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2009 Sumatra earthquakes

The first of the 2009 Sumatra earthquakes (Indonesian: Gempa bumi Sumatra 2009) occurred on 30 September off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia with a moment magnitude of 7.6 at 17:16:10 local time. The epicenter was 45 kilometres (28 mi) west-northwest of Padang, West Sumatra, and 220 kilometres (140 mi) southwest of Pekanbaru, Riau. Government and authorities confirmed 1,115 dead, 1,214 severely injured and 1,688 slightly injured.[3] The most deaths occurred in the areas of Padang Pariaman (675), Padang (313), Agam (80) and Pariaman (37).[3] In addition, around 135,000 houses were severely damaged, 65,000 houses were moderately damaged and 79,000 houses were slightly damaged.[3] An estimated 250,000 families (1,250,000 people) have been affected by the earthquake through the total or partial loss of their homes and livelihoods.[4]

Tectonic setting

Map of the Sunda megathrust and Great Sumatra fault in Sumatra

Many of Indonesia's islands, including Sumatra, are situated within a zone of high seismic activity known as the Ring of Fire.[5][6] Along the Sunda megathrust, the Indo-Australian Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate.[7] The subduction creates regular earthquakes, many of them of megathrust type. Specifically the Sumatran segment is currently experiencing a period of increased activity that began with the catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Each earthquake of the sequence adds additional stresses to segments of the plate boundary that have not moved recently.[8]

Earthquakes

Because of its depth and the computed focal mechanism, the first earthquake is thought to have resulted from deformation within the mantle of the descending Australian plate, rather than from movement on the plate boundary itself.[9] A second event, which measured 6.6 Mw, struck the province of Jambi in central Sumatra, 01:52:29 local time on 1 October 2009 at a depth of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), about 46 kilometres south-east of Sungaipenuh. Although it was in the same region, the United States Geological Survey specified that it was not an aftershock, as it was located too far from the initial quake.[10] The second earthquake has been linked to dextral (right-lateral) movement on the Great Sumatran fault, which takes up the strike-slip component of the convergence between the two plates.[10]

Effects

A destroyed house in Padang Pariaman (left) and the 6-story Ambacang Hotel

Tremors from the first earthquake were felt in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, Malaysia and Singapore.[11] The management of some high-rise buildings in Singapore evacuated their staff.[12]

A tsunami watch was triggered and there was reports of house damage and fires.[13] Hotels in Padang were destroyed, and communications to the city were disrupted.[14]

Local news channel Metro TV reported fires in Padang where residents had run onto the streets as the first quake hit. Teams of rescuers from nearby branches of the National Search and Rescue Agency were deployed to Padang.[citation needed] It was also reported that some water pipes in Padang were broken and there was flooding in the street.[15][16] There were reports that at least two hospitals and several schools collapsed.[17]

There were landslides and collateral debris flows in the hills surrounding Lake Maninjau. The landslide in Gunung Nan Tigo, Padang Pariaman district completely destroyed some villages and caused many fatalities. Landslides also forced some roads to be closed.[18][19]

Padang's Minangkabau International Airport suffered minor damage, with parts of the ceiling in the boarding area falling down.[20] The airport reopened on 1 October.[21]

Response

U.S. airmen and Marines unload relief supplies in Padang

Authorities announced that several disaster management teams were en route to Padang although it took several hours for them to reach more remote areas.[22] Rescue workers pulled dozens of survivors from the rubble and rushed them to Djamil Hospital. The hospital itself was overwhelmed with patients, and many patients were treated in tents set up outside the hospital. A man was trapped beneath a flattened hotel for 25 hours with a broken leg before rescue workers pulled him free. The Indonesian military deployed emergency response teams with earth moving equipment to help move rubble and recover trapped victims.[23] Rescue workers and volunteers searched the rubble of a collapsed three-story concrete building, rescuing survivors and recovering bodies while parents of students trapped inside waited nearby.[24] Indonesian villagers used their bare hands to sift through ruins and try to find survivors.[25] On 5 October, Indonesian rescue workers called off their search for trapped survivors and increased efforts to recover bodies, clear rubble, and provide aid to survivors.[26] Indonesian authorities used helicopters to airdrop food and blankets into remote areas, and to bring the wounded from these areas to hospitals.[27]

World Vision, Oxfam, IFRC, Muslim Charity and Mercy Corps confirmed that they would fly their emergency response teams to the devastated Padang area for rapid assessment of the catastrophe.[28] The Red Cross sought donations to help cover earthquake relief costs.[29] World Vision also airlifted 2,000 collapsible water containers and distributed them immediately to the area most affected by earthquake. Additionally World Vision launched US$1 million appeal for the relief effort.[30]

Countries that sent aid

Below is the table of countries that sent or pledged aid for Indonesia[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
  2. ^ a b c USGS. "M7.6 – southern Sumatra, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
  3. ^ a b c d "ANTARA News: Number of fatalities in W Sumatra quake now 1,115". Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  4. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/EDIS-7WSKEP[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ "Pacific Ring of Fire: Why is Indonesia prone to natural disasters?". France 24. 23 December 2018.
  6. ^ Anthony Reid (2015). "History and Seismology in the Ring of Fire: Punctuating the Indonesian Past". In Henley, David; Nordholt, Henk Schulte (eds.). Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia: A Longue Durée Perspective. Brill. pp. 62–77. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w76vg1.8.
  7. ^ "Subduction zone beneath Sumatra, Indonesia". Earth Observatory of Singapore.
  8. ^ John McCloskey; Suleyman S. Nalbant; Sandy Steacy (17 March 2005). "Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress". Nature. 434 (291).
  9. ^ McCloskey, J.; Lange, D.; Tilmann, F.; Nalbant, S. S.; Bell, A. F.; Natawidjaja, D. H.; Rietbrock, A. (2010). "The September 2009 Padang earthquake". Nature Geoscience. 3 (2): 70–71. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3...70M. doi:10.1038/ngeo753.
  10. ^ a b "Magnitude 6.6 – SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA". United States Geological Survey. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  11. ^ Laing, Aislinn (30 September 2009). "More than 1,000 feared dead in Sumatra earthquake". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  12. ^ "Powerful 7.6-magnitude quake strikes Indonesia". Channel NewsAsia. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  13. ^ "Official tsunami watch bulletin". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.; "Indonesia 7.6 Earthquake Triggers Tsunami Alert, Panic in Padang". Jakarta Globe. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  14. ^ Beaumont, Peter (30 September 2009). "Desperate hunt for the living as Sumatra quake toll mounts". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  15. ^ McCurry, Justin (30 September 2009). "Thousands trapped under rubble after powerful Indonesia earthquake". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  16. ^ Nathalia, Telly; Macfie, Nick (30 September 2009). Miglani, Sanjeev (ed.). "Quake brings down houses on Indonesia's Sumatra". Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  17. ^ "More than 777 dead in Indonesia quake, hundreds trapped beneath rubble". Los Angeles Times. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Home" (PDF). www.coe-dmha.org.
  20. ^ "Gulfnews: Indonesia's Padang airport closed due to quake". Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  21. ^ "ANTARA News: Padang Airport reopened for commercial flights". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  22. ^ Montlake, Simon (1 October 2009). "Indonesia earthquake toll rises as survivors await relief". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  23. ^ AP (1 October 2009). "Death toll in Indonesia earthquake rises to 777". New York Post. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009.
  24. ^ "Death toll in Indonesia earthquake hits 531". NBC News. The Associated Press. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  25. ^ Montlake, Simon (4 October 2009). "Indonesia earthquake: Rescue teams refocus on survivors". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  26. ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Indonesia calls off search for missing survivors". NBC News. 5 October 2009.
  28. ^ "Officials: Indonesia quake toll could soar". CNN. 30 September 2009.
  29. ^ "International Response Fund". American Red Cross. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ "Indonesia: Padang devastated by aftershock, World Vision says 'water a major concern'". World Vision. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  31. ^ "List of countries that have sent aid to Indonesia". CBS News. Associated Press. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  32. ^ a b "World Shows Solidarity Over West Sumatra Earthquake". BERNAMA. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  33. ^ "China Offers Emergency Humanitarian Aid to Indonesia". PERMANENT MISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA TO THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN SWITZERLAND. 2 October 2009.
  34. ^ "Estonia provides aid to victims of Indonesia earthquake". ReliefWeb. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  35. ^ "Emergency relief for earthquake victims in Indonesia". www.info.gov.hk.
  36. ^ "Irish Red Cross responds to rise in earthquake victims". ReliefWeb. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  37. ^ "Japanese medical team arrives in quake-hit Pariaman". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  38. ^ "Mercy Malaysia sends assessment team to Padang, Indonesia in response to earthquake". ReliefWeb. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  39. ^ "RMAF to evacuate students, aid on the way to Indonesia (Updated)". The Star. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  40. ^ "A chance to demonstrate Malaysian goodwill". Malaysian Insider. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  41. ^ "Mercy Malaysia sending surgical and medical team to Pariaman". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  42. ^ "Malaysia channels three types of assistance to Indonesia". New Straits Times. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  43. ^ a b "PM Wants More Medical Personnel To Be Sent To Padang". BERNAMA. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  44. ^ a b c "More countries pledge aid for quake victims". The Jakarta Post. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  45. ^ "S'pore team in Indonesia to help quake victims". AsiaOne. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  46. ^ "Turkish Red Crescent West Sumatra earthquake Activity Report No. 1". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  47. ^ "UK rescue team head to Indonesia". BBC. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  48. ^ McMichael, William H. (2 October 2009). "Pacific Command sends aid to storm-torn areas". Navy Times. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  49. ^ Department of Defense (22 October 2009). "DoD Bloggers Roundtable" (PDF). Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  50. ^ MCC Ty Swartz (16 October 2009). "Navy Wraps Up Indonesian Relief Mission". Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2009 West Sumatra earthquake.