers clean aircraft cabins and airplanes after usage. They vacuum or sweep the interior of cabin, brush debris from seats, and arrange seat belts. They clean trash and debris from seat pockets and arranged in-flight magazines, safety cards, and sickness bags. They also clean galleys and lavatories."[15]
8157.1.1 - laundry ironer: can clean clothes: "Laundry ironers re-shape clothing items and linen and remove creases from them by using irons, presses and steamers. They clean and maintain the ironing and drying area and organise the items accordingly."[15]
9129.3 - swimming facility attendant cleans around the swimming pool[15]
Waste collection and recycling
The cleaning person may receive waste and carry out activities related to its transport to the place of storage, segregation and recycling.
Charity / free social cleaning
Cleaning can be done freely, free of charge and without employment e.g. social cleaning of the forest from garbage.
Cleaning by convicts
Cleaning is sometimes done by convicts for rehabilitation or leniency purposes. Cleaning as a substitute punishment. However, in the other hand in some cases, cleaners are checked against criminal records.[16]
A cleaner using a mechanical sweeper to clean the street
A cleaner shoveling snow off from the sidewalks.
A Worker is cleaning pool at Kowloon Park.jpg
Cleaner cleaning the floor in the bathroom.
Cleaning the sidewalk from fallen leaves.
Train window cleaning.
Office cleaning
Office cleaning staff perform many of the same duties as janitors. However the tasks are divided among different members. Additional tasks include:
watering plants (pruning as well)
cleaning sinks, refrigerators, microwaves and toasters in office kitchens; clearing recycling and garbage bins
dusting furniture and computer equipment (monitors and desk area, but excluding keyboards) and tables
Occupational tasks
Most of the work performed by janitors and building cleaners is indoors. Office and school buildings are usually cleaned when they are vacant, so most of the office janitorial staff work during the evening. The work can be physically taxing and sometimes dirty and unpleasant.[17]General janitor duties often include the following tasks:
Unlocking and locking buildings at the beginning and end of the day
Operation of building systems (turning on and off lights, setting thermostats, etc.) In some places, this may include testing/maintaining/setting building safety/security systems (fire alarms, burglar alarms, surveillance cameras, etc.)
Cleaning air-conditioner vents
Crime scene cleaning (requires being fully certified and pay scale starts from $300.00 to $700.00+ an hour[18][19])
Room and event setups (tables and chairs, audio video equipment, etc.) (college/schools, etc.)
Minor maintenance work, such as: changing light bulbs and filters, replacing ceiling tiles, doing small repairs, fixing small leaks, performing testing and monitoring of building equipment, etc. In some places, other people may do these maintenance tasks.
Outdoor work, such as: cleaning walkways, litter pickup, mowing lawns, tending to landscape plantings, leaf cleanup, snow removal, etc. In some places, groundskeepers or a separate company may do outdoor work.
Porterage (internal deliveries; movement of equipment or people in hospitals, colleges, etc.)
Typical cleaning equipment
The following are some items used by cleaning staff:
However, the equipment depends on the situation and the type of cleaning.
Not always, but depending on the situation, (for example during cleaning dusty or dangerous substances or places, window cleaning at high heights, being on a busy street or in factories) items used by cleaning staff can include safety equipment such as:
Window cleaner climbing out of a scaffold equipped with height harness and a fitted hardhat.
Cleaning a building in mask, overalls and gloves to prevent exposure to dust.
Washing and disinfection of the street during the COVID-19 pandemic with overalls, gloves, mask, and protective boots as protection against biohazards.
Hazards
The exposure of a cleaner to hazards depends on the activity performed and the situation for example: allergens, dust, biohazards, fall, possibility of contact with electric shock, slipping on a slippery surface, so safety equipment should be adapted to the situation.
In addition: On the whole it is not recommended to perform this work for a person with severe allergies.
Working conditions
The 2000 film Bread and Roses by British director Ken Loach depicted the struggle of cleaners in Los Angeles, California, for better pay and working conditions and for the right to join a union. In an interview with the BBC in 2001, Loach stated that thousands of cleaners from around 30 countries have since contacted him with tales similar to the one told in the film.
^ a b"janitor". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
^"'Janitor': A Word History". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
^Weltin, Dan (2010-05-21). "Immigration Reform: There's Always An Excuse". Cleanlink.com. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^Mollenkamp, Becky (2011-04-11). "Illegal Subcontracting Bad Apples: Illegal subcontracting's continuing impact on the BSC industry". Cleanlink.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
^Ridgely, Lisa (2010-03-01). "Overdue Diligence: How BSCs can avoid hiring legal workers". Cleanlink.com. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
^Miriam, Jordan (2011-08-15). "Immigration Audits Drive Illegal Workers Underground: ABM Caught for Employing illegal immigrants". online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^Data from the employers' organisation in The Netherlands provided by EU-OSHA's Focal Point Literature review - The occupational safety and health of cleaning workers EU-OSHA - European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
^"Janitors and Building Cleaners". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
^Torrington, Derek; Hall, Laura; Taylor, Stephen (2008). Contracts, Contractors and Consultants. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780273710752.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q"European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations". European Union. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^"Government of the United Kingdom" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^"Janitors and Building Cleaners : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics".
^Morreale, Don (July 6, 2012). "Crime Scene Cleaners mops up after mayhem". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013.
^Facts about Crime Scene Cleaners! by Documents & Resources for Small Business Professionals DOCSTOC News Source, Fed 12, 2013
^"Definition of maid | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
Further reading
Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6).
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