Building of the Herzogliche Landesbank in Altenburg, erected 1862-1865[1]
The German public banking sector (German: Öffentliches Kreditwesen) represents a significant share of the broader banking sector in Germany. Unlike in most other Western and Central European countries, German public-sector banks have been present since the early phases of formalization of banking entities in the early modern period and have never lost their collective significance. They are typically referred to as one of the three “pillars” of the German banking system, the other two pillars being the cooperative banks and commercial banks.
Following many steps of development, consolidation, and restructuring, the German public banking sector (leaving aside the Deutsche Bundesbank) consists mainly of two clusters: the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, which competes with commercial and cooperative banks and includes local savings banks (German: Sparkassen) and regional entities (German: Landesbanken); and promotional and development banks (German: Förderbanken) owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (in the case of KfW) or the individual states of Germany.
History
Government-owned banks are among the oldest financial institutions in Germany, with several appearing in the late 18th century simultaneously as the first municipally-owned savings banks. Throughout the 19th century, governments of individual states or provinces of Prussia established (respectively) Landesbanken and Provinzialbanken to lend to various kinds of borrowers, including Sparkassen but not limited to them.[2]: 28 Unlike in most European countries where banking was an exclusive activity of the private sector, government-owned banks thus remained a structural feature of the German financial system, even as joint-stock Grossbanken [de] gained relative importance in the second half of the century.[2]
The beginning of the 20th century saw the emergence of a number of Girozentralen acting as centralizing entities for their region's Sparkassen, a trend that was greatly accelerated by government policy choices during World War I even though it had started slightly earlier;[3]: 209 numerous episodes of consolidation followed, leading to the current Landesbank landscape.[4] By 1929, government-owned banks accounted for at least 40 percent of all banking assets in Germany.[5]: 6 That feature set Germany apart from other European countries in which, aside from the Soviet Union of course, the bulk of the banking sector was in private-sector hands.[6]: 16
With the delineation of West Germany's Länder between 1948 and 1957, the Landesbanks started acting as "house banks" of their respective Land, thus expanding into some of largest foreign issuers in Germany. By the early 21st century, other European countries that had nationalized swathes of their banking sectors in the 1930s and 1940s had mostly brought them back into the private sector, and Germany again stood out for the large share of its banking sector under government control,[7] a situation that has not much changed in the subsequent two decades.
The Förderbanken emerged more recently as a distinct category. KfW was established in 1948 and a few regional promotional banks in the early 1950s, but in most German states they were created (in Eastern Germany) or spun off from the local Landesbank (in the West) in the 1990s and 2000s.
The German public banking sector has witnessed numerous episodes of distress, in part because of its inherently politicized governance. In mid-1931, the default of the Landesbank der Rheinprovinz, following aggressive and uncontrolled expansion of its credit to German municipalities, was a major trigger of Germany's economic depression, even though other Landesbanken such as the Mitteldeutsche Landesbank survived the episode largely unscathed.[8] Other cases of major difficulties have included the troubles of Westdeutsche Landesbank (WestLB) in the 1970s; Bankgesellschaft Berlin in the early 2000s; Landesbank Sachsen [de] and (again) WestLB in 2007–2008; and HSH Nordbank and NORD/LB in the 2010s.
The following lists detail the path of formation of the current landscape, which has tended to be understudied because of its complexity and heterogeneity.[9] For relative readability, developments are classified in broad geographical categories, and individual Sparkassen are omitted. The list also omits various state financial entities set up at the time of Nazi Germany and discontinued in 1945.
National entities
1895: Preussische Central-Genossenschaftskasse, also known as the Preussenkasse, established in Berlin to facilitate the funding of local agricultural cooperative banking throughout Prussia, with capital provided by the Prussian state[10]
1924: Deutsche Industriebank (initially Bank für deutsche Industrieobligationen) founded to act as a trustee for the revenues collected from German industry under the Dawes Plan[6]: 26
1925: Deutsche Rentenbank-Kreditanstalt established in Berlin to take over the Deutsche Rentenbank's agricultural credit portfolio[6]: 26
1932: Preussenkasse renamed as Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftskasse, or Deutschlandkasse[10]
1935-1937: the commercial banks nationalized in 1931 are reprivatized[5]: 7
1945: All banks in the Soviet occupation zone, including DGZ, RKG and Deutschlandkasse, ordered to stop their operations by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany[12]
1949: DGZ recreated in Düsseldorf, and Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank established as a public bank in Frankfurt. Deutsche Genossenschaftskasse (DGK) is also recreated but without government ownership[10]
1950: Vertriebenen-Bank AG established in Bonn, later renamed Bank für Vertriebene und Geschädigte (1952), Lastenausgleichsbank (1954) and eventually Deutsche Ausgleichsbank [de] (1986)
1956: Deutsche Kapitalanlagegesellschaft (Deka) established in Frankfurt
1965: DGZ relocated in Frankfurt[14]: 291–293
1995: Cooperative DZ Bank acquires majority ownership of the former Deutsche Verkehrs-Kredit-Bank
1847: Prussian Royal Bank replaced by the Bank of Prussia, a nominally private-sector institution
Sächsische Provinzialbank established in Merseburg
Anhalt-Dessauische Landesbank established in Dessau[17]: 786
1849: Landeskreditanstalt Meiningen [de] established in Meiningen[18]: 62
1909: Giroverband Sächsischer Gemeinden established in Dresden (later Girozentrale Sachsen[4]
1915: Girozentrale - Kommunalbank für die Provinz Sachsen, Thüringen und Anhalt established in Magdeburg[19]
1916: Schlesische Landesbank und Girozentrale established in Breslau[20]
1919: Sächsische Staatsbank [de] established in Leipzig; relocated in 1920 to Dresden
1922: Thüringische Staatsbank [de] established in Weimar[21]
1923: Thüringische Staatsbank takes over the Landesbank in Altenburg,[22] Landesbank in Rudolstadt, Landeskreditanstalt Meiningen, and the Landessparkassen in the former Gera-Greiz area[21]
1924: Wohnungsfürsorgegesellschaft Berlin established in Berlin[23]
1925: Berliner Stadtbank – Girozentrale der Stadt Berlin established in Berlin[24]
1927: Brandenburgische Provinzialbank und Girozentrale established in Berlin[25]
1928: Mitteldeutsche Landesbank - Girozentrale für die Provinz Sachsen, Thüringen und Anhalt formed by merger of Girozentrale - Kommunalbank für die Provinz Sachsen, Thüringen und Anhalt and Sächsische Provinzialbank in Merseburg, with head office in Magdeburg[19]
1937: Wohnungsfürsorgegesellschaft Berlin restructured as Wohnungsbau-Kreditanstalt der Reichshauptstadt Berlin; the construction and property management operations are spun off as Gemeinnützige Siedlungs- und Wohnungsbaugesellschaft Berlin (GSW)[23][27]
1949 Wohnungsbau-Kreditanstalt (WBK) recreated in West Berlin[27]
1950: Berliner Bank [de] established in Berlin[28]
1973: Berliner Pfandbrief-Bank, later known as Berlin Hyp, formed by combination of the West Berlin operations of Prussian State Bank, Brandenburgische Provinzialbank und Girozentrale, and other entities
1765: Herzogliche Leyhaus established in Braunschweig[39]
1825: Calenberger Kreditverein [de] established in Hanover[40]
1840: Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt established in Hanover[41]
1875: Hamburger Bank taken over by the Bank of Prussia[42]
1883: Bodencredit-Anstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg established in Oldenburg, renamed Staatliche Kreditanstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg in 1906 and Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg in 1922[43]
1917: Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale established in Kiel[44]
Landesbank der Provinz Hannover established in Hanover[45]
1918: Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft established in Hanover[41]
1919: Herzogliche Leyhaus in Braunschweig renamed Braunschweigische Staatsbank [de][39]: 368
1952: Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukasse established in Hamburg, renamed Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt (WK) in 1973[50]
1970: Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (later branded as NORD/LB) formed by merger of Braunschweigische Staatsbank, Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt, Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale, Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft, and Braunschweigische Landessparkasse)[41]
1983: Bremer Landesbank Kreditanstalt Oldenburg – Girozentrale (also known as Bremer Landesbank, or BLB) formed by merger of Bremer Landesbank – Girozentrale and Staatlichen Kreditanstalt Oldenburg-Bremen[43]
2003: HSH Nordbank AG formed by merger of Hamburgische Landesbank – Girozentrale and Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale, with joint head offices in Hamburg and Kiel[52]
2013: IFB Hamburg takes over Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt[50]
2017: BLB merged into NORD/LB[55]
2019: HSH Nordbank privatized and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank;[56] Landesbank role in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein taken up by NORD/LB
Verwaltungsbezirk building on Ruhfäutchenplatz [de] in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank until 1966
1896 building of the Deutsche Nationalbank, head office of Bremer Landesbank in Bremen from 1938 to the 2010s[57]
Building at Schiffgraben 6 in Hanover, head office of Landeskreditanstalt from 1914 to 1970; later seat of the regional Sparkassenverband[58]
Building at Martendamm 4 in Kiel, head office of Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale (1954–2003), HSH Nordbank (2003–2019), and Hamburg Commercial Bank (since 2019)[59]
Building at Georgsplatz 2 in Hanover, head office of Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale from 1958 to 1970, then of NORD/LB until 2002[60]
High-rise wing of the former Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale complex in Hanover
Former Alter Bahnhof [de] building or Ottmerbau in Braunschweig, head office of Braunschweigische Staatsbank (1966–1970), Nord/LB (1970–2002), then Braunschweigische Landessparkasse (since 2008)
NORD/LB Head Office Building [de] opened in 2002 in Hanover[61]
Former Bremer Landesbank head office in Bremen, inaugurated in 2016 a year before the bank's absorption by NORD/LB[62]
Western-central Germany
1832: Provinzial-Hülfskasse Westfalen [de] established in Münster, sometimes referred to as the first Landesbank[4][63]
1890: Provinzial-Hülfskasse Westfalen renamed Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen[65][63]
1903: Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG established in Darmstadt[66]
1914: Landesbank der Rheinprovinz becomes the payments clearing house (German: Girozentrale) for the savings banks in the Rheinisch-Westfälische Sparkassentag, in substitution of the Stadtsparkasse Köln which had taken up that role in 1911 for the Rhine Province of Prussia
1921: Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke established in Münster[67]
1923: Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank established in Darmstadt[68]
1929: Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen established in Darmstadt[69]
1935: Landesbank der Rheinprovinz renamed Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank[65]
1940: Hessische Landesbank Darmstadt Girozentrale formed by merger of Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen, Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG, and Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank, with seat in Darmstadt[70]
1941: Landesbank und Girozentrale Westmark established in Saarbrücken, renamed Landesbank und Girozentrale Saar in 1946 (also known as Landesbank Saar, later SaarLB)[71]
1943: Landesbank für Westfalen (Girozentrale) formed by merger of Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen and Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke[63]
1948: Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern established in Kaiserslautern[72]
1953: Hessische Landesbank Girozentrale (Helaba) formed by merger of Landeskreditkasse Kassel, Nassauische Landesbank, and Hessische Landesbank Darmstadt Girozentrale, with seat in Frankfurt[74]
1958: Landesbank Rheinland-Pfalz [de] (LRP) formed by merger of the branch of the Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank in Koblenz, that of the Hessen-Nassauische Landesbank in Mainz and Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern, with seat in Mainz
1969: Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (WestLB) formed by merger of Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank and Landesbank für Westfalen (Girozentrale), with joint head offices in Düsseldorf and Münster and branches in Cologne, Dortmund, Bielefeld, and Essen[65]
1972: WestLB starts its international expansion by opening a branch in Luxembourg, followed by London in 1973 and New York in 1975
2002: WestLB spins off NRW.Bank,[75] converts itself into a joint-stock company as WestLB AG, and sells its private banking business to Merck Finck Privatbankiers
Förderbank Hessen, known as Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturbank (WI-Bank) established in Frankfurt and Offenbach am Main[76]
1780: Hochfürstlich-Brandenburg-Anspach-Bayreuthische Hofbanco established in Ansbach, successively renamed as Königlich Baierische Banco (1806), Königliche Bank Nürnberg (1807), Königliche Filialbank in Munich (1875), and Bayerische Staatsbank (1918)
1818: Württembergische Landessparkasse [de] established in Stuttgart as national savings bank of the Kingdom of Württemberg[82]
1884: Landeskultur-Rentenanstalt established in Munich[83]
Städtische Sparkasse Stuttgart established in Stuttgart[84]
1914: Bayerische Girozentrale founded, permanently established in 1917 in Nuremberg and relocated in 1920 in Munich
1916: Zentralstelle des Württembergischen Giroverbands – Stuttgart established in Stuttgart, later renamed Landesbank Stuttgart
1929: Badische Kommunale Landesbank [de] established in Mannheim
1931: Bank of Baden (est. 1870 in Mannheim) becomes government-owned; relocated to Karlsruhe in 1932[85]: 466
1934: Bank of Baden and Württembergische Notenbank deprived of their note-issuing role and repurposed as commercial entities; the latter renamed Württembergische Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale (also known as Württembergische Bank) in 1935
1972: Bayerische Landesbank Girozentrale (BayernLB) formed by merger of Bayerische Gemeindebank (Girozentrale) Öffentliche Bankanstalt and Bayerische Landesbodenkreditanstalt[83]
Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg [de] formed by merger of Württembergische Landeskreditanstalt and Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau
1975: Landessparkasse – Girokasse öffentliche Bank formed by merger of Württembergische Landessparkasse and Städtische Spar- und Girokasse Stuttgart, renamed Landesgirokasse Stuttgart [de] in 1977[84]
1978: Baden-Württembergische Bank [de] (BW-Bank) formed by merger of Bank of Baden, Württembergische Bank and private-sector Handelsbank Heilbronn, with seat in Stuttgart[84]
1988: Südwestdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale [de] (SüdwestLB) formed by merger of Landesbank Stuttgart and Badische Kommunale Landesbank, with seat in Stuttgart[84]
1999: Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) formed by merger of SüdwestLB, Landesgirokasse Stuttgart and the commercial activities of Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg[84]
2005: BW-Bank merged into LBBW[84]
Former head office of Badische Kommunale Landesbank in Mannheim, 2018
Lion statue in front of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2009
Courtyard of BayernLB head office in Munich, 2014
Cross-regional consolidation
1992: Hessische Landesbank Girozentrale takes up Landesbank role in Thuringia, and is renamed Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale while keeping the shorthand name Helaba
2001: BayernLB acquires majority control of SaarLB[89]
2005: LRP merged into LBBW[84]
2007: SachsenLB acquired by LBBW[30]
2010-2013: Saarland acquires control of SaarLB from BayernLB[90]
National representation
Two overlapping organizations represent the German public banking sector: the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV), the umbrella organization for the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe; and the Association of German Public Banks, which brings together the Landesbanks (also members of the DSGV) and the Förderbanken.
^"Ehemalige Landesbank in Altenburg gewährt seltene Einblicke". lvz.de. 1 September 2021.
^ a bTimothy W. Guinnane (2001), Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: The Development of Germany's Banking System, 1800-1914 (PDF), New Haven CT: Yale University Economic Growth Center
^ a bP. Barrett Whale (1930), Joint Stock Banking in Germany: A Study of the German Creditbanks Before and After the War (PDF)
^ a b cSparkassenhistorisches Dokumentationszentrum des Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverbandes, Sparkassen: Seit über 200 Jahren ein wesentlicher Teil der Gemeinschaft, DSGV
^ a b c dGermà Bel (February 2010), "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany", Economic History Review, 63 (1): 34–55, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x, JSTOR 27771569
^ a b c d eFederal Reserve Board (March 1945), Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook - Germany - Section 5: Money and Banking, Washington DC: U.S. Army Service Forces
^Allan Brunner, Jörg Decressin, Daniel Hardy, & Beata Kudela (2004), Germany's Three-Pillar Banking System: Cross-Country Perspectives in Europe (PDF), Washington DC: International Monetary Fund{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a bAlbert Fischer. "Die Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in der großen Bankenkrise der 1920er Jahre". Portal Rheinische Geschichte.
^Christopher Kopper & Sebastian Knake. "220132 Geschichte der öffentlichen Banken (S) (WiSe 2013/2014)". University of Bielefeld.
^ a b c"the History of DZ Bank: Die genossenschaftlichen Werte". DZ Bank.
^Dietmar Grichnik (2013), Bankenverbände: Strategisches Netzwerkmanagement in der Bankwirtschaft, Springer-Verlag
^ a b"50 Jahre Landeszentralbank in Berlin und Brandenburg 1949 - 1999". Deutsche Bundesbank.
^"History of KfW". KfW.
^Thorsten Beckers, "Gründung und erste Jahre der deutschen Kapitalanlagegesellschaft mbh 1956-1970" (PDF), Die DekaBank seit 1918, Deutscher Sparkassenverlag, pp. 231–304
^"Germany's DekaBank fires CEO after spat over bonus". Reuters. 2 April 2012.
^Bernhard Wolters (2008), Entstehung und Entwicklung ländlicher Kapitalmärkte in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert (PDF), University of Cologne
^Jacob Riesser (1911), The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany (PDF), Washington DC: National Monetary Commission
^ a b cVincenz Schaefer (1896), Chronologie des deutschen Bankwesens, Munich: G. Franz'scher Verlag
^"Schlesische Landesbank und Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^ a b"Thüringische Staatsbank, Weimar". sammleraktien-online.de.
^"Landesbank zu Altenburg (1819-1923)". Archivportal Thüringen.
^ a b"Über die GSW". GSW.
^"Berliner Stadtbank – Girozentrale der Stadt Berlin". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Brandenburgische Provinzialbank und Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Dessau in Trümmern - Anhalt-Dessauische Landesbank". Staatsarchiv Dessau-Rosslau. 2 April 2020.
^ a bKlaus Riebschläger (1987), "Die Wohnungsbau-Kreditanstalt Berlin: Porträt eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Kreditinstituts", Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen: ZögU / Journal for Public and Nonprofit Services, 10 (10): 62–68, JSTOR 20763142
^Oliver Bortz & Torsten Bonnet (2010). Eine Bank für Berlin: Die Geschichte der Berliner Bank von 1950 bis heute. Nicolaische Verlag.
^"Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB)". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^ a bHugh Williamson (31 August 2007). "Takeover strips shine from star state". Financial Times.
^"We are there for you". Investitionsbank des Landes Brandenburg.
^"30 Jahre Thüringer Aufbaubank: 21. Juli 1992 – 21. Juli 2022". Thüringer Aufbaubank. 21 July 2022.
^ a bSebastian Seemann (1 March 2023). "100 Prozent Sachsen-Anhalt". WochenSpiegel.
^Ian Johnson, Cecilie Rohwedder & Marcus Walker (2 August 2001). "Berlin Bank's Collapse Puts Spotlight On Many Roles of Klaus Landowsky". Wall Street Journal.
^ a b"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Special" (PDF). NORD/LB. 13 October 2014.
^"Geschichte der L‑Bank". L-Bank.
^"German Savings Bank Association in Landesbank Berlin Acquisition; Landmark Deal for German Financial Sector". Cleary Gotlieb. 15 June 2007.
^ a bWolfgang Kellner (1964), "Das Fürstliche Leyhaus zu Braunschweig", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 51 (3): 302–369, JSTOR 20729055
^"Calenberger Kreditverein". Pfandbrief Market.
^ a b c"NORD/LB Norddeutsche Landesbank – Girozentrale". Nord/LB.
^Ulrich Bindseil (September 2019), Early French and German central bank charters and regulations (PDF), Frankfurt: European Central Bank
^ a b cFlorian Schwiegershausen (7 March 2020). "Den Anfang machte 1883 die "Bodencredit-Anstalt"". Weser Kurier.
^"Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^ a b"Landesbank der Provinz Hannover". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^Harald Wixforth (2017), Die Beziehungen der Norddeutschen Wollkämmerei und Kammgarnspinnerei zu den Banken (PDF), Frankfurt: Institut für Bank- und Finanzgeschichte / Institute for Banking and Financial History
^Bremer Landesbank (2015), EUR 50,200,000 Perpetual Non-cumulative Fixed to Reset Rate Additional Tier 1 Notes of 2015, p. 63
^Moody's (December 2002), Hamburgische Landesbank Girozentrale (PDF), p. 5
^"Bremer Aufbau-Bank BAB". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^ a b1953 bis 2013 - 60 Jahre WK : Geförderter Wohnungsbau in Hamburg (PDF), Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt, 2013
^"Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein IB.SH". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^Moody's (October 2015), HSH Nordbank AG (PDF)
^IBM Corporation (2021), Investitions- und Förderbank Niedersachsen (NBank) - Moving to the cloud: a big step for a small bank (PDF)
^"Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB HH)". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^Ian Lewis (30 August 2017). "Nullmeyer quits shipping desk as part of BLB merger with Nord/LB". TradeWinds.
^"HSH Nordbank finally sold and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank". World Cargo News. 1 December 2018.
^"Deutsche Nationalbank". Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen.
^"Bremer Landesbank Headquarters". Caruso St John Architects. 19 November 2019.
^ a b c"Landesbank für Westfalen - Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^ a bHans Pohl (1982), WestLB. Von der Hülfskasse von 1832 zur Landesbank, Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale
^ a b c d eSibylle Backmann (2018), "Hilfskassen, Landesbankinstitute und Girozentralen in Westfalen und im Rheinland. Ein Werkstattbericht zur Erschließung der Vorgängerprovenienzen der WestLB" (PDF), Archivpflege in Westfalen-Lippe (88)
^"Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"Weitsicht durch Nähe : Eckpunkte unserer Geschichte". SaarLB. 9 December 2022.
^"Geschäftsbericht / Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern". Zeitschriften Datenbank.
^"Saarländische Investitionskreditbank (SIKB)". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^ a b c"Die Geschichte der BayernLabo". Bayern Labo.
^ a b c d e f g"LBBW is celebrating its bicentenary". LBBW.de. 9 May 2018.
^ a bFrank Heintzeler (1997), "Die Baden-Württembergische Bank AG - Ein Unternehmensportrait", Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen: ZögU / Journal for Public and Nonprofit Services, 20 (4), Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 465–471, JSTOR 45100440
^"Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
^"LfA Förderbank Bayern". Fördermittel Deutschland. 4 August 2022.
^"L-Bank". Fördermittel Deutschland. 8 June 2022.
^Caspar Busse Handelsblatt (30 October 2001). "Bayern to Purchase Majority Stake In Rival Bank in Western Germany". Wall Street Journal.
^"Saarland kauft Bayern aus SaarLB heraus". Manager Magazin. 20 November 2013.