Dogri literature refers to the body of written and oral works in the Dogri language, predominantly spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and parts of northern Pakistan. Known for its linguistic rhythm and cultural expressions, Dogri literature refers to the traditions, lifestyle, and history of the Dogras. It encompasses poetry, prose, folklore, and modern literary forms, playing a significant role in preserving the region's heritage.[1]
The 20th century marked a turning point as Dogri transitioned from oral to written forms, with poets and writers capturing local experiences and social issues. Notable figures like Padma Sachdev and Ved Rahi have played a central role in promoting Dogri literature, earning both national and regional recognition.[2] Dogri's inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 2003 further revitalized literary activities.[3]
Dogri literature experienced challenges such as limited readership and competition from other languages. However, cultural programs, educational initiatives, and literary societies actively promote the language and its literature. These attempts contribute to preserving the region's heritage and maintaining the identity and traditions of the Dogras.[4]
The Dogras, known for their martial traditions and Pahari miniature paintings, inhabit the region between the Ravi and Chenab rivers, historically called Duggar. Early records, such as the Chamba copperplates (11th century CE), refer to this community. The first reference to Dogri, the language of the Dogra people, appears in 1317 CE in a linguistic survey by Amir Khusro, where it is called "Duggar Bhasha." This historical and cultural backdrop has significantly shaped Dogri literature, which suggests the traditions, values, and experiences of the Dogra people.[5]
The origins of Dogri literature lie in oral traditions, including folk songs, ballads, and storytelling. These oral narratives, often passed down through generations, celebrate themes like love, nature, valour, and spirituality. Dogri's earliest forms were primarily spoken, with written works emerging later under the influence of Persian, Urdu, and Hindi literary traditions.[6][7]
The formal recognition of Dogri as a literary language gained momentum in the 20th century. The language's journey from oral traditions to literary prominence was facilitated by poets and scholars who began to write Dogri poetry, short stories, and plays in Devnagari and later in the Dogri script.[8] The constitution of India recognises Dogri as one of the official languages in 2003.[3]
Dogri poetry remains one of the most prominent genres, with variety of forms. Traditional poetry includes geet (songs) and ghazals, focusing on themes of love, patriotism, and nature. Many poets have also explored philosophical and social issues in their verses. Modern Dogri poetry focuses on both personal emotions and collective experiences, often addressing contemporary issues.[9]
Dogri prose literature includes novels, short stories, essays, and plays. The genre evolved in the mid-20th century, driven by writers interested in narrating the everyday lives of the Dogras. Short stories, in particular, became popular for their ability to capture human emotions and social issues in concise narratives.[5]
Folk literature, including ballads, lullabies, and epics, forms the central role of Dogri's oral tradition. Folk tales like masade, baare, and janjh celebrate regional heroes, historical events, and cultural values, attempting to preserve identity. These stories are often performed during traditional festivals and community gatherings.[10]
Theatre has also played an prominent role in the Dogri literary tradition. Folk performances, such as bhakh and haran, integrate songs, dialogues, and dance. In the 20th century, Dogri playwrights began to experiment with modern forms of theatre, addressing social issues and personal struggles while preserving local traditions.[11]
Dogri writers and poets have been recognized at both regional and national levels for their contributions to literature. The Sahitya Akademi Award, a prestigious literary honor in India, has been conferred upon several Dogri authors. In 1971, Padma Sachdev became the first modern woman Dogri writer to receive this award for her collection of poems, Meri Kavita Mere Geet.[12] Since then, many other Dogri writers have followed her, bringing the language and its literature into the national spotlight.[13]