Lista de refrigerantes

Esta es una lista de refrigerantes , ordenados por sus números designados por ASHRAE , comúnmente conocidos como números R. Muchos refrigerantes modernos son gases halogenados artificiales , especialmente gases fluorados y gases clorados, a los que con frecuencia se hace referencia como freón (una marca registrada de Chemours ).

Esquema de numeración

Según la norma 34 de ASHRAE , el número R de un refrigerante químico se asigna sistemáticamente según su estructura molecular y tiene entre dos y cuatro dígitos. Si hay enlaces múltiples carbono - carbono , hay cuatro dígitos en total: el número de estos enlaces es el primer dígito y el número de átomos de carbono menos uno (C-1) es el siguiente. Si hay más de un átomo de carbono pero no hay enlaces múltiples, hay tres dígitos y el número de átomos de carbono menos uno es el primer dígito. Si sólo hay un átomo de carbono, entonces sólo hay dos dígitos. Los dos últimos dígitos son siempre el número de átomos de hidrógeno más uno (H+1), seguido del número de átomos de flúor . Se supone que cualquier otro átomo unido a los carbonos es átomo de cloro . Por ejemplo, R-22 tiene un átomo de carbono, un átomo de hidrógeno (2-1 = 1), dos átomos de flúor y un átomo de cloro (4-2-1 = 1), por lo que es clorodifluorometano , mientras que R-134 tiene dos átomos de carbono (2-1 = 1), dos átomos de hidrógeno (3-1 = 2), cuatro átomos de flúor y ningún átomo de cloro (6-2-4 = 0), por lo que es uno de los tetrafluoroetanos . Este esquema básico se modifica de la siguiente manera:

Las letras mayúsculas "B" e "I" tienen el sufijo, junto con el recuento de átomos, si los átomos de cloro se han reemplazado con bromo o yodo .
Si hay dos carbonos, el isómero sin sufijo es el más simétrico; después de esto, se agregan las letras minúsculas con sufijo "a", "b", ..., avanzando a través del alfabeto a medida que disminuye la simetría.
Si hay más de dos carbonos, se utiliza un sistema más complejo de letras con sufijos y posiblemente números para distinguir los isómeros, cuando es necesario.
Los sufijos "(Z)" y "(E)" pueden usarse para diferenciar los isómeros ( Z )- y ( E )- ( cis - y trans - ).
Para moléculas más grandes, pueden aparecer "dígitos" numéricos superiores a 9; en este caso, estos números están separados por guiones.
Para un esqueleto de carbono cíclico, se utiliza la letra mayúscula "C" como prefijo.
Para un refrigerante que contiene oxígeno (un éter ), se utiliza la letra mayúscula precedida "E". ^[1]^{: §4}

Existen esquemas de numeración separados para mezclas zeotrópicas y azeotrópicas , sustancias químicas orgánicas que no encajan en el esquema anterior y sustancias químicas inorgánicas:

Las mezclas zeotrópicas están numeradas a partir de 400. Se pueden utilizar letras mayúsculas con sufijo "A", "B", ... para distinguir diferentes mezclas con los mismos constituyentes.
Las mezclas azeotrópicas se numeran de manera similar a las mezclas zeotrópicas, pero comenzando con 500.
Otros productos químicos orgánicos pueden numerarse comenzando con 600. Se pueden utilizar letras minúsculas con el sufijo "a", "b", ... para distinguir los isómeros.
A los productos químicos inorgánicos se les asignan números que equivalen a 700 más su peso molecular , si el peso es inferior a 100, o 7000 más el peso molecular en caso contrario. Se pueden utilizar letras mayúsculas con sufijo "A", "B", ... para distinguir diferentes sustancias químicas con el mismo peso molecular. ^[1]^{: §4}

columnas

La tabla se puede ordenar por cada una de las siguientes propiedades del refrigerante (desplácese hacia la derecha o reduzca la ampliación para ver más propiedades):

Tipo/prefijo (ver leyendas)
Número ASHRAE
Nombre químico IUPAC
fórmula molecular
Número de registro CAS /nombre de la mezcla
Vida atmosférica en años.
Potencial semiempírico de agotamiento del ozono , PAO (normalizado a 1 para el R-11 )
Potencial neto de calentamiento global , GWP, en un horizonte temporal de 100 años (normalizado a 1 para R-744 , dióxido de carbono)
Límite de exposición ocupacional / límite de exposición permisible en partes por millón (volumen por volumen) sobre una concentración promedio ponderada en el tiempo (TWA) para una jornada laboral normal de ocho horas y una semana laboral de 40 horas
Grupo de seguridad ASHRAE 34 en clasificación de toxicidad e inflamabilidad (en aire a 60 °C, 101,3 kPa) (ver leyendas)
Límite de concentración de refrigerante/ inmediatamente peligroso para la vida o la salud en partes por millón (volumen por volumen) y gramos por metro cúbico
Masa molecular en unidades de masa atómica.
Puntos de ebullición normales para sustancias puras, puntos de burbuja y de rocío para mezclas zeotrópicas, o punto de ebullición normal y temperatura azeotrópica para mezclas azeotrópicas, a 101.325 Pa (1 atmósfera) y en grados Celsius.
Temperatura crítica en grados Celsius
Presión crítica absoluta en kilopascales

Dado que son posibles más de 100 000 mezclas de refrigerantes , ^[2] esta lista solo debe incluir refrigerantes y mezclas de refrigerantes notables.

Lista

Type and flammability

Compounds used as refrigerants may be described using either the appropriate prefix above or with the prefixes "R-" or "Refrigerant." Thus, CFC-12 may also be written as R-12 or Refrigerant 12.
An alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.^[77]

Educated Estimates

^ a b c d e Some CFCs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP being one.^[4]^[12]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr Some HCFCs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP.^[4]^[15]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Some HCFCs are assumed to be similar in terms of Atmospheric Lifetime^[3]^[4] & net GWP over a 100-year time horizon.^[3]^[4]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae All HFCs, HFOs, PFCs & PFOs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP being zero.^[14]^[17]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Most hydrocarbons are assumed to be similar to Methane in terms of Atmospheric Lifetime being 12 ± 3 years^[3] & Semi-Empirical ODP being < 0(smog chemistry).^[20]
^ a b c Pentane, Isopentane & Ethoxyethane (Diethyl ether) is assumed to have a net GWP over 100-yr to be 4 ± 2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Air, nitrogen, oxygen & the noble gases are assumed to have an unlimited Atmospheric Lifetime, a Semi-Empirical ODP of zero (except oxygen being slightly less than zero) & net GWP over 100-yr to be zero (except air being the sum of its parts).

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Notes

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex Blend Calculation using the following information: (a) Hydrocarbons are assumed to be similar to Methane in terms of Atmospheric Lifetime being 12 ± 3 years, (b) Pentane & Isopentane is assumed to have a net GWP over 100-yr to be 4 ± 2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Blend Calculation using the following information:^[4]^[12]^[15]^[14]^[17]^[25]
^ Triple point; substance sublimes at atmospheric pressure.