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E number

A solution of E101 riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2)
Crystals of E621 monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer

E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU)[1]: 27  and European Free Trade Association (EFTA).[2] Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).[3] The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added, in 1970 antioxidants were added, in 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.[4]

Numbering schemes

The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee,[5] though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union as food additives. Outside the European continent plus Russia, E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand,[6] Malaysia, Hong Kong,[7] and India.

Colloquial use

In some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the 'E Number(s)' in the ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g. vitamin C (E300) and lycopene (E160d), found in carrots. At the same time, "E number" is sometimes misunderstood to imply approval for safe consumption. This is not necessarily the case, e.g. Avoparcin (E715) is an antibiotic once used in animal feed, but is no longer permitted in the EU, and has never been permitted for human consumption.

Classification by numeric range

Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range; moreover, certain chemicals (particularly in the E400–499 range) have a variety of purposes.

Full list

The list shows all components that have an E-number assigned, even those no longer allowed in the EU.

E100–E199 (colours)

E200–E299 (preservatives)

E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)

E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers)

E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

E600–E699 (flavour enhancer)

E700–E799 (antibiotics)

[29]

E900–E999 (glazing agents, gases and sweeteners)

E1000–E1599 (additional additives)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives". EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  2. ^ Matthew Snelson. "Explainer: what are E numbers and should you avoid them in your diet?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Why Food Additives". Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  4. ^ David Jukes. "Food Additives in the European Union". Foodlaw-Reading | The University of Reading, UK. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019.
  5. ^ Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  6. ^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website
  7. ^ "Centre for Food Safety". www.cfs.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". United Kingdom: Food Standards Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices". United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  10. ^ Additives Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Regulations: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011". European Commission. 11 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Fast Yellow AB", Wikipedia, 12 December 2022, retrieved 2 September 2023
  13. ^ "Food additives". CBC News. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013.
  14. ^ 21 CFR 74.302
  15. ^ "Death of a Dye". Time. 2 February 1976. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  16. ^ 21 CFR 81.10
  17. ^ 21 CFR 81.30
  18. ^ 21 CFR 82.304
  19. ^ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/63 of 14 January 2022 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171)". European Commission. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  20. ^ Daniel Boffey (6 May 2021). "E171: EU watchdog says food colouring widely used in UK is unsafe; European Commission to propose ban after finding that carcinogenic effects cannot be ruled out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  21. ^ Rabino, Thomas (13 April 2023). "Nitrites et jambons "cancérogènes": nouvelle victoire en appel de Yuka contre un industriel de la charcuterie" [Nitrites and "carcinogenic" hams: Yuka's new appeal victory against a charcuterie manufacturer]. Marianne.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Food Standards Agency. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  23. ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code "Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  26. ^ "Approved additives and E numbers". Food Standards Agency.
  27. ^ a b c d e New additives approved for use Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, Friday 26 November 2010
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  29. ^ "E700-E799 (antibiotics)". Sigma-Aldrich. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  30. ^ "E920 (L-cysteine) approval in the EU". Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  31. ^ Teresa Hüttenhofer; Gustavo Ferro (23 December 2020). "Which trends offer opportunities or pose a threat to the European market for natural food additives?". Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  32. ^ Kurokawa, Y.; Maekawa, A.; Takahashi, M.; Hayashi, Y. (1990). "Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate–a new renal carcinogen". Environmental Health Perspectives. 87: 309–335. doi:10.1289/ehp.9087309. PMC 1567851. PMID 2269236.
  33. ^ "Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-008728/14 | E-008728/2014(ASW) | European Parliament".
  34. ^ "Stevia EU approval". Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  35. ^ New Zealand Food Safety Authority. "Identifying Food Additives" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

External links