The NDP won 24 seats in total: including all but one of the seats in Edmonton (19), three seats in Calgary (Calgary-Buffalo, Calgary-McCall and Calgary-Mountain View), and the seats of Lethbridge-West and St. Albert. The UCP won the remaining 63 seats in the province. Two other parties that won seats in the 2015 election, the Alberta Party and the Alberta Liberals, failed to win any seats, making this election the first Alberta general election since 1993 where only two parties won seats.
The Election Actfixes the election date to a three-month period, between March 1 and May 31 in the fourth calendar year after the preceding election day which in this case was May 5, 2015. However, this did not affect the powers of the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly before this period.[3]
This election resulted in the highest voter turnout since 1982[4] at 68%, rising from 57% in the last general election held in 2015.[1][5] It marked only the fifth change of government since Alberta became a province in 1905, and also the first time an incumbent government failed to win a second term.
Across the province, 1,896,542 votes were cast in this election.[6]
The interim leader of the Alberta Liberal Party and sole Member of the Legislative Assembly declined to contest the 2017 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election, which saw David Khan elected leader of the party. The Alberta Party saw two Members of the Legislative Assembly cross the floor over the four year period. Party leader Greg Clark resigned as leader in 2017, and the 2018 Alberta Party leadership election saw former Progressive Conservative MLA and Edmonton Mayor Stephen Mandel elected as party leader.
Election finance changes
Following the NDP's election in 2015 the new government's first bill An Act to Renew Democracy in Alberta which amended the Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act was passed by the Legislature. The bill banned corporate and union donations to political parties, set rules for political parties accessing loans and reinforced that only Albertans are able to make political contributions.[8] The next year the government introduced further amendments reducing political contributions from $15,000 per year to a total of $4,000 per year (inclusive of parties, constituency associations, candidates, leadership contests, and nominations).[9][10] The election reforms were supported by the Wildrose opposition, but commentators pointed out the changes hurt the Progressive Conservatives which relied on large corporate donations.[9] Reforms also limited party expenses to $2 million between the writ and when polls close, limiting candidates to $50,000 per general election and $23,000 for by-elections.[9][11] Third party advertisers were limited to $150,000 during the official election period, and limited to $3,000 for supporting or opposing a candidate.[9][11]
2017 electoral boundary commission
The Electoral Boundaries Commission Act requires that a Commission be appointed during the first session of the Legislature following every second general election. The Commission requires a non-partisan chair, two government members recommended by the Premier, and two opposition members. Due to the decision by Premier Jim Prentice to call an early election in 2015, the Commission was required to be formed before the prescribed date in time for the next election in 2019.[12] Previous Commissions had provided for modest redistributions in favour of Alberta's cities which according to Political Scientist Roger Epp brought forward "deep rural anxieties" regarding declining population and influence in Alberta.[12]
The Commission was provided with a mandate which kept the size of the Legislature fixed at 87 seats.[13] The Commission was appointed, led by Justice Myra Bielby, and made only incremental changes, adding one new seat in Calgary and Edmonton, as well as a seat in the Airdrie area.[14] The Commission did, however, make significant statements on the rural-urban divide in Alberta, noting "Alberta is no longer entirely or primarily rural in nature" and a "disproportionate preservation of the rural voice" was no longer acceptable or feasible under law.[14][15] While the Electoral Boundaries Commission Act permits up to four districts to be formed with a population 50 per cent lower than the average population, the Commission only recommended that two of these districts be formed. The districts include Central Peace-Notley which had a population of 28,993 and area of 47,311 km2 (18,267 sq mi), and Lesser Slave Lake which had a population of 27,818, compared to the average population of electoral districts of 46,803 following redistribution.[16]
A minority opinion was presented by Commission members appointed by the opposition, arguing that Alberta's rate of growth was a threat to "a critical part of our history, culture, and primary economic voice" which is at risk of being lost through continued redistribution.[14][17]
The previous redistribution occurred in 2010 when an additional four constituencies were added, increasing the number from 83 to the present 87. Following the 2016 Canadian census the largest constituency Calgary-South East had grown to 79,034, while the smallest constituency Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley had a population of 25,192.[13]
Results
The United Conservative Party made a small improvement in its overall share of the popular vote compared to the combined vote of the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties which preceded it. The party won 63 seats. The UCP finished no lower than second place in any constituency. UCP leader Jason Kenney won re-election in his constituency.
The Alberta New Democratic Party lost about one-fifth of its vote share, although due to the considerably higher turnout compared to 2015 it actually gained votes. The NDP with 24 seats formed the opposition in the Alberta legislature. The NDP finished first or second in 85 out of 87 ridings. NDP leader and outgoing premier Rachel Notley won re-election in her constituency.
No other party elected any MLAs, with the centrist Alberta Party being the only other party to run a full slate of candidates. The Alberta Party more than quadrupled its overall popular vote, but failed to win any seats. All three Alberta Party incumbents were defeated, with former leader Greg Clark (the only MLA previously elected under the Alberta Party banner) being the only Alberta Party candidate to finish as high as second place. Current Alberta Party leader Stephen Mandel, a former mayor of Edmonton and PC cabinet minister, finished third in his own riding.
The Alberta Liberal Party finished fourth in the overall popular vote, with its vote share falling by more than three quarters. They were shut out of the legislature for the first time since 1982. Liberal Leader David Khan placed fourth in his constituency, which was formerly represented by his retiring predecessor David Swann.
A number of minor parties, including several running to the right of the UCP, contested the election, but none came close to winning any seats. The Alberta Independence Party (which fielded the most candidates after the UCP, NDP and AP) finished fifth in the overall popular vote. The Freedom Conservative Party finished sixth, although they ran fewer candidates compared to the other parties. On average, FCP candidates polled the most votes outside the three largest parties. The FCP's only incumbent (party founder and leader Derek Fildebrandt), who had been originally elected as a representative for the now defunct Wildrose Party, finished a distant third in his own riding.[18] The Green Party of Alberta finished seventh in the overall popular vote and the Alberta Advantage Party finished eighth.
The last time only two parties took all of the seats was in 1993, and the only time before that was in 1913 after the defeat of Socialist Party MLA Charles O'Brien and before the rise of farmer and labour parties. Incumbent Independent MLA Rick Strankman – previously a UCP MLA – finished second place in his riding.
This was the first provincial election in which eligible voters could cast ballots at any advance poll in the province, not just at stations in a person's riding. The program was called "Vote Anywhere" by Elections Alberta.[19]
Notley's 24-member caucus was the largest Official Opposition caucus since the Liberals won 32 seats in 1993. The overall result for the NDP (both in total seats and share of the vote) was the second best in the party's history after its 2015 win.
Due to the non-proportional representation First Past the Post election system that is used in Alberta, in 2019 the NDP swept all but one of the Edmonton seats, while the UCP swept almost all the seats in Calgary and 39 of the 41 seats in rural Alberta. NDP MLAs were elected in 20 of the 21 Edmonton districts, 3 of the 26 Calgary districts and 2 of the 41 districts outside the major cities, the latter including suburban St. Albert.
Summary results
^ a b cDifference compared to combined results of the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties in 2015 (parties merged in 2017).
^The United Conservative Party was founded in 2017 by a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties. Together, these two parties won 30 seats in the 2015 election.
^ a bThe Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties merged in 2017 to form the United Conservative Party. Both predecessor parties remain officially registered, sharing a leadership team with the UCP. In order to maintain registration, each fielded a single candidate in the 2019 election.
^ a bKenney's only public presence is as leader of the United Conservative Party.
^"Provincial Results". elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
^initially sorted by electoral district number
^including spoilt ballots
^minor political parties receiving less than 1% of the popular vote in 2019 or 2015, or otherwise fielding candidates in less than half the ridings in 2019, are aggregated under "Other"; independent candidates are aggregated separately
^also an open seat
= results as certified in a judicial recount
= open seat
= incumbents switched allegiance after 2015 election
= UCP candidate stripped of nomination
Detailed analysis
Significant results among independent and minor party candidates
Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:
Results by region
^The Calgary region includes only ridings inside the city (i.e., ridings starting with "Calgary").
^The Edmonton region includes only ridings inside the city (i.e., ridings starting with "Edmonton").
^The central region includes the 12 "Central" districts plus 7 Edmonton suburban districts, making a total of 19.
^The south region includes the seven "South" districts plus six Calgary suburban districts, making a total of 13.
^ a bThe Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties merged in 2017 to form the United Conservative Party. Both predecessor parties remain officially registered, sharing a leadership team with the UCP. In order to maintain registration, each fielded a single candidate in the 2019 election.
Campaign finance
For the 2019 Alberta general election all parities cumulatively raised a total of $7.9 million and spent $11.3 million.[21] At the constituency level, Calgary-Mountain View had the highest expenses at a total of $212,354,[22] including four candidates which exceed $40,000.[23] Of the 38 candidates which exceeded $45,000 in expenses, 21 were elected.[22] Third party advertisers raised a total of $2.1 million and spent $1.9 million during the election.[24] Unions contributed 46 per cent of the revenue for third party advertisers, corporations contributed 39 per cent, and individuals contributed 15 per cent.[25]
August 6: Premier Notley calls a by-election for Calgary-Foothills, vacated by Jim Prentice's disclamation of victory, with the vote to be held on September 3.[32]
May 18: PC leader Jason Kenney and Wildrose leader Brian Jean announce that merger referendums will be held in their parties on July 22, 2017. If they pass, with thresholds of 50%+1 of PC members and 75% of Wildrose members, the parties will begin the process of merging into the United Conservative Party, or UCP.[42]
May 25: The Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission presents its interim report, proposing changes to the boundaries and names of the province's ridings for the next election.[43][44]
July 22: The PC and Wildrose parties hold unity referendums on the question of merging into the United Conservative Party. Both parties approve the merger with 95% support.[46]
July 24: The UCP legislative caucus meets for the first time and appoints Nathan Cooper, Wildrose MLA for Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills, as interim leader.[47]Richard Starke, PC MLA for Vermilion-Lloydminster, announces that he will not join the UCP caucus, and will continue sitting as a PC until the party is formally deregistered. This did not occur prior to dissolution of the House, thus, Starke never officially became an independent MLA.[48]
July 25: The UCP caucus is formally established in the legislature, comprising all 22 Wildrose MLAs and 7 of the 8 PC MLAs. Richard Starke continues to sit as a PC MLA.[49][50]
July 27: The UCP is formally registered with Elections Alberta. The PC and Wildrose parties remain registered, but both share the UCP's leadership team.[51]
August 15: Derek Fildebrandt, UCP MLA for Strathmore-Brooks, resigns from the UCP caucus following an expense scandal, becoming an Independent.[52]
September 21: Rick Fraser, UCP MLA for Calgary-South East, resigns from the UCP caucus, becoming an Independent.[53]
October 19: The Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission releases its final report finalizing names and boundary changes that will take effect for the next provincial election.[55]
November 1: Dave Rodney, UCP MLA for Calgary-Lougheed, resigns as MLA, triggering a by-election in his riding. Rodney stepped down in order to allow Kenney a chance to enter the legislature.[58]
November 16: Premier Notley calls a by-election for Calgary-Lougheed, vacated by Dave Rodney's resignation, with the vote to be held on December 14.[59]
November 18: Greg Clark resigns as leader of the Alberta Party, triggering a leadership election for the party.[60] Clark assumes the role of interim leader until the leadership election.[61]
February 5: Don MacIntyre, Independent MLA for Innisfail-Sylvan Lake, resigns as MLA, triggering a by-election in his riding. MacIntyre stepped down following sexual assault and sexual interference charges.[64]
June 14: Premier Notley calls by-elections for Innisfail-Sylvan Lake and Fort McMurray-Conklin, vacated by Don MacIntyre and Brian Jean's respective resignations, with the vote to be held on July 12.[67]
November 5: Robyn Luff, NDP MLA for Calgary-East, is withdrawn as the party's nominee for the district and is removed from the NDP caucus, becoming an Independent.[72][73]
2019
January 2: Stephanie McLean, NDP MLA for Calgary-Varsity, resigns her seat.[74] As a spring general election is anticipated, no by-election is called in this riding.[75]
January 15: Rick Strankman, UCP MLA for Drumheller-Stettler, resigns from the UCP caucus, becoming an Independent. Strankman claimed "hyper partisan self-centered politics" and the lack of grassroots voting within the party as his reason for leaving the caucus.[76]
February 9: Alberta Party leader Stephen Mandel is declared ineligible to run by Elections Alberta because of late paperwork submission.[77]
March 4: The ruling on Stephen Mandel's eligibility to run is reversed.[78]
March 19: Premier Notley announced that the election would take place on April 16.[79]
April 4: Televised Leader's Debate.[80]
April 13: Advanced Polling ends with Elections Alberta estimation of a record 696,000 votes cast.[81][82]
Opinion polling
The following is a list of scientific opinion polls of published voter intentions.
Incumbent MLAs not seeking re-election
The following MLAs have announced that they would not run in the 2019 provincial election:
^McLean resigned her seat in early 2019, ahead of the general election, to resume her law career.
Results by riding
The final list of candidates was published by Elections Alberta on March 29, 2019.[97] The official results were published on May 14, 2019.[98]
Party leaders are in bold. Candidate names appear as they appeared on the ballot.
† = Not seeking re-election ‡ = Running for re-election in different riding
Northern Alberta
Edmonton
27 Edmonton constituencies
Six Central Edmonton constituencies
Seven North Edmonton constituencies
Seven South Edmonton constituencies
Seven Suburban Edmonton constituencies
Central
North
South
Suburbs
Central Alberta
West
East
Calgary
Central
East
Northwest
South
Suburbs
Southern Alberta
Footnotes
^Combined results of the Progressive Conservative (9 seats, 27.79%) and Wildrose (21 seats, 24.22%) parties in 2015 (parties merged in 2017).
References
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^The Canadian Press (May 15, 2018). "United Conservative MLA Wes Taylor says he won't run in 2019". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
^"Edmonton NDP MLA Bob Turner won't run again". CBC News. Edmonton. December 20, 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
^"2019 Provincial General Election Candidates – Elections Alberta". Elections.ab.ca. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
^"Election Results". Elections Alberta. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
Opinion poll sources
^"United Conservative Majority" (PDF) (Press release). Forum Research. April 16, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"United Conservatives Extend Their Lead in Alberta" (PDF) (Press release). Research Co. April 15, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Election 2019 Final Poll" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. April 15, 2019. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Poll" (PDF) (Press release). Pollara Strategic Insights. April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"UCP (50%, up 3) Lead NDP (40%, up 1) by 10-Points as Campaign Closes" (PDF) (Press release). Ipsos. April 15, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Provincial Election Ballot support as of April 13, 2019" (PDF) (Press release). Nanos Survey. April 15, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Final Political Poll Alberta Provincial Election" (PDF) (Press release). Leger. April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Poll April 8–10" (PDF) (Press release). Pollara Strategic Insights. April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Election: UCP still leads by a wide margin, but gap with NDP has narrowed since election call" (PDF) (Press release). Angus Reid Institute. April 12, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"UCP (47%, down 5) Lead Shrinks to 8-Points Over NDP (39%, up 4)" (PDF) (Press release). Ipsos. April 9, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Politics Public Opinion Research" (PDF) (Press release). Innovative Research Group. April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
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^"Alberta Election – Post-Debate" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. April 8, 2019. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"United Conservative Majority" (PDF) (Press release). Forum Research. April 6, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Mid-Campaign Political Poll: Alberta Provincial Election" (PDF) (Press release). Leger. April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"United Conservative Party Ahead in Alberta Campaign" (PDF) (Press release). Research Co. April 2, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Global Petroleum Show: Provincial Election Survey" (PDF) (Press release). Janet Brown Opinion Research. April 3, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Rachel Notley Closing Gap on Jason Kenney" (PDF) (Press release). EKOS Politics. March 31, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
^"NDP Gain Nine Points Since January, But UCP Lead" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Election: UCP holds commanding lead as campaign begins" (PDF) (Press release). Angus Reid Institute. March 22, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"UCP (52%) well in front of NDP (35%) as April 16 election called" (PDF) (Press release). Ipsos. March 19, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Eye on Alberta: Alberta's Provincial Campaign Begins" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. March 20, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Political Poll Alberta Provincial Election" (PDF) (Press release). Leger. March 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Rachel Notley Closing Gap on Jason Kenney" (PDF) (Press release). EKOS Politics. March 31, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
^"Alberta Politics: Provincial Vote Intention" (Press release). Lethbridge College. March 2019. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"UCP Lead Over NDP; Notley's Approval Ratings Improve" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. January 22, 2018. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Eye on Alberta: Alberta's Public Affairs Monitor" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"UCP Maintain A Wide Lead Over NDP; Kenney Polling Behind His Party" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. November 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^Coletto, David (November 9, 2018). "Alberta Pulse: UCP leads over NDP thanks to a more united right" (Press release). Abacus Data. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Politics: Provincial Vote Intention" (Press release). Lethbridge College. October 2018. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"The UCP Have Wide Lead Over The NDP" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. July 30, 2018. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Spring 2018 Alberta Election Poll" (Press release). Leger. June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"NDP Gain On United Conservatives Thanks To Kinder Morgan Support" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^De Cillia, Brooks (April 28, 2018). "United Conservative Party on track to win big in Alberta, says poll". CBC News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Albertan's Views on Stephen Mandel's Alberta Party" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Voter Intention Numbers" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. January 24, 2018. Archived from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"United Conservative Party Ahead of Rivals in Alberta's Political Scene" (Press release). Insights West. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta's Political Landscape" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. November 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta Provincial Politics – Vote Intention" (PDF) (Press release). Lethbridge College. October 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Alberta's Public Affairs Monitor" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. September 8, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Conservative Summer of Love" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. August 1, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^"Kenney PCs in Stasis" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Wildrose Leads; Most Favour Merger" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Alberta Government Improves on Energy and Pipeline Management" (Press release). Insights West. December 7, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^Henry, Marc (November 2016). "Eye on Alberta: Alberta's Public Affairs Monitor" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Alberta Political Scene" (PDF) (Press release). Innovative Research Group. October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^Ellis, Faron (October 2016). "Alberta Provincial Politics Vote Intention & Unite the Right" (PDF) (Press release). Lethbridge College. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
^"Kenney Leadership Bid Splits Views in Alberta" (Press release). Insights West. July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Wildrose leads in latest opinion poll". Calgary Sun. May 12, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^Henry, Marc (April 2016). "ThinkHQ/Metro News Alberta's Political Landscape" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"43% Disapprove of Alberta Budget" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. February 6, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^Henry, Marc (December 2015). "Eye on Alberta The Provincial Political Horserace" (PDF) (Press release). ThinkHQ Public Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Sizeable Majority of Albertans Concerned About Economic Issues" (Press release). Insights West. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"43% Disapprove of Alberta Budget" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. November 2, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Battleground Edmonton" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. October 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^"Wildrose Leads Over Notley NDP" (Press release). Mainstreet Research. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
Bibliography
Epp, Roger (2019). "The End of Exceptionalism: Post-rural Politics in Alberta". In Bratt, Duane; Brownsey, Keith; Sutherland, Richard; Taras, David (eds.). Orange Chinook: Politics in the New Alberta. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. hdl:1880/109864. ISBN 978-1-77385-026-9.
Election related reports
Alberta. Chief Electoral Officer (2019). 2019 General Election. A Report of the Chief Electoral Officer. Volume I (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. Edmonton, Alta.: Elections Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-10-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
Alberta. Chief Electoral Officer (2019). 2019 General Election. A Report of the Chief Electoral Officer. Volume II (PDF) (Report). Vol. 2. Edmonton, Alta.: Elections Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-12-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
Alberta. Chief Electoral Officer (2019). 2019 General Election. A Report of the Chief Electoral Officer. Volume III Election Finances (PDF) (Report). Vol. 3. Edmonton, Alta.: Elections Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-13-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
Alberta. Electoral Boundaries Commission (October 2017). Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-04-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
