Las derivadas de escalares , vectores y tensores de segundo orden con respecto a tensores de segundo orden son de considerable utilidad en mecánica continua . Estas derivadas se utilizan en las teorías de elasticidad y plasticidad no lineal , particularmente en el diseño de algoritmos para simulaciones numéricas . [1]
La derivada direccional proporciona una forma sistemática de encontrar estas derivadas. [2]
Derivadas con respecto a vectores y tensores de segundo orden A continuación se dan las definiciones de derivadas direccionales para diversas situaciones. Se supone que las funciones son lo suficientemente suaves como para poder tomar derivadas.
Derivadas de funciones de vectores con valores escalares Sea f ( v ) una función de valor real del vector v . Entonces la derivada de f ( v ) con respecto a v (o en v ) es el vector definido a través de su producto escalar siendo cualquier vector u
∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = D f ( v ) [ u ] = [ d d α f ( v + α u ) ] α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =Df(\mathbf {v} )[\mathbf {u} ]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~f(\mathbf {v} +\alpha ~\mathbf {u} )\right]_{\alpha =0}} para todos los vectores u . El producto escalar anterior produce un escalar, y si u es un vector unitario, da la derivada direccional de f en v , en la dirección u .
Propiedades:
si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( v ) + f 2 ( v ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {v} )=f_{1}(\mathbf {v} )+f_{2}(\mathbf {v} )} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ v + ∂ f 2 ∂ v ) ⋅ u {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =\left({\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}+{\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\right)\cdot \mathbf {u} } si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( v ) f 2 ( v ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {v} )=f_{1}(\mathbf {v} )~f_{2}(\mathbf {v} )} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ v ⋅ u ) f 2 ( v ) + f 1 ( v ) ( ∂ f 2 ∂ v ⋅ u ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =\left({\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} \right)~f_{2}(\mathbf {v} )+f_{1}(\mathbf {v} )~\left({\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} \right)} si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( f 2 ( v ) ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {v} )=f_{1}(f_{2}(\mathbf {v} ))} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ∂ f 1 ∂ f 2 ∂ f 2 ∂ v ⋅ u {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} ={\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial f_{2}}}~{\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} } Derivadas de funciones vectoriales de vectores Sea f ( v ) una función vectorial del vector v . Entonces la derivada de f ( v ) con respecto a v (o en v ) es el tensor de segundo orden definido a través de su producto escalar siendo cualquier vector u
∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = D f ( v ) [ u ] = [ d d α f ( v + α u ) ] α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =D\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} )[\mathbf {u} ]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} +\alpha ~\mathbf {u} )\right]_{\alpha =0}} para todos los vectores u . El producto escalar anterior produce un vector, y si u es un vector unitario, da la derivada direccional de f en v , en la dirección u .
Propiedades:
si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( v ) + f 2 ( v ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} )=\mathbf {f} _{1}(\mathbf {v} )+\mathbf {f} _{2}(\mathbf {v} )} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ v + ∂ f 2 ∂ v ) ⋅ u {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{1}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\right)\cdot \mathbf {u} } si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( v ) × f 2 ( v ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} )=\mathbf {f} _{1}(\mathbf {v} )\times \mathbf {f} _{2}(\mathbf {v} )} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ v ⋅ u ) × f 2 ( v ) + f 1 ( v ) × ( ∂ f 2 ∂ v ⋅ u ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{1}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} \right)\times \mathbf {f} _{2}(\mathbf {v} )+\mathbf {f} _{1}(\mathbf {v} )\times \left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} \right)} si entonces f ( v ) = f 1 ( f 2 ( v ) ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} )=\mathbf {f} _{1}(\mathbf {f} _{2}(\mathbf {v} ))} ∂ f ∂ v ⋅ u = ∂ f 1 ∂ f 2 ⋅ ( ∂ f 2 ∂ v ⋅ u ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} ={\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{1}}{\partial \mathbf {f} _{2}}}\cdot \left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} _{2}}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} \right)} Derivadas de funciones escalares de tensores de segundo orden Sea una función de valor real del tensor de segundo orden . Entonces la derivada de con respecto a (o en ) en la dirección es el tensor de segundo orden definido como f ( S ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} f ( S ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∂ f ∂ S : T = D f ( S ) [ T ] = [ d d α f ( S + α T ) ] α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=Df({\boldsymbol {S}})[{\boldsymbol {T}}]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~f({\boldsymbol {S}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}} Propiedades:
si entonces f ( S ) = f 1 ( S ) + f 2 ( S ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})=f_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})+f_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})} ∂ f ∂ S : T = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ S + ∂ f 2 ∂ S ) : T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}+{\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}} si entonces f ( S ) = f 1 ( S ) f 2 ( S ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})=f_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})~f_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})} ∂ f ∂ S : T = ( ∂ f 1 ∂ S : T ) f 2 ( S ) + f 1 ( S ) ( ∂ f 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~f_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})+f_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})~\left({\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} si entonces f ( S ) = f 1 ( f 2 ( S ) ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})=f_{1}(f_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}}))} ∂ f ∂ S : T = ∂ f 1 ∂ f 2 ( ∂ f 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial f_{2}}}~\left({\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} Derivadas de funciones tensoriales de tensores de segundo orden Sea una función tensorial de segundo orden del tensor de segundo orden . Entonces la derivada de con respecto a (o en ) en la dirección es el tensor de cuarto orden definido como F ( S ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} F ( S ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∂ F ∂ S : T = D F ( S ) [ T ] = [ d d α F ( S + α T ) ] α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=D{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})[{\boldsymbol {T}}]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}} Propiedades:
si entonces F ( S ) = F 1 ( S ) + F 2 ( S ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})={\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})} ∂ F ∂ S : T = ( ∂ F 1 ∂ S + ∂ F 2 ∂ S ) : T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}+{\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}} si entonces F ( S ) = F 1 ( S ) ⋅ F 2 ( S ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})={\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})} ∂ F ∂ S : T = ( ∂ F 1 ∂ S : T ) ⋅ F 2 ( S ) + F 1 ( S ) ⋅ ( ∂ F 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})\cdot \left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} si entonces F ( S ) = F 1 ( F 2 ( S ) ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})={\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}}))} ∂ F ∂ S : T = ∂ F 1 ∂ F 2 : ( ∂ F 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}}:\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} si entonces f ( S ) = f 1 ( F 2 ( S ) ) {\displaystyle f({\boldsymbol {S}})=f_{1}({\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}}))} ∂ f ∂ S : T = ∂ f 1 ∂ F 2 : ( ∂ F 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}}:\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} gradiente de un campo tensorial El gradiente , , de un campo tensorial en la dirección de un vector constante arbitrario c se define como: ∇ T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}}} T ( x ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}(\mathbf {x} )}
∇ T ⋅ c = lim α → 0 d d α T ( x + α c ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}}\cdot \mathbf {c} =\lim _{\alpha \rightarrow 0}\quad {\cfrac {d}{d\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {T}}(\mathbf {x} +\alpha \mathbf {c} )} n n Coordenadas cartesianas Si los vectores base están en un sistema de coordenadas cartesiano , con las coordenadas de los puntos indicadas por ( ), entonces el gradiente del campo tensorial viene dado por e 1 , e 2 , e 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{1},\mathbf {e} _{2},\mathbf {e} _{3}} x 1 , x 2 , x 3 {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∇ T = ∂ T ∂ x i ⊗ e i {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}}={\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}} Dado que los vectores base no varían en un sistema de coordenadas cartesiano, tenemos las siguientes relaciones para los gradientes de un campo escalar , un campo vectorial v y un campo tensorial de segundo orden . ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}}
∇ ϕ = ∂ ϕ ∂ x i e i = ϕ , i e i ∇ v = ∂ ( v j e j ) ∂ x i ⊗ e i = ∂ v j ∂ x i e j ⊗ e i = v j , i e j ⊗ e i ∇ S = ∂ ( S j k e j ⊗ e k ) ∂ x i ⊗ e i = ∂ S j k ∂ x i e j ⊗ e k ⊗ e i = S j k , i e j ⊗ e k ⊗ e i {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\phi &={\cfrac {\partial \phi }{\partial x_{i}}}~\mathbf {e} _{i}=\phi _{,i}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} &={\cfrac {\partial (v_{j}\mathbf {e} _{j})}{\partial x_{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}={\cfrac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}~\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}=v_{j,i}~\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {S}}&={\cfrac {\partial (S_{jk}\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k})}{\partial x_{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}={\cfrac {\partial S_{jk}}{\partial x_{i}}}~\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}=S_{jk,i}~\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i}\end{aligned}}} Coordenadas curvilíneas Si los vectores de base contravariantes están en un sistema de coordenadas curvilíneo , con las coordenadas de los puntos indicadas por ( ), entonces el gradiente del campo tensorial viene dado por (consulte [3] para una prueba). g 1 , g 2 , g 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} ^{1},\mathbf {g} ^{2},\mathbf {g} ^{3}} ξ 1 , ξ 2 , ξ 3 {\displaystyle \xi ^{1},\xi ^{2},\xi ^{3}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∇ T = ∂ T ∂ ξ i ⊗ g i {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}}={\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}} De esta definición tenemos las siguientes relaciones para los gradientes de un campo escalar , un campo vectorial v y un campo tensorial de segundo orden . ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}}
∇ ϕ = ∂ ϕ ∂ ξ i g i ∇ v = ∂ ( v j g j ) ∂ ξ i ⊗ g i = ( ∂ v j ∂ ξ i + v k Γ i k j ) g j ⊗ g i = ( ∂ v j ∂ ξ i − v k Γ i j k ) g j ⊗ g i ∇ S = ∂ ( S j k g j ⊗ g k ) ∂ ξ i ⊗ g i = ( ∂ S j k ∂ ξ i − S l k Γ i j l − S j l Γ i k l ) g j ⊗ g k ⊗ g i {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\phi &={\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial \xi ^{i}}}~\mathbf {g} ^{i}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} &={\frac {\partial \left(v^{j}\mathbf {g} _{j}\right)}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}=\left({\frac {\partial v^{j}}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}+v^{k}~\Gamma _{ik}^{j}\right)~\mathbf {g} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}=\left({\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}-v_{k}~\Gamma _{ij}^{k}\right)~\mathbf {g} ^{j}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {S}}&={\frac {\partial \left(S_{jk}~\mathbf {g} ^{j}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{k}\right)}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}=\left({\frac {\partial S_{jk}}{\partial \xi _{i}}}-S_{lk}~\Gamma _{ij}^{l}-S_{jl}~\Gamma _{ik}^{l}\right)~\mathbf {g} ^{j}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{k}\otimes \mathbf {g} ^{i}\end{aligned}}} donde el símbolo de Christoffel se define usando Γ i j k {\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}}
Γ i j k g k = ∂ g i ∂ ξ j ⟹ Γ i j k = ∂ g i ∂ ξ j ⋅ g k = − g i ⋅ ∂ g k ∂ ξ j {\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}~\mathbf {g} _{k}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {g} _{i}}{\partial \xi ^{j}}}\quad \implies \quad \Gamma _{ij}^{k}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {g} _{i}}{\partial \xi ^{j}}}\cdot \mathbf {g} ^{k}=-\mathbf {g} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {g} ^{k}}{\partial \xi ^{j}}}} Coordenadas polares cilíndricas En coordenadas cilíndricas , el gradiente viene dado por
∇ ϕ = ∂ ϕ ∂ r e r + 1 r ∂ ϕ ∂ θ e θ + ∂ ϕ ∂ z e z ∇ v = ∂ v r ∂ r e r ⊗ e r + 1 r ( ∂ v r ∂ θ − v θ ) e r ⊗ e θ + ∂ v r ∂ z e r ⊗ e z + ∂ v θ ∂ r e θ ⊗ e r + 1 r ( ∂ v θ ∂ θ + v r ) e θ ⊗ e θ + ∂ v θ ∂ z e θ ⊗ e z + ∂ v z ∂ r e z ⊗ e r + 1 r ∂ v z ∂ θ e z ⊗ e θ + ∂ v z ∂ z e z ⊗ e z ∇ S = ∂ S r r ∂ r e r ⊗ e r ⊗ e r + ∂ S r r ∂ z e r ⊗ e r ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S r r ∂ θ − ( S θ r + S r θ ) ] e r ⊗ e r ⊗ e θ + ∂ S r θ ∂ r e r ⊗ e θ ⊗ e r + ∂ S r θ ∂ z e r ⊗ e θ ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S r θ ∂ θ + ( S r r − S θ θ ) ] e r ⊗ e θ ⊗ e θ + ∂ S r z ∂ r e r ⊗ e z ⊗ e r + ∂ S r z ∂ z e r ⊗ e z ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S r z ∂ θ − S θ z ] e r ⊗ e z ⊗ e θ + ∂ S θ r ∂ r e θ ⊗ e r ⊗ e r + ∂ S θ r ∂ z e θ ⊗ e r ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S θ r ∂ θ + ( S r r − S θ θ ) ] e θ ⊗ e r ⊗ e θ + ∂ S θ θ ∂ r e θ ⊗ e θ ⊗ e r + ∂ S θ θ ∂ z e θ ⊗ e θ ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S θ θ ∂ θ + ( S r θ + S θ r ) ] e θ ⊗ e θ ⊗ e θ + ∂ S θ z ∂ r e θ ⊗ e z ⊗ e r + ∂ S θ z ∂ z e θ ⊗ e z ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S θ z ∂ θ + S r z ] e θ ⊗ e z ⊗ e θ + ∂ S z r ∂ r e z ⊗ e r ⊗ e r + ∂ S z r ∂ z e z ⊗ e r ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S z r ∂ θ − S z θ ] e z ⊗ e r ⊗ e θ + ∂ S z θ ∂ r e z ⊗ e θ ⊗ e r + ∂ S z θ ∂ z e z ⊗ e θ ⊗ e z + 1 r [ ∂ S z θ ∂ θ + S z r ] e z ⊗ e θ ⊗ e θ + ∂ S z z ∂ r e z ⊗ e z ⊗ e r + ∂ S z z ∂ z e z ⊗ e z ⊗ e z + 1 r ∂ S z z ∂ θ e z ⊗ e z ⊗ e θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\phi ={}\quad &{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={}\quad &{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial \theta }}-v_{\theta }\right)~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+v_{r}\right)~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {S}}={}\quad &{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial \theta }}-(S_{\theta r}+S_{r\theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial \theta }}-S_{\theta z}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{r\theta }+S_{\theta r})\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial \theta }}+S_{rz}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial \theta }}-S_{z\theta }\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+S_{zr}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\end{aligned}}} Divergencia de un campo tensor La divergencia de un campo tensorial se define mediante la relación recursiva T ( x ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}(\mathbf {x} )}
( ∇ ⋅ T ) ⋅ c = ∇ ⋅ ( c ⋅ T T ) ; ∇ ⋅ v = tr ( ∇ v ) {\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}})\cdot \mathbf {c} ={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left(\mathbf {c} \cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)~;\qquad {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} ={\text{tr}}({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} )} donde c es un vector constante arbitrario y v es un campo vectorial. Si es un campo tensor de orden n > 1 entonces la divergencia del campo es un tensor de orden n − 1. T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
Coordenadas cartesianas En un sistema de coordenadas cartesiano tenemos las siguientes relaciones para un campo vectorial v y un campo tensorial de segundo orden . S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}}
∇ ⋅ v = ∂ v i ∂ x i = v i , i ∇ ⋅ S = ∂ S i k ∂ x i e k = S i k , i e k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} &={\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{i}}}=v_{i,i}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}&={\frac {\partial S_{ik}}{\partial x_{i}}}~\mathbf {e} _{k}=S_{ik,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}\end{aligned}}} donde la notación de índice tensorial para derivadas parciales se utiliza en las expresiones del extremo derecho. Tenga en cuenta que
∇ ⋅ S ≠ ∇ ⋅ S T . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}\neq {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}^{\textsf {T}}.} Para un tensor simétrico de segundo orden, la divergencia también suele escribirse como [4]
∇ ⋅ S = ∂ S k i ∂ x i e k = S k i , i e k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}&={\cfrac {\partial S_{ki}}{\partial x_{i}}}~\mathbf {e} _{k}=S_{ki,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}\end{aligned}}} La expresión anterior se utiliza a veces como definición de en forma de componente cartesiano (a menudo también se escribe como ). Tenga en cuenta que dicha definición no es coherente con el resto de este artículo (consulte la sección sobre coordenadas curvilíneas). ∇ ⋅ S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}} div S {\displaystyle \operatorname {div} {\boldsymbol {S}}}
La diferencia surge de si la diferenciación se realiza respecto de las filas o columnas de , y es convencional. Esto se demuestra con un ejemplo. En un sistema de coordenadas cartesiano, el tensor (matriz) de segundo orden es el gradiente de una función vectorial . S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} S {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} } v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
∇ ⋅ ( ∇ v ) = ∇ ⋅ ( v i , j e i ⊗ e j ) = v i , j i e i ⋅ e i ⊗ e j = ( ∇ ⋅ v ) , j e j = ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ v ) ∇ ⋅ [ ( ∇ v ) T ] = ∇ ⋅ ( v j , i e i ⊗ e j ) = v j , i i e i ⋅ e i ⊗ e j = ∇ 2 v j e j = ∇ 2 v {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)&={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left(v_{i,j}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\right)=v_{i,ji}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}=\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)_{,j}~\mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left[\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)^{\textsf {T}}\right]&={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left(v_{j,i}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\right)=v_{j,ii}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}^{2}v_{j}~\mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}^{2}\mathbf {v} \end{aligned}}} La última ecuación es equivalente a la definición/interpretación alternativa [4]
( ∇ ⋅ ) alt ( ∇ v ) = ( ∇ ⋅ ) alt ( v i , j e i ⊗ e j ) = v i , j j e i ⊗ e j ⋅ e j = ∇ 2 v i e i = ∇ 2 v {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \right)_{\text{alt}}\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)=\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \right)_{\text{alt}}\left(v_{i,j}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\right)=v_{i,jj}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}^{2}v_{i}~\mathbf {e} _{i}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}^{2}\mathbf {v} \end{aligned}}} Coordenadas curvilíneas En coordenadas curvilíneas, las divergencias de un campo vectorial v y un campo tensorial de segundo orden son S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}}
∇ ⋅ v = ( ∂ v i ∂ ξ i + v k Γ i k i ) ∇ ⋅ S = ( ∂ S i k ∂ ξ i − S l k Γ i i l − S i l Γ i k l ) g k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} &=\left({\cfrac {\partial v^{i}}{\partial \xi ^{i}}}+v^{k}~\Gamma _{ik}^{i}\right)\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}&=\left({\cfrac {\partial S_{ik}}{\partial \xi _{i}}}-S_{lk}~\Gamma _{ii}^{l}-S_{il}~\Gamma _{ik}^{l}\right)~\mathbf {g} ^{k}\end{aligned}}} Más generalmente,
∇ ⋅ S = [ ∂ S i j ∂ q k − Γ k i l S l j − Γ k j l S i l ] g i k b j = [ ∂ S i j ∂ q i + Γ i l i S l j + Γ i l j S i l ] b j = [ ∂ S j i ∂ q i + Γ i l i S j l − Γ i j l S l i ] b j = [ ∂ S i j ∂ q k − Γ i k l S l j + Γ k l j S i l ] g i k b j {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{ij}}{\partial q^{k}}}-\Gamma _{ki}^{l}~S_{lj}-\Gamma _{kj}^{l}~S_{il}\right]~g^{ik}~\mathbf {b} ^{j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S^{ij}}{\partial q^{i}}}+\Gamma _{il}^{i}~S^{lj}+\Gamma _{il}^{j}~S^{il}\right]~\mathbf {b} _{j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{~j}^{i}}{\partial q^{i}}}+\Gamma _{il}^{i}~S_{~j}^{l}-\Gamma _{ij}^{l}~S_{~l}^{i}\right]~\mathbf {b} ^{j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{i}^{~j}}{\partial q^{k}}}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}~S_{l}^{~j}+\Gamma _{kl}^{j}~S_{i}^{~l}\right]~g^{ik}~\mathbf {b} _{j}\end{aligned}}}
Coordenadas polares cilíndricas En coordenadas polares cilíndricas
∇ ⋅ v = ∂ v r ∂ r + 1 r ( ∂ v θ ∂ θ + v r ) + ∂ v z ∂ z ∇ ⋅ S = ∂ S r r ∂ r e r + ∂ S r θ ∂ r e θ + ∂ S r z ∂ r e z + 1 r [ ∂ S θ r ∂ θ + ( S r r − S θ θ ) ] e r + 1 r [ ∂ S θ θ ∂ θ + ( S r θ + S θ r ) ] e θ + 1 r [ ∂ S θ z ∂ θ + S r z ] e z + ∂ S z r ∂ z e r + ∂ S z θ ∂ z e θ + ∂ S z z ∂ z e z {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} =\quad &{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial r}}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+v_{r}\right)+{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial z}}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}=\quad &{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{r\theta }+S_{\theta r})\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial \theta }}+S_{rz}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\end{aligned}}} Curl de un campo tensorial El rizo de un campo tensorial de orden n > 1 también se define utilizando la relación recursiva T ( x ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}(\mathbf {x} )}
( ∇ × T ) ⋅ c = ∇ × ( c ⋅ T ) ; ( ∇ × v ) ⋅ c = ∇ ⋅ ( v × c ) {\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times {\boldsymbol {T}})\cdot \mathbf {c} ={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times (\mathbf {c} \cdot {\boldsymbol {T}})~;\qquad ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times \mathbf {v} )\cdot \mathbf {c} ={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {c} )} c v Rizo de un campo tensorial (vectorial) de primer orden Considere un campo vectorial v y un vector constante arbitrario c . En notación de índice, el producto cruzado viene dado por
v × c = ε i j k v j c k e i {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {c} =\varepsilon _{ijk}~v_{j}~c_{k}~\mathbf {e} _{i}} símbolo de permutación ε i j k {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ijk}} ∇ ⋅ ( v × c ) = ε i j k v j , i c k = ( ε i j k v j , i e k ) ⋅ c = ( ∇ × v ) ⋅ c {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {c} )=\varepsilon _{ijk}~v_{j,i}~c_{k}=(\varepsilon _{ijk}~v_{j,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k})\cdot \mathbf {c} =({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times \mathbf {v} )\cdot \mathbf {c} } ∇ × v = ε i j k v j , i e k {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times \mathbf {v} =\varepsilon _{ijk}~v_{j,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}} Curl de un campo tensor de segundo orden Para un tensor de segundo orden S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}}
c ⋅ S = c m S m j e j {\displaystyle \mathbf {c} \cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}=c_{m}~S_{mj}~\mathbf {e} _{j}} ∇ × ( c ⋅ S ) = ε i j k c m S m j , i e k = ( ε i j k S m j , i e k ⊗ e m ) ⋅ c = ( ∇ × S ) ⋅ c {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times (\mathbf {c} \cdot {\boldsymbol {S}})=\varepsilon _{ijk}~c_{m}~S_{mj,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}=(\varepsilon _{ijk}~S_{mj,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{m})\cdot \mathbf {c} =({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times {\boldsymbol {S}})\cdot \mathbf {c} } ∇ × S = ε i j k S m j , i e k ⊗ e m {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times {\boldsymbol {S}}=\varepsilon _{ijk}~S_{mj,i}~\mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{m}} Identidades que involucran la curvatura de un campo tensor La identidad más comúnmente utilizada que involucra la curvatura de un campo tensorial, es T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∇ × ( ∇ T ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}})={\boldsymbol {0}}} S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} ∇ × ( ∇ S ) = 0 ⟹ S m i , j − S m j , i = 0 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {S}})={\boldsymbol {0}}\quad \implies \quad S_{mi,j}-S_{mj,i}=0} Derivada del determinante de un tensor de segundo orden La derivada del determinante de un tensor de segundo orden viene dada por A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
∂ ∂ A det ( A ) = det ( A ) [ A − 1 ] T . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det({\boldsymbol {A}})=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.} En forma ortonormal, los componentes de se pueden escribir como una matriz A. En ese caso, el lado derecho corresponde a los cofactores de la matriz. A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
Derivadas de las invariantes de un tensor de segundo orden Los principales invariantes de un tensor de segundo orden son
I 1 ( A ) = tr A I 2 ( A ) = 1 2 [ ( tr A ) 2 − tr A 2 ] I 3 ( A ) = det ( A ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}})&={\text{tr}}{\boldsymbol {A}}\\I_{2}({\boldsymbol {A}})&={\frac {1}{2}}\left[({\text{tr}}{\boldsymbol {A}})^{2}-{\text{tr}}{{\boldsymbol {A}}^{2}}\right]\\I_{3}({\boldsymbol {A}})&=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})\end{aligned}}} Las derivadas de estos tres invariantes con respecto a son A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
∂ I 1 ∂ A = 1 ∂ I 2 ∂ A = I 1 1 − A T ∂ I 3 ∂ A = det ( A ) [ A − 1 ] T = I 2 1 − A T ( I 1 1 − A T ) = ( A 2 − I 1 A + I 2 1 ) T {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&={\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\\[3pt]{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\\[3pt]{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}=I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}~\left(I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)=\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{2}-I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {A}}+I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\right)^{\textsf {T}}\end{aligned}}} Prueba De la derivada del determinante sabemos que
∂ I 3 ∂ A = det ( A ) [ A − 1 ] T . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.} Para las derivadas de las otras dos invariantes, volvamos a la ecuación característica
det ( λ 1 + A ) = λ 3 + I 1 ( A ) λ 2 + I 2 ( A ) λ + I 3 ( A ) . {\displaystyle \det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})=\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\lambda +I_{3}({\boldsymbol {A}})~.} Utilizando el mismo enfoque que para el determinante de un tensor, podemos demostrar que
∂ ∂ A det ( λ 1 + A ) = det ( λ 1 + A ) [ ( λ 1 + A ) − 1 ] T . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})=\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.} Ahora el lado izquierdo se puede expandir como
∂ ∂ A det ( λ 1 + A ) = ∂ ∂ A [ λ 3 + I 1 ( A ) λ 2 + I 2 ( A ) λ + I 3 ( A ) ] = ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + ∂ I 3 ∂ A . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})&={\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\lambda +I_{3}({\boldsymbol {A}})\right]\\&={\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~.\end{aligned}}} Por eso
∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + ∂ I 3 ∂ A = det ( λ 1 + A ) [ ( λ 1 + A ) − 1 ] T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}=\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}} o,
( λ 1 + A ) T ⋅ [ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + ∂ I 3 ∂ A ] = det ( λ 1 + A ) 1 . {\displaystyle (\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})^{\textsf {T}}\cdot \left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]=\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~.} Expandir el lado derecho y separar términos en el lado izquierdo da
( λ 1 + A T ) ⋅ [ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + ∂ I 3 ∂ A ] = [ λ 3 + I 1 λ 2 + I 2 λ + I 3 ] 1 {\displaystyle \left(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)\cdot \left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]=\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}} o,
[ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 3 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 3 ∂ A λ ] 1 + A T ⋅ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + A T ⋅ ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + A T ⋅ ∂ I 3 ∂ A = [ λ 3 + I 1 λ 2 + I 2 λ + I 3 ] 1 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}\right.&\left.+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda \right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\\&=\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~.\end{aligned}}} Si definimos y , podemos escribir lo anterior como I 0 := 1 {\displaystyle I_{0}:=1} I 4 := 0 {\displaystyle I_{4}:=0}
[ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 3 + ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ 2 + ∂ I 3 ∂ A λ + ∂ I 4 ∂ A ] 1 + A T ⋅ ∂ I 0 ∂ A λ 3 + A T ⋅ ∂ I 1 ∂ A λ 2 + A T ⋅ ∂ I 2 ∂ A λ + A T ⋅ ∂ I 3 ∂ A = [ I 0 λ 3 + I 1 λ 2 + I 2 λ + I 3 ] 1 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}\right.&\left.+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{4}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{0}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\\&=\left[I_{0}~\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~.\end{aligned}}} Reuniendo términos que contienen varias potencias de λ, obtenemos
λ 3 ( I 0 1 − ∂ I 1 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 0 ∂ A ) + λ 2 ( I 1 1 − ∂ I 2 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 1 ∂ A ) + λ ( I 2 1 − ∂ I 3 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 2 ∂ A ) + ( I 3 1 − ∂ I 4 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 3 ∂ A ) = 0 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda ^{3}&\left(I_{0}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{0}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right)+\lambda ^{2}\left(I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right)+\\&\qquad \qquad \lambda \left(I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right)+\left(I_{3}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{4}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right)=0~.\end{aligned}}} Entonces, invocando la arbitrariedad de λ, tenemos
I 0 1 − ∂ I 1 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 0 ∂ A = 0 I 1 1 − ∂ I 2 ∂ A 1 − I 2 1 − ∂ I 3 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 2 ∂ A = 0 I 3 1 − ∂ I 4 ∂ A 1 − A T ⋅ ∂ I 3 ∂ A = 0 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{0}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{0}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=0\\I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=0\\I_{3}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\frac {\partial I_{4}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=0~.\end{aligned}}} Esto implica que
∂ I 1 ∂ A = 1 ∂ I 2 ∂ A = I 1 1 − A T ∂ I 3 ∂ A = I 2 1 − A T ( I 1 1 − A T ) = ( A 2 − I 1 A + I 2 1 ) T {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&={\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\\{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\\{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}~\left(I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)=\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{2}-I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {A}}+I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\right)^{\textsf {T}}\end{aligned}}} Derivada del tensor de identidad de segundo orden Sea el tensor de identidad de segundo orden. Entonces la derivada de este tensor con respecto a un tensor de segundo orden viene dada por 1 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}} A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
∂ 1 ∂ A : T = 0 : T = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {0}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathit {0}}}} 1 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}} A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}} Derivada de un tensor de segundo orden con respecto a sí mismo Sea un tensor de segundo orden. Entonces A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
∂ A ∂ A : T = [ ∂ ∂ α ( A + α T ) ] α = 0 = T = I : T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial \alpha }}({\boldsymbol {A}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}={\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}} Por lo tanto,
∂ A ∂ A = I {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}} Aquí está el tensor de identidad de cuarto orden. En notación de índice con respecto a una base ortonormal I {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}}
I = δ i k δ j l e i ⊗ e j ⊗ e k ⊗ e l {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}=\delta _{ik}~\delta _{jl}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{l}} Este resultado implica que
∂ A T ∂ A : T = I T : T = T T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}^{\textsf {T}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {T}}^{\textsf {T}}} I T = δ j k δ i l e i ⊗ e j ⊗ e k ⊗ e l {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}^{\textsf {T}}=\delta _{jk}~\delta _{il}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{l}} Por lo tanto, si el tensor es simétrico, entonces la derivada también es simétrica y obtenemos A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}
∂ A ∂ A = I ( s ) = 1 2 ( I + I T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}^{(s)}={\frac {1}{2}}~\left({\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}+{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)} I ( s ) = 1 2 ( δ i k δ j l + δ i l δ j k ) e i ⊗ e j ⊗ e k ⊗ e l {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}^{(s)}={\frac {1}{2}}~(\delta _{ik}~\delta _{jl}+\delta _{il}~\delta _{jk})~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{k}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{l}} Derivada de la inversa de un tensor de segundo orden Sean y dos tensores de segundo orden, entonces A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}} T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {T}}}
∂ ∂ A ( A − 1 ) : T = − A − 1 ⋅ T ⋅ A − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}=-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}} ∂ A i j − 1 ∂ A k l T k l = − A i k − 1 T k l A l j − 1 ⟹ ∂ A i j − 1 ∂ A k l = − A i k − 1 A l j − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial A_{ij}^{-1}}{\partial A_{kl}}}~T_{kl}=-A_{ik}^{-1}~T_{kl}~A_{lj}^{-1}\implies {\frac {\partial A_{ij}^{-1}}{\partial A_{kl}}}=-A_{ik}^{-1}~A_{lj}^{-1}} ∂ ∂ A ( A − T ) : T = − A − T ⋅ T T ⋅ A − T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-{\textsf {T}}}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}=-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-{\textsf {T}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-{\textsf {T}}}} ∂ A j i − 1 ∂ A k l T k l = − A j k − 1 T l k A l i − 1 ⟹ ∂ A j i − 1 ∂ A k l = − A l i − 1 A j k − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial A_{ji}^{-1}}{\partial A_{kl}}}~T_{kl}=-A_{jk}^{-1}~T_{lk}~A_{li}^{-1}\implies {\frac {\partial A_{ji}^{-1}}{\partial A_{kl}}}=-A_{li}^{-1}~A_{jk}^{-1}} A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}} ∂ A i j − 1 ∂ A k l = − 1 2 ( A i k − 1 A j l − 1 + A i l − 1 A j k − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial A_{ij}^{-1}}{\partial A_{kl}}}=-{\cfrac {1}{2}}\left(A_{ik}^{-1}~A_{jl}^{-1}+A_{il}^{-1}~A_{jk}^{-1}\right)} Prueba Recordar que
∂ 1 ∂ A : T = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathit {0}}}} Desde entonces podemos escribir A − 1 ⋅ A = 1 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}={\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}}
∂ ∂ A ( A − 1 ⋅ A ) : T = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathit {0}}}} Usando la regla del producto para tensores de segundo orden
∂ ∂ S [ F 1 ( S ) ⋅ F 2 ( S ) ] : T = ( ∂ F 1 ∂ S : T ) ⋅ F 2 + F 1 ⋅ ( ∂ F 2 ∂ S : T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}[{\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})]:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}\cdot \left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)} obtenemos
∂ ∂ A ( A − 1 ⋅ A ) : T = ( ∂ A − 1 ∂ A : T ) ⋅ A + A − 1 ⋅ ( ∂ A ∂ A : T ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}):{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot \left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)={\boldsymbol {\mathit {0}}}} o,
( ∂ A − 1 ∂ A : T ) ⋅ A = − A − 1 ⋅ T {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}=-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}} Por lo tanto,
∂ ∂ A ( A − 1 ) : T = − A − 1 ⋅ T ⋅ A − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right):{\boldsymbol {T}}=-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}} Integración por partes Dominio , su límite y la unidad normal de salida. Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } n {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} } Otra operación importante relacionada con las derivadas tensoriales en la mecánica continua es la integración por partes. La fórmula de integración por partes se puede escribir como
∫ Ω F ⊗ ∇ G d Ω = ∫ Γ n ⊗ ( F ⊗ G ) d Γ − ∫ Ω G ⊗ ∇ F d Ω {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {F}}\otimes {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {G}}\,d\Omega =\int _{\Gamma }\mathbf {n} \otimes ({\boldsymbol {F}}\otimes {\boldsymbol {G}})\,d\Gamma -\int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {G}}\otimes {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {F}}\,d\Omega } donde y son campos tensoriales diferenciables de orden arbitrario, es la unidad normal hacia afuera al dominio sobre el cual se definen los campos tensoriales, representa un operador de producto tensorial generalizado y es un operador de gradiente generalizado. Cuando es igual al tensor de identidad, obtenemos el teorema de la divergencia. F {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}} G {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {G}}} n {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} } ⊗ {\displaystyle \otimes } ∇ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}} F {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}
∫ Ω ∇ G d Ω = ∫ Γ n ⊗ G d Γ . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {G}}\,d\Omega =\int _{\Gamma }\mathbf {n} \otimes {\boldsymbol {G}}\,d\Gamma \,.} Podemos expresar la fórmula de integración por partes en notación de índice cartesiano como
∫ Ω F i j k . . . . G l m n . . . , p d Ω = ∫ Γ n p F i j k . . . G l m n . . . d Γ − ∫ Ω G l m n . . . F i j k . . . , p d Ω . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }F_{ijk....}\,G_{lmn...,p}\,d\Omega =\int _{\Gamma }n_{p}\,F_{ijk...}\,G_{lmn...}\,d\Gamma -\int _{\Omega }G_{lmn...}\,F_{ijk...,p}\,d\Omega \,.} Para el caso especial donde la operación del producto tensorial es una contracción de un índice y la operación del gradiente es una divergencia, y ambos y son tensores de segundo orden, tenemos F {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}} G {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {G}}}
∫ Ω F ⋅ ( ∇ ⋅ G ) d Ω = ∫ Γ n ⋅ ( G ⋅ F T ) d Γ − ∫ Ω ( ∇ F ) : G T d Ω . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {G}})\,d\Omega =\int _{\Gamma }\mathbf {n} \cdot \left({\boldsymbol {G}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)\,d\Gamma -\int _{\Omega }({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {F}}):{\boldsymbol {G}}^{\textsf {T}}\,d\Omega \,.} En notación de índice,
∫ Ω F i j G p j , p d Ω = ∫ Γ n p F i j G p j d Γ − ∫ Ω G p j F i j , p d Ω . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }F_{ij}\,G_{pj,p}\,d\Omega =\int _{\Gamma }n_{p}\,F_{ij}\,G_{pj}\,d\Gamma -\int _{\Omega }G_{pj}\,F_{ij,p}\,d\Omega \,.} Ver también Referencias ^ JC Simo y TJR Hughes, 1998, Inelasticidad computacional , Springer ^ JE Marsden y TJR Hughes, 2000, Fundamentos matemáticos de la elasticidad , Dover. ^ RW Ogden, 2000, Deformaciones elásticas no lineales , Dover. ^ ab Hjelmstad, Keith (2004). Fundamentos de Mecánica Estructural . Medios de ciencia y negocios de Springer. pag. 45.ISBN 9780387233307 
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =Df(\mathbf {v} )[\mathbf {u} ]=\left[{\ frac {d}{d\alpha }}~f(\mathbf {v} +\alpha ~\mathbf {u} )\right]_{\alpha =0}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/308eadd1b18b96a60ef33e8df365bccc97f0faea)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial \mathbf {v} }}\cdot \mathbf {u} =D\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} )[\mathbf { u} ]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v} +\alpha ~\mathbf {u} )\right]_{\alpha =0 }}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8835d592f0ae810b9b57fa81f345a4850f1f1ce)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=Df({\boldsymbol {S}})[{\boldsymbol {T}} ]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~f({\boldsymbol {S}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3916392ebeebca9ebddb31e76edb1c9f8c08b586)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=D{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}})[{\boldsymbol {T}}]=\left[{\frac {d}{d\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {F}}({\boldsymbol {S}}+\alpha ~ {\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2072ee23ca460f6f32851f397b5879a47033c3b)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {T}}\cdot \mathbf {c} &=\left.{\cfrac {d}{d\alpha }}~{ \boldsymbol {T}}(x_{1}+\alpha c_{1},x_{2}+\alpha c_{2},x_{3}+\alpha c_{3})\right|_{\alpha =0}\equiv \left.{\cfrac {d}{d\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {T}}(y_{1},y_{2},y_{3})\right|_{\ alfa =0}\\&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_{1}}}~{\cfrac {\partial y_{1}}{\partial \ alfa }}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_{2}}}~{\cfrac {\partial y_{2}}{\partial \alpha }}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_{3}}}~{\cfrac {\partial y_{3}}{\partial \alpha }}\right]_{\alpha =0}= \left[{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_{1}}}~c_{1}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_ {2}}}~c_{2}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial y_{3}}}~c_{3}\right]_{\alpha =0}\ \&={\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{1}}}~c_{1}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_ {2}}}~c_{2}+{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{3}}}~c_{3}\equiv {\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{i}}}~c_{i}={\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{i}}}~(\mathbf {e} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {c} )=\left[{\cfrac {\partial {\boldsymbol {T}}}{\partial x_{i}}}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{i} \right]\cdot \mathbf {c} \qquad \square \end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b848452c7189fb099eb1dadf20cd7c167dd4d2e)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\phi ={}\quad &{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r} +{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial \phi }{ \partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={}\quad &{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{r}}{ \partial \theta }}-v_{\theta }\right)~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{ \partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial r }}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{\theta }} {\partial \theta }}+v_{r}\right)~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{\theta } }{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\ parcial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}{\boldsymbol {S}}={}\quad &{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{ \partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{ \partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left [{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial \theta }}-(S_{\theta r}+S_{r\theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial r}}~\ mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial z} }~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\ frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e } _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e } _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{rz) }}{\partial \theta }}-S_{\theta z}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\ theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial \theta }}+ (S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\ theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\parcialS_{\theta \theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{ \frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{r\theta }+S_{\theta r})\ derecha]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\ parcial S_{\theta z}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\ frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z} +{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial \theta }}+S_{rz}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{ \theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial r} }~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial z} }~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial \theta }}-S_{z\theta }\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf { e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\ parcial \theta }}+S_{zr}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{ }+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e } _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\end{aligned}}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta } }{\partial \theta }}+S_{zr}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _ {\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta } \\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \ mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\end{aligned}}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta } }{\partial \theta }}+S_{zr}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _ {\theta }\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta } \\{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{z}+{\frac {1}{r}}~{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial \theta }}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \ mathbf {e} _{z}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{\theta }\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f19df7af85562767daf41dcce9042d343a7cf917)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)&={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left(v_{i,j}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\right)=v_{i,ji}~\mathbf {e} _{i} \cdot \mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}=\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)_{,j}~ \mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\ cdot \left[\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)^{\textsf {T}}\right]&={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left(v_ {j,i}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}\right)=v_{j,ii}~\mathbf {e} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}^{2}v_{j}~\mathbf {e} _{j}={\boldsymbol { \nabla }}^{2}\mathbf {v} \end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/864380cd0a82178354a80ee58109fc0519c149ba)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{ij}}{\partial q^{k} }}-\Gamma _{ki}^{l}~S_{lj}-\Gamma _{kj}^{l}~S_{il}\right]~g^{ik}~\mathbf {b} ^ {j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S^{ij}}{\partial q^{i}}}+\Gamma _{il}^{i}~S^{ lj}+\Gamma _{il}^{j}~S^{il}\right]~\mathbf {b} _{j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{ ~j}^{i}}{\partial q^{i}}}+\Gamma _{il}^{i}~S_{~j}^{l}-\Gamma _{ij}^{l} ~S_{~l}^{i}\right]~\mathbf {b} ^{j}\\[8pt]&=\left[{\cfrac {\partial S_{i}^{~j}}{ \partial q^{k}}}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}~S_{l}^{~j}+\Gamma _{kl}^{j}~S_{i}^{~l }\right]~g^{ik}~\mathbf {b} _{j}\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85fad1b0228d189867b87f1d770c3968e4394860)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} =\quad &{\frac {\partial v_{r}}{\partial r}}+{\frac { 1}{r}}\left({\frac {\partial v_{\theta }}{\partial \theta }}+v_{r}\right)+{\frac {\partial v_{z}}{\ z parcial}}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {S}}=\quad &{\frac {\partial S_{rr}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{r\theta }}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial S_{rz}}{\partial r}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\\{}+{}&{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta r}}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{rr}-S_{\theta \theta })\right]~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac { \partial S_{\theta \theta }}{\partial \theta }}+(S_{r\theta }+S_{\theta r})\right]~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\ frac {1}{r}}\left[{\frac {\partial S_{\theta z}}{\partial \theta }}+S_{rz}\right]~\mathbf {e} _{z}\ \{}+{}&{\frac {\partial S_{zr}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\partial S_{z\theta }}{\ z parcial}}~\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\partial S_{zz}}{\partial z}}~\mathbf {e} _{z}\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8cd23836a8e6cc12150592c3964d95d6a3f94e9)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det({\boldsymbol {A}})=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{ \boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a229cf1ec76d8d0d6c4ebf0e55e24a9289524d0f)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}&=\left.{\cfrac {d}{d \alpha }}\det({\boldsymbol {A}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right|_{\alpha =0}\\&=\left.{\cfrac {d}{ d\alpha }}\det \left[\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {A}}\left({\cfrac {1}{\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {I}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\right]\right|_{\alpha =0}\\&=\left.{\cfrac {d}{d\ alfa }}\left[\alpha ^{3}~\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\det \left({\cfrac {1}{\alpha }}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {I }}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\right]\right|_{\alpha =0}.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a280dfed26c159c4b698ac9db1c9e7b4ff9ce7c)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}&=\left.{\cfrac {d}{d \alpha }}\left[\alpha ^{3}~\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left({\cfrac {1}{\alpha ^{3}}}+I_{1}\ left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~{\cfrac {1}{\alpha ^{2}}}+I_{2}\left( {\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~{\cfrac {1}{\alpha }}+I_{3}\left({\boldsymbol {A} }^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\right)\right]\right|_{\alpha =0}\\&=\left.\det({\boldsymbol {A} })~{\cfrac {d}{d\alpha }}\left[1+I_{1}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right )~\alpha +I_{2}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~\alpha ^{2}+I_{3}\left ({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~\alpha ^{3}\right]\right|_{\alpha =0}\\&=\ izquierda.\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}})+2~I_{2 }\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~\alpha +3~I_{3}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{ -1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~\alpha ^{2}\right]\right|_{\alpha =0}\\&=\det({\boldsymbol {A}}) ~I_{1}\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)~.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc69b4584b67f7559a984e1c3d5dfa5b0f663c83)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~{\text{tr} }\left({\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {T}}\right)=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A} }^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fcfbbc8e843ee49828711668186ed4e5faa93384)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1 }\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf1328c61318cc48aa33f6c0b580b55e268f7ebe)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}})&={\text{tr}}{\boldsymbol {A}}\\I_{2}({\boldsymbol {A }})&={\frac {1}{2}}\left[({\text{tr}}{\boldsymbol {A}})^{2}-{\text{tr}}{{\boldsymbol {A}}^{2}}\right]\\I_{3}({\boldsymbol {A}})&=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb5f440de0bb33a949001c6bef13f9f829fb1a42)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{alineado}{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&={\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\\[3pt] {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^ {\textsf {T}}\\[3pt]{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}&=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\ izquierda[{\boldsymbol {A}}^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}=I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}} ^{\textsf {T}}~\left(I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)=\left ({\boldsymbol {A}}^{2}-I_{1}~{\boldsymbol {A}}+I_{2}~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\right)^{\textsf { T}}\end{alineado}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19cf1ad5bce9774bf510c8818f4b90e32c4f2640)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}=\det({\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[{\boldsymbol {A}}^ {-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9dd4a16751516c5e316be643e40ce0babf1c1df)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})=\ det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A }})^{-1}\right]^{\textsf {T}}~.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4be1b29969a25190e4efad41db9d76f11e8a8079)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol { A}})&={\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\ lambda ^{2}+I_{2}({\boldsymbol {A}})~\lambda +I_{3}({\boldsymbol {A}})\right]\\&={\frac {\partial I_ {1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a4ad226ea72ae236eaddfe419007ff6de53d55d)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\ Boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}=\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1} }}+{\boldsymbol {A}})~\left[(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})^{-1}\right]^{\ textosf {T}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3993a79ec1f95da1b9e188243300861ee7ee2e45)
![{\displaystyle (\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}})^{\textsf {T}}\cdot \left[{\frac {\partial I_{1} }{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\ frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]=\det(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}} )~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/782fb846f7870890e72cda9dbeba6e80dfc064b0)
![{\displaystyle \left(\lambda ~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\right)\cdot \left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\ lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]=\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~\lambda ^{2} +I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d9d08c98dc866bcc330678342ca3c391da0042a)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}\right.&\left.+ {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A }}}}~\lambda \right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{1}} {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\ parcial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A }}}}\\&=\left[\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~\lambda ^{2}+I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\ mathit {1}}}~.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6174aae82fa111cbe2235a21c275bb7bc0e243b4)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[{\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}\right.&\left.+ {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A }}}}~\lambda +{\frac {\partial I_{4}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol { A}}^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{0}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{3}+{\boldsymbol {A} }^{\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{1}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda ^{2}+{\boldsymbol {A}}^ {\textsf {T}}\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}~\lambda +{\boldsymbol {A}}^{\textsf {T} }\cdot {\frac {\partial I_{3}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}\\&=\left[I_{0}~\lambda ^{3}+I_{1}~ \lambda ^{2}+I_{2}~\lambda +I_{3}\right]{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8169e3ea8470a718a349e0d8a73e1fb7c162914)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {A}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left[{\frac {\partial }{\ parcial \alpha }}({\boldsymbol {A}}+\alpha ~{\boldsymbol {T}})\right]_{\alpha =0}={\boldsymbol {T}}={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {I}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4cf9341eabbe69c48f4ff85db571b84c8b2c318)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}[{\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}({\boldsymbol {S}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {F }}_{2}({\boldsymbol {S}})]:{\boldsymbol {T}}=\left({\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}}{\partial { \boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}+{\boldsymbol {F}}_{1}\cdot \left({ \frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}_{2}}{\partial {\boldsymbol {S}}}}:{\boldsymbol {T}}\right)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73a25e5e0ee3f8a2f287da104d5f72d8342899b9)
