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Lista de unidades confederadas de la Guerra Civil de Arkansas

Esta es una lista de Unidades Confederadas de la Guerra Civil de Arkansas , o unidades militares del estado de Arkansas que lucharon por la Confederación en la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . La lista de unidades de la Unión se muestra por separado.

Como la mayoría de los estados, Arkansas poseía una organización de milicia de antes de la guerra , que constaba de setenta y un regimientos, organizados en ocho brigadas y divididos en dos divisiones. Además de su regimiento o regimientos de milicia estándar, cada condado estaba autorizado a crear hasta cuatro Compañías de Milicias Voluntarias. Si bien ninguno de los regimientos de milicias de antes de la guerra se inscribió en el servicio confederado, muchas de las Compañías de Milicias Voluntarias existentes se inscribieron en nuevos regimientos de voluntarios. Se crearon otras nuevas Compañías de Voluntarios sin conexión con la milicia de antes de la guerra. Inmediatamente después de la secesión, la Junta Militar del Estado comenzó a organizar regimientos de tropas estatales . Muchos de estos regimientos finalmente fueron transferidos al servicio confederado. Algunos Regimientos de Voluntarios se organizaron bajo la autoridad directa del nuevo Gobierno Confederado y nunca se organizaron como Tropas Estatales. En abril de 1862, el Congreso Confederado aprobó una ley de reclutamiento y se organizaron nuevas compañías y regimientos casi en su totalidad de hombres reclutados (reclutados). Los voluntarios normalmente iban a unidades ya existentes. La convención de secesión también autorizó a cada condado a organizar unidades de la Guardia Nacional compuestas por hombres demasiado jóvenes o demasiado viejos o exentos del servicio militar obligatorio o de la milicia.

Milicia

Al comienzo de la guerra, la Milicia de Arkansas estaba formada por 71 Regimientos, que estaban organizados en dos divisiones, cada división compuesta por cuatro brigadas. Cada condado tenía al menos un regimiento y varios tenían más de uno. [1] La Ley de la Milicia de Arkansas permitió que cada regimiento formara hasta cuatro compañías de voluntarios. [2] Mientras que los regimientos de milicias regulares debían realizar ejercicios tres veces al año y debían suministrar sus propias armas, las compañías de voluntarios practicaban mucho más a menudo y el estado les suministraba equipos.

Sólo un Regimiento de Milicia, el 45.º Regimiento de Milicia de Arkansas del condado de Searcy, fue movilizado para el servicio durante la guerra. En el otoño de 1861, el Gobernador Rector convocó al 45.º Regimiento de Milicia para hacer frente a una amenaza potencial al gobierno confederado por parte de las "sociedades de paz" pacifistas. Los milicianos arrestaron a sospechosos en las montañas Ozark del noroeste de Arkansas, y muchos de ellos fueron obligados a alistarse en el 18.º Regimiento de Infantería de Arkansas de Marmaduke .

El gobernador rector ordenó al coronel Solon F. Borland que formara un batallón provisional de milicias en el condado de Pulaski en abril de 1862 con el fin de apoderarse de la instalación federal en Fort Smith . El batallón de infantería de Arkansas de Borland estaba formado por tres compañías de infantería voluntarias y una batería de artillería voluntaria de la 13.º Regimiento de la Milicia de Arkansas. El batallón de Borland marchó hacia Fort Smith, sólo para descubrir que el puesto militar había sido abandonado por las tropas federales el día anterior. Una compañía permaneció para proteger el puesto y el resto regresó al condado de Pulaski, donde pasaron a formar parte de regimientos de voluntarios.

La Convención de Secesión del estado de Arkansas tomó la decisión de no activar la milicia en masa, sino formar una serie de nuevos regimientos de tropas estatales para el nuevo ejército de Arkansas. [3] Muchas de estas compañías de milicias voluntarias se inscribieron en los nuevos regimientos de voluntarios que fueron formados por la Junta Militar de Arkansas. [1]

Tropas estatales

Ejército Provisional de Arkansas

La Convención de Sucesión de Arkansas decidió que, en lugar de activar los regimientos de milicias existentes, formarían nuevos regimientos de voluntarios. A la convención le preocupaba que si la milicia era llamada y transferida al servicio confederado, estaría sujeta a ser transferida fuera del estado, dejando al estado indefenso. La convención también se preocupó por el costo que implicaba pagar una gran fuerza estatal permanente. Estos nuevos regimientos de voluntarios serían parte del Ejército Provisional de Arkansas y pasarían al servicio confederado lo más rápido posible. El Ejército Provisional de Arkansas constaría de dos divisiones, la 1.ª División en la parte occidental del estado y la 2.ª División en la parte oriental del estado. Los nuevos regimientos de tropas estatales estuvieron en servicio durante 90 días. Los regimientos de la división oriental fueron transferidos al servicio confederado bajo el mando del general de brigada Hardee. Los regimientos de la división occidental participaron en la Batalla de Wilson's Creek como una brigada al mando del general de brigada estatal NB Pearce. Después de la batalla de Wilson's Creek, la división occidental marchó de regreso a Arkansas y se le dio la oportunidad de votar sobre si serían transferidos o no al servicio confederado. Las unidades de la división occidental votaron a favor de disolverse en lugar de transferirse al servicio confederado. La Convención de Secesión nombró una nueva junta militar estatal para organizar los nuevos regimientos y coordinar su transición al servicio confederado.

Dejado a sus propias defensas

En la primavera de 1862, el estado intentó nuevamente reunir su propia fuerza de tropas estatales. Se había ordenado al general Van Dorn que tomara su Ejército del Oeste, al este del río Mississippi, para apoyar los esfuerzos confederados en el oeste de Tennessee que finalmente conducirían a la Batalla de Shiloh y la Campaña de Corinto. La Junta Militar del Estado autorizó el establecimiento de varios regimientos nuevos para la defensa del Estado y ordenó el reclutamiento del número necesario de hombres de la milicia para completar las filas. Los nuevos regimientos se organizaron con bastante rapidez y entraron en servicio en junio, julio y agosto de 1862. Fueron incorporados al servicio como los Regimientos 1.º (Rector), 2.º (Brooks) y 3.º (Peel), División Noroeste, Distrito de Arkansas. . El coronel Peel finalmente fue reemplazado por Charles W. Adams, lo que resultó en lo que se conoce como 3.er Regimiento de Tropas del Estado de Arkansas (Adams), que se disolvió después de sufrir fuego durante la Batalla de Prairie Grove. El 1.º y 2.º Regimientos, División Noroeste, finalmente asumieron sus designaciones autorizadas de 35.º (Rector) y 34.º (Brooks) Regimientos de Arkansas, respectivamente. [4]

El último esfuerzo de reclutamiento

Tras la caída de Little Rock ante las Fuerzas de la Unión en septiembre de 1863, el estado de Arkansas se vio nuevamente obligado a reunir unidades de tropas estatales para garantizar su propia defensa. El gobernador Harris Flanagin (que había derrotado al gobernador Rector en su candidatura a la reelección de 1862) emitió una proclama el 10 de agosto de 1863, apenas un mes antes de la caída del capitolio, anunciando que había sido autorizado a formar nuevos regimientos de tropas estatales y que mediante un acuerdo especial, las autoridades confederadas no podían transferir estas nuevas unidades fuera del estado. [5] Después de la caída de Little Rock, el reclutamiento fue mucho más difícil que en los primeros años de la guerra. El constante traslado de tropas de Arkansas al teatro de guerra oriental, al otro lado del río Mississippi desde sus hogares, fue una objeción importante por parte de la población restante de hombres elegibles para el servicio militar. Con las fuerzas federales ocupando ahora el capitolio estatal, el gobierno estatal confederado no tenía forma de hacer cumplir las leyes de reclutamiento en los condados detrás de las líneas de la Unión, excepto durante las incursiones de los generales Price y Shelby en 1864. Los regimientos confederados restantes estuvieron plagados de deserciones. [6]

El 16 de septiembre de 1863, el gobernador Fagan emitió la Orden General No. 6 de Arkadelphia, que puso en servicio los regimientos de milicias de los condados de Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union y Columbia en para resistir al ejército federal. La orden del gobernador ordenó a los regimientos que marcharan hacia Arkadelphia lo antes posible. Se montarían compañías y los comandantes obligarían a las personas que evadieran la llamada a acudir al encuentro. La intención era formar compañías de voluntarios montados durante doce meses. [7] Al describir este llamado en una carta al general Holmes fechada el 18 de octubre de 1863, desde Washington, Arkansas, la nueva capital del estado confederado, Flanagin declaró que emitió la orden convocando a la milicia, como un experimento, esperando conseguir voluntarios. . La orden logró organizar empresas en los condados donde se aplicaba la convocatoria de milicias, lo que dio lugar a que siete empresas fueran reunidas en el marco de la convocatoria. [6] Flanagin también declaró que "las tropas reunidas por el Estado son más del doble de todas las tropas reunidas por voluntariado, o por la ley de reclutamiento, en los últimos meses". [6]

Estas nuevas unidades de las tropas del estado de Arkansas fueron puestas bajo el mando general del coronel William H. Trader, quien fue asignado al gobernador Flanagin por el general E. Kirby Smith . El coronel Trader permaneció al mando de las tropas estatales hasta que dimitió en junio de 1864. [8]

El 14 de enero de 1864, el Gobernador Flanagin, a través del General Peay, emitió las Órdenes Generales No. 8, que ordenaban que ciertas compañías nombradas de Arkansas montaran voluntarios, que habían sido llamados al servicio del Estado bajo la proclamación del 10 de agosto de 1864. 1863, ser designado como el 1.er Batallón de Tropas del Estado de Arkansas, más a menudo conocido como Batallón de Pettus, Tropas del Estado de Arkansas. La unidad participó en la batalla de Marks Mill el 25 de abril de 1864, como parte de la Brigada del General de Brigada William L. Cabell . El teniente coronel Pettus murió durante la batalla y el capitán PK Williamson de la Compañía A comandó el batallón hasta que la unidad se incrementó a regimiento y se transfirió al servicio confederado. [9]

In August 1864 when the term of enlistment for these state troops was about to expire, Adjutant General Peay issued an order which directed that companies be allowed to vote on the subject of being transferred into Confederate service. On September 5, 1864, the State Troop companies, including Pettus's Battalion, were formed into one regiment of cavalry to be designated as the 3rd Regiment of Arkansas State Cavalry, with Col. Robert C. Newton assigned to the command of the regiment until an election could be held for field officers.[10] This unit was mustered into the Confederate Service on the October 31, 1864[11] as the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), and Col. Newton was elected regimental commander.[9]

List of Arkansas State Troop units

Confederate Forces raised in Arkansas

Infantry

Tracking Arkansas Confederate infantry regiments can be extremely complicated due to the fact that numerical designations were often issued to multiple units. Some of these duplications were due to the competing authorities attempting to organize forces in the state. Other duplications were due to poor and or delayed communications between the various mustering agents, the Arkansas State Military Board, which was in charge of organizing forces within the state, and the Confederate War Department in Richmond. Additional duplications occurred when parts of various regiments were captured, only to be paroled, exchanged and returned to active status at some later point. Finally, much duplication occurred after effective communications had been severed between Richmond and the Department of the Trans-Mississippi. at one point, General Hindman began designating new units organized in Arkansas as Trans-Mississippi Rifle Regiments, which resulted in many regiments serving west of the Mississippi having duplicate designations with units serving east of the Mississippi River.

Competing Authorities

An example of the confusion caused by the competing authorities organizing forces is the numbers of the regiment organized by Colonel, later Major General, Patrick Cleburne. Cleburne's regiment received the designation of 1st Arkansas when it was mustered into state service at Mound City on May 14, 1861. Cleburne's regiment was accepted into Confederate service by General Hardee on July 23, 1861, at Pitman's Ferry, Arkansas as the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry. However Confederate authorities had authorized Colonel T. B. Flournoy to raise a regiment of Arkansas Volunteers in April 1861, before the state had actually seceded. The regiment raised by Flournoy, which elected James F. Fagan as its original colonel, was never mustered into State Service, so it never received a state designation. When Cleburne's regiment's documents reached the war department, the duplication was discovered and Cleburne's regiment was re-designated as the 15th Arkansas. Unfortunately there would be two other regiments which were also numbered the 15th Arkansas, one commanded by Colonel Dandrige McRea and another commanded by Colonel James Gee.[15]

Additionally, at various times during the war, the State Military Board attempted to organized State Troop organizations, which were not intended to be transferred to Confederate Service. Most of these regiments were eventually transferred into Confederate service but they existed, often with duplicated state number designations for some period of time as state organizations. An example of this confusion involves the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Adams Arkansas Infantry Regiment. After the battle of Pea Ridge, General Van Dorn took most of the organized regiments in the state, and all military supplies that he could lay hand on and moved them across the Mississippi River to Corinth, Mississippi, leaving the state basically defenseless. The State Military Board authorized the establishment of several new regiments for the defense of the State, and ordered the conscription of the requisite number of men from the militia to fill the ranks. The new regiments were organized fairly quickly, and were mustered into service in June, July and August 1862. Among the newly organized regiments authorized by the State Military Board were the 34th (Col. William H. Brooks), 35th (Col. Frank A. Rector) and 36th (Col. Samuel W. Peel). True to form, these designations were ignored, and they were mustered into service as the 1st (Rector), 2nd (Brooks) and 3rd (Peel) Regiments, Northwest Division, District of Arkansas. Colonel Peel was eventually superseded by Charles W. Adams, resulting in what is known as Adam's 3rd Arkansas Infantry, which, was disbanded after the Battle of Prairie Grove. The 1st and 2nd Regiments, Northwest Division, finally assumed their authorized designations of 35th and 34th Arkansas Regiments, respectively. To further confuse matters, when the United States War Department clerks who put together the Compiled Service Records, decades after the war, ran across scattered records of certain men of the 3rd Arkansas who had been paroled at Springfield, Missouri, after the battle of Prairie Grove, they compiled them with the records of Colonel Van H. Manning's 3rd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. In fact, these men belonged to Adams's so-called 3rd Arkansas.[4]

Confusing Communications

Communications with the Confederate War Department also led to much confusion. When a new regiment was organized, state officials issued the next available number under its numbering scheme. Before a new unit obtained its final or Confederate designation, the regimental muster rolls and election returns had to be forwarded to the Confederate War Department which would assign the next available number, according to its numbering scheme. Given the great distance involved, even before Union forces established effective control of the Mississippi River, many duplications occurred. When a duplication was identified, the Confederate War Department would attempt to renumber a regiment to relieve the confusion, but often only confused the issue further. A good example of this type of duplication is the regiment organized by Dandridge McRea. McRea's unit was originally designated as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion, because it lacked the required number of companies to organize as a full regiment. By the time sufficient companies were added to bring the unit up to regimental strength, the unit was designated as the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment. However, Confederate authorities realized that they had also accepted Colonel Jordan E. Cravens regiment as the 21st Arkansas. To rectify the confusion, the Confederate War Department redesignated McRea's Regiment as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Almost immediately, the Confederate War Department realized that it had just awarded this designation to Cleburne's former 1st Arkansas, so McRea's Regiment was redesignated as the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment.[16]

Designations affected by surrender, parole and exchange

The designations of some units became conflicted as parts of units were captured and later paroled, exchanged, and re-entered active service. An example of this is Dawson's 19th Arkansas Infantry. The regiment completed its organization at Nashville, Arkansas, in November 1861 and Charles L. Dawson was elected colonel. The unit was assigned to the garrison of Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post, where a large part of the regiment was captured when the fort was surrendered on January 11, 1863. Some of the men, including the regimental commander, Colonel Dawson, were absent from Arkansas Post at the time it surrendered. This remnant of the 19th was consolidated with similar remnants of other units captured at the post, and with Colonel Dawson, in command, they were referred to as the 19th/24th Consolidated Arkansas, sometimes being referred to as Hardy's Regiment (who succeeded Dawson in command), and operated in the Trans-Mississippi department for the remainder of the war. The part of Dawson's original regiment that was captured at Arkansas Post, were sent to prisons in the North, and when exchanged in April 1863 at City Point, Virginia, and then transferred to the Army of Tennessee, where they spent the rest of the war, also being referred to as the 19th Arkansas. There was also a third regiment that was given the designation of 19th Arkansas. This regiment was organized on April 2, 1862, at DeValls Bluff, with Col. Hamilton P. Smead in command. Smead was eventually replaced by Colonel Thomas P. Dockery, and surrendered with the garrison of Vicksburg Mississippi.[17]

Re-organization of the Trans-Mississippi Department

In May 1862, Major General Hindman assumed command of the Trans-Mississippi and found that the state had been stripped of organized Confederate forces when Major General Van Dorn moved his Army of the West, east of the Mississippi River. In order to organize a new Confederate Army in Arkansas, Hindman utilized the Confederate Conscription act of April 1862. This act actually specifically forbid the use of conscription to raise to units. It had been intended to create a pool of replacements for the regiments which were already in Confederate service but had been depleted by disease and battle filed losses. With no organized regiments in Arkansas, Hindman was forced to create new units. He designated several of his new units as Trans-Mississippi Rifle Regiments. Col. Asa S. Morgan's 26th Arkansas Regiment was designated as the 3rd Trans-Mississippi Regiment. Immediately the officers and men begin to refer to themselves as the 3rd Arkansas Regiment. This leads to confusion for researchers who find Col. Van H. Manning's 3rd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry serving under General Lee in the Army of Northern Virginia and a group in Arkansas who insist on also calling themselves the 3rd Arkansas.[4] General Hindman's reason for the use of this designation isn't clear. It may have been a way of emphasizing that these units were for use west of the Mississippi River in the new Department of the Trans-Mississippi, or it may be related to his dispute with Governor Rector over Rector's plan to raise new regiments of State Troops instead of enrolling new units in Confederate service. It may also have to do with the fact that several of these new units at least initially contained companies of men from Missouri and Texas who were in Arkansas when the organization began.

Consolidated units

As Confederate units lost access to the geographical area's that they were organized in, they lost any ability to recruit replacements for their battlefield and non battlefield losses. This was particularly true of the regiments that found themselves isolated east of the Mississippi River after the fall of Vicksburg in 1863. As the regiments continued to dwindle in size, it became necessary to combine or consolidate units in order to eliminate unnecessary, redundant command and staff positions and field units at or near full strength. Most of these consolidations were considered "field consolidations" which were intended to be temporary organizations, until recruits could be obtained. Attempts were made to maintain the separate identity of the original regiments in these temporary or field consolidations. Later as the manpower shortage became more extreme, it became necessary to make these consolidations permanent. In the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, these permanent consolidations began in 1864, resulting in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiments. In the Army of Tennessee these permanent consolidations did not occur until the final month of the war, resulting in the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry and the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Mounted Rifles.

The 40 Series Regiments

The State Military Board assigned designators in the 40-series all the way up to the 48th Arkansas. The 40-series Arkansas infantry regiments are actually listed as cavalry regiments in most histories.[18] The first four (40th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd) were assigned to the Arkansas regiments that were surrendered at the Sieges of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, when these regiments were reorganized in southern Arkansas following their parole and exchange. The 41st was assigned to the exchanged prisoners of the 20th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, the 42nd was assigned to the survivors of the 23rd Arkansas Infantry. The 40th and 43rd were assigned to either 15th (Northwest) or the 19th (Dockery's) Arkansas, but it is impossible to be sure which was which because of the illegibility of the original documents. All of these were assigned as mounted infantry designations, and all of them were ignored by the Confederate Army because the old designations continued to be used in the reports for their commanders. There are occasionally prisoner of war records that utilize the official designations.

The 44th through the 48th Arkansas infantry regiments were raised in the summer of 1864, were mounted in order to accompany Price's 1864 Missouri Expedition, which was planned as an all-cavalry affair. Rare references list them as mounted infantry, for example, 44th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted). However, they were almost always referred to as Cavalry units (for example 44th Arkansas Cavalry) when the numerical designation was used. Usually, however, they were simply designated by the name of the regiment's colonel, for example, McGehee's Arkansas Cavalry. These regiments were for the most part raised in northeast Arkansas, and seem to have consisted in large part of absentees from other regiments. The 45th Arkansas, for example, consisted largely of absentees from the 7th Arkansas and the 38th Arkansas Regiments.[19]

List of Arkansas Confederate Regiments

Infantry Battalions

Infantry battalions were not intended to be standing organizations during the Civil War. The regiment was the standard organization for both the Union and Confederate Armies. Battalions most often came into existence when there were not enough infantry companies present to form a full regiment, as when Dandrige McRea's 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion was formed before the battle of Wilson's Creek. Many of these ad hoc organizations, like McRea's, eventually gained enough companies and received recognition as a full regiment. Some battalions were formed by the detachment of several companies from a parent regiment as when several companies were detached from McCraven's 14th Arkansas Infantry and transferred to Kentucky with Brigadier General Hardee in 1861, and were designated the 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion. A few battalions, like the 12th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, actually saw significant combat as a separate command.

Volunteer Companies

The basic building block of a regiment during the Civil War period was the volunteer company. Many volunteer militia companies were organized under the authority of the Arkansas militia law during 1860 and 1861. Most of the companies raised during this period had their elections certified by the local militia regimental commander and their commissions were issued by the governor as the commander in chief of the State Militia. This practice continued until the fall of 1861. Other volunteer companies were raised directly for Confederate service and were never organized in the state militia. Volunteer companies, whether militia or raised directly for Confederate service were then organized into new volunteer regiments. A regiment required eight to ten companies for organization. If a unit was not able to field enough companies to organize as a regiment, it was often allowed to organize as a separate battalion until enough companies were added to comprise a full regiment. A separate battalion was commanded by a lieutenant colonel. This list includes only those companies with a distinct name.[81] Many volunteer companies were simply designated "Volunteer Infantry Company, Conway County," or Volunteer Cavalry Company, Conway County".[82]

Cavalry

Arkansas mounted units consisted of three types, Cavalry, Mounted Infantry, and Partisan Rangers. Cavalry forces fought principally on horseback, armed with carbines, pistols, and especially sabers. Only a small percentage of Arkansas mounted forces met this definition.[84] Some Arkansas Confederate regiments carried shotguns, especially early in the war. Due to a lack of appropriate weapons and training in actual cavalry tactics, most Arkansas horsesoldiers were actually Mounted Infantry. Mounted Infantry moved on horseback but dismounted for fighting on foot, armed principally with rifles. In the second half of the war, most of the units considered to be cavalry actually fought battles using the tactics of mounted infantry. Irregular forces (partisan rangers or guerrillas) were generally mounted forces. There is little commonality as to their weapons—in general, any available were used.[84]

While the concept of a mounted infantry force able to move quickly from point to point and fight as infantry seemed appealing, especially to new recruits, it proved to come at significant costs. Logistically a mounted force was much more costly to sustain and the units themselves tended to be less effective in the actual war effort than standard infantry formations.[85]

Due to severe drought in Arkansas in 1862 and 1863, forage for horses became increasing scares and led to calls from multiple Confederate commanders to dismount the mounted units. Multiple Confederate commanders lamented the fact that the country had been "eaten out" by cavalry. General Hindman at one point stated:

cavalry duty could be performed by the independent companies of the Provost Marshall just as well and cheaper than the worthless, marauding, eating hordes of cavalry wandering the area.[85]

Mounted infantry, while theoretically more maneuverable, were in practice less disciplined and less reliable than the standard infantry formation. Confederate commanders, especially in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi regularly bemoaned the fact that most recruits wanted to "jine the cavalry" as opposed to infantry.[86] Confederate commanders often suggested dismounting cavalry and mounted infantry units in order to man infantry units and this happened to several Arkansas units that served in the Army of Tennessee.[85]

I respectfully request that the department commander refuse all further recruiting for cavalry at once. So long as it is permitted it will be impossible to raise an infantry force which is so much needed now and the present cavalry force is more than ample to eat out all the forage of the country I should be pleased to have a cavalry regiment if it could be obtained but I have seen none throughout the war -I have not seen a cavalry officer who was a sufficient swordsmen to unfix a bayonet nor a single private who could go thru the manual of the saber nor have I seen on this side of the Mississippi 20 privates who were armed with the saber. Very few have carbines or saddle holsters for pistols and still less with the necessary dragoon equipments. If the C.S.A. is unable to furnish cavalry armed educated and equipped as above I am strongly of the opinion that all with shotguns and rifles in their hands should be dismounted excepting enough for scout and picket duty and put the remainder in the line as infantry. ...[87]

The continued organization of more and more mounted units, and the retention of so many others, in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi seem to defy prevailing military wisdom. The last standard infantry regiment formed in Arkansas during the war was the 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, formed in 1862. After 1862 all new organizations were mounted infantry.[85]

List of Cavalry Regiments

Cavalry regiments were organized from companies (also called, "troops") authorized at up to 100 men, ten companies made up a regiment. Two or more companies might be organized into a battalion (also called a "squadron").

List of Cavalry Battalions

Orphan Arkansas cavalry units listed on the National Park Service Soldiers and Sailor System

The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System is a computerized database containing very basic facts about servicemen who served on both sides during the Civil War. The system contains names and other basic information from 6.3 million soldier records in the National Archives. The facts about the soldiers are indexed to many millions of other documents about Union and Confederate Civil War soldiers maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration. The information includes: histories of regiments in both the Union and Confederate Armies, links to descriptions of significant battles of the war, and other historical information. The site currently includes regimental histories of units from 44 states and territories. Joseph Crute's Units of the Confederate Army is the primary source for Confederate unit histories on the site.[126] Because the list of units was compiled over thirty years after the war, from very fragmentary records collected by the United States War Department, some units are misidentified, some being listed as regiments that may in fact have only been a company, such as Brandenburch's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment,[99] which in fact was actually composed of one independent cavalry company surrendered at the battle of Arkansas Post. Several Missouri units are misidentified as Arkansas Confederate units, such as "Coffee's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment", which is actually the 6th Missouri Cavalry.[127] The site contains several alleged Arkansas Confederate units for which no other information exists other than short list of names, probably developed from prisoner of war rosters. Most of these units have less than six identified unit members. Several have only one identified unit member. The following units have no published history and may not have actually been Arkansas Confederate units:

Artillery

Most artillery units seem to have begun the war named for the city or county that sponsored its organization. In the Official Records, artillery units are most often referred to by the name of their battery commander. During the war, some effort was made to organize artillery units into battalions and regiments, but the units almost never functioned above the battery level, and were often broken out and fought as single gun sections. For these reasons the Arkansas artillery organizations are listed by several names. The Arkansas batteries which served primarily in the Confederate Army of Tennessee or Army of Mississippi, (east of the Mississippi River) were "officially" designated as "_st Arkansas Light Artillery". On November 19, 1864, General E. Kirby Smith, commanding the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, issued Special Orders No. 290, organizing the artillery of the department into battalions, and listing the various batteries as "_st Arkansas Field Battery". The component batteries rarely, if ever, operated together. They were usually assigned individually to an infantry or cavalry brigade.[139]

Arkansas soldiers in Confederate units of other States

In addition to serving in Confederate units organized in Arkansas, many Arkansas soldiers would serve in Confederate units organized by other states. Because Missouri Confederate troops were effectively driven out of the geographic area of Missouri after the Pea Ridge Campaign, except during raids by Generals Marmaduke, Shelby and Price, many of the Missouri units recruited heavily in Arkansas. This practice led some Missouri units to be mislabeled as Arkansas Units, and some Arkansas units being mislabeled as Missouri units. Troops living near the borders with other states often enlisted in the nearest unit, even if across the state line, resulting in Arkansas soldiers enlisting in units from Missouri, Louisiana and Tennessee. Some Arkansas soldiers were also detailed to help bring Texas units up to strength. The following is a list of units from other Confederate States that contained large numbers of Arkansas soldiers:

Home Guard

The Arkansas Secession Convention enacted an ordinance on May 30, 1861, authorizing the county courts in each county of the state to appoint a "home guard of minute-men" for a term of service of three months, to include at least ten men in each township. The duty of the home guards was "to see that all slaves are disarmed, to prevent the assemblage of slaves in unusual numbers, to keep the slave population in proper subjugation, and to see that peace and order are observed."[177]

The main reason for the creation of the home guard was to control the excesses of so-called "Vigilance Committees" which had been organized in various parts of the State from about 1859 to 1861 in response to hysterical (and unfounded) rumors of nefarious abolitionist plots and secret underground organizations. There are many lurid stories of assaults and murders attributed to these vigilantes. The home guard was intended to provide a military-style, regulated, accountable organization to keep an eye on the slave population and the activities of suspected abolitionists and Union sympathizers. An ancillary duty of the home guard was to support the Army of Arkansas when called upon to do so.[177]

The records of some of the 1861 home guard companies can be found in County Court records. Unfortunately, the looting and destruction of county court-houses in many parts of the State during the war resulted in the loss of most of the records. The records that still exist consist mainly of lists of appointments (or election in some cases) of home guard members, as well as officer lists.[177]

The term "home guard" was, and continues to be, misused and misunderstood. Legally, the term is not synonymous with "militia," though the two terms were often loosely used interchangeably. Additionally, there is a clear, but not generally understood, distinction between the home guard of 1861 and the home guard of the latter part of the war. The 1861 home guard was strictly an Arkansas show, a creation of the Secession Convention. A new generation of home guards came on line in Arkansas in 1863, pursuant to an Act of the Congress of the Confederate States adopted on October 13, 1862. Alternately referred to as "home guard" or "local defense" companies, these organizations were less concerned with civil order than with military duties. They functioned as a sort of military reserve, military police, and scouts. One of their less popular duties was the enforcement of the Conscription Law. An 1863 letter mentions the Drew County Home Guard using hounds to run down "draft-dodgers".[177]

The later home guards were normally enlisted for a period of twelve months, and were subject to the orders of the governor. As a matter of interest, here is the oath sworn to by the Ashley County Home Guard when they were enlisted on November 4, 1863, at Hamburg. The following was transcribed from the original manuscript held by the Arkansas History Commission, with the original spelling and punctuation intact:[177]

I hereby certify that the members of Capt. B. Tiners company did on the day of there Inlistment appear before Col. Hatthorne and subscribed to the following oath (viz) You do solumly sware that you will bear true allegian to the State of Arkansas and that you will honestly and faithfully defend her from invasion and from all her enemies or apposers whatever, as far as in you power and that you will obey all orders from the Governor of the State of Arkansas as well as from the President of the Confederate States of America and that you will obey all the officers placed over you by them for the space of twelve months from the day of your inlistment or of being received into the service of the State so help you God.[177]

See also

References

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