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La injerencia rusa en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016

El gobierno ruso llevó a cabo una interferencia electoral extranjera en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016 con el objetivo de sabotear la campaña presidencial de Hillary Clinton , impulsar la campaña presidencial de Donald Trump y aumentar la discordia política y social en Estados Unidos. Según la comunidad de inteligencia estadounidense , la operación, cuyo nombre en código era Proyecto Lakhta [3] [4] , fue ordenada directamente por el presidente ruso Vladimir Putin . [5] [6] La "campaña de piratería y desinformación" para dañar a Clinton y ayudar a Trump se convirtió en el "núcleo del escándalo conocido como Rusiagate ". [7] El Informe Mueller de 448 páginas , hecho público en abril de 2019, examinó más de 200 contactos entre la campaña de Trump y funcionarios rusos, pero concluyó que no había pruebas suficientes para presentar cargos de conspiración o coordinación contra Trump o sus asociados.

La Agencia de Investigación de Internet (IRA), con sede en San Petersburgo , Rusia, y descrita como una granja de trolls , creó miles de cuentas en las redes sociales que pretendían ser de estadounidenses que apoyaban a grupos políticos radicales y planeaban o promovían eventos en apoyo de Trump y en contra de Clinton. Llegaron a millones de usuarios de las redes sociales entre 2013 y 2017. Se difundieron artículos inventados y desinformación desde los medios controlados por el gobierno ruso y se promovieron en las redes sociales. Además, piratas informáticos afiliados al servicio de inteligencia militar ruso (GRU) se infiltraron en los sistemas de información del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC), el Comité de Campaña del Congreso Demócrata (DCCC) y los funcionarios de la campaña de Clinton, en particular el presidente John Podesta , y publicaron archivos y correos electrónicos robados a través de DCLeaks , Guccifer 2.0 y WikiLeaks durante la campaña electoral. Varias personas conectadas con Rusia se comunicaron con varios asociados de la campaña de Trump, ofreciendo oportunidades comerciales a la Organización Trump y brindando información perjudicial sobre Clinton. Los funcionarios del gobierno ruso han negado su participación en cualquiera de los ataques o filtraciones.

Las actividades de interferencia rusa provocaron fuertes declaraciones de las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses , una advertencia directa del entonces presidente estadounidense Barack Obama al presidente ruso Vladimir Putin , nuevas sanciones económicas contra Rusia y el cierre de instalaciones diplomáticas rusas y la expulsión de su personal. Los Comités de Inteligencia del Senado y la Cámara de Representantes realizaron sus propias investigaciones sobre el asunto. Donald Trump negó que hubiera ocurrido la interferencia.

El Buró Federal de Investigaciones (FBI) abrió la investigación Crossfire Hurricane sobre la interferencia rusa en julio de 2016, que incluye un enfoque especial en los vínculos entre los asociados de Trump y los funcionarios y espías rusos y la presunta coordinación entre la campaña de Trump y el gobierno ruso. Los intentos rusos de interferir en las elecciones fueron revelados públicamente por primera vez por miembros del Congreso de los Estados Unidos en septiembre de 2016, confirmados por las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses en octubre de 2016 y detallados por la oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional en enero de 2017. La destitución de James Comey , el director del FBI, por parte del presidente Trump en mayo de 2017 se debió en parte a la investigación de Comey sobre la interferencia rusa.

El trabajo del FBI fue asumido en mayo de 2017 por el exdirector del FBI Robert Mueller , quien dirigió una investigación especial hasta marzo de 2019. [8] Mueller concluyó que la interferencia rusa fue "amplia y sistemática" y "violó la ley penal estadounidense", y acusó a veintiséis ciudadanos rusos y tres organizaciones rusas . La investigación también condujo a acusaciones y condenas de funcionarios de la campaña de Trump y estadounidenses asociados, por cargos no relacionados. El informe de Mueller, hecho público en abril de 2019, examinó numerosos contactos entre la campaña de Trump y funcionarios rusos, pero concluyó que, aunque la campaña de Trump dio la bienvenida a las actividades rusas y esperaba beneficiarse de ellas, no había pruebas suficientes para presentar cargos de conspiración o coordinación contra Trump o sus asociados.

La investigación del Comité de Inteligencia del Senado, liderada por los republicanos, presentó el primero de sus cinco volúmenes de 1.313 páginas en julio de 2019. El comité concluyó que la evaluación de la comunidad de inteligencia (ICA) de enero de 2017 que alegaba la interferencia rusa era "coherente y bien construida". El primer volumen también concluyó que la evaluación era "adecuada", y los analistas afirmaron que no hubo "ninguna presión motivada políticamente para llegar a conclusiones específicas". El quinto y último volumen, que fue el resultado de tres años de investigaciones, se publicó en agosto de 2020, [9] poniendo fin a una de las "investigaciones del Congreso de más alto perfil" de Estados Unidos. [10] [11] El informe del Comité concluyó que el gobierno ruso había participado en una "campaña extensa" para sabotear las elecciones a favor de Trump, que incluyó la asistencia de algunos de los propios asesores de Trump. [10]

En noviembre de 2020, pasajes recién publicados del informe de la investigación del fiscal especial Mueller indicaron: "Aunque WikiLeaks publicó correos electrónicos robados al DNC en julio y octubre de 2016 y Stone , un colaborador cercano de Donald Trump, parecía saber de antemano que los materiales llegarían, los investigadores 'no tenían pruebas suficientes' para demostrar la participación activa en los ataques o el conocimiento de que los robos electrónicos continuaban". [12]

Antecedentes y actores rusos

Antes de su desaparición en 1991, el gobierno de la Unión Soviética había interferido en las elecciones de Estados Unidos, incluidas las de 1960 y 1984. Por el contrario, hubo influencia estadounidense en las elecciones rusas de 1996. Por lo tanto, la operación de influencia rusa en 2016 no carecía de precedentes, aunque sus técnicas y alcance fueron diferentes.

Interferencia rusa previa en las elecciones de Ucrania

Las elecciones presidenciales ucranianas de mayo de 2014 se vieron interrumpidas por ciberataques durante varios días, incluida la publicación de correos electrónicos pirateados, intentos de alteración de los recuentos de votos y ataques distribuidos de denegación de servicio para retrasar el resultado final. Se descubrió que habían sido lanzados por piratas informáticos prorrusos. [13] [14] El malware que habría mostrado un gráfico que declaraba al candidato de extrema derecha Dmytro Yarosh como ganador electoral fue eliminado de la Comisión Electoral Central de Ucrania menos de una hora antes de que cerraran las urnas. A pesar de esto, Channel One Rusia informó falsamente que Yarosh había ganado, transmitiendo el mismo gráfico falso que había sido plantado en el sitio web de la comisión electoral. [13] [15] El politólogo Peter Ordeshook dijo en 2017: "Estos resultados falsos estaban dirigidos a una audiencia específica con el fin de alimentar la narrativa rusa que ha afirmado desde el principio que los ultranacionalistas y los nazis estaban detrás de la revolución en Ucrania ". [13] El mismo malware Sofacy utilizado en el ataque a la Comisión Electoral Central fue encontrado posteriormente en los servidores del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC). [15] Casi al mismo tiempo que Rusia intentaba hackear las elecciones de 2014, la administración Obama recibió un informe que sugería que el Kremlin estaba construyendo un programa de desinformación que podría utilizarse para interferir en la política occidental. [14]

Vladímir Putin

Las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses concluyeron que el presidente ruso Vladimir Putin ordenó personalmente la operación encubierta, cuyo nombre en código era Proyecto Lakhta, mientras que Putin negó las acusaciones. [16] En la cumbre de Helsinki de 2018 , Putin dijo que quería que Trump ganara porque habló de normalizar la relación entre Estados Unidos y Rusia. [17]

En diciembre de 2016, dos altos funcionarios de inteligencia no identificados dijeron a varios medios de comunicación estadounidenses [Nota 1] que estaban muy seguros de que la operación para interferir en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 estaba dirigida personalmente por Vladimir Putin . [5] Bajo la dirección de Putin, se informa que los objetivos de la operación evolucionaron desde socavar primero la confianza estadounidense en su propia democracia hasta socavar la campaña de Clinton, y para el otoño de 2016 a ayudar directamente a la campaña de Trump, posiblemente porque Putin creía que Trump aliviaría las sanciones económicas . [20] [21] El asesor de política rusa de su campaña presidencial fue Richard Lourie .

Los funcionarios creen que Putin se involucró personalmente después de que Rusia accedió a las computadoras del DNC , [5] porque una operación de ese tipo requeriría la aprobación de alto nivel del gobierno. [22] El secretario de prensa de la Casa Blanca, Josh Earnest [23] y el asesor de política exterior y redactor de discursos de Obama, Ben Rhodes, estuvieron de acuerdo con esta evaluación, y Rhodes dijo que operaciones de esta magnitud requerían el consentimiento de Putin. [20]

En enero de 2017, la Oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional , [24] entregó un informe desclasificado (que representa el trabajo del FBI , la CIA y la NSA ) con una conclusión similar:

En 2016, el presidente Vladimir Putin ordenó una campaña de influencia con miras a las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos. Los objetivos de Rusia eran socavar la confianza pública en el proceso democrático estadounidense, denigrar a la secretaria Clinton y perjudicar su elegibilidad y su potencial presidencia. Además, evaluamos que Putin y el gobierno ruso desarrollaron una clara preferencia por el presidente electo Trump. Tenemos una gran confianza en estas opiniones. [25] : 7 

Putin culpó a Clinton por las protestas masivas de 2011-2012 en Rusia contra su gobierno , según el informe [25] : 11  (Clinton era Secretaria de Estado de EE. UU. en ese momento). [26] [27] El director del FBI, James Comey , también ha testificado que a Putin no le gustaba Clinton y prefería a su oponente, [28] y la propia Clinton ha acusado a Putin de tener rencor contra ella. [27] Michael McFaul , quien fue embajador de EE. UU. en Rusia, dijo que la operación podría ser una represalia de Putin contra Clinton. [29] El experto en seguridad ruso Andrei Soldatov ha dicho: "[El Kremlin] cree que con Clinton en la Casa Blanca será casi imposible levantar las sanciones contra Rusia. Por lo tanto, es una cuestión muy importante para Putin personalmente. Esta es una cuestión de seguridad nacional". [30]

Los funcionarios rusos han negado las acusaciones en múltiples ocasiones. En junio de 2016, el portavoz del Kremlin, Dmitry Peskov, negó cualquier conexión de Rusia con los ataques al Comité Nacional Demócrata . [31] En diciembre de 2016, cuando los funcionarios de inteligencia estadounidenses acusaron públicamente a Putin de estar directamente involucrado en la operación encubierta, [5] el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores ruso, Serguéi Lavrov, dijo que estaba "asombrado" por esta "tontería". [32] Putin también ha negado cualquier participación del Kremlin en la campaña electoral, aunque en junio de 2017 dijo a los periodistas que piratas informáticos rusos "de mentalidad patriótica" pueden haber sido responsables de los ciberataques de campaña contra Estados Unidos, [33] y en 2018 declaró que había querido que Trump ganara las elecciones "porque habló de volver a la normalidad la relación entre Estados Unidos y Rusia". [34]

Equipo antidesinformación de EE.UU.

El Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos planeó utilizar una unidad formada con la intención de combatir la desinformación del gobierno ruso , pero se disolvió en septiembre de 2015 después de que los jefes de departamento no se dieran cuenta del alcance de la propaganda antes de las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016. [35] La unidad había estado en desarrollo durante ocho meses antes de ser descartada. [ 35] Titulado Equipo de Contradesinformación, habría sido un reinicio del Grupo de Trabajo de Medidas Activas creado por la Administración Reagan . [36] Fue creado bajo la Oficina de Programas de Información Internacional . [36] El trabajo comenzó en 2014, con la intención de contrarrestar la propaganda de fuentes rusas como la cadena de televisión RT (antes llamada Russia Today). [36] Un sitio web beta estaba listo y el Departamento de Estado de los EE. UU. contrató personal para la unidad antes de su cancelación. [36] Los funcionarios de inteligencia de Estados Unidos explicaron al ex analista de la Agencia de Seguridad Nacional y oficial de contrainteligencia John R. Schindler escribiendo en The New York Observer (publicado en ese momento por Jared Kushner ) que la Administración Obama decidió cancelar la unidad, ya que tenían miedo de antagonizar a Rusia. [36] Un representante del Departamento de Estado le dijo al International Business Times después de ser contactado con respecto al cierre de la unidad, que Estados Unidos estaba perturbado por la propaganda de Rusia, y que la defensa más fuerte era la comunicación sincera. [35] El subsecretario de Estado de Estados Unidos para Diplomacia Pública, Richard Stengel, era la persona clave para la unidad antes de que fuera cancelada. [36] Stengel había escrito en 2014 que RT estaba involucrado en una campaña de desinformación sobre Ucrania. [37]

Instituto Ruso de Estudios Estratégicos

Edificio de oficinas moderno de tres pisos en color beige, pórtico gris con escritura, árboles, entorno natural
El Instituto Ruso de Estudios Estratégicos comenzó a trabajar para la presidencia rusa después de 2009.

En abril de 2017, Reuters citó a varios funcionarios estadounidenses anónimos que habían declarado que el Instituto Ruso de Estudios Estratégicos (RISS) había desarrollado una estrategia para inclinar la elección estadounidense a favor de Donald Trump y, en su defecto, desilusionar a los votantes. [38] El desarrollo de la estrategia fue supuestamente ordenado por Putin y dirigido por ex oficiales del Servicio de Inteligencia Exterior Ruso (SVR), siendo el general retirado del SVR Leonid Petrovich Reshetnikov el jefe del RISS en ese momento. El Instituto había sido parte del SVR hasta 2009, después de lo cual ha trabajado para la Administración Presidencial Rusa . [39]

Los funcionarios estadounidenses dijeron que los esfuerzos de propaganda comenzaron en marzo de 2016. El primer conjunto de recomendaciones, emitidas en junio de 2016, proponía que Rusia apoyara a un candidato a la presidencia de Estados Unidos más favorable a Rusia que Obama, a través de medios de comunicación respaldados por Rusia y una campaña en las redes sociales. Apoyó a Trump hasta octubre, cuando se llegó a otra conclusión de que era probable que Hillary Clinton ganara, y que la estrategia debía modificarse para trabajar en socavar la confianza de los votantes estadounidenses en su sistema electoral y en una presidencia de Clinton alegando fraude electoral en las elecciones. [38] El director de RISS, Mikhail Fradkov, y el portavoz del Kremlin, Dmitry Peskov, negaron las acusaciones. [40]

Preparación

Según una acusación penal de febrero de 2018, [41] más de dos años antes de las elecciones, dos mujeres rusas obtuvieron visas para lo que la acusación alegaba que era una gira de reconocimiento de tres semanas por los Estados Unidos, incluidos estados en disputa como Colorado, Michigan, Nevada y Nuevo México, para recopilar información sobre la política estadounidense. La acusación de 2018 alegaba que otro agente ruso visitó Atlanta en noviembre de 2014 en una misión similar. [41] Con el fin de establecer identidades estadounidenses para individuos y grupos dentro de comunidades específicas de redes sociales, [42] se crearon cientos de cuentas de correo electrónico, PayPal y bancarias y licencias de conducir fraudulentas para estadounidenses ficticios y, a veces, estadounidenses reales cuyos números de Seguro Social habían sido robados. [41]

Trolls en las redes sociales e Internet

Según el Informe Mueller de la investigación del fiscal especial (oficialmente llamado "Informe sobre la investigación de la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016"), [43] el primer método de interferencia rusa utilizó la Agencia de Investigación de Internet (IRA), una granja de trolls vinculada al Kremlin , para llevar a cabo "una campaña en las redes sociales que favorecía al candidato presidencial Donald J. Trump y menospreciaba a la candidata presidencial Hillary Clinton". [44] La Agencia de Investigación de Internet también buscó "provocar y amplificar la discordia política y social en los Estados Unidos". [45]

En febrero de 2016, documentos internos del IRA mostraron una orden para apoyar las candidaturas de Donald Trump y Bernie Sanders, mientras que los miembros del IRA debían "aprovechar cualquier oportunidad para criticar" a Hillary Clinton y al resto de los candidatos. [46] A partir de junio de 2016, el IRA organizó mítines electorales en los EE. UU. "a menudo promoviendo" la campaña de Trump mientras se "oponían" a la campaña de Clinton. [47] El IRA se hizo pasar por estadounidenses, ocultando su origen ruso, mientras pedía a los miembros de la campaña de Trump botones, volantes y carteles de campaña para los mítines. [48]

Inicialmente, en 2016, el director ejecutivo de Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, dijo: "Creo que la idea de que las noticias falsas en Facebook influyeron en las elecciones de alguna manera es una idea bastante loca". [49]

El uso ruso de las redes sociales para difundir contenido de propaganda fue muy amplio. Se utilizaron Facebook y Twitter , pero también Reddit , Tumblr , Pinterest , Medium , YouTube , Vine y Google+ (entre otros sitios). Instagram fue, con diferencia, la plataforma más utilizada, y una que permaneció en gran medida fuera del ojo público hasta finales de 2018. [50] [51] El informe de Mueller enumera grupos creados por el IRA en Facebook, incluidos "supuestos grupos conservadores" (por ejemplo, "Tea Party News"), "supuestos grupos de justicia social negros" (por ejemplo, "Blacktivist"), "grupos LGBTQ" ("LGBT United") y "grupos religiosos" ("United Muslims of America"). [48] Las cuentas de Twitter del IRA incluían a @TEN_GOP (que afirmaba estar relacionada con el Partido Republicano de Tennessee), @jenn_abrams y @Pamela_Moore13; ambas afirmaban ser partidarias de Trump y ambas tenían 70.000 seguidores. [52]

Varios miembros de la campaña de Trump ( Donald J. Trump Jr. , Eric Trump , Kellyanne Conway , Brad Parscale y Michael T. Flynn ) publicaron o vincularon material de la cuenta de Twitter @TEN_GOP del IRA mencionada anteriormente. Otras personas que respondieron a las cuentas de redes sociales del IRA incluyen a Michael McFaul , Sean Hannity , Roger Stone y Michael Flynn Jr. [53]

Se estima que los anuncios comprados por agentes rusos para la red social Facebook llegaron a 10 millones de usuarios, pero muchos más usuarios de Facebook fueron contactados por cuentas creadas por agentes rusos. Se sabe que 470 cuentas de Facebook fueron creadas por rusos durante la campaña de 2016. De esas cuentas, seis generaron contenido que se compartió al menos 340 millones de veces, según una investigación realizada por Jonathan Albright, director de investigación del Tow Center for Digital Journalism de la Universidad de Columbia . [54] Los promotores más estridentes de Trump en Internet fueron propagandistas/trolls rusos pagados, cuyo número, según The Guardian, ascendió a varios miles. [55] (En 2017, los medios de comunicación estadounidenses se centraron en las operaciones rusas en Facebook y Twitter, y los agentes rusos pasaron a Instagram). [51] El Informe Mueller encontró que el IRA gastó 100.000 dólares en más de 3.500 anuncios en Facebook desde junio de 2015 hasta mayo de 2017, [56] que incluían anuncios anti-Clinton y pro-Trump. [48] En comparación, las campañas de Clinton y Trump gastaron 81 millones de dólares en anuncios de Facebook. [57] [58]

Artículos inventados y desinformación [59] se difundieron desde los medios controlados por el gobierno ruso, RT y Sputnik, para ser popularizados en cuentas prorrusas en Twitter y otras redes sociales. [59] Los investigadores han comparado las tácticas rusas durante las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016 con las "medidas activas" de la Unión Soviética durante la Guerra Fría , [59] pero facilitadas por el uso de las redes sociales. [59] [60]

Monitoreo de 7.000 cuentas de redes sociales pro-Trump durante un período de 2 años+Durante un período de 12 años, los investigadores JM Berger, Andrew Weisburd y Clint Watts [61] encontraron que los relatos denigraban a los críticos de las actividades rusas en Siria y propagaban falsedades sobre la salud de Clinton. [62] Watts encontró que la propaganda rusa tenía como objetivo fomentar "disidencias o conspiraciones contra el gobierno de Estados Unidos y sus instituciones", [63] y, en el otoño de 2016, amplificar los ataques a Clinton y el apoyo a Trump, a través de las redes sociales, trolls de Internet , botnets y sitios web. [59]

Edificio de oficinas de cuatro pisos en invierno
Antiguo sitio de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet en San Petersburgo , Rusia

Al monitorear las noticias en Twitter dirigidas a un estado (Michigan) antes de las elecciones, Philip N. Howard descubrió que aproximadamente la mitad de ellas eran inventadas o falsas; la otra mitad provenía de fuentes de noticias reales. [64] En un análisis continuo después de las elecciones, Howard y otros investigadores descubrieron que los métodos más destacados de desinformación eran aparentemente "publicaciones orgánicas, no anuncios", y la actividad de operaciones de influencia aumentó después de 2016 y no se limitó a las elecciones. [65]

Facebook negó originalmente que las noticias falsas en su plataforma hubieran influido en las elecciones y había insistido en que no estaba al tanto de ningún anuncio financiado por Rusia, pero luego admitió que alrededor de 126 millones de estadounidenses pueden haber visto publicaciones publicadas por agentes con base en Rusia. [66] [67] [68] Criticado por no detener la propagación de noticias falsas en su plataforma durante las elecciones de 2016, [69] Facebook originalmente pensó que el problema de las noticias falsas podría resolverse mediante ingeniería, pero en mayo de 2017 anunció planes para contratar a 3.000 revisores de contenido. [70] [ verificación fallida ]

Según un análisis de BuzzFeed News , las "20 historias electorales falsas de mayor rendimiento de sitios engañosos y blogs hiperpartidistas generaron 8.711.000 acciones, reacciones y comentarios en Facebook". [71] En septiembre de 2017, Facebook dijo a los investigadores del Congreso que había descubierto que cientos de cuentas falsas vinculadas a una granja de trolls rusa habían comprado $100,000 en anuncios dirigidos a la audiencia de las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016. [67] Los anuncios, que se publicaron entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2017, se centraron principalmente en cuestiones sociales divisivas; aproximadamente el 25% estaban dirigidos geográficamente. [72] [73] Facebook también ha entregado información sobre las compras de anuncios relacionados con Rusia al fiscal especial Robert Mueller. [74] Aproximadamente 3.000 anuncios estuvieron involucrados, y estos fueron vistos por entre cuatro y cinco millones de usuarios de Facebook antes de las elecciones. [75] El 1 de noviembre de 2017, el Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes publicó una muestra de anuncios y páginas de Facebook que habían estado vinculados financieramente a la Agencia de Investigación de Internet. [76] Un análisis de 2019 realizado por "Outlook" de The Washington Post revisó una serie de cuentas de trolls activas en 2016 y 2018, y descubrió que muchas se parecían a usuarios orgánicos. En lugar de ser totalmente negativas y obvias, muchas cuentas de trolls confirmadas utilizaban humor y eran "astutas al explotar cuestiones de cultura e identidad y con frecuencia se encuentran entre las primeras en impulsar nuevas conversaciones divisivas", algunas de las cuales se trasladaron rápidamente a los medios impresos convencionales. [77]

En enero de 2023, un estudio del Centro de Medios Sociales y Política de la Universidad de Nueva York sobre la influencia de los trolls rusos en Twitter concluyó que tenían poca influencia en las actitudes, la polarización o el comportamiento electoral de los votantes de 2016. El estudio se limitó a Twitter y no examinó otras redes sociales, como Facebook, que es mucho más grande. No abordó las operaciones de piratería y filtración rusas: "Otro estudio importante de 2018 realizado por la profesora de comunicaciones de la Universidad de Pensilvania, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, sugirió que probablemente desempeñaron un papel importante en el resultado de la carrera de 2016. Por último, no sugiere que las operaciones de influencia extranjera no sean una amenaza en absoluto". Encontró que los votantes que ya tenían una disposición favorable hacia Trump fueron los más expuestos. "Solo el 1 por ciento de los usuarios de Twitter representaron el 70 por ciento de la exposición a las cuentas que Twitter identificó como cuentas de trolls rusos. Los republicanos altamente partidistas estuvieron expuestos a nueve veces más publicaciones que los no republicanos". [78] [79]

Ciberataque a los demócratas

Hillary Clinton en la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 2016

Según el Informe Mueller, el segundo método de interferencia rusa fue el de la GRU , el servicio de inteligencia ruso , que pirateó cuentas de correo electrónico propiedad de voluntarios y empleados de la campaña presidencial de Clinton, incluida la del presidente de la campaña , John Podesta , y también pirateó "las redes informáticas del Comité de Campaña del Congreso Demócrata (DCCC) y del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC)". Como resultado, el GRU obtuvo cientos de miles de documentos pirateados y procedió a organizar la publicación de material pirateado dañino a través de la organización WikiLeaks y también de las personas del GRU " DCLeaks " y " Guccifer 2.0 ". [80] [81] [82]

A partir de marzo de 2016, la agencia de inteligencia militar rusa GRU envió correos electrónicos de " spearphishing " dirigidos a más de 300 personas afiliadas al Partido Demócrata o la campaña de Clinton, según la acusación del fiscal especial del 13 de julio de 2018. Utilizando malware para explorar las redes informáticas del DNC y el DCCC, [83] recolectaron decenas de miles de correos electrónicos y archivos adjuntos y eliminaron registros y archivos de computadora para ocultar la evidencia de sus actividades. [84] Estos se guardaron y se publicaron en etapas durante los tres meses anteriores a las elecciones de 2016. [85] Algunos se publicaron estratégicamente para distraer al público de los eventos mediáticos que eran beneficiosos para la campaña de Clinton o perjudiciales para la de Trump.

El primer lote de 19.000 correos electrónicos y 8.000 archivos adjuntos se publicó el 22 de julio de 2016, tres días antes de la convención demócrata. La cobertura informativa resultante creó la impresión de que el Comité Nacional Demócrata estaba sesgado en contra del rival demócrata de Clinton en las primarias, Bernie Sanders (que recibió el 43% de los votos emitidos en las primarias presidenciales demócratas) y obligó a la presidenta del Comité Nacional Demócrata, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, a dimitir, lo que perturbó los planes de la campaña de Clinton. [86] [87] Un segundo lote se publicó el 7 de octubre, unas horas después de que la administración Obama publicara una declaración del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional y del director de Inteligencia Nacional acusando al gobierno ruso de interferir en las elecciones mediante piratería informática, y sólo 29 minutos después de que The Washington Post informara sobre la cinta de vídeo de Access Hollywood en la que Trump se jactaba de agarrar a las mujeres "por el coño". Los documentos robados distrajeron eficazmente la atención de los medios y los votantes de ambas historias. [86] [85] [88]

Los correos electrónicos y documentos robados fueron entregados tanto a plataformas creadas por piratas informáticos (un sitio web llamado DCLeaks y un personaje llamado Guccifer 2.0 que afirma ser un pirata informático solitario) como a una organización no identificada que se cree que es WikiLeaks. [87] (Los rusos registraron el dominio dcleaks.com, [89] utilizando principalmente Bitcoin para pagar el dominio y el alojamiento). [89]

Hack de Podesta

John Podesta , presidente de la campaña presidencial de Hillary Clinton, recibió un correo electrónico de phishing el 19 de marzo de 2016, enviado por agentes rusos que pretendían alertarlo de un "compromiso en el sistema" y lo instaron a cambiar su contraseña "inmediatamente" haciendo clic en un enlace. [90] Esto permitió a los piratas informáticos rusos acceder a alrededor de 60.000 correos electrónicos de la cuenta privada de Podesta. [91]

John Podesta, dijo más tarde a Meet the Press que el FBI habló con él sólo una vez con respecto a sus correos electrónicos pirateados y que no había estado seguro de lo que se había llevado hasta un mes antes de las elecciones del  7 de octubre "cuando [Julian] Assange  ... comenzó a tirarlos y dijo que todos se tirarían, fue entonces cuando supe que tenían el contenido de mi cuenta de correo electrónico". [92]

La filtración de WikiLeaks del 7 de octubre comenzó menos de una hora después de que The Washington Post publicara la cinta de Access Hollywood de Donald Trump y Billy Bush , WikiLeaks anunció en Twitter que estaba en posesión de 50.000 correos electrónicos de Podesta, y unas horas después de que la Administración Obama publicara una declaración del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional y el director de Inteligencia Nacional que afirmaba que "La Comunidad de Inteligencia de Estados Unidos (USIC) confía en que el Gobierno ruso dirigió las recientes filtraciones de correos electrónicos de personas e instituciones estadounidenses, incluidas las de organizaciones políticas estadounidenses". [93]

Inicialmente, se publicaron 2.050 de estos correos electrónicos. [94] El caché incluía correos electrónicos que contenían transcripciones de discursos pagados de Clinton a bancos de Wall Street, comentarios controvertidos de miembros del personal sobre los votantes católicos, luchas internas entre los empleados de la campaña de Clinton, así como posibles candidatos a vicepresidente para Clinton. [95] [96] La campaña de Clinton no confirmó ni negó la autenticidad de los correos electrónicos, pero enfatizó que fueron robados y distribuidos por partes hostiles a Clinton y que "altos funcionarios de seguridad nacional" habían declarado "que los documentos pueden ser falsificados como parte de una sofisticada campaña de desinformación rusa". [97]

Los correos electrónicos de Podesta, una vez publicados por WikiLeaks, formaron la base de Pizzagate , una teoría conspirativa desacreditada que postulaba falsamente que Podesta y otros funcionarios del Partido Demócrata estaban involucrados en una red de tráfico de niños con sede en pizzerías en Washington, DC [98] [99]

El hackeo del DNC

Debbie Wasserman Schultz renunció a su cargo de presidenta del DNC . [100]

La Comunidad de Inteligencia de los Estados Unidos concluyó en enero de 2017 que el GRU (usando los nombres Cozy Bear y Fancy Bear ) había obtenido acceso a la red informática del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC), el órgano de gobierno formal del Partido Demócrata, en julio de 2015 y lo mantuvo hasta al menos junio de 2016, [101] [25] cuando comenzaron a filtrar la información robada a través de la personalidad en línea Guccifer 2.0 , DCLeaks.com y Wikileaks. [102] Debbie Wasserman Schultz renunció como presidenta del DNC luego de la publicación de correos electrónicos por parte de WikiLeaks que mostraban a funcionarios del DNC discutiendo sobre Bernie Sanders y su campaña presidencial de manera burlona y despectiva. [103] Los correos electrónicos filtrados incluían información personal sobre donantes del Partido Demócrata, con números de tarjetas de crédito y de Seguro Social , [104] [105] correos electrónicos de Wasserman Schultz llamando a un funcionario de la campaña de Sanders un "maldito mentiroso". [106]

Tras la publicación el 22 de julio de una gran cantidad de correos electrónicos pirateados por WikiLeaks , el FBI anunció que investigaría el robo de correos electrónicos del DNC . [107] [108]

Análisis de inteligencia del ataque

En junio y julio de 2016, expertos y empresas de ciberseguridad , entre ellas CrowdStrike , [109] Fidelis, FireEye , [110] Mandiant , SecureWorks , [111] Symantec [110] y ThreatConnect , afirmaron que las filtraciones de correo electrónico del DNC eran parte de una serie de ciberataques al DNC cometidos por dos grupos de inteligencia rusos, llamados Fancy Bear y Cozy Bear , [112] [113] también conocidos respectivamente como APT 28 y APT29 / The Dukes. [114] [115] [109] [116] ThreatConnect también señaló posibles vínculos entre el proyecto DC Leaks y las operaciones de inteligencia rusas debido a una similitud con los patrones de ataque de Fancy Bear. [117] SecureWorks agregó que el grupo de actores estaba operando desde Rusia en nombre del gobierno ruso. [118] [119] De Volkskrant informó más tarde que la agencia de inteligencia holandesa AIVD había penetrado en el grupo de hackers ruso Cozy Bear en 2014, y los observó en 2015 hackear el Departamento de Estado en tiempo real, mientras capturaban imágenes de los hackers a través de una cámara de seguridad en su espacio de trabajo. [120] [121] Los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses, británicos y holandeses también habían observado correos electrónicos robados del DNC en las redes de inteligencia militar rusas. [122]

Reacción de inteligencia y acusación

El 7 de octubre de 2016, el Secretario Johnson y el Director Clapper emitieron una declaración conjunta en la que afirmaban que la comunidad de inteligencia confía en que el Gobierno ruso dirigió las recientes filtraciones de correos electrónicos de personas e instituciones estadounidenses, incluidas organizaciones políticas estadounidenses, y que las revelaciones de correos electrónicos pirateados en sitios como DCLeaks.com y WikiLeaks son coherentes con los esfuerzos dirigidos por Rusia. [123]

En la acusación de julio de 2018 presentada por el Departamento de Justicia contra doce funcionarios de inteligencia del GRU ruso que se hicieron pasar por "un personaje Guccifer 2.0" por conspirar para interferir en las elecciones de 2016 [124] [125] se afirma que hackearon las computadoras de la campaña de Clinton, el Comité Nacional Demócrata, las juntas electorales estatales y los secretarios de varios estados. La acusación describe "un ciberataque extenso y sostenido contra al menos trescientas personas relacionadas con el Partido Demócrata y la campaña de Clinton". Los archivos robados filtrados se publicaron "en etapas", una táctica que causó "estragos en el Partido Demócrata durante gran parte de la temporada electoral". [125] [85]

Una recopilación de datos que los piratas informáticos obtuvieron y que puede haberse convertido en un "arma devastadora" contra la campaña de Clinton fueron los análisis de datos de la campaña y los modelos de participación electoral, [126] extremadamente útiles para dirigir los mensajes a los "distritos clave" que Clinton necesitaba movilizar. [85] Estos votantes fueron posteriormente bombardeados por agentes rusos con información negativa sobre Clinton en las redes sociales. [85]

WikiLeaks

El fundador de WikiLeaks, Julian Assange

En abril de 2017, el director de la CIA, Mike Pompeo, dijo que WikiLeaks era una agencia de inteligencia hostil ayudada por estados extranjeros, incluida Rusia, y que la comunidad de inteligencia de Estados Unidos concluyó que el "medio de propaganda" de Rusia, RT , había conspirado con WikiLeaks. [127]

WikiLeaks [128] y su fundador , Julian Assange [129] [130], han hecho varias declaraciones negando que el gobierno ruso fuera la fuente del material. Sin embargo, un funcionario anónimo de la CIA dijo que los funcionarios rusos transfirieron los correos electrónicos pirateados a WikiLeaks utilizando "una ruta indirecta" desde los servicios de inteligencia militar de Rusia (GRU) a WikiLeaks a través de terceros. [131]

En un mensaje privado filtrado en Twitter, Assange escribió que en las elecciones de 2016 "sería mucho mejor que el Partido Republicano ganara", y que Hillary Clinton era una "sociópata sádica". [132] [133]

Hackeo de candidatos al Congreso

Hillary Clinton no fue la única demócrata atacada. Los documentos del Comité de Campaña del Congreso Demócrata robados por "Guccifer 2.0" también fueron entregados a periodistas y blogueros de todo Estados Unidos. Como dijo un candidato demócrata: "Todo nuestro plan de estrategia interna se hizo público, y de repente todo este material estaba ahí y podía ser utilizado en mi contra". El New York Times señaló: "Los escaños que Guccifer 2.0 apuntó en los documentos filtrados no fueron precisamente aleatorios: eran algunas de las carreras para la Cámara de Representantes más competitivas del país". [134]

Hackeo de republicanos

El 10 de enero de 2017, el director del FBI , James Comey, dijo al Comité de Inteligencia del Senado que Rusia logró "recolectar algo de información de objetivos afiliados al Partido Republicano, pero no la filtró al público". [135] En declaraciones anteriores, un funcionario del FBI afirmó que los intentos rusos de acceder al servidor del RNC no tuvieron éxito, [136] o, según se informa, le habían dicho al presidente del RNC que sus servidores eran seguros, [137] pero que las cuentas de correo electrónico de republicanos individuales (incluido Colin Powell ) fueron violadas. (Más de 200 correos electrónicos de Colin Powell se publicaron en el sitio web DC Leaks ). [136] [138] [137] [139] Es posible que el Partido Republicano de un estado (Illinois) haya tenido algunas de sus cuentas de correo electrónico pirateadas. [140]

Demanda civil del DNC contra la Federación Rusa

El 20 de abril de 2018, el Comité Nacional Demócrata presentó una demanda civil en un tribunal federal de Nueva York, acusando al gobierno ruso, a la campaña de Trump, a WikiLeaks y a otros de conspiración para alterar el curso de las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 y solicitando daños monetarios y una declaración de admisión de culpabilidad. La demanda fue desestimada por el juez, porque Nueva York "no reconoce las reclamaciones de responsabilidad civil específicas presentadas en la demanda"; el juez no se pronunció sobre si hubo o no "colusión entre los acusados ​​y Rusia durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2016". [141]

Trump pide a los rusos que pirateen o encuentren los correos electrónicos eliminados de Clinton

En una conferencia de prensa el 27 de julio de 2016 , Trump pidió públicamente a Rusia que pirateara y liberara los correos electrónicos eliminados de Hillary Clinton de su servidor privado durante su mandato en el Departamento de Estado . [142] [143]

Rusia, si estás escuchando, espero que puedas encontrar los 30.000 correos electrónicos que faltan, creo que probablemente serás recompensado generosamente por nuestra prensa. [142]

El comentario de Trump fue condenado por la prensa y figuras políticas, incluidos algunos republicanos; [144] él respondió que había estado hablando sarcásticamente. [145] Más tarde ese mismo día, Trump dio más detalles en un tuit:

Si Rusia o cualquier otro país o persona tiene los 33.000 correos electrónicos borrados ilegalmente de Hillary Clinton, ¡quizás deberían compartirlos con el FBI! [146]

Varios senadores demócratas dijeron que los comentarios de Trump parecían violar la Ley Logan , [147] [148] y el profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de Harvard Laurence Tribe agregó que el llamado de Trump podría ser traidor . [149]

La acusación federal de julio de 2018 contra los agentes rusos del GRU afirma que el primer intento, fallido, de los piratas informáticos rusos de infiltrarse en los servidores informáticos dentro de las oficinas de Clinton tuvo lugar el mismo día (27 de julio de 2016) en que Trump hizo su llamado "Rusia, si estás escuchando". [150] Si bien en la acusación no se alegó ningún vínculo directo con el comentario de Trump, [150] la periodista Jane Mayer calificó el momento como "sorprendente". [85]

En marzo de 2019, Trump afirmó que había estado bromeando cuando hizo el comentario. Katy Tur, de NBC News, había entrevistado a Trump inmediatamente después del comentario de 2016, señalando que le dio la oportunidad de caracterizarlo como una broma, pero él no lo hizo. [151] [152]

Ataques a importantes bloques electorales e instituciones

En su análisis de la influencia rusa en las elecciones de 2016, Kathleen Hall Jamieson sostiene que los rusos se alinearon con los "objetivos geográficos y demográficos" de la campaña de Trump, utilizando trolls, redes sociales e información pirateada para atacar a ciertos grupos electorales importantes. [153]

Intentos de suprimir los votos afroamericanos y difundir la alienación

Según Vox , la Agencia de Investigación de Internet de Rusia (IRA) se centró en la cultura de los musulmanes, los cristianos, los texanos y las personas LGBTQ , para involucrar a esas comunidades como parte de una estrategia más amplia para profundizar las divisiones sociales y políticas dentro de los EE. UU., pero ningún otro grupo recibió tanta atención como los estadounidenses negros , [50] cuya participación electoral ha sido históricamente crucial para la elección de los demócratas. La campaña de influencia de Rusia utilizó una serie de tácticas destinadas a reducir su voto para Hillary Clinton, según un informe de diciembre de 2018 ( The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency ) [154] encargado por el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado . [51]

Un total de 30 páginas de Facebook dirigidas a afroamericanos y 10 canales de YouTube que publicaron 571 videos relacionados con la violencia policial contra afroamericanos. [155] La cuenta de Instagram encubiertamente rusa @blackstagram tenía más de 300.000 seguidores. [51] Una variedad de páginas de Facebook dirigidas a afroamericanos y que luego se determinó que eran rusas acumularon un total de 1,2 millones de seguidores individuales, encontró el informe. [51] La página de Facebook del Blacktivist (ruso) obtuvo más visitas que la página de Facebook de Black Lives Matter (no rusa). [85]

Las operaciones de influencia incluyeron el reclutamiento de agentes generalmente desconocidos que organizarían eventos y difundirían contenido de influencers rusos, difundirían videos de abuso policial y difundirían información engañosa sobre cómo votar y a quién votar. [85] [51] El intento de apuntar a los estadounidenses negros se ha comparado con el intento de la KGB de fomentar tensiones raciales durante la Operación INFEKTION . [156]

Despertar a los votantes conservadores

Al menos 25 páginas de redes sociales que aglutinan a 1,4 millones de seguidores fueron creadas por agentes rusos para atacar a la derecha política estadounidense y promover la candidatura de Trump. [51] Un ejemplo de este ataque fue la incorporación de material de Blue Lives Matter a las plataformas de redes sociales por parte de agentes rusos después de que el movimiento Black Lives Matter pasara a ser el centro de la atención pública en Estados Unidos y provocara una reacción a favor de la policía. [51]

Jamieson [157] señaló que había razones para creer que Donald Trump obtendría un rendimiento inferior entre dos bloques de votantes republicanos conservadores normalmente confiables: los cristianos que asisten a la iglesia y los miembros del servicio militar y sus familias. Se pensaba que los cristianos piadosos se sentían desanimados por el estilo de vida de Trump como un miembro de la alta sociedad de Manhattan, [158] conocido por sus tres matrimonios y muchas aventuras, pero no por ninguna creencia religiosa, que se había jactado de manosear a las mujeres. [159] El personal militar podría carecer de entusiasmo por un candidato que evitó el servicio en Vietnam [159] pero que se describió a sí mismo como un "soldado valiente" al tener que enfrentar su "Vietnam personal" de la amenaza de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, [160] y que se burló de los padres de Gold Star y ex prisionero de guerra John McCain . Para superar la posible mala reputación de Trump entre los evangélicos y los veteranos, los trolls rusos crearon memes que explotaron las actitudes sociales conservadoras típicas sobre las personas de color , los musulmanes y los inmigrantes . Uno de esos memes yuxtaponía fotografías de un veterano sin hogar y un inmigrante indocumentado, aludiendo a la creencia de que los inmigrantes indocumentados reciben un trato especial. [161] [85] [153] : 84  Las encuestas de salida de CNN mostraron que Trump lideraba a Clinton entre los veteranos por 26 puntos porcentuales y ganó un porcentaje más alto del voto evangélico que cualquiera de los dos candidatos presidenciales republicanos anteriores, lo que indica que esta táctica puede haber tenido éxito. [85]

Intrusiones en los sistemas electorales estatales

Un informe de 2019 del Comité de Inteligencia del Senado [162] encontró "un nivel sin precedentes de actividad contra la infraestructura electoral estatal" por parte de la inteligencia rusa en 2016. [163] La actividad ocurrió en "los 50 estados" y "muchos funcionarios y expertos" creen que fue "un ensayo  ... para sondear las defensas estadounidenses e identificar debilidades en el vasto aparato administrativo (operaciones de registro de votantes, bases de datos electorales estatales y locales, libros de votación electrónicos y otros equipos) de los sistemas electorales estatales. [164] El informe advirtió que Estados Unidos "sigue siendo vulnerable" en las elecciones de 2020. [163]

De "particular preocupación" para el informe del comité fue el hackeo por parte de los rusos de tres compañías "que proporcionan a los estados los sistemas administrativos que han reemplazado cada vez más a las gruesas carpetas de papel utilizadas para verificar las identidades de los votantes y su estado de registro". [164]

Intrusiones en los sistemas estatales de registro de votantes

Durante el verano y el otoño de 2016, piratas informáticos rusos se infiltraron en bases de datos de votantes y sistemas de software en 39 estados diferentes, alarmando a los funcionarios de la administración Obama hasta el punto de que tomaron la medida sin precedentes de contactar directamente a Moscú a través de la línea directa Moscú-Washington y advirtiendo que los ataques corrían el riesgo de desencadenar un conflicto más amplio. [165]

Ya en junio de 2016, el FBI envió una advertencia a los estados sobre "malos actores" que investigaban los sistemas electorales estatales en busca de vulnerabilidades. [166] En septiembre de 2016, el director del FBI, James Comey, testificó ante el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Representantes que el FBI estaba investigando a piratas informáticos rusos que intentaban perturbar las elecciones de 2016 y que los investigadores federales habían detectado actividades relacionadas con piratas informáticos en las bases de datos de registro de votantes estatales , [167] que evaluaciones independientes determinaron que eran objetivos fáciles para los piratas informáticos. [168] Comey afirmó que hubo múltiples intentos de piratear los registros de bases de datos de votantes. [166] El director de Inteligencia Nacional, James Clapper, atribuyó los intentos de piratería rusa a Vladimir Putin . [169]

Parte del informe de la NSA de 2017 publicado por The Intercept . [170]

En agosto de 2016, el FBI emitió una "alerta relámpago" a nivel nacional advirtiendo a los funcionarios electorales estatales sobre intentos de piratería. [168] En septiembre de 2016, funcionarios del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de los EE. UU. y la Asociación Nacional de Secretarios de Estado anunciaron que los piratas informáticos habían penetrado, o intentado penetrar, los sistemas de registro de votantes en más de 20 estados durante los meses anteriores. [167] Los investigadores federales atribuyeron estos intentos a piratas informáticos patrocinados por el gobierno ruso, [166] y específicamente a las agencias de inteligencia rusas. [168] Cuatro de las intrusiones en las bases de datos de registro de votantes tuvieron éxito, incluidas las intrusiones en las bases de datos de Illinois y Arizona. [169] Aunque los piratas informáticos no parecieron cambiar o manipular los datos, [167] [166] los funcionarios de Illinois dijeron que se robó información de hasta 200.000 votantes registrados. [168] Como resultado, el FBI y el DHS aumentaron sus esfuerzos de coordinación de seguridad electoral con los funcionarios estatales. [166] [167] El Secretario de Seguridad Nacional, Jeh Johnson, informó que 18 estados habían solicitado asistencia para la seguridad del sistema de votación del DHS. [166] El departamento también ofreció evaluaciones de riesgo a los estados, pero solo cuatro estados expresaron interés, ya que las elecciones se acercaban rápidamente. [167] Los informes de las intrusiones en la base de datos provocaron la alarma del líder de la minoría del Senado, Harry Reid , demócrata de Nevada, quien escribió al FBI diciendo que los intentos extranjeros de sembrar dudas sobre elecciones libres y justas eran un peligro para la democracia no visto desde la Guerra Fría . [169]

Un artículo del 5 de junio de 2017 en The Intercept describió cómo "un informe de alto secreto de la Agencia de Seguridad Nacional" (fechado el 5 de mayo de 2017) "detalla un esfuerzo de piratería rusa de meses de duración contra la infraestructura electoral de Estados Unidos". La NSA no sacó conclusiones, pero informó "de la posibilidad de que la piratería rusa haya violado al menos algunos elementos del sistema de votación, con resultados desconcertantemente inciertos". El informe de la NSA reveló que los piratas informáticos del GRU del ejército ruso utilizaron ataques de pesca submarina para obtener con éxito las credenciales de inicio de sesión de los empleados y la información de inicio de sesión en VR Systems , un proveedor de software electoral. Esa información "se puede utilizar para penetrar 'redes privadas virtuales corporativas, correo electrónico o servicios en la nube', lo que permite el acceso a datos corporativos internos". Dos meses después, un segundo ataque utilizó documentos de Microsoft Word " troyanizados " que supuestamente eran de un empleado de VR Systems. Se dirigieron a funcionarios de organizaciones gubernamentales locales que estaban "involucrados en la gestión de los sistemas de registro de votantes". Este tipo de ataque les dio a los piratas informáticos el mismo acceso ilimitado y las mismas capacidades que a los usuarios de confianza. La NSA no estaba segura de los resultados de este ataque. El informe detalla otros ataques rusos. [170]

El 22 de septiembre de 2017, las autoridades federales notificaron a los funcionarios electorales de 21 estados que sus sistemas electorales habían sido atacados. [171] "En la mayoría de los casos, los estados dijeron que se les había informado que los sistemas no habían sido violados". [172] Más de un año después de las advertencias iniciales, esta fue la primera confirmación oficial que recibieron muchos gobiernos estatales de que sus estados específicamente habían sido atacados. [173] Además, los principales funcionarios electorales de los estados de Wisconsin y California han negado la afirmación federal. El Secretario de Estado de California, Alex Padilla, dijo: "Los votantes de California pueden estar seguros de que la infraestructura electoral y los sitios web del Secretario de Estado de California no fueron pirateados ni violados por actores cibernéticos rusos  ... Nuestra notificación del DHS del viernes pasado no solo llegó con un año de retraso, sino que también resultó ser información errónea". [174]

En mayo de 2018, el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado publicó su informe provisional sobre la seguridad electoral. [175] El comité concluyó, de forma bipartidista, que la respuesta del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de Estados Unidos a los esfuerzos patrocinados por el gobierno ruso para socavar la confianza en el proceso de votación de Estados Unidos fue "inadecuada". El comité informó que el gobierno ruso pudo penetrar los sistemas electorales en al menos 18, y posiblemente hasta 21, estados, y que en un subconjunto más pequeño de estados, los infiltrados "podrían haber alterado o eliminado los datos del registro de votantes", aunque carecían de la capacidad de manipular los votos individuales o los recuentos de votos. El comité escribió que el fracaso de los infiltrados para explotar las vulnerabilidades en los sistemas electorales podría haber sido porque "decidieron no tomar medidas" o porque "simplemente estaban recopilando información y probando capacidades para un futuro ataque". [175] Para prevenir futuras infiltraciones, el comité hizo una serie de recomendaciones, incluida la de que "como mínimo, cualquier máquina comprada en el futuro debería tener un registro de papel verificado por los votantes y no tener capacidad WiFi". [175] [176]

Investigación sobre flujos financieros

En enero de 2017, una investigación multiagencia, llevada a cabo por el FBI, la CIA , la NSA , el Departamento de Justicia , la Red de Control de Delitos Financieros y representantes del DNI , estaba en marcha para investigar cómo el gobierno ruso podría haber financiado en secreto los esfuerzos para ayudar a Trump a ganar las elecciones. Se habían llevado a cabo durante varios meses por seis agencias federales. [177] Las investigaciones sobre Carter Page , Paul Manafort y Roger Stone estaban en marcha el 19 de enero, la víspera de la inauguración presidencial. [178]

Dinero canalizado a través de la NRA

En enero de 2018, el FBI estaba investigando la posible canalización de dinero ilegal por parte de Aleksandr Torshin , vicegobernador del Banco Central de Rusia , a través de la Asociación Nacional del Rifle de Estados Unidos , que luego se utilizó para ayudar a Donald Trump a ganar la presidencia. [179] [180] Se sabe que Torshin tiene conexiones cercanas tanto con el presidente de Rusia, Vladimir Putin, como con la NRA, y ha sido acusado de lavado de dinero en otros países. [179]

La NRA informó haber gastado 30 millones de dólares en apoyar la campaña de Trump en 2016, tres veces más de lo que gastó en la de Mitt Romney en 2012, y gastó más que cualquier otro grupo independiente, incluido el principal superPAC de Trump. [181] Fuentes con conexiones con la NRA han declarado que la cantidad real gastada fue mucho mayor que 30 millones de dólares. Las subunidades dentro de la organización que hicieron las donaciones generalmente no están obligadas a revelar quiénes son sus donantes. [179]

El fiscal especial español José Grinda González ha dicho que a principios de 2018 la policía española entregó al FBI audios intervenidos de conversaciones telefónicas entre Torshin y el lavador de dinero convicto y jefe de la mafia Alexander Romanov. Torshin se reunió con Donald Trump Jr. en un evento de la NRA en mayo de 2016 mientras intentaba negociar una reunión entre Donald Trump y Vladimir Putin . [182]

Maria Butina , una activista rusa contra el control de armas que se desempeñó como asistente especial de Torshin y llegó a los EE. UU. con una visa de estudiante para asistir a clases universitarias en Washington, afirmó tanto antes como después de la elección que era parte de las comunicaciones de la campaña de Trump con Rusia. [183] ​​Al igual que Torshin, cultivó una estrecha relación con la NRA. [184] En febrero de 2016, Butina inició un negocio de consultoría llamado Bridges LLC con el operador político republicano Paul Erickson . [185] Durante la campaña presidencial de Trump, Erickson se comunicó con Rick Dearborn , uno de los asesores de Trump, escribiendo en un correo electrónico que tenía vínculos estrechos tanto con la NRA como con Rusia, y preguntando cómo se podría establecer una reunión por canales secretos entre Trump y Putin. El correo electrónico luego fue entregado a investigadores federales como parte de la investigación sobre la intromisión de Rusia en las elecciones presidenciales. [186] El 15 de julio de 2018, Butina fue arrestada por la Oficina Federal de Investigaciones y acusada de conspirar para actuar como un agente ruso no registrado que había intentado crear un canal secundario de comunicaciones entre republicanos/conservadores estadounidenses y funcionarios rusos infiltrándose en la Asociación Nacional del Rifle, el Desayuno Nacional de Oración y organizaciones religiosas conservadoras. [187]

Dinero de los oligarcas rusos

En abril de 2018, los investigadores de Mueller estaban examinando si los oligarcas rusos proporcionaron directa o indirectamente donaciones ilegales en efectivo a la campaña y la toma de posesión de Trump . Los investigadores estaban examinando si los oligarcas invirtieron en empresas estadounidenses o grupos de expertos que tenían comités de acción política conectados a la campaña, así como dinero canalizado a través de donantes falsos estadounidenses a la campaña de Trump y al fondo inaugural. Al menos un oligarca, Viktor Vekselberg , fue detenido y sus dispositivos electrónicos fueron registrados cuando llegó a un aeropuerto del área de Nueva York en su jet privado a principios de 2018. [188] [189] Vekselberg fue interrogado sobre cientos de miles de dólares en pagos realizados a Michael Cohen después de la elección, a través de Columbus Nova , la filial estadounidense del Grupo Renova de Vekselberg . [190] Otro oligarca también fue detenido en un viaje reciente a los Estados Unidos, pero no está claro si fue registrado. Los investigadores también han pedido a un tercer oligarca que no ha viajado a Estados Unidos que proporcione voluntariamente documentos y una entrevista. [ cita requerida ]

Análisis de inteligencia e informes

Inteligencia no estadounidense

Retrato a la altura de los hombros de un hombre de unos cincuenta o sesenta años de pie frente a una bandera estadounidense y la bandera de la CIA.
John O. Brennan , asistente del presidente para asuntos antiterroristas y de seguridad nacional, en la Oficina Oval, el 4 de enero de 2010

En parte porque las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses no pueden vigilar a sus ciudadanos sin una orden judicial, tardaron en reconocer el patrón de los esfuerzos de Rusia. Desde fines de 2015 hasta el verano de 2016, durante la vigilancia rutinaria de los rusos, varios países descubrieron “interacciones sospechosas entre figuras vinculadas a Trump y agentes rusos conocidos o sospechosos”. El Reino Unido, Alemania, Estonia, Polonia y Australia (y posiblemente los Países Bajos y Francia) comunicaron sus descubrimientos a los Estados Unidos [191].

Debido a que los materiales eran altamente sensibles, el director del GCHQ, Robert Hannigan, contactó directamente al director de la CIA, John O. Brennan, para darle información. [191] Preocupado, Brennan dio informes clasificados a la " Banda de los Ocho " del Congreso de los EE. UU. a fines de agosto y septiembre de 2016. [192] Refiriéndose solo a aliados de inteligencia y no a fuentes específicas, Brennan le dijo a la Banda de los Ocho que había recibido evidencia de que Rusia podría estar tratando de ayudar a Trump a ganar las elecciones estadounidenses. [191] Más tarde se reveló que la CIA había obtenido inteligencia de "fuentes dentro del gobierno ruso" que afirmaban que Putin dio órdenes directas para desprestigiar a Clinton y ayudar a Trump, [193] información que se expresó por primera vez en el expediente Steele seis meses antes de que el informe de la ODNI de enero de 2017 llegara a la misma conclusión. [25] [194]

Mitch McConnell , quien fue líder de la mayoría del Senado y miembro de la Banda de los Ocho, disuadió a los miembros y a la Casa Blanca de hablar públicamente sobre la evaluación de la CIA sobre la interferencia rusa, [195] [196] rechazó los llamados para la creación de un panel selecto para investigar la intromisión rusa, [197] y bloqueó el debate de un proyecto de ley de seguridad electoral, ganándose el apodo de "Mitch de Moscú". [198] [199]

La primera afirmación pública del gobierno de Estados Unidos sobre los esfuerzos rusos para influir en las elecciones de 2016 se produjo en una declaración conjunta el 22 de septiembre de 2016, de la senadora Dianne Feinstein y el representante Adam Schiff , los demócratas de mayor rango en los Comités de Inteligencia del Senado y la Cámara de Representantes, respectivamente. [200] [201]

El 23 de mayo de 2017, Brennan declaró ante el Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes que Rusia "interfirió descaradamente" en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016. Dijo que se dio cuenta por primera vez de la intromisión activa de Rusia "el verano pasado", [202] y que el 4 de agosto de 2016 había advertido a su homólogo de la agencia de inteligencia rusa FSB , Alexander Bortnikov , contra una mayor interferencia. [203]

Declaración conjunta de la ODNI y el DHS de octubre de 2016

James R. Clapper

En la conferencia de seguridad de Aspen en el verano de 2016, el Director de Inteligencia Nacional James Clapper dijo que Vladimir Putin quería tomar represalias contra la intervención percibida de Estados Unidos en los asuntos rusos con las protestas rusas de 2011-13 y el derrocamiento de Viktor Yanukovych en la Revolución de la Dignidad . [204] En julio de 2016, creció el consenso dentro de la CIA de que Rusia había hackeado al DNC . [205] En una declaración conjunta el 7 de octubre de 2016, el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional y la Oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional expresaron su confianza en que Rusia había interferido en las elecciones presidenciales robando correos electrónicos de políticos y grupos estadounidenses y publicitando la información. [206] El 2 de diciembre, fuentes de inteligencia le dijeron a CNN que habían ganado confianza en que los esfuerzos de Rusia estaban dirigidos a ayudar a Trump a ganar las elecciones. [207]

El 7 de octubre, el gobierno de Estados Unidos acusó formalmente a Rusia de piratear las redes informáticas del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC) para interferir en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 con la ayuda de organizaciones como WikiLeaks. El Departamento de Seguridad Nacional y la Oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional sobre Seguridad Electoral afirmaron en su declaración conjunta que "las recientes revelaciones de supuestos correos electrónicos pirateados en sitios como DCLeaks.com y WikiLeaks y por parte del personaje en línea Guccifer 2.0 son consistentes con los métodos y motivaciones de los esfuerzos dirigidos por Rusia". [208] Esto fue corroborado por un informe publicado por la Oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional (ODNI), en conjunto con la CIA, el FBI y la NSA el 6 de enero de 2017. [25]

Informe de la CIA de diciembre de 2016

El 9 de diciembre, la CIA dijo a los legisladores estadounidenses que la Comunidad de Inteligencia de Estados Unidos había concluido, en una opinión consensuada, que Rusia llevó a cabo operaciones para ayudar a Donald Trump a ganar la presidencia, afirmando que "individuos con conexiones con el gobierno ruso", previamente conocidos por la comunidad de inteligencia, habían dado a WikiLeaks correos electrónicos pirateados del DNC y John Podesta . [209] Las agencias declararon además que Rusia también había pirateado el RNC , pero no filtró información obtenida de allí. [136] Estas evaluaciones se basaron en evidencia obtenida antes de las elecciones. [210]

Investigaciones del FBI

El FBI ha estado investigando el intento del gobierno ruso de influir en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 (incluso si los colaboradores de la campaña de Donald Trump estuvieron involucrados en los esfuerzos de Rusia) desde el 31 de julio de 2016. [211]

Tras la publicación el 22 de julio de una gran cantidad de correos electrónicos por WikiLeaks , el FBI anunció que investigaría el robo de correos electrónicos del DNC . [107] [108]

Un evento anterior investigado por el FBI fue una reunión de mayo de 2016 entre el asesor de política exterior de la campaña de Donald Trump , George Papadopoulos , y Alexander Downer en un bar de vinos de Londres, donde Papadopoulos reveló su conocimiento interno de una gran cantidad de correos electrónicos de Hillary Clinton que potencialmente podrían dañar su campaña. [212]

Papadopoulos había obtenido esta información el 14 de marzo de 2016, cuando se reunió con Joseph Mifsud [213], quien le dijo que los rusos tenían "información sucia" sobre Clinton en forma de miles de correos electrónicos robados. Estos provenían de los ataques informáticos al DNC [213] [214]

Aunque el 18 de mayo de 2016 se informó al público que ambas campañas presidenciales habían sido blanco de piratas informáticos, no se les dijo si los ataques tuvieron éxito ni quiénes eran los autores. [215] Fue el 14 de junio de 2016 cuando el hackeo de las computadoras del DNC se hizo público por primera vez. [216]

Papadopoulos luego se jactó de que "la campaña de Trump estaba al tanto de que el gobierno ruso tenía información sucia sobre Hillary Clinton". [217] En febrero de 2019, Michael Cohen implicó a Trump ante el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, escribiendo que Trump tenía conocimiento de que Roger Stone se estaba comunicando con WikiLeaks sobre la publicación de correos electrónicos robados del DNC en 2016. [218] [219]

John Podesta testificó más tarde ante el Comité Permanente de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes que en abril de 2016, el DNC no sabía que sus computadoras habían sido pirateadas, lo que llevó a Adam Schiff a afirmar: "Entonces, si la campaña [de Clinton] no sabía en abril que el pirateo había ocurrido, la primera campaña en ser notificada de que los rusos estaban en posesión de correos electrónicos robados habría sido la campaña de Trump a través del Sr. Papadopoulos". [220]

En junio de 2016, el FBI notificó al Partido Republicano de Illinois que algunas de sus cuentas de correo electrónico podrían haber sido pirateadas. [221] En diciembre de 2016, un funcionario del FBI declaró que los intentos rusos de acceder al servidor del RNC no tuvieron éxito. [136] En una entrevista con George Stephanopoulos de ABC News , el presidente del RNC, Reince Priebus, declaró que se comunicaron con el FBI cuando se enteraron de los ataques al DNC, y una revisión determinó que sus servidores eran seguros. [137] El 10 de enero de 2017, el director del FBI , James Comey, le dijo al Comité de Inteligencia del Senado que Rusia logró "recopilar cierta información de objetivos afiliados al Partido Republicano, pero no la filtró al público". [135]

El 31 de octubre de 2016, The New York Times dijo que el FBI había estado examinando posibles conexiones entre la campaña de Trump y Rusia, pero no encontró ningún vínculo claro. [222] En ese momento, los funcionarios del FBI pensaron que Rusia estaba motivada para socavar la confianza en el proceso político estadounidense en lugar de apoyar específicamente a Trump. [222] Durante una audiencia del Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes a principios de diciembre, la CIA dijo que estaba segura de la intención de Rusia de ayudar a Trump. [223] El 16 de diciembre de 2016, el director de la CIA, John O. Brennan, envió un mensaje a su personal diciendo que había hablado con el director del FBI, James Comey, y el director de Inteligencia Nacional , James Clapper , y que todos estaban de acuerdo con la conclusión de la CIA de que Rusia interfirió en las elecciones presidenciales con el motivo de apoyar la candidatura de Donald Trump. [224]

El 29 de diciembre de 2016, el FBI y el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional (DHS) publicaron un informe no clasificado [116] que proporcionó nuevos detalles técnicos sobre los métodos utilizados por los servicios de inteligencia rusos para afectar las elecciones, el gobierno, las organizaciones políticas y el sector privado de Estados Unidos. [225] [226]

El informe incluía muestras de malware y otros detalles técnicos como evidencia de que el gobierno ruso había hackeado al Comité Nacional Demócrata. [227] Junto con el informe, el DHS publicó direcciones de protocolo de Internet , malware y archivos utilizados por hackers rusos. [225] Un artículo en el Süddeutsche Zeitung discutió la dificultad de la prueba en materia de ciberseguridad. Un analista le dijo al Süddeutsche Zeitung que los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses podrían estar manteniendo cierta información en secreto para proteger sus fuentes y métodos de análisis. [228] Clapper dijo más tarde que la versión clasificada contenía "mucha de la fundamentación que no se pudo incluir en el informe [público]". [229]

El 20 de marzo de 2017, durante un testimonio público ante el Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes, el director del FBI, James Comey, confirmó la existencia de una investigación del FBI sobre la interferencia rusa y los vínculos rusos con la campaña de Trump, incluida la cuestión de si había habido alguna coordinación entre la campaña y los rusos. [230] Dijo que la investigación comenzó en julio de 2016. [231] Comey tomó la inusual decisión de revelar la investigación en curso al Congreso, citando el beneficio para el bien público. [232] El 7 de octubre de 2016, el Secretario Johnson y el Director Clapper emitieron una declaración conjunta en la que afirmaban que la comunidad de inteligencia confía en que el Gobierno ruso dirigió las recientes vulneraciones de correos electrónicos de personas e instituciones estadounidenses, incluidas organizaciones políticas estadounidenses, y que las revelaciones de correos electrónicos pirateados en sitios como DCLeaks.com y WikiLeaks son coherentes con los esfuerzos dirigidos por Rusia. La declaración también señaló que los rusos han utilizado tácticas y técnicas similares en toda Europa y Eurasia para influir en la opinión pública allí. El 29 de diciembre de 2016, el DHS y el FBI publicaron un Informe de Análisis Conjunto (JAR) que amplía aún más esa declaración al brindar detalles de las herramientas y la infraestructura utilizadas por los servicios de inteligencia rusos para comprometer y explotar las redes y la infraestructura asociadas con las recientes elecciones estadounidenses, así como una variedad de entidades del gobierno, la política y el sector privado de los Estados Unidos. [123]

Evaluación de la comunidad de inteligencia de enero de 2017

El 6 de enero de 2017, después de informar al presidente, al presidente electo y a los miembros del Senado y la Cámara de Representantes, la Oficina del Director de Inteligencia Nacional (ODNI) publicó una versión desclasificada del informe sobre las actividades rusas. [25] La evaluación de la comunidad de inteligencia, producida por la CIA , el FBI , la NSA y la ODNI, afirmó que Rusia había llevado a cabo una operación cibernética masiva ordenada por el presidente ruso Putin con el objetivo de sabotear las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016. [233] Las agencias concluyeron que Putin y el gobierno ruso intentaron ayudar a Trump a ganar las elecciones desacreditando a Hillary Clinton y retratándola negativamente en relación con Trump, y que Rusia había llevado a cabo una campaña cibernética de múltiples frentes que consistía en piratería y el uso extensivo de las redes sociales y trolls, así como propaganda abierta en plataformas de noticias controladas por Rusia. [234] La ICA no contenía información sobre cómo se recopilaron los datos y no proporcionó ninguna evidencia que respaldara sus conclusiones. [235] [236] Clapper dijo que la versión clasificada contenía pruebas que no podían hacerse públicas. [229] Una gran parte de la ICA se dedicó a criticar al canal de televisión ruso RT America , al que describió como una "herramienta de mensajería" para una "campaña dirigida por el Kremlin para socavar la fe en el gobierno de los EE. UU. y alimentar la protesta política". [237]

El 5 de marzo de 2017, James Clapper dijo, en una entrevista con Chuck Todd en Meet the Press , que el informe de enero de 2017 sobre la investigación de colusión no tenía pruebas de colusión, pero que podrían haber estado disponibles después de que él dejara el gobierno. Estuvo de acuerdo con Todd en que la "idea de colusión" no estaba probada en ese momento. [238] El 14 de mayo de 2017, en una entrevista con George Stephanopoulos , Clapper explicó más sobre el estado de las pruebas a favor o en contra de cualquier colusión en el momento de la evaluación de enero de la IC, diciendo que "no había evidencia de ninguna colusión incluida en ese informe, eso no quiere decir que no hubiera evidencia". También afirmó que tampoco estaba al tanto de la existencia de la investigación formal en ese momento. [239] En noviembre de 2017, Clapper explicó que en el momento de la entrevista con Stephanopoulos, no sabía nada sobre los esfuerzos de George Papadopoulos para organizar reuniones entre asociados de Trump y funcionarios del Kremlin, ni sobre la reunión en la Torre Trump entre Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort y un abogado ruso. [240]

En junio de 2017, EW Priestap , subdirector de la División de Contrainteligencia del FBI , dijo al programa PBS Newshour que la inteligencia rusa "utilizó noticias falsas y propaganda y también utilizó amplificadores en línea para difundir la información a la mayor cantidad de personas posible" durante las elecciones. [241]

Testimonio de James Comey

En su testimonio ante el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado el 8 de junio, [242] el exdirector del FBI James Comey dijo que no tenía "ninguna duda" de que Rusia interfirió en las elecciones de 2016 y que la interferencia fue un acto hostil. [243] [244] En cuanto a los motivos de su despido, Comey dijo: "Tomo la palabra del presidente cuando dice que me despidieron debido a la investigación de Rusia. El presidente sintió que algo en la forma en que la estaba llevando a cabo creó presión sobre él y quería aliviarla". También dijo que, mientras él era director, Trump no estaba bajo investigación. [244]

Respuesta del gobierno de EE.UU.

Se iniciaron al menos 17 investigaciones distintas para examinar aspectos de la interferencia rusa en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016. [245]

Senado de los Estados Unidos

Los miembros del Comité de Inteligencia del Senado de Estados Unidos viajaron a Ucrania y Polonia en 2016 y se enteraron de las operaciones rusas para influir en sus elecciones. [246]

El senador McCain pidió que se creara un comité especial del Senado de Estados Unidos para investigar la intromisión rusa en las elecciones, [247] [248] y calificó la intromisión electoral como un "acto de guerra". [249]

El Comité de Inteligencia del Senado comenzó a trabajar en su investigación bipartidista en enero de 2017. [250] En mayo, el comité votó por unanimidad para dar a ambos presidentes el poder de citación individual. [251] [252] Poco después, el comité emitió una citación a la campaña de Trump para todos los documentos, correos electrónicos y registros telefónicos relacionados con Rusia. [253] En diciembre, también estaba investigando la campaña presidencial de Jill Stein del Partido Verde por una posible "colusión con los rusos". [254]

En mayo de 2018, el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado publicó las conclusiones provisionales de su investigación bipartidista, en la que se concluyó que Rusia interfirió en las elecciones de 2016 con el objetivo de ayudar a Trump a ganar la presidencia, y declaró: "Nuestro personal concluyó que las conclusiones [de la comunidad de inteligencia] eran precisas y acertadas. El esfuerzo ruso fue extenso, sofisticado y ordenado por el propio presidente Putin con el propósito de ayudar a Donald Trump y perjudicar a Hillary Clinton". [255]

El 10 de enero de 2018, el senador Ben Cardin del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de los Estados Unidos publicó "El ataque asimétrico de Putin a la democracia en Rusia y Europa: implicaciones para la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos". [256] El informe decía que la interferencia en las elecciones de 2016 en los Estados Unidos era parte del "ataque asimétrico de Putin a la democracia" en todo el mundo, que incluía atacar las elecciones en varios países, como Gran Bretaña, Francia y Alemania, mediante "piratería informática patrocinada por Moscú, troleo en Internet y financiación de grupos políticos extremistas". [257]

Informes de los comités de 2018

El Comité de Inteligencia del Senado encargó dos informes que describían extensamente la campaña rusa para influir en las redes sociales durante las elecciones de 2016. [51] [155]

Un informe ( The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency ) fue producido por la empresa de ciberseguridad New Knowledge con la ayuda de investigadores de la Universidad de Columbia y Canfield Research LLC. [154] Otro ( The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018 ) fue realizado por el Computational Propaganda Project de la Universidad de Oxford junto con la empresa de análisis de redes sociales Graphika. [258] El informe de New Knowledge destacó "la energía y la imaginación" del esfuerzo ruso para "influir en la opinión estadounidense y dividir el país", y su enfoque en los afroamericanos. [51] [155] El informe identificó más de 263 millones de "interacciones" (me gusta, comentarios, compartidos, etc.) con el contenido de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet y criticó a las empresas de redes sociales estadounidenses por permitir que sus plataformas sean cooptadas para la propaganda extranjera". [155] Los ejemplos de esfuerzos incluyeron "hacer campaña para que los votantes afroamericanos boicoteen las elecciones o sigan los procedimientos de votación equivocados en 2016", "alentar a los votantes de extrema derecha a ser más confrontativos" y "difundir noticias políticas sensacionalistas, conspirativas y otras formas de basura y desinformación a los votantes de todo el espectro político". [65]

Informe del comité de 2020

El 21 de abril de 2020, el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado publicó un informe unánime, con muchas modificaciones, que revisaba la evaluación de la comunidad de inteligencia de enero de 2017 sobre la interferencia rusa. [259] [260] [261] El comité consideró que la evaluación aportaba una "base de inteligencia coherente y bien construida para el caso de una interferencia rusa sin precedentes en las elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses de 2016", específicamente que la interferencia no tenía precedentes en su "forma y agresividad". [261] [262] El comité del Senado escuchó "informes de inteligencia específicos para respaldar la evaluación de que Putin y el gobierno ruso demostraron una preferencia por el candidato Trump", y que Putin "aprobó y dirigió" la interferencia. [262]

El comité elogió la evaluación como un "logro impresionante", señalando que la evaluación "refleja una técnica analítica adecuada" a pesar de un marco de tiempo limitado. [263] [262] El comité también afirmó que "las entrevistas con quienes redactaron y prepararon el ICA afirmaron que los analistas no estaban bajo presión política para llegar a conclusiones específicas". [264] Un desacuerdo entre la CIA y la NSA sobre el nivel de confianza de las agencias sobre la preferencia de Rusia por Trump "fue razonable, transparente y se debatió abiertamente entre las agencias y los analistas". [260] Además, el comité encontró que el dossier Steele no fue utilizado por la evaluación para "respaldar ninguno de sus juicios analíticos". [263]

El 17 de agosto de 2020, el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado, controlado por los republicanos, publicó el quinto y último volumen de su informe de 996 páginas, [9] poniendo fin a una de las "investigaciones de más alto perfil del Congreso" de los Estados Unidos. [10] [11] El informe del Comité, que se basó en tres años de investigaciones, encontró que el gobierno ruso había participado en una "campaña extensa" para sabotear las elecciones a favor de Trump, que incluyó la asistencia de algunos miembros de los propios asesores de Trump. [10] El volumen 5 decía que la administración Trump había utilizado "novedosas afirmaciones" de privilegio ejecutivo para obstruir la investigación. [265] El informe decía que el personal de la campaña de Trump de 2016 estaba ansioso por aceptar la ayuda de Rusia, [265] [266] sin embargo, después de la publicación del informe, el presidente interino del Comité de Inteligencia del Senado, Marco Rubio, emitió una declaración en la que afirmaba que el comité "no encontró absolutamente ninguna evidencia de que el entonces candidato Donald Trump o su campaña se confabularan con el gobierno ruso para entrometerse en las elecciones de 2016". [267] [268]

Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos

After bipartisan calls to action in December 2016,[269][270]the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence launched an investigation in January 2017 about Russian election meddling, including possible ties between Trump's campaign and Russia. The Senate Intelligence Committee launched its own parallel probe in January as well.[271] Fifteen months later, in April 2018, the House Intelligence Committee's Republican majority released its final report, amid harsh criticism from Democratic members of the committee.[272] The report found "no evidence" of collusion between the Russian government and the Trump campaign.[273]

On February 24, 2017, Republican Congressman Darrell Issa called for a special prosecutor to investigate whether Russia meddled with the U.S. election and was in contact with Trump's team during the presidential campaign, saying it would be improper for Trump's appointee, former Attorney General Jeff Sessions, to lead the investigation.[274][275] In March 2017, Democratic ranking committee member Adam Schiff said there was sufficient evidence to warrant further investigation,[276] and claimed to have seen "more than circumstantial evidence" of collusion.[277]

On April 6, 2017, Republican committee chairman Devin Nunes temporarily recused himself from the investigation after the House Ethics Committee announced that it would investigate accusations that he had disclosed classified information without authorization. He was replaced by Representative Mike Conaway.[278] Nunes was cleared of wrongdoing on December 8, 2017[279]

The committee's probe was shut down on March 12, 2018,[280][281] acknowledging that Russians interfered in the 2016 elections through an active measures campaign[282] promoting propaganda and fake news,[280] but rejecting the conclusion of intelligence agencies that Russia had favored Trump in the election[280][282] (although some Republican committee members distanced themselves from this assertion).[283] The committee's report did not find any evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and the Russian government's efforts; Conaway said they had uncovered only "perhaps some bad judgment, inappropriate meetings".[280][282][284]

Democrats on the committee objected to the Republicans' closure of the investigation and their refusal to press key witnesses for further testimony or documentation which might have further established complicity of the Trump campaign with Russia.[285] Schiff issued a 21-page "status report" outlining plans to continue the investigation, including a list of additional witnesses to interview and documents to request.[286]

Obama administration

President Barack Obama ordered the United States Intelligence Community to investigate election hacking attempts since 2008.[287]

U.S. president Obama and Vladimir Putin had a discussion about computer security issues in September 2016, which took place over the course of an hour and a half.[288] During the discussion, which took place as a side segment during the then-ongoing G20 summit in China, Obama made his views known on cyber security matters between the U.S. and Russia.[288] Obama said Russian hacking stopped after his warning to Putin.[289] One month after that discussion the email leaks from the DNC cyber attack had not ceased, and President Obama decided to contact Putin via the Moscow–Washington hotline, commonly known as the red phone, on October 31, 2016. Obama emphasized the gravity of the situation by telling Putin: "International law, including the law for armed conflict, applies to actions in cyberspace."[290]

On December 9, 2016, Obama ordered the U.S. Intelligence Community to investigate Russian interference in the election and report before he left office on January 20, 2017.[287] U.S. Homeland Security Advisor and chief counterterrorism advisor to the president Lisa Monaco announced the study, and said foreign intrusion into a U.S. election was unprecedented and would necessitate investigation by subsequent administrations.[291] The intelligence analysis would cover malicious cyberwarfare occurring between the 2008 and 2016 elections.[292][293] A senior administration official said the White House was confident Russia interfered in the election.[294] The official said the order by President Obama would be a lessons learned report, with options including sanctions and covert cyber response against Russia.[294]

On December 12, 2016, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest was critical of Trump's rejection of the conclusions of the U.S. Intelligence Community[295] that Russia used cyberattacks to influence the election.[295] United States Secretary of State John Kerry spoke on December 15, 2016, about President Obama's decision to approve the October 2016 joint statement by the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.[20]

Obama said the U.S. government would respond to Russia via overt and covert methods, in order to send an unambiguous symbol to the world that any such interference would have harsh consequences in a December 15, 2016, interview by NPR journalist Steve Inskeep.[288] He added that a motive behind the Russian operation could better be determined after completion of the intelligence report he ordered.[288] Obama emphasized that Russian efforts caused more harm to Clinton than to Trump during the campaign.[288] At a press conference the following day, he highlighted his September 2016 admonition to Putin to cease engaging in cyberwarfare against the U.S.[296] Obama explained that the U.S. did not publicly reciprocate against Russia's actions due to a fear such choices would appear partisan.[296] President Obama stressed cyber warfare against the U.S. should be a bipartisan issue.[297]

In the last days of the Obama administration, officials pushed as much raw intelligence as possible into analyses and attempted to keep reports at relatively low classification levels as part of an effort to widen their visibility across the federal government. The information was filed in many locations within federal agencies as a precaution against future concealment or destruction of evidence in the event of any investigation.[298]

Punitive measures imposed on Russia

On December 29, 2016, the U.S. government announced a series of punitive measures against Russia.[299][300] The Obama administration imposed sanctions on four top officials of the GRU and declared persona non grata 35 Russian diplomats suspected of spying; they were ordered to leave the country within 72 hours.[301][Note 2] On December 30, two waterfront compounds used as retreats by families of Russian embassy personnel were shut down on orders of the U.S. government, citing spying activities: one in Upper Brookville, New York, on Long Island, and the other in Centreville, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore.[300][303] Further sanctions against Russia were undertaken, both overt and covert.[227][304][305] A White House statement said that cyberwarfare by Russia was geared to undermine U.S. trust in democracy and impact the election.[306] President Obama said his decision was taken after previous warnings to Russia.[307] In mid-July 2017, the Russian foreign ministry said the U.S. was refusing to issue visas to Russian diplomats to allow Moscow to replace the expelled personnel and get its embassy back up to full strength.[308]

Initially Putin refrained from retaliatory measures to the December 29 sanctions and invited all the children of the U.S. diplomats accredited in Russia to New Year's and Christmas celebrations at the Kremlin. He also said that steps for restoring Russian-American relations would be built on the basis of the policies developed by the Trump administration.[309][310] Later in May 2017, Russian banker Andrey Kostin, an associate of President Vladimir Putin, accused "the Washington elite" of purposefully disrupting the presidency of Donald Trump.[311]

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

German Chancellor Angela Merkel criticized the CAATSA sanctions against Russia, targeting EU–Russia energy projects.[312]

In June 2017, the Senate voted 98 to 2 for a bill that had been initially drafted in January by a bipartisan group of senators over Russia's continued involvement in the wars in Ukraine and Syria and its meddling in the 2016 election that envisaged sanctions on Russia as well as Iran, and North Korea;[313] the bill would expand the punitive measures previously imposed by executive orders and convert them into law.[314][315] An identical bill, introduced by Democrats in the House in July,[316] passed 419 to 3.[317]

The law forbids the president from lifting earlier sanctions without first consulting Congress, giving them time to reverse such a move. It targets Russia's defense industry by harming Russia's ability to export weapons, and allows the U.S. to sanction international companies that work to develop Russian energy resources.[318] The proposed sanctions also caused harsh criticism and threats of retaliatory measure on the part of the European Union, Germany and France.[312][319][320] On January 29, 2018, the Trump administration notified Congress that it would not impose additional sanctions on Russia under 2017 legislation designed to punish Moscow's meddling in the 2016 U.S. election. The administration insisted that the mere threat of the sanctions outlined in the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act would serve as a deterrent, and that implementing the sanctions would therefore be unnecessary.[321]

Counter-sanctions by Russia

On July 27, as the sanctions bill was being passed by the Senate, Putin pledged a response to "this kind of insolence towards our country".[322] Shortly thereafter, Russia's foreign ministry Sergey Lavrov demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Vladivostok to 455 persons—the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S., and suspended the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow.[323] Putin said he had made this decision personally, and confirmed that 755 employees of the U.S. diplomatic mission must leave Russia.[324][323]

Impact on election result

As of October 2018, the question of whether Donald Trump won the 2016 election because of the Russian interference had not been given much focus. The question has been declared impossible to answer or has been ignored in favor of other factors that led to Trump's victory.[85][126] Joel Benenson, the Clinton campaign's pollster, has said that the answer to this question will probably never be known, while Richard Burr, the Republican chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said "we cannot calculate the impact that foreign meddling and social media had on this election". Michael V. Hayden, a former director of the CIA and the NSA, has asserted that the Russian attacks were "the most successful covert influence operation in history", but that their impact is "not just unknown, it's unknowable".[85]Statistician Nate Silver, writing in February 2018, described himself as "fairly agnostic" on the question, but noted that "thematically, the Russian interference tactics were consistent with the reasons Clinton lost".[325]

Clinton supporters have been more likely to blame her defeat on factors like campaign mistakes or Comey's reopening of the criminal investigation into Clinton's emails than to blame it on Russian interference. They have also drawn attention to the issue of whether Trump colluded with Russia in connection with the campaign.[85] In their book Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign, reporters Jonathan Allen and Amie Parnes reported that immediately after the election, Robby Mook and John Podesta decided to assert that Russian hacking was the real reason for the defeat.[326]

Several high-level Republicans,[who?] including those who would have benefited from Russia's efforts, have asserted that Russian interference did not determine the election's outcome. President Trump has asserted that "the Russians had no impact on our votes whatsoever",[327] and Vice President Pence has claimed that "it is the universal conclusion of our intelligence communities that none of those efforts had any impact on the outcome of the 2016 election."[328] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo added that "the intelligence community's assessment is that the Russian meddling that took place did not affect the outcome of the election".[329][86] In fact, the official intelligence assessment of January 2017 did not evaluate whether Russian activities had any impact on the election's outcome,[330] and CIA spokesman Dean Boyd said Pompeo's remark was erroneous.[331]House Speaker Paul Ryan claimed that it was "clear" that the Russian interference "didn't have a material effect on our elections".[126][86]

On the other hand, a number of former intelligence and law enforcement officials, at least one political scientist and one former U.S. president argue that Russian interference was decisive. In support of this argument, they point to the sophistication of the Russian propaganda on social media, the hacking of Democratic Party emails and the timing of their public release, the small shift in voter support needed to achieve victory in the Electoral College, and the relatively high number of undecided voters (who may have been more readily influenced).[86][126][85] James Clapper, the former director of National Intelligence, told Jane Mayer, "it stretches credulity to think the Russians didn't turn the election ... I think the Russians had more to do with making Clinton lose than Trump did".[85] Ex-FBI agent Clint Watts has written that "without the Russian influence ... I believe Trump would not have even been within striking distance of Clinton on Election Day".[86][332] Former president Jimmy Carter has publicly said he believes Trump would not have been elected without the Russian interference.[333] Carter has said, "Trump didn't actually win the election in 2016. He lost the election, and he was put into office because the Russians interfered on his behalf". When questioned, Carter agreed that Trump was an "illegitimate president".[334][335]

Three states where Trump won by very close margins—margins significantly less than the number of votes cast for third-party candidates in those states—gave him an Electoral College majority. Mayer writes that if only 12% of these third-party voters "were persuaded by Russian propaganda—based on hacked Clinton-campaign analytics—not to vote for Clinton", this would have been enough to win the election for Trump.[85]Political scientist Kathleen Hall Jamieson, in a detailed forensic analysis concludes that Russian trolls and hackers persuaded enough Americans "to either vote a certain way or not vote at all" to affect the election results.[85][336]Specifically, Jamieson argued that two factors that caused a drop in intention to vote for Clinton reported to pollsters can be traced to Russian work: The publicizing of excerpts of speeches by Clinton made to investment banks for high fees and disinformation on FBI head Comey's public denunciation of Clinton's actions as "extremely careless" (see above).[85]

A Columbia study published in 2022 saw changes on election betting markets around Russian holidays, when trolls would be less active.[337] An NYU study published in 2023 found Russian Twitter trolls, specifically, had no measurable impact.[78]

2017 developments

Dismissal of FBI Director James Comey

On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed Comey, attributing his action to recommendations from United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.[338]Trump had been talking to aides about firing Comey for at least a week before acting, and had asked Justice Department officials to come up with a rationale for dismissing him.[339][340]After he learned that Trump was about to fire Comey, Rosenstein submitted to Trump a memo critical of Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails.[341][342] Trump later confirmed that he had intended to fire Comey regardless of any Justice Department recommendation.[343] Trump himself also tied the firing to the Russia investigation in a televised interview, stating, "When I decided to [fire Comey], I said to myself, I said, 'You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made up story, it's an excuse by the Democrats for having lost an election that they should have won.'"[344][345]

The dismissal came as a surprise to Comey and most of Washington, and was described as immediately controversial and having "vast political ramifications" because of the Bureau's ongoing investigation into Russian activities in the 2016 election.[346] It was compared to the Saturday Night Massacre, President Richard Nixon's termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been investigating the Watergate scandal,[347][348] and to the dismissal of Sally Yates in January 2017.[349] Comey himself stated "It's my judgment that I was fired because of the Russia investigation. I was fired in some way to change, or the endeavor was to change, the way the Russia investigation was being conducted."[350]

During a meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Ambassador Sergey Kislyak on May 10, 2017, in the Oval Office, Trump told the Russian officials that firing the F.B.I. director, James Comey, had relieved "great pressure" on him, according to a White House document. Trump stated, "I just fired the head of the F.B.I. He was crazy, a real nut job ... I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off."[351] In 2019, The Washington Post revealed that Trump also told Lavrov and Kislyak during this meeting that he wasn't concerned about Russia interfering in American elections.[352]

Investigation by special counsel

Shoulder height portrait of man in his sixties wearing a suit and tie
Special counsel Robert Mueller directed the FBI from 2001 to 2013.

On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel to direct FBI agents and Department of Justice prosecutors investigating election interference by Russia and related matters.[353][354][355] As special counsel, Mueller has the power to issue subpoenas,[356] hire staff members, request funding, and prosecute federal crimes in connection with his investigation.[357]

Mueller assembled a legal team.[358] Trump engaged several attorneys to represent and advise him, including his longtime personal attorney Marc Kasowitz[359] as well as Jay Sekulow, Michael Bowe, and John M. Dowd.[360][361] All but Sekulow have since resigned.[362][363] In August 2017 Mueller was using a grand jury.[364]

2017 charges

In October 2017 Trump campaign adviser George Papadopoulos pleaded guilty earlier in the month to making a false statement to FBI investigators about his connections to Russia.[365] In the first guilty plea of special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation, George Papadopoulos admitted lying to the FBI about contact with Russian agents who offered the campaign "thousands" of damaging emails about Clinton months before then candidate Donald Trump asked Russia to "find" Hillary Clinton's missing emails. His plea agreement said a Russian operative had told a campaign aide "the Russians had emails of Clinton". Papadopoulos agreed to cooperate with prosecutors as part of the plea bargain.[366][367]

Later that month, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort surrendered to the FBI after being indicted on multiple charges. His business associate Rick Gates was also indicted and surrendered to the FBI.[368] The pair were indicted on one count of conspiracy against the United States, one count of conspiracy to launder money, one count of being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal, one count of making false and misleading FARA statements, and one count of making false statements. Manafort was charged with four counts of failing to file reports of foreign bank and financial accounts while Gates was charged with three.[369] All charges arise from their consulting work for a pro-Russian government in Ukraine and are unrelated to the campaign.[370] It was widely believed that the charges against Manafort are intended to pressure him into becoming a cooperating witness about Russian interference in the 2016 election.[370] In February 2018, Gates pleaded guilty to fraud-related charges and agreed to testify against Manafort.[371] In April 2018, when Manafort's lawyers filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the July 26 raid on Manafort's home, the warrants for the search were revealed and indicated that, in addition to seeking evidence related to Manafort's work in Ukraine, Mueller's investigation also concerned Manafort's actions during the Trump campaign[372] including the meeting with a Russian lawyer and a counterintelligence officer at the Trump Tower meeting on June 9, 2016.[373]

In March 2018 the investigation revealed that the prosecutors have established links between Rick Gates and an individual with ties to Russian intelligence which occurred while Gates worked on Trump's campaign. A report filed by prosecutors, concerning the sentencing of Gates and Manafort associate Alex van der Zwaan who lied to Mueller's investigators, alleges that Gates knew the individual he was in contact with had these connections.[374]

2018 developments

2018 indictments

On February 16, 2018, a Federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian entities on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to commit bank and wire fraud, and fraud with identification documents, in connection with the 2016 United States national elections.[375] The 37-page indictment cites the illegal use of social media "to sow political discord, including actions that supported the presidential candidacy of Donald Trump and disparaged his opponent, Hillary Clinton."[376] On the same day, Robert Mueller announced that Richard Pinedo had pleaded guilty to using the identities of other people in connection with unlawful activity.[377][378]

Lawyers representing Concord Management and Consulting appeared on May 9, 2018, in federal court in Washington, to plead not guilty to the charges.[379] The prosecutors subsequently withdrew the charges.[380]

Twelve Russians were indicted for hacking at a press conference on July 13, 2018.

On July 13, 2018, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein released indictments returned by a grand jury charging twelve Russian intelligence officials, who work for the Russian intelligence agency GRU, with conspiring to interfere in the 2016 elections.[124][125] The individuals, posing as "a Guccifer 2.0 persona", are accused of hacking into computers of the Clinton campaign and the Democratic National Committee, as well as state election boards and secretaries of several states. In one unidentified state, the Russians stole information on half a million voters. The indictment also said a Republican congressional candidate, also unidentified, had been sent campaign documents stolen by the group, and that a reporter was in contact with the Russian operatives and offered to write an article to coincide with the release of the stolen documents.[124]

Claims by Anastasia Vashukevich

In March 2018, Anastasia Vashukevich, a Belarusian national arrested in Thailand, said she had over 16 hours of audio recordings that could shed light on possible Russian interference in American elections. She offered the recordings to American authorities in exchange for asylum, to avoid being extradited to Belarus.[381] Vashukevich said she was close to Oleg Deripaska, a Russian oligarch with ties to Putin and business links to Paul Manafort, and asserted the recordings included Deripaska discussing the 2016 presidential election. She said some of the recorded conversations, which she asserted were made in August 2016, included three individuals who spoke fluent English and who she believed were Americans. Vashukevich's claims appeared to be consistent with a video published in February 2018 by Alexei Navalny, about a meeting between Deripaska and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Eduardovich Prikhodko. In the video, Navalny claims Deripaska served as a liaison between the Russian government and Paul Manafort in connection with Russian interference efforts.[381]

In August 2018, Vashukevich said she no longer has any evidence having sent the recordings to Deripaska without having made them public, hoping he would be able to gain her release from prison,[382] and has promised Deripaska not to make any further comment on the recordings' contents.[383][384]

2019 developments

Mueller's Report (Redacted Version)
The Mueller Report (redacted)

On March 24, Attorney General Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress regarding the Special Counsel's findings regarding Russian interference and obstruction of justice.[385] Barr said that on the question of Russian interference in the election, Mueller detailed two ways in which Russia attempted to influence the election in Trump's favor, but "did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."[386][387] On the question of obstruction of justice, Barr said that Mueller wrote "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him."[386][388] "The Special Counsel's decision to describe the facts of his obstruction investigation without reaching any legal conclusions leaves it 'to the Attorney General to determine whether the conduct described in the report constitutes a crime ... Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and I have concluded that the evidence developed during the Special Counsel's investigation is not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense."[389]

On April 18, 2019, a redacted version of the final Mueller Report was released to the public.[390][391] The Mueller Report found that the Russian government interfered in the election in "sweeping and systematic fashion" and violated U.S. criminal laws.[392]

On May 29, 2019, Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and the office would be shut down, and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time. He reiterated that his report did not exonerate the president and that legal guidelines prevented the indictment of a sitting president, stating that "the Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing."[393] Saying, "The report is my testimony", he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report. He emphasized that the central conclusion of his investigation was "that there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves the attention of every American."[394]

Soon after the release of the Mueller Report, Trump began urging an investigation into the origins of the Russian investigation, wanting to "investigate the investigators".[395] In April 2019, Attorney General William Barr announced that he had launched a review of the origins of the FBI's investigation.[396][397] The origins of the probe were already being investigated by the Justice Department's inspector general and by U.S. attorney John Huber, who was appointed in 2018 by Jeff Sessions.[398] He assigned U.S. Attorney John Durham to lead it.[399]

Durham was given the authority "to broadly examin[e] the government's collection of intelligence involving the Trump campaign's interactions with Russians", reviewing government documents and requesting voluntary witness statements.[399] Trump directed the American intelligence community to "promptly provide assistance and information" to Barr, and delegated to him the "full and complete authority" to declassify any documents related to his probe.[395][400] In September 2019, it was reported that Barr has been contacting foreign governments to ask for help in this mission. He personally traveled to the United Kingdom and Italy to seek information, and at Barr's request Trump phoned the prime minister of Australia about the subject.[401]

2020 developments

On November 2, the Special Counsel's office released previously redacted portions of the Mueller report. In September, a federal judge ordered the passages disclosed in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuit filed by BuzzFeed News and the advocacy group Electronic Privacy Information Center, while allowing other portions to remain redacted.[12]

In summary, per Buzzfeed: "Although Wikileaks published emails stolen from the DNC in July and October 2016 and Stone — a close associate to Donald Trump — appeared to know in advance the materials were coming, investigators 'did not have sufficient evidence' to prove active participation in the hacks or knowledge that the electronic thefts were continuing. In addition, federal prosecutors could not establish that the hacked emails amounted to campaign contributions benefitting Trump's election chances ..."[12]

The newly released material also stated: "While the investigation developed evidence that the GRU's hacking efforts in fact were continuing at least at the time of the July 2016 WikiLeaks dissemination, ... the Office did not develop sufficient admissible evidence that WikiLeaks knew of – or even was willfully blind to – that fact." As reported by Buzzfeed, "Likewise, prosecutors faced what they called factual hurdles in pursuing Stone for the hack."[12]

On November 2, 2020, the day before the presidential election, New York magazine reported that:

According to two sources familiar with the probe, there has been no evidence found, after 18 months of investigation, to support Barr's claims that Trump was targeted by politically biased Obama officials to prevent his election. (The probe remains ongoing.) In fact, the sources said, the Durham investigation has so far uncovered no evidence of any wrongdoing by Biden or Barack Obama, or that they were even involved with the Russia investigation. There 'was no evidence … not even remotely … indicating Obama or Biden did anything wrong,' as one person put it.[402]

2022 developments

In November 2022, Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin admitted to Russian interference in U.S. elections.[403][404][405] CNN reported that "his statement appeared to be the first admission of a high-level Russian campaign to interfere in US elections from someone close to the Kremlin."[403]

In 2018, Prigozhin had been indicted along with 12 other Russian nationals and 3 Russian firms, as part of Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian election interference. In 2020, the Justice department had dismissed the indictments against Prigozhin's catering firm Concord, because the inability to punish the indicted would possibly lead to the exposure of law enforcement techniques in the process of trial. In July 2022 the State Department offered a $10 million reward for information on Prigozhin and the Internet Research Agency among other Russian interference mechanisms. Prigozhin's admission of election interference in November followed his admission of funding the Kremlin-linked far-right mercenary Wagner Group in September 2022.[404] He had also been placed on the FBI's Most Wanted list in 2021.[405]

U.S. officials were left unsurprised by the Russian oligarch's confession, which was phrased as a vague threat. "Gentlemen, we interfered, we interfere and we will interfere... Carefully, precisely, surgically and in our own way, as we know how. During our pinpoint operations, we will remove both kidneys and the liver at once."[403] Prigozhin long having been sanctioned by the United States, the timing and vagueness of his admission could include elements of disinformation, with White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre describing it as one of many Russian narratives "aimed at undermining democracy".[403] She stated the oligarch's comments "do not tell us anything new or surprising."[404]

State Department spokesman Ned Price said that "His bold confession, if anything, appears to be just a manifestation of the impunity that crooks and cronies enjoy under President Putin and the Kremlin... As you know, we have sanctioned this individual, Yevgeny Prigozhin, since 2018 for his interference with our election processes and institutions."[406][403]

On November 17, 2022, Republican political operative Jesse Benton was convicted by a federal jury for a 2016 scheme to funnel Russian money to the Donald Trump campaign. According to court documents, Benton caused a Russian foreign national to wire $100,000 to his consulting firm, of which $25,000 of the money from the Russian national was contributed to the Trump campaign.[407][408][409]

2023 developments

In December 2023, CNN reported that "a binder containing highly classified information related to Russian election interference went missing at the end of Donald Trump’s presidency, raising alarms among intelligence officials that some of the most closely guarded national security secrets from the US and its allies could be exposed [...] In the two-plus years since Trump left office, the missing intelligence does not appear to have been found. The binder contained raw intelligence the US and its NATO allies collected on Russians and Russian agents, including sources and methods that informed the US government’s assessment that Russian President Vladimir Putin sought to help Trump win the 2016 election. [...]" According to the report, in the final days of his presidency, Donald Trump intended to declassify and release publicly multiple documents related to the FBI's Russian investigation. Several copies of the binder, with varying levels of redactions ended up in the Justice Department and the National Archives, but an unredacted version went missing.[410][411][412]

Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies

During the 2016 presidential campaign and up to his inauguration, Donald J. Trump and at least 18 campaign officials and advisers had numerous contacts with Russian nationals, WikiLeaks, or intermediaries between the two. As of January 28, The New York Times had tallied more than 140 in-person meetings, phone calls, text messages, emails and private messages between the Trump campaign and Russians or WikiLeaks.[413]

In spring of 2015, U.S. intelligence agencies started overhearing conversations in which Russian government officials discussed associates of Donald Trump.[414] British and the Dutch intelligence have given information to United States intelligence about meetings in European cities between Russian officials, associates of Putin, and associates of then-president-elect Trump. American intelligence agencies also intercepted communications of Russian officials, some of them within the Kremlin, discussing contacts with Trump associates.[298] Multiple Trump associates were reported to have had contacts with senior Russian intelligence officials during 2016, although in February 2017 U.S. officials said they did not have evidence that Trump's campaign had co-operated with the Russians to influence the election.[415] As of March 2017, the FBI was investigating Russian involvement in the election, including alleged links between Trump's associates and the Russian government.[230]

Chest height portrait of man in his sixties wearing a suit and tie
Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak met with a number of U.S. officials.

In particular, Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak has met several Trump campaign members and administration nominees; the people involved have dismissed those meetings as routine conversations in preparation for assuming the presidency. Trump's team has issued at least twenty denials concerning communications between his campaign and Russian officials;[416] several of these denials turned out to be false.[417] In the early months of 2017, Trump and other senior White House officials asked the Director of National Intelligence, the NSA director, the FBI director, and two chairs of congressional committees to publicly dispute the news reports about contacts between Trump associates and Russia.[418][419]

Paul Manafort

Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort had several contacts with senior Russian intelligence officials during 2016, which he denied.[415] Intercepted communications during the campaign show that Russian officials believed they could use Manafort to influence Trump.[202] The Mueller investigation and the Senate Intelligence Committee found that, as Trump's campaign manager in August 2016, Manafort shared Trump campaign internal polling data with Ukrainian political consultant Konstantin Kilimnik, whom the Mueller Report linked to Russian intelligence, while the Intelligence Committee characterized him as a "Russian intelligence officer".[420][421] Manafort gave Kilimnik data for Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, states the Russian Internet Research Agency specifically targeted for social media and ad campaigns. Trump won those three states by narrow margins and they were key to his election.[420][422][423]

In 2017 Manafort was indicted in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on various charges arising from his consulting work for the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine before Yanukovych's overthrow in 2014, as well as in the Eastern District of Virginia for eight charges of tax and bank fraud. He was convicted of the fraud charges in August 2019 and sentenced to 47 months in prison by Judge T.S. Ellis. Although all the 2017 charges arose from the Special Counsel investigation, none of them were for any alleged collusion to interfere with U.S. elections.[424] On March 13, 2019, Judge Amy Berman Jackson sentenced Manafort to an additional 43 months in prison.[425][426] That day, New York state prosecutors also charged Manafort with sixteen state felonies.[427] On December 18, 2019, the state charges against him were dismissed because of the doctrine of double jeopardy.[428] On May 13, 2020, Manafort was released to home confinement due to the threat of COVID-19.[429] On December 23, 2020, U.S. president Donald Trump pardoned Manafort.[430]

Michael Flynn

In December 2015, retired Army general Michael Flynn was photographed at a dinner seated next to Vladimir Putin. He was in Moscow to give a paid speech which he failed to disclose as is required of former high-ranking military officers.[431] Also seated at the head table are Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and members of Putin's inner circle, including Sergei Ivanov, Dmitry Peskov, Vekselberg, and Alexey Gromov.[432][433]

In February 2016, Flynn was named as an advisor to Trump's presidential campaign. Later that year, in phone calls intercepted by U.S. intelligence, Russian officials were overheard claiming they had formed a strong relationship with Trump advisor Flynn and believed they would be able to use him to influence Trump and his team.[434]

In December 2016 Flynn, then Trump's designated choice to be National Security Advisor, and Jared Kushner met with Russian ambassador to the United States Sergey Kislyak and requested him to set up a direct, encrypted line of communication so they could communicate directly with the Kremlin without the knowledge of American intelligence agencies.[435] Three anonymous sources claimed that no such channel was actually set up.[436][437]

On December 29, 2016, the day President Obama announced sanctions against Russia, Flynn discussed the sanctions with Kislyak, urging that Russia not retaliate.[438] Flynn initially denied speaking to Kislyak, then acknowledged the conversation but denied discussing the sanctions.[439][440] When it was revealed in February 2017 that U.S. intelligence agencies had evidence, through monitoring of the ambassador's communications, that he actually had discussed the sanctions, Flynn said he couldn't remember if he did or not.[439]

Upon Trump's inauguration on January 20, 2017, he appointed Flynn his National Security Advisor. On January 24, Flynn was interviewed by the FBI. Two days later, acting Attorney General Sally Yates informed the White House that Flynn was "compromised" by the Russians and possibly open to blackmail.[441] Flynn was forced to resign as national security advisor on February 13, 2017.[440]

On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to a single felony count of making "false, fictitious and fraudulent statements" to the FBI about his conversations with Kislyak. His plea was part of a plea bargain with special counsel Robert Mueller, under which Flynn also agreed to cooperate with Mueller's investigation which lead to his sentencing being postponed several times.[442]

In June 2019, Flynn fired his initial counsel from the firm Covington and Burling and hired Sidney Powell. Powell moved to compel production of additional Brady material and newly discovered evidence in October 2019, which was denied by Sullivan in December 2019. Flynn then moved to withdraw his guilty plea in January 2020, claiming that the government had acted in bad faith and breached the plea agreement.

In May 2020, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a motion to dismiss the charge against Flynn with prejudice, asserting that it no longer believed it could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Flynn had made false statements to the FBI or that the statements, even if false, were materially false in regards to the FBI's investigation. Sullivan then appointed an amicus, John Gleeson, to prepare an argument against dismissal. Sullivan also allowed amici to file briefs regarding the dismissal motion.

Powell filed an emergency petition for a writ of mandamus in the Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, asking (1) that Judge Sullivan be ordered to grant the government's motion to dismiss, (2) for Sullivan's amicus appointment of Gleeson to be vacated, and (3) for the case be assigned to another judge for any additional proceedings. The appellate court panel assigned to the case ordered Sullivan to respond, and briefs were also filed by the DOJ and amici. In June 2020, the appeals court panel ruled 2–1 in favor of Flynn on the first two requests, and the panel unanimously rejected the third request. Judge Sullivan petitioned the Court of Appeals for an en banc rehearing, a request opposed by Flynn and the DOJ. The appellate court granted Sullivan's petition in an 8-2 decision and vacated the panel's ruling. The case was ultimately dismissed as moot on December 8, 2020, after President Trump pardoned Flynn on November 25, 2020.

George Papadopoulos

In March 2016 Donald Trump named George Papadopoulos, an oil, gas, and policy consultant, as an unpaid foreign policy advisor to his campaign. Shortly thereafter Papadopoulos was approached by Joseph Mifsud, a London-based professor with connections to high-ranking Russian officials.[443] Mifsud told him the Russians had "dirt" on Hillary Clinton in the form of "thousands of emails"[444] "apparently stolen in an effort to try to damage her campaign".[445] The two met several times in March 2016.[444] In May 2016 at a London wine bar, Papadopoulos told the top Australian diplomat to the United Kingdom, Alexander Downer, that Russia "had a dirt file on rival candidate Hillary Clinton in the form of hacked Democratic Party emails".[446] After the DNC emails were published by WikiLeaks in July, the Australian government told the FBI about Papadopoulos' revelation, leading the FBI to launch a counterintelligence investigation into the Trump campaign, known by its code name: Crossfire Hurricane,[445][447] which has been criticized by Trump as a "witch hunt".[447]

Papadopoulos' main activity during the campaign was attempting, unsuccessfully, to set up meetings between Russian officials (including Vladimir Putin) and Trump campaign officials (including Trump himself).[448] In pursuit of this goal he communicated with multiple Trump campaign officials including Sam Clovis, Paul Manafort, Rick Gates, and Corey Lewandowski.[448]

On January 27, 2017, Papadopoulos was interviewed by FBI agents.[449] On July 27, he was arrested at Washington-Dulles International Airport, and he has since been cooperating with Special Counsel Robert Mueller in his investigation.[450] On October 5, 2017, he pleaded guilty to one felony count of making false statements to FBI agents relating to contacts he had with agents of the Russian government while working for the Trump campaign.[451][452] Papadopoulos's arrest and guilty plea became public on October 30, 2017, when court documents showing the guilty plea were unsealed.[453] Papadopoulos was sentenced to 14 days in prison, 12 months supervised release, 200 hours of community service and was fined $9,500, on September 7, 2018.[454] He was later pardoned by Trump in December 2020.[455]

Veselnitskaya meeting

In June 2016, Donald Trump Jr., Paul Manafort and Jared Kushner met with Russian attorney Natalia Veselnitskaya, who was accompanied by some others, including Russian-American lobbyist Rinat Akhmetshin, after Trump Jr. was informed that Veselnitskaya could supply the Trump campaign with incriminating information about Hillary Clinton such as her dealings with the Russians.[456] The meeting was arranged following an email from British music publicist Rob Goldstone who was the manager of Emin Agalarov, son of Russian tycoon Aras Agalarov.[457][458] In the email, Goldstone said the information had come from the Russian government and "was part of a Russian government effort to help Donald Trump's presidential campaign".[457][458] Trump Jr. replied with an e-mail saying "If it's what you say I love it especially later in the summer" and arranged the meeting.[459] Trump Jr. went to the meeting expecting to receive information harmful to the Clinton campaign, but he said none was forthcoming, and instead the conversation then turned to the Magnitsky Act and the adoption of Russian children.[460]

The meeting was disclosed by The New York Times on July 8, 2017.[461][462]On the same day, Donald Trump Jr. released a statement saying it had been a short introductory meeting focused on adoption of Russian children by Americans and "not a campaign issue".[462]Later that month The Washington Post revealed that Trump Jr.'s statement had been dictated by President Donald Trump, who had overruled his staff's recommendation that the statement be transparent about the actual motivation for the meeting: the Russian government's wish to help Trump's campaign.[463]

Other Trump associates

Former Attorney General Jeff Sessions talked with the Russian ambassador during the Trump campaign and recused himself from the investigation.

Former Attorney General Jeff Sessions, an early and prominent supporter of Trump's campaign, spoke twice with Russian ambassador Kislyak before the election—once in July 2016 at the Republican convention and once in September 2016 in Sessions' Senate office. In his confirmation hearings, Sessions testified that he "did not have communications with the Russians".[464] On March 2, 2017, after this denial was revealed to have been false, Sessions recused himself from matters relating to Russia's election interference and deferred to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.[465]

Roger Stone, a former adviser to Donald Trump and business partner of Paul Manafort, said he had been in contact with Guccifer 2.0, a hacker persona believed to be a front for Russian intelligence operations, who had publicly claimed responsibility for at least one hack of the DNC.[466] During the campaign, Stone had stated repeatedly and publicly that he had "actually communicated with Julian Assange"; he later denied having done so.[467] In August 2016, Stone had cryptically tweeted "Trust me, it will soon [sic] the Podesta's time in the barrel" shortly after claiming to have been in contact with WikiLeaks and before WikiLeaks' release of the Podesta emails.[468] Stone has denied having any advance knowledge of the Podesta e-mail hack or any connection to Russian intelligence, stating that his earlier tweet was actually referring to reports of the Podesta Group's own ties to Russia.[469][470] Stone ultimately named Randy Credico, who had interviewed both Assange and Stone for a radio show, as his intermediary with Assange.[471]

In June 2018 Stone disclosed that he had met with a Russian individual during the campaign, who wanted Trump to pay two million dollars for "dirt on Hillary Clinton". This disclosure contradicted Stone's earlier claims that he had not met with any Russians during the campaign. The meeting Stone attended was set up by Donald Trump's campaign aide, Michael Caputo and is a subject of Robert Mueller's investigation.[472]

Oil industry consultant Carter Page had his communications monitored by the FBI under a FISA warrant beginning in 2014,[473] and again beginning in October 2016,[474] after he was suspected of acting as an agent for Russia. Page told The Washington Post he considered that to be "unjustified, politically motivated government surveillance".[475] Page spoke with Kislyak during the 2016 Republican National Convention, acting as a foreign policy adviser to Donald Trump.[476][477] In 2013 he had met with Viktor Podobnyy, then a junior attaché at the Russian Permanent Mission to the United Nations, at an energy conference, and provided him with documents on the U.S. energy industry.[478] Podobnyy was later charged with spying, but was protected from prosecution by diplomatic immunity.[479] The FBI interviewed Page in 2013 as part of an investigation into Podonyy's spy ring, but never accused Page of wrongdoing.[479]

The Mueller Report also found that Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (MbZ) approached Richard Gerson, a financier and Jared Kushner's friend, to arrange his meetings with Trump. A Russian businessman Kirill Dmitriev, who was close to Vladimir Putin and Blackwater founder Erik Prince, discussed a "reconciliation plan" with Gerson for the U.S. and Russia, which was later shared with Kushner. MbZ also advised Trump on the dangers of Iran and about Palestinian peace talks.[480] On January 11, 2017, UAE officials organized a meeting in the Seychelles between Prince and Dmitriev. They discussed a back channel between Trump and Putin along with Middle East policy, notably about Syria and Iran. U.S. officials said the FBI was investigating the meeting.[481][480]

Jared Kushner, President Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor, failed to disclose meetings with Russian officials.

Donald Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor, Jared Kushner, on his application for top secret security clearance, failed to disclose numerous meetings with foreign officials, including Ambassador Kislyak and Sergei Gorkov, the head of the Russian state-owned bank Vnesheconombank. Kushner's lawyers called the omissions "an error". Vnesheconombank has said the meeting was business-related, in connection with Kushner's management of Kushner Companies. However, the Trump administration provided a different explanation, saying it was a diplomatic meeting.[482]

On May 30, 2017, the House and Senate congressional panels both asked President Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen to "provide information and testimony" about any communications Cohen had with people connected to the Kremlin.[483][484] Cohen had attempted to contact Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov during the 2016 campaign, asking for help in advancing plans for a Trump Tower in Moscow.[485]

In May 2017 longtime Republican operative Peter W. Smith confirmed to The Wall Street Journal that during the 2016 campaign he had been actively involved in trying to obtain emails he believed had been hacked from Hillary Clinton's computer server.[486][487] In that quest he contacted several known hacker groups, including some Russian groups.[488] He claimed he was working on behalf of Trump campaign advisor (later national security advisor) Michael Flynn and Flynn's son.[486][489] At around the same time, there were intelligence reports that Russian hackers were trying to obtain Clinton's emails to pass to Flynn through an unnamed intermediary.[486]

Five of the hacker groups Smith contacted, including at least two Russian groups, claimed to have Clinton's emails. He was shown some information but was not convinced it was genuine, and suggested the hackers give it to WikiLeaks instead.[486] A document describing Smith's plans claimed that Flynn, Kellyanne Conway, Steve Bannon, and other campaign advisors were coordinating with him "to the extent permitted as an independent expenditure".[490][491] The White House, a campaign official, Conway, and Bannon all denied any connection with Smith's effort. British blogger Matt Tait said Smith had contacted him—curiously, around the same time Trump called for the Russians to get Hillary Clinton's missing emails—to ask him to help authenticate any materials that might be forthcoming.[489] Ten days after his interview with The Wall Street Journal, Smith committed suicide in a Minnesota hotel room, citing declining health.[492]

Steele dossier

In June 2016, Christopher Steele, a former MI6 agent, was hired by Fusion GPS to produce opposition research on Donald Trump. In October 2015, before Steele was hired, Trump's Republican political opponents had hired Fusion GPS to do opposition research on Trump. When they stopped their funding, Fusion GPS hired Steele to continue that research, but with more focus on Trump's Russian connections. In the beginning, Steele did not know the identities of Fusion GPS's ultimate clients, which were no longer Republicans, but the Democratic National Committee and Clinton campaign. His reports, based on information provided by his witting and unwitting Russian sources and sources close to the Trump campaign, included alleged kompromat that may make Trump vulnerable to blackmail from Russia.

In October 2016, a 33-page compilation was shared with Mother Jones magazine, which described some of its contents, but other mainstream media would not report on it because they could not confirm the material's credibility.[493] In December 2016, two more pages were added alleging efforts by Trump's lawyer to pay those who had hacked the DNC and arranging to cover up any evidence of their deeds.[229][494] On January 5, 2017, U.S. intelligence agencies briefed President Obama and President-elect Trump on the existence of these documents.[495] Eventually, the dossier was published in full by BuzzFeed News on January 10.[496][497]

In October 2016, the FBI used the dossier as part of its justification to obtain a FISA warrant to resume monitoring of former Trump foreign policy advisor Carter Page. However, officials would not say exactly what or how much of the dossier was actually corroborated.[498]

John Brennan and James Clapper testified to Congress that Steele's dossier played no role in the January 6, 2017, intelligence community assessment (ICA) of the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections,[499][500] testimony which was reaffirmed by an April 2020 bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee report that found the dossier was not used to "support any of its analytic judgments".[501]

There were conflicting opinions between the FBI and CIA on whether to include any of the dossier's allegations in the body of the ICA report, with the FBI pushing for inclusion, and the CIA countering that the dossier "was not completely vetted and did not merit inclusion in the body of the report". After much discussion, the CIA prevailed,[502] and the final ICA report only included a short summary of Steele's reporting in the "highly classified" Annex A.[503][504]: 7  There were other reasons to not include it, and CNN wrote that:

The intelligence agencies, particularly the CIA, and the FBI took Steele’s research seriously enough that they kept it out of a publicly-released January report on Russian meddling in the election in order to not divulge which parts of the dossier they had corroborated and how. ... And if that report included the dossier allegations, the intelligence community would have to say which parts it had corroborated and how. That would compromise sources and methods, including information shared by foreign intelligence services, intelligence officials believed.[505]

Investigations

In December 2019, Switzerland extradited Russian businessman Vladislav Klyushin to the United States, where it was reported that he would face questions about the Russian government's interference in the 2016 election, though the US Government has not publicly implicated him.[506]

Commentary and reactions

Public opinion

Polls conducted in early January 2017 showed that 55% of respondents believed Russia interfered in the election;[507] 51% believed Russia intervened through hacking.[508] As of February 2017 public-opinion polls showed a partisan split on the importance of Russia's involvement in the 2016 election.[509] The broader issue of the Trump administration's relationship with Russia didn't register among the most important problems facing the U.S.[510] An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll found that 53 percent wanted a Congressional inquiry into communications in 2016 between the Trump campaign and Russian officials.[511] Quinnipiac University found that 47 percent thought it was very important.[512] A March 2017 poll conducted by the Associated Press and NORC found about 62% of respondents say they are at least moderately concerned about the possibility that Trump or his campaign had inappropriate contacts with Russia during the 2016 campaign.[513]

A January 2017 poll conducted by the Levada Center, Russia's largest independent polling organization, showed that only 12% of Russian respondents believed Russia "definitely" or "probably" interfered in the U.S. election.[514] A December 2017 survey conducted by the Levada Center found that 31% of Russian respondents thought their government tried to influence U.S. domestic affairs in a significant way.[515]

A Quinnipiac University poll conducted in late March and early April 2017 found that 68% of voters supported "an independent commission investigating the potential links between some of Donald Trump's campaign advisors and the Russian government".[516] An April 2017 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll found that respondents had little confidence in Congress's investigation into the Russian interference in the election. The poll found that approximately 73% supported a "nonpartisan, independent commission" to look into Russia's involvement in the election.[517] An ABC News/Washington Post poll conducted in April 2017 found that 56 percent of respondents thought Russia tried to influence the election.[518]

A May 2017 Monmouth University poll, conducted after the dismissal of James Comey, found that "nearly 6-in-10 Americans thought it was either very (40%) or somewhat (19%) likely that Comey was fired in order to slow down or stop the FBI investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election and possible links with the Trump campaign." Like other recent opinion polls, a majority, 73%, said that the FBI investigation should continue.[519]

A June 2017 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll found that respondents were more likely to believe James Comey over Trump when it came to their differing accounts behind the reasons for Comey's dismissal. The survey found that 45% of respondents were more likely to believe Comey than Trump. The poll also found that the number of respondents disapproving of Trump's decision to fire Comey, 46%, was higher than when the same question was asked in May of the same year. 53% of respondents said that they believed that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election, however the number changes by party affiliation. 78% of Democrats said that they believed there was interference, versus 26% of Republicans who agreed.[520] An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist College poll conducted in late June 2017 found that 54% of respondents believed that Trump either did "something illegal" or "something unethical, but not illegal" in his dealings with Russian president Vladimir Putin. The poll found that 73% of Republicans said Trump himself has done "nothing wrong" while 41% of Democrats believed that Trump did something that was illegal. In addition, 47% said that they thought Russia was a major threat to future U.S. elections, while 13% of respondents said that Russia posed no threat at all.[521]

A July 2017 ABC News/Washington Post poll found that 63% of respondents said that it "was inappropriate for Trump's son, son-in-law and campaign manager to have met with a Russian lawyer during the campaign." The poll also found that six in ten overall who think that Russia tried to influence the election, with 72% saying that they thought that Trump benefited and that "67 percent thought that members of his campaign intentionally helped those efforts."[522]

Polls conducted in August 2017 found widespread disapproval and distrust of Trump's handling of the investigation. A CNN/SSRS poll conducted in early August found that only 31% of respondents approved of Trump's handling of the matter. The poll also noted that 60% of adults "thought that it was a serious matter that should be fully investigated." On party lines, the poll found that 15% of Democrats and 56% of Republicans approved of Trump's handling of the matter.[523] A Gallup poll from the same month found similar trends. The poll found that 25% of respondents said Trump acted illegally in dealings with the Russians. The poll found that 6% of Republicans and Republican-leaners thought Trump did something illegal in his dealings with the Russians.[524] A poll conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute found that 58% of respondents expressed a negative view of Russia, while 25% had a favorable view of the country. The poll also found that 48% believed "there is clear evidence that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to help the Trump campaign."[525] The broader issue of the Trump administration's relationship with Russia, however, was not identified by more than one percent of respondents in Gallup tracking of 'Most Important Problem' at any point since February 2017. (As of July 2018, it was less than half a percent.)[510]

A July 2018 an online Ipsos poll found that 60% of American believed that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election with 85% of democrats and 53% of Independents believing so compared to 46% of Republicans. 66% of democrats approved of the special counsel investigation compared to 32% of Republicans and 36% of Independents. In addition 75% of republicans believed the special counsel investigation was the result of anti-Trump bias. Compared to 32% of democrats and 36% of independents.[526]

A July 2018 Ipsos/Reuters poll found that 56% of Americans believed that Russia did interfere in support of Trump.[527]

A March 2019 poll released after reports of the findings of the Mueller report found that 48% of respondents said they believed "Trump or someone from his campaign worked with Russia to influence the 2016 election"; 53% said "Trump tried to stop investigations into Russian influence on his administration"; and "Democrats [were] much more likely than Republicans to believe that Trump colluded with Russia and obstructed justice." In addition, 39% of respondents felt that Trump "should be impeached", while 49% said that he should not.[528]

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton said Vladimir Putin held a grudge against her due to her criticism of the 2011 Russian legislative election.[529]

On December 15, 2016, Hillary Clinton said she partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin.[530] Clinton said Putin had a personal grudge against her. She linked Putin's feelings about her to her criticism of the 2011 Russian legislative election, adding that he felt she was responsible for fomenting the 2011–13 Russian protests.[529] Clinton drew a specific connection from her 2011 assertions as U.S. Secretary of State that Putin rigged the Russian elections that year to his efforts to influence the 2016 U.S. elections.[531] During the third presidential debate, Clinton had stated that Putin favored Trump "because he'd rather have a puppet as president of the United States".[532] Clinton said that by personally attacking her through meddling in the election, Putin attacked the American democratic system.[530] She said the Russian cyberattacks did not just affect her candidacy, but were an attempt to attack the national security of the United States.[529] Clinton acknowledged that she was unsuccessful in sufficiently publicizing to the media the cyberattacks against her campaign in the months leading up to the election.[531] She voiced her support for a proposal put forth by Senators from both parties, to set up an investigative panel to look into the matter akin to the 9/11 Commission.[531]

Republican National Committee

Chief of staff-designate for Trump and outgoing RNC Chairman Reince Priebus said in December 2016 that he still didn't know who hacked the DNC's computer servers.[139]

The RNC said there was no intrusion into its servers, while acknowledging email accounts of individual Republicans (including Colin Powell) were breached. More than 200 emails from Colin Powell were posted on the website DC Leaks.[136][138] Priebus appeared on Meet the Press on December 11, 2016, and discounted the CIA conclusions. Priebus said the FBI had investigated and found that RNC servers had not been hacked.[137]

Donald Trump

Trump's transition team dismissed the U.S. Intelligence Community's conclusions.
Trump and Putin answering questions from journalists on July 16, 2018. Video from the White House

Prior to his presidential run, Donald Trump made statements to Fox News in 2014 in which he agreed with an assessment by then FBI director James Comey about hacking against the U.S. by Russia and China.[533] Trump was played a clip of Comey from 60 Minutes discussing the dangers of cyber attacks.[533] Trump stated he agreed with the problem of cyber threats posed by China, and went on to emphasize there was a similar problem towards the U.S. posed by Russia.[533]

In September 2016, during the first presidential debate, Trump said he doubted whether anyone knew who hacked the DNC, and disputed Russian interference.[534] During the second debate, Trump said there might not have been hacking at all, and questioned why accountability was placed on Russia.[535]

During the third debate, Trump rejected Clinton's claim that Putin favored Trump.[532] Trump's words "our country has no idea" and "I doubt it" were deeply shocking to the British because "all NATO allies" and "all of America's intelligence agencies" were "sure Russia was behind the hacking", according to Kurt Eichenwald of Newsweek. Trump denied these conclusions "based on absolutely nothing. ... That he would so aggressively fight to clear Putin and cast aspersions on all Western intelligence agencies, left the British officials slack-jawed."[536]

After the election, Trump rejected the CIA analysis and asserted that the reports were politically motivated to deflect from the Democrats' electoral defeat.[537] Trump's transition team said in a brief statement: "These are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction."[538][136] However, the intelligence analysts involved in monitoring Russian activities were different from those who assessed that Iraq had stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, while post-Iraq War reforms have made it less likely for similar errors to reach the highest levels of the U.S. intelligence community.[539] Trump dismissed reports of Russia's interference, calling them "ridiculous"; he placed blame on Democrats upset over election results for publicizing these reports,[540] and cited Julian Assange's statement that "a 14-year-old kid could have hacked Podesta".[541] After Obama expelled 35 Russian diplomats and announced further sanctions on Russia, Trump commended Putin for refraining from retaliatory measures against the United States until the Trump administration would lay out its policy towards Russia.[542]

Excerpt of Trump at a press conference on January 11, 2017

On January 6, 2017, after meeting with members of U.S. intelligence agencies, Trump released a statement saying: cyberwarfare had no impact on the election and did not harm voting machines. In the same statement, he vowed to form a national cybersecurity task force to prepare an anti-hacking plan within 90 days of taking office.[543] Referring to the Office of Personnel Management data breach in 2015, Trump said he was under a "political witch hunt" and wondered why there was no focus on China.[544] Two days later, Reince Priebus said Trump had begun to acknowledge that "entities in Russia" were involved in the DNC leaks.[545] On January 11, 2017, Trump conceded that Russia was probably the source of the leaks, although he also said it could have been another country.[546][547]

On November 11, 2017, after meeting Vladimir Putin at a summit in Vietnam, Trump said, "I just asked him again. He said he absolutely did not meddle in our election. ... Every time he sees me he says: 'I didn't do that,' and I really believe that when he tells me that, he means it."[548] Trump went on to contrast Putin's "very strongly, vehemently" spoken denials with the word of American former intelligence officials who he termed as "political hacks": John Brennan, James Clapper, and the "liar" and "leaker" James Comey.[549] But a day later, when asked to clarify his comments, Trump said, "As to whether I believe it or not, I'm with our [intelligence] agencies, especially as currently constituted."[550] Brennan and Clapper, appearing on CNN, expressed concern that Trump was "giving Putin a pass" and showing the Russian leader that "Donald Trump can be played by foreign leaders who are going to appeal to his ego and try to play upon his insecurities."[551]

In 2019, The Washington Post revealed that (according to former officials) in May 2017 Trump had privately told Russian officials Sergey Lavrov and Sergey Kislyak he wasn't concerned about Russia interfering in American elections.[352][552] In early October 2022, The New York Times reported that Trump had retained secret government documents found by the FBI at his Mar-a-Lago domicile earlier the same year with the intention of pressuring the agency into trading them for files allegedly substantiating his claims that any Russian interference during the election was a "hoax", as he had constantly maintained in public.[553]

Trump viewed as under Putin's influence

Brennan did not say there was no evidence of collusion. He made clear he had been alarmed by the extent of contacts between the Trump team and Moscow....Brennan stressed repeatedly that collusion may have been unwitting, at least at first as Russian intelligence was deft at disguising its approaches to would-be agents. "Frequently, individuals on a treasonous path do not even realize they're on that path until it gets to be too late", he said.
- "Ex-CIA chief: Trump staff had enough contact with Russia to justify FBI inquiry"[554]

The Steele dossier alleges that the Russians have kompromat on Trump which could be used to blackmail him, and that the Kremlin promised the kompromat will not be used as long as he continues his cooperation with them.[555][556] Trump's actions at the Helsinki summit in 2018 "led many to conclude that Steele's report was more accurate than not. ... Trump sided with the Russians over the U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Moscow had waged an all-out attack on the 2016 election ... The joint news conference ... cemented fears among some that Trump was in Putin's pocket and prompted bipartisan backlash."[557]

At the joint news conference, when asked directly about the subject, Putin denied that he had any kompromat on Trump. Even though Trump was reportedly given a "gift from Putin" the weekend of the pageant, Putin argued "that he did not even know Trump was in Russia for the Miss Universe pageant in 2013 when, according to the Steele dossier, video of Trump was secretly recorded to blackmail him."[558]

In reaction to Trump's actions at the summit, Senator Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) spoke in the Senate:

Millions of Americans will continue to wonder if the only possible explanation for this dangerous and inexplicable behavior is the possibility—the very real possibility—that President Putin holds damaging information over President Trump.[559]

Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's performance at the summit. They described it as "subservien[ce] to Putin" and a "fervent defense of Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in Ukraine" which they saw as "harmful to U.S. interests". They also suggested that he was either a "Russian asset" or a "useful idiot" for Putin,[560] and that he looked like "Putin's puppet".[561] Former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",[562] and former CIA director John O. Brennan, who has accused Trump of "treason", tweeted: "He is wholly in the pocket of Putin."[563]

Former acting CIA director Michael Morell has called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian federation", and former CIA director Michael V. Hayden said Trump was a "useful fool" who is "manipulated by Moscow".[564] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi questioned Trump's loyalty when she asked him: "[Why do] all roads lead to Putin?"[565]

Ynet, an Israeli online news site, reported on January 12, 2017, that U.S. intelligence had advised Israeli intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the incoming Trump administration, until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully investigated.[566]

Ex-spy Yuri Shvets, who was a partner of the assassinated Alexander Litvinenko, believes that the KGB cultivated Trump as an asset for over 40 years.[567] Yuri Shvets, a source for journalist Craig Unger, compared the former president to the Cambridge Five who passed secrets to Moscow. Shvets believes that Semyon Kislin was a "spotter agent" who identified Trump as an asset in 1980. Among other things Shvets highlights Trump's visit to the Soviet Union in 1987.[568] Yuri Shvets believes Trump was fed KGB talking points. For example, after Trump's return to New York, Trump took out full-page ads in major newspapers criticizing American allies and spending on NATO. Yuri Shvets claims that at the chief KGB directorate in Yasenevo, he received a cable celebrating the ad as a successful "active measure".[568] Shvets described the Mueller Report as a "big disappointment" because it focused only on "crime-related issues" rather than "counterintelligence aspects".[568]

Journalist Luke Harding argued that Trump's visit to the Soviet Union in 1987 was arranged by the KGB as part of KGB overtures to recruit a wider variety of agents.[569]

Mike Pence

In an interview on February 14, 2018, Pence said, "Irrespective of efforts that were made in 2016 by foreign powers, it is the universal conclusion of our intelligence communities that none of those efforts had any impact on the outcome of the 2016 election."[328] (In fact, in January 2017 the intelligence community had published a statement saying, "We did not make an assessment of the impact that Russian activities had on the outcome of the 2016 election.")[330] Pence added, "It doesn't mean that there weren't efforts, and we do know there were—there were efforts by Russia and likely by other countries. We take that very seriously."[328]

Intelligence community

The CIA assessment, and Trump's dismissal of it, created an unprecedented rupture between the president-elect and the intelligence community.[570][571][572] On December 11, 2016, U.S. intelligence officials responded to Trump's denunciation of their findings in a written statement, and expressed dismay that Trump disputed their conclusions as politically motivated or inaccurate. They wrote that intelligence officials were motivated to defend U.S. national security.[570] Members of the intelligence community feared reprisals from Donald Trump once he took office.[573]

Former CIA Director Michael Morell said foreign interference in U.S. elections was an existential threat.[574] Former CIA spokesman George E. Little condemned Trump for dismissing the CIA assessment, saying the president-elect's atypical response was disgraceful and denigrated the courage of those who serve in the CIA at risk to their own lives.[575]

Former NSA director and CIA director Michael V. Hayden posited that Trump's antagonizing the Intelligence Community signaled the administration would rely less on intelligence for policy-making.[576] Independent presidential candidate and former CIA intelligence officer Evan McMullin criticized the Republican leadership for failing to respond adequately to Russia's meddling in the election process.[577] McMullin said Republican politicians were aware that publicly revealed information about Russia's interference was likely the tip of the iceberg relative to the actual threat.[577] Former NSA director Michael V. Hayden has stated that Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election is the "most successful covert influence operation in history".[578] Hayden went further saying that Trump was a "useful fool ... manipulated by Moscow".[579]

A January 2017 report by the Director of National Intelligence said that the intelligence community did "not make an assessment of the impact that Russian activities had on the outcome of the 2016 election". Despite this, CIA Director Mike Pompeo claimed that "the Russian meddling that took place did not affect the outcome of the election" at an event hosted by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies on October 19, 2017. CIA agency spokesman Dean Boyd withdrew his remarks the next day saying they had been made in error.[331]

Electoral College

On December 10, 2016, ten electors, headed by Christine Pelosi, daughter of former United States Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), wrote an open letter to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper demanding an intelligence briefing on investigations into foreign intervention in the presidential election.[580][581] Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[581] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[582] The Clinton campaign supported the call for a classified briefing for electors.[583] On December 16, 2016, the briefing request was denied.[584]

Russia

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov called American accusations "nonsense".[32]

The Russian government initially issued categorical denials of any involvement in the U.S. presidential election.[33] By June 2016, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied any connection of Russian government to the DNC hacks that had been blamed on Russia.[31][585] At the Valdai Discussion Club forum in October 2016, Putin denounced American "hysteria" over alleged Russian interference.[16]

When a new intelligence report surfaced in December 2016, Sergey Lavrov, Foreign Minister of Russia, rejected the accusations again.[32][20] During a press conference, Putin deflected questions on the issue by accusing the U.S. Democratic Party of scapegoating Russia after losing the presidential election.[134][586]

In June 2017, Putin said that "patriotically minded" Russian hackers could have been responsible for the cyberattacks against the U.S. during the 2016 campaign, while continuing to deny government involvement.[33] Putin's comments echoed similar remarks that he had made earlier the same week to the French newspaper Le Figaro.[33] A few days later he said, "Presidents come and go, and even the parties in power change, but the main political direction does not change. That's why, in the grand scheme of things, we don't care who's the head of the United States. We know more or less what is going to happen. And so in this regard, even if we wanted to, it wouldn't make sense for us to interfere."[587] Putin also invoked whataboutism and criticized U.S. foreign policy, saying, "Put your finger anywhere on a map of the world, and everywhere you will hear complaints that American officials are interfering in internal electoral processes."[587]

In March 2018 Putin suggested that "Ukrainians, Tatars, Jews, just with Russian citizenship" might have been to blame for interfering with U.S. elections, and suggested that "maybe it was the Americans who paid them for this work".[588][589] Putin's statement was criticized by the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee; both likened his comments to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic hoax first published in Russia in the early 20th century.[590][591] Boruch Gorin, a prominent rabbi in Moscow, said that the translation of Putin's comment into English lacked critical nuance and that Russian Jews were largely indifferent to it.[592]

Columbia Journalism Review

In a 2023 4-part series in the Columbia Journalism Review, Jeff Gerth, Pulitzer Prize winning investigative reporter, reassessed the role of the press in reporting on Trump's role in the Russian interference and said the coverage "includes serious flaws."[593] Multiple mainstream sources pushed back against Gerth's assertions, among them David Corn,[594] Joe Conason,[595] Jonathan Chait,[596] Rachel Maddow,[597] Cathy Young,[598] Dan Kennedy,[599] and Duncan Campbell.[600]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Similar reports were published by ABC News,[5] CBS News,[18] NBC News,[19] and Reuters.[20]
  2. ^ In 2001, the U.S. government expelled 51 Russian diplomats from the country in retaliation for Moscow's alleged recruitment of FBI special agent Robert Hanssen.[302]

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  588. ^ Putin says Jews, Ukrainians, Tatars could be behind U.S. election meddling, Associated Press (March 10, 2018).
  589. ^ Alana Abramson, Putin Criticized for Remarks Insinuating Jews and Other Minority Groups Could Be Behind U.S. Election Interference, Time (March 11, 2018).
  590. ^ Avi Selk, Putin condemned for saying Jews may have manipulated U.S. election, The Washington Post (March 11, 2018).
  591. ^ "Why some Jews in Russia don't think Putin's comment about them was anti-Semitic". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 12, 2018.
  592. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Gerth, Jeff (January 30, 2023). "The press versus the president, part one". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
    • Gerth, Jeff (January 30, 2023). "The press versus the president, part two". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
    • Gerth, Jeff (January 30, 2023). "The press versus the president, part three". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
    • Gerth, Jeff (January 30, 2023). "The press versus the president, part four". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved February 8, 2023. My main conclusion is that journalism's primary missions, informing the public and holding powerful interests accountable, have been undermined by the erosion of journalistic norms and the media's own lack of transparency about its work.
  593. ^ Corn, David (February 2, 2023). "Columbia Journalism Review's Big Fail: It Published 24,000 Words on Russiagate and Missed the Point". Mother Jones. Retrieved February 8, 2023. Gerth "missed the point" and bolstered "Trump's phony narrative...Ultimately Gerth does a disservice by failing to cast Russiagate accurately. Putin's attack succeeded, with help from Trump and his crew. That has always been the big story."
  594. ^ Conason, Joe (February 4, 2023). "The Reporter Who Hyped Whitewater Now Backs Trump On 'Russiagate'". The National Memo. Retrieved February 10, 2023. His former colleagues are said to be seething with fury at him...because Gerth has betrayed basic journalistic standards....Gerth is perpetuating the coverup....[Trump] helped an adversary sabotage an American election.
  595. ^ Chait, Jonathan (February 9, 2023). "Columbia Journalism Review Had a Different Russiagate Story - and Spiked It". New York. Retrieved February 10, 2023. This is a triumph of spin.... Yes, some of the reporting, as you would expect of a sprawling investigation, was wrong. And some expectations of where the scandal would go from opinion journalists were wrong, too...Still, the investigation produced extensive evidence of misconduct....In the main, the broad suspicion of the investigation — that Trump's pattern of oddly Russophilic statements might be explained by some hidden partnership — proved to be correct.
  596. ^ Maddow, Rachel (February 3, 2023). "Friday's Mini-Report, 2.3.23". MSNBC. Retrieved February 10, 2023. I wish I knew why the Columbia Journalism Review published such an unfortunate piece on such an important issue: "Misdirection, an essential tool for magicians, is not usually a component of media criticism. But in a lengthy critique of the coverage of the Trump-Russia scandal published this week by the Columbia Journalism Review, veteran investigative reporter Jeff Gerth deflects attention from the core components of Russiagate, mirroring Donald Trump's own efforts of the past six years to escape accountability for his profound betrayal of the nation.
  597. ^ Young, Cathy (February 9, 2023). "Why 'Russiagate' Skeptics Are Cackling—But Shouldn't Be". The Bulwark. Retrieved February 10, 2023. As Corn puts it: 'With this confab, Team Trump signaled to Moscow that it was willing to accept Putin's covert assistance. It did not report to the FBI or anyone else that the Kremlin was aiming to intervene in the election. This may not have been collusion; it was complicity.'
  598. ^ Kennedy, Dan (February 9, 2023). "The CJR's critique of 'Russia Russia Russia' coverage is all trees, no forest". Media Nation. Retrieved February 10, 2023. Gerth has shown that the press, and especially the Times, was not as careful as it should have been in reporting on Russia Russia Russia. And yes, details matter. But the notion that Trump was a victim of bad reporting with regard to Russia is just nonsense. In the end, Gerth has produced a report that's all trees, no forest.
  599. ^ Campbell, Duncan (February 7, 2023). "Who Watches the Watchdog? The CJR's Russia Problem". Byline Times. Retrieved February 10, 2023.

Further reading

External links

  1. ^ "Agentes del Caos, una mirada oportuna y reveladora a la interferencia de Rusia en las elecciones de 2016, de cara a las elecciones de 2020, se estrena el 23 de septiembre". WarnerMedia . 23 de agosto de 2020 . Consultado el 24 de septiembre de 2020 .