A continuación se muestran listas de las estrellas más grandes conocidas actualmente, ordenadas por radio y separadas en categorías por galaxia. La unidad de medida utilizada es el radio del Sol (aproximadamente 695.700 km ; 432.300 mi ). [1]
Aunque las supergigantes rojas a menudo se consideran las estrellas más grandes, se ha descubierto que algunos otros tipos de estrellas aumentan temporalmente significativamente su radio, como durante las erupciones del LBV o las novas rojas luminosas . Las novas rojas luminosas parecen expandirse extremadamente rápidamente, alcanzando de miles a decenas de miles de radios solares en sólo unos meses, significativamente más grandes que las supergigantes rojas más grandes. [2]
Los diámetros angulares de las estrellas se pueden medir directamente mediante interferometría estelar . Otros métodos pueden utilizar ocultaciones lunares o binarias eclipsantes , que pueden utilizarse para probar métodos indirectos de búsqueda de radios estelares. La Luna sólo puede ocultar unas pocas estrellas supergigantes útiles, incluida Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Ejemplos de binarias eclipsantes son Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei y V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Las mediciones del diámetro angular pueden ser inconsistentes porque el límite de la atmósfera muy tenue ( opacidad ) difiere según la longitud de onda de la luz en la que se observa la estrella . [ cita necesaria ]
Siguen existiendo incertidumbres con respecto a la composición y el orden de las listas, especialmente al derivar varios parámetros utilizados en los cálculos, como la luminosidad estelar y la temperatura efectiva . A menudo, los radios estelares sólo pueden expresarse como un promedio o estar dentro de un amplio rango de valores. Los valores de los radios estelares varían significativamente en diferentes fuentes y para diferentes métodos de observación. [ cita necesaria ]
Todos los tamaños indicados en estas listas tienen imprecisiones y pueden ser cuestionados. Las listas aún son un trabajo en progreso y los parámetros son propensos a cambiar.
Advertencias
Existen varios problemas a la hora de determinar con precisión los radios de las estrellas más grandes, que en muchos casos presentan errores significativos. Las siguientes listas generalmente se basan en diversas consideraciones o suposiciones; estos incluyen:
Las distancias estelares y sus errores, para la mayoría de las estrellas, siguen siendo inciertos o mal determinados.
Muchas atmósferas supergigantes extendidas también cambian significativamente de tamaño con el tiempo, pulsando de manera regular o irregular durante varios meses o años como estrellas variables . Esto hace que las luminosidades adoptadas sean poco conocidas y pueden cambiar significativamente los radios citados.
Otros métodos directos para determinar los radios estelares se basan en ocultaciones lunares o en eclipses en sistemas binarios. Esto sólo es posible para un número muy pequeño de estrellas.
Muchas estimaciones de distancia para las supergigantes rojas provienen de grupos estelares o miembros de asociaciones, porque es difícil calcular distancias precisas para las supergigantes rojas que no forman parte de ningún grupo o asociación.
En estas listas hay algunos ejemplos de estrellas extragalácticas extremadamente distantes, que pueden tener propiedades y naturalezas ligeramente diferentes a las de las estrellas más grandes conocidas actualmente en la Vía Láctea . Por ejemplo, se sospecha que algunas supergigantes rojas en las Nubes de Magallanes tienen temperaturas y luminosidades límite ligeramente diferentes . Estas estrellas pueden exceder los límites aceptados al sufrir grandes erupciones o cambiar sus tipos espectrales en tan sólo unos pocos meses (o potencialmente años). [6] [7]
Liza
Las siguientes listas muestran las estrellas más grandes conocidas según la galaxia anfitriona.
vía Láctea
Nubes de Magallanes
Galaxias Andrómeda (M31) y Triángulo (M33)
Otras galaxias (dentro del Grupo Local)
Fuera del grupo local
Tenga en cuenta que esta lista no incluye las estrellas oscuras candidatas JWST , con radios estimados de hasta 61 unidades astronómicas (13.000 R ☉ ) [141] o cuasi-estrellas , con modelos teóricos que sugieren que podrían alcanzar radios de hasta 40.700 unidades astronómicas. radios (189 ua). [142]
Eventos transitorios
Durante algunos eventos transitorios, como novas rojas o erupciones LBV, el radio de la estrella puede aumentar en una cantidad significativa.
Progenitores SN
Estrellas más grandes por tamaño aparente
La siguiente lista incluye las estrellas más grandes por su tamaño aparente ( diámetro angular ) vistas desde la Tierra. La unidad de medida es el miliarcosegundo (mas), equivalente a10 × 10 −3 segundos de arco . Se incluyen estrellas con diámetros angulares superiores a 13 milisegundos de arco.
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