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Mongolian script multigraphs

This article describes two- and three-letter combinations (so-called digraphs and trigraphs) used for the Mongolian language when written in the Mongolian script.

Vowel and consonant combinations

The intervocalic letters γ/g, and y has in some combinations come to help form long vowels, namely:[1]: 36–37 

Sometimes intervocalic b and m is silent: as in ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ debel (дээл deel) 'robe, garment' or ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ kümün (хүн khün) 'human, person; man'.[2]: 64 [3]

Vowel combinations

Notes

  1. ^ Interrogative uu/üü particle (subject to vowel harmony; уу/үү/юу/юү uu/üü/yuu/yuü) used after the predicate.[7]: 437, 889, 1014 [1]: 172 [4]: 38 [8]: 53 [9]: 183  The positional variant ⟨ᠶᠤᠤ⟩ yuu/yüü (юу/юү yuu/yuü) is only used in the modern language.[7]: 437 [8]: 53 
  2. ^ As in ᠣᠣ/ᠠᠭᠤᠤ uu/aγuu (—/агуу —/aguu) 'vast, great[ly], large', etc.[7]: 18, 889 [1]: 30 
  3. ^ Written with an intervocalic long tooth, as in ᠦᠷ/ᠦᠦᠷ ür/üür (үүр üür) 'dawn, daybreak'.[7]: 1010, 1014 
  4. ^ As in ᠲᠤᠤᠯᠢ tuuli (тууль tuuli) 'old tale, story, epic, epic poem'.[7]: 847 [10]: 834 
  5. ^ Written with an intervocalic long tooth, as in the loanword ᠫᠦᠳ/ᠫᠦᠦᠳᠡ püd/püüde (пуд pud) 'pud', a Russian weight.[7]: 650 
  6. ^ Final uu/üü in the prohibitive particle ᠪᠤᠤ () buu/büü (бүү büü) 'don't' lacks an intervocalic long tooth.[7]: 141, 153 [1]: 166 [4]: 38  Contrast with the visually similar conjunction ᠪᠤᠶᠤ (): xiii  buyu (буюу buyuu) 'or',[7]: 132 [4]: 44  and noun ᠬᠦᠦ küü (хүү khüü) 'son, young boy', a colloquial form of ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ köbegün (хөвүүн/хөвгүүн khövüün/khövgüün),[7]: 494, 509 [1]: 20 [4]: 11 [10]: 816 [11]: 37 [12]: 395 
  7. ^ As in ᠠᠢ ai (ай ai) 'category; sound, noise', or an pity/sympathy/worry-expressing interjection.[7]: 19 
  8. ^ As in ᠡᠢ ei (ий ii), an compassion/sorrow/fright/disgust-expressing interjection.[7]: 303 
  9. ^ As in ᠣᠢ oi (ой oi) 'woods, forest, grove; mind, intellect; memory',[7]: 603–604  or ᠤᠢ ui (уй ui) 'mourning, sorrow'.[7]: 866 
  10. ^ As in ᠥᠢ/ᠥᠶᠢ öi/öyi (өөе ööye), an exclamatory interjection meaning 'hello', 'I say', or 'look here',[7]: 633 [3] or ᠦᠢ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ üi (үй üi) tümen 'multitude; innumerable'.[7]: 999 
  11. ^ As in the final diphthongs u-a and uu-a.[1]: 31 
  1. ^ Scholarly transliteration.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  2. ^ Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.
  3. ^ a b "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
  5. ^ "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
  6. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[6]
  8. ^ a b c Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  9. ^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
  10. ^ a b Bawden, Charles (2013-10-28). Mongolian English Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15588-8.
  11. ^ Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
  12. ^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2014-10-14). Colloquial Mongolian (eBook And MP3 Pack): The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-22246-7.
  13. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.