stringtranslate.com

Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)

El Partido Republicano , también conocido como GOP ( Grand Old Party ), es uno de los dos principales partidos políticos contemporáneos de los Estados Unidos . Surgió como el principal rival político del entonces dominante Partido Demócrata a mediados de la década de 1850, y los dos partidos han dominado la política estadounidense desde entonces.

El partido fue fundado en 1854 por activistas antiesclavistas que se oponían a la Ley Kansas-Nebraska , una ley que permitía la posible expansión de la esclavitud en los territorios occidentales de Kansas y Nebraska. [19] Apoyó el liberalismo clásico y la reforma económica [20] al tiempo que se oponía a la expansión de la esclavitud en los territorios libres. El partido inicialmente tuvo una presencia muy limitada en el Sur , pero tuvo éxito en el Norte. En 1858, había reclutado a la mayoría de los antiguos Whigs y antiguos Free Soilers para formar mayorías en casi todos los estados del norte. Los sureños blancos se alarmaron por la amenaza a la trata de esclavos . Con la elección de 1860 de Abraham Lincoln , el primer presidente republicano, los estados del Sur se separaron de los Estados Unidos.

Bajo el liderazgo de Lincoln y un Congreso republicano, el Partido Republicano lideró la lucha para derrotar a los Estados Confederados en la Guerra Civil estadounidense , preservando la Unión y aboliendo la esclavitud . Después, el partido dominó en gran medida la escena política nacional hasta la Gran Depresión en la década de 1930, cuando perdió sus mayorías en el Congreso y los programas del New Deal de los demócratas resultaron populares. La elección de Dwight D. Eisenhower fue una ruptura poco común entre los presidentes demócratas y presidió un período de mayor prosperidad económica después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Su ex vicepresidente Richard Nixon ganó 49 estados en 1972 con lo que promocionó como su mayoría silenciosa . La elección de Ronald Reagan en 1980 realineó la política nacional, reuniendo a los defensores de la economía de libre mercado, los conservadores sociales y los halcones de la política exterior de la Guerra Fría bajo la bandera republicana. [21] Desde 2009, el partido se ha enfrentado a un faccionalismo significativo dentro de sus propias filas y ha virado hacia el populismo de derecha . [a]

En el siglo XXI, el Partido Republicano recibe su mayor apoyo de los votantes rurales , cristianos evangélicos , hombres , ciudadanos mayores y votantes blancos sin títulos universitarios . [31] En cuestiones económicas, el partido ha mantenido una actitud pro empresarial desde su inicio. Apoya los impuestos bajos y la desregulación, al tiempo que se opone al socialismo , los sindicatos y la atención médica de pagador único . [32] [28] La facción populista apoya el proteccionismo económico , incluidos los aranceles . [33] [34] En cuestiones sociales, aboga por restringir la legalidad del aborto , desalentar y a menudo prohibir el uso recreativo de drogas , promover la posesión de armas y aliviar las restricciones a las armas , y oponerse al movimiento por los derechos de las personas transgénero . En política exterior, el establishment del partido es neoconservador , mientras que la facción populista apoya el aislacionismo y en algunos casos el no intervencionismo .

Historia

Siglo XIX

El Partido Republicano celebró su primera Convención Nacional Republicana en el Musical Fund Hall en 808 Locust Street en Filadelfia del 17 al 19 de junio de 1856, nominando a John C. Frémont como su candidato presidencial en las elecciones presidenciales de 1856 .
Charles R. Jennison , líder de una milicia antiesclavista asociada con los Jayhawkers de Kansas y uno de los primeros políticos republicanos de la región.

En 1854, el Partido Republicano fue fundado en el norte de los Estados Unidos por fuerzas opuestas a la expansión de la esclavitud , ex Whigs y ex Free Soilers . El Partido Republicano rápidamente se convirtió en la principal oposición al dominante Partido Demócrata y al brevemente popular Partido Know Nothing . El partido surgió de la oposición a la Ley Kansas-Nebraska , que derogó el Compromiso de Misuri y abrió los Territorios de Kansas y Nebraska a la esclavitud y la futura admisión como estados esclavistas. [35] [36] Denunciaron la expansión de la esclavitud como un gran mal, pero no pidieron su abolición completa , incluso en los estados del Sur. Si bien la oposición a la expansión de la esclavitud fue el principio fundador más importante del partido, al igual que el Partido Whig al que reemplazó, los republicanos también pidieron la modernización económica y social . [37]

En la primera reunión pública del movimiento anti-Nebraska el 20 de marzo de 1854, en la Little White Schoolhouse en Ripon, Wisconsin , se propuso el nombre "Republicano" como el nombre del partido. [38] El nombre fue elegido en parte para rendir homenaje al Partido Demócrata-Republicano de Thomas Jefferson . [39] La primera convención oficial del partido se celebró el 6 de julio de 1854, en Jackson, Michigan . [40]

El partido surgió del gran realineamiento político de mediados de la década de 1850, unido en posturas procapitalistas con miembros que a menudo valoraban el radicalismo . [41] El historiador William Gienapp sostiene que el gran realineamiento de la década de 1850 comenzó antes del colapso de los Whigs, y no fue causado por políticos sino por votantes a nivel local. Las fuerzas centrales eran etnoculturales, involucrando tensiones entre protestantes pietistas versus católicos litúrgicos , luteranos y episcopalianos con respecto al catolicismo, la prohibición y el nativismo . El Know Nothing Party encarnaba las fuerzas sociales en acción, pero su débil liderazgo fue incapaz de solidificar su organización, y los republicanos lo desmantelaron. El nativismo era tan poderoso que los republicanos no pudieron evitarlo, pero lo minimizaron y dirigieron la ira de los votantes contra la amenaza de que los dueños de esclavos compraran las buenas tierras agrícolas dondequiera que se permitiera la esclavitud. El realineamiento fue poderoso porque obligó a los votantes a cambiar de partido, como lo ejemplificó el ascenso y caída de los Know Nothings, el ascenso del Partido Republicano y las divisiones en el Partido Demócrata. [42] [43]

En la primera Convención Nacional del Partido Republicano en 1856 , celebrada en el Musical Fund Hall de Filadelfia , el partido adoptó una plataforma nacional que enfatizaba la oposición a la expansión de la esclavitud en los territorios libres. [44] Aunque el candidato republicano John C. Frémont perdió las elecciones presidenciales de ese año ante el demócrata James Buchanan , Buchanan logró ganar solo cuatro de los catorce estados del norte y ganó en su estado natal de Pensilvania solo por un estrecho margen. [45] [46] A los republicanos les fue mejor en las elecciones locales y del Congreso, pero los candidatos de Know Nothing obtuvieron una cantidad significativa de escaños, lo que creó un incómodo arreglo tripartito. A pesar de la pérdida de la presidencia y la falta de mayoría en el Congreso de los EE. UU ., los republicanos pudieron orquestar un presidente republicano de la Cámara de Representantes , que fue para Nathaniel P. Banks . El historiador James M. McPherson escribe sobre la presidencia de Banks que "si hubo un momento que marcó el nacimiento del Partido Republicano, fue este". [47]

Abraham Lincoln , el decimosexto presidente (1861-1865) y primer republicano en ocupar el cargo

Los republicanos estaban ansiosos por las elecciones de 1860. [ 48] El ex representante de los EE. UU. por Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, pasó varios años construyendo apoyo dentro del partido, haciendo una intensa campaña por Frémont en 1856 y presentándose como candidato al Senado en 1858 , perdiendo ante el demócrata Stephen A. Douglas pero ganando atención nacional por los debates Lincoln-Douglas que produjo. [46] [49] En la Convención Nacional Republicana de 1860 , Lincoln consolidó el apoyo entre los opositores del senador estadounidense de Nueva York William H. Seward , un feroz abolicionista que algunos republicanos temían que fuera demasiado radical para estados cruciales como Pensilvania e Indiana , así como entre aquellos que desaprobaban su apoyo a los inmigrantes irlandeses. [48] Lincoln ganó en la tercera votación y finalmente fue elegido presidente en las elecciones generales en una revancha contra Douglas. Lincoln no había estado en la boleta electoral en ningún estado del Sur, e incluso si el voto para los demócratas no se hubiera dividido entre Douglas, John C. Breckinridge y John Bell , los republicanos igualmente habrían ganado pero sin el voto popular . [48] Este resultado electoral ayudó a iniciar la Guerra Civil estadounidense , que duró desde 1861 hasta 1865. [50]

Las elecciones presidenciales de 1864 unieron a los demócratas de guerra con el Partido Republicano en apoyo de Lincoln y del senador demócrata de Tennessee Andrew Johnson , que se postuló para presidente y vicepresidente en la lista del Partido de la Unión Nacional ; [45] Lincoln fue reelegido. [51] En junio de 1865, la esclavitud había muerto en los antiguos Estados Confederados , pero seguía siendo legal en algunos estados fronterizos. Bajo el liderazgo republicano del Congreso, la Decimotercera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos —que prohibía la esclavitud, excepto como castigo por un delito— fue aprobada por el Senado el 8 de abril de 1864, la Cámara de Representantes el 31 de enero de 1865 y fue ratificada por los 27 estados requeridos de los entonces 36 el 6 de diciembre de 1865. [52]

La reconstrucción, el patrón oro y la Edad Dorada

Ulysses S. Grant , el decimoctavo presidente (1869-1877)

Los republicanos radicales durante la presidencia de Lincoln sintieron que era demasiado moderado en sus esfuerzos por erradicar la esclavitud y se opusieron a su plan del diez por ciento . Los republicanos radicales aprobaron la Ley Wade-Davis en 1864, que buscaba imponer la toma del Juramento de Hierro para todos los ex confederados. Lincoln vetó el proyecto de ley, creyendo que pondría en peligro la reintegración pacífica de los ex estados confederados. [53]

Tras el asesinato de Lincoln , Johnson ascendió a la presidencia y fue deplorado por los republicanos radicales. Johnson fue vitriólico en sus críticas a los republicanos radicales durante una gira nacional antes de las elecciones de 1866. [54] Los republicanos anti-Johnson obtuvieron una mayoría de dos tercios en ambas cámaras del Congreso después de las elecciones, lo que ayudó a abrir el camino hacia su destitución y casi expulsión del cargo en 1868, [54] el mismo año en que el ex general del ejército de la Unión Ulysses S. Grant fue elegido como el próximo presidente republicano .

Grant era un republicano radical, lo que creó cierta división dentro del partido. El senador de Massachusetts Charles Sumner y el senador de Illinois Lyman Trumbull se opusieron a la mayoría de sus políticas reconstruccionistas . [55] Otros cuestionaron la corrupción a gran escala presente en la administración de Grant , con la facción emergente Stalwart defendiendo a Grant y el sistema de botín , y los Half-Breeds abogando por la reforma del servicio civil . [56] Los republicanos que se oponían a Grant se separaron para formar el Partido Republicano Liberal , nominando a Horace Greeley en la elección presidencial de 1872. El Partido Demócrata intentó capitalizar esta división en el Partido Republicano al co-nominar a Greeley bajo la bandera de su partido. Las posiciones de Greeley resultaron inconsistentes con las del Partido Republicano Liberal que lo nominó, ya que Greeley apoyó aranceles altos a pesar de la oposición del partido. [57] Grant fue reelegido fácilmente. [58] [59]

Las elecciones presidenciales de 1876 tuvieron un final polémico, ya que ambos partidos se adjudicaron la victoria a pesar de que tres estados del sur todavía no habían declarado oficialmente un ganador al final del día de las elecciones. La supresión de votantes se había producido en el sur para reducir el voto republicano de blancos y negros, lo que dio a los funcionarios electorales controlados por los republicanos una razón suficiente para declarar que el fraude, la intimidación y la violencia habían empañado los resultados de los estados. Procedieron a descartar suficientes votos demócratas para que el republicano Rutherford B. Hayes fuera declarado ganador. [60] Aun así, los demócratas se negaron a aceptar los resultados y se creó la Comisión Electoral compuesta por miembros del Congreso para decidir a quién se le otorgarían los electores de los estados. Después de que la Comisión votara siguiendo las líneas partidarias a favor de Hayes, los demócratas amenazaron con retrasar el recuento de los votos electorales indefinidamente para que ningún presidente fuera investido el 4 de marzo. Esto dio lugar al Compromiso de 1877 y Hayes finalmente se convirtió en presidente. [61]

James G. Blaine , 28.º y 31.º secretario de Estado de los EE. UU. (1881; 1889-1892)

Hayes redobló su apuesta por el patrón oro , que había sido firmado como ley por Grant con la Ley de Acuñación de Moneda de 1873 , como una solución a la deprimida economía estadounidense tras el pánico de ese año . También creía que los billetes verdes representaban una amenaza; los billetes verdes eran dinero impreso durante la Guerra Civil que no estaba respaldado por especies , a lo que Hayes se oponía como defensor del dinero duro . Hayes trató de reponer el suministro de oro del país, lo que en enero de 1879 tuvo éxito, ya que el oro se intercambiaba con más frecuencia por billetes verdes en comparación con los billetes verdes que se intercambiaban por oro. [62] Antes de la elección presidencial de 1880 , el republicano James G. Blaine se postuló para la nominación del partido, apoyando tanto el impulso del patrón oro de Hayes como sus reformas del servicio civil. Después de que tanto Blaine como su oponente John Sherman no lograron ganar la nominación republicana, cada uno de ellos respaldó a James A. Garfield para presidente. Garfield estuvo de acuerdo con la medida de Hayes a favor del patrón oro, pero se opuso a sus esfuerzos de reforma civil. [63] [64]

Garfield ganó las elecciones presidenciales de 1880, pero fue asesinado al principio de su mandato . Su muerte ayudó a generar apoyo para la Ley de Reforma del Servicio Civil de Pendleton , que se aprobó en 1883; [65] el proyecto de ley fue firmado como ley por el presidente republicano Chester A. Arthur , quien sucedió a Garfield.

En 1884, Blaine se presentó de nuevo a la presidencia. Ganó la nominación republicana, pero perdió las elecciones generales ante el demócrata Grover Cleveland . Cleveland fue el primer demócrata en ser elegido presidente desde James Buchanan. Los republicanos disidentes, conocidos como Mugwumps , habían desertado de Blaine debido a la corrupción que había plagado su carrera política. [66] [67] Cleveland se mantuvo fiel a la política del patrón oro, [68] pero entró en conflicto con los republicanos en relación con el imperialismo estadounidense en ciernes . [69]

William McKinley , el 25.º presidente (1897-1901)

El republicano Benjamin Harrison derrotó a Cleveland en las elecciones de 1888. Durante su presidencia, Harrison firmó la Ley de Pensiones para Dependientes y Discapacitados , que establecía pensiones para todos los veteranos de la Unión que habían servido durante más de 90 días y no podían realizar trabajos manuales. [70] Después de su derrota ante Cleveland en las elecciones presidenciales de 1892 , Harrison intentó sin éxito aprobar un tratado de anexión de Hawái antes de que Cleveland pudiera ser inaugurado. La mayoría de los republicanos apoyaron la anexión propuesta, [71] pero Cleveland se opuso . [72]

En las elecciones presidenciales de 1896 , la plataforma del republicano William McKinley apoyó el patrón oro y los aranceles altos, habiendo sido el creador y homónimo del Arancel McKinley de 1890. Aunque había estado dividido sobre el tema antes de la Convención Nacional de ese año , McKinley decidió favorecer fuertemente el patrón oro sobre la plata libre en su mensaje de campaña, pero prometió continuar con el bimetalismo para evitar el continuo escepticismo sobre el patrón oro, que había persistido desde el Pánico de 1893. [ 73] [74] El demócrata William Jennings Bryan demostró ser un devoto partidario del movimiento de la plata libre, lo que le costó a Bryan el apoyo de instituciones demócratas como Tammany Hall , New York World y una gran mayoría del apoyo de clase media y alta del Partido Demócrata. [75] McKinley derrotó a Bryan [76] y devolvió la presidencia al control republicano hasta las elecciones presidenciales de 1912. [ 77]

Primera mitad del siglo XX

Progresistas vs. Estadistas

Theodore Roosevelt , el 26º presidente (1901-1909)

El realineamiento de 1896 consolidó a los republicanos como el partido de las grandes empresas, mientras que el presidente Theodore Roosevelt sumó más apoyo a las pequeñas empresas con su adopción de la lucha contra los monopolios . Eligió a su sucesor, William Howard Taft, en las elecciones de 1908 , pero se convirtieron en enemigos cuando el partido se dividió por la mitad. Taft derrotó a Roosevelt en la nominación de 1912, por lo que Roosevelt abandonó la convención y fundó un nuevo partido. Roosevelt se presentó con la candidatura de su nuevo Partido Progresista . Pidió reformas sociales , muchas de las cuales fueron defendidas más tarde por los demócratas del New Deal en la década de 1930. Perdió y cuando la mayoría de sus partidarios regresaron al Partido Republicano, descubrieron que no estaban de acuerdo con el nuevo pensamiento económico conservador , lo que llevó a un giro ideológico hacia la derecha en el Partido Republicano. [78]

Los republicanos volvieron a la presidencia en la década de 1920, ganando con plataformas de normalidad , eficiencia orientada a los negocios y aranceles altos. [79] La plataforma nacional del partido evitó mencionar la prohibición, emitiendo en cambio un vago compromiso con la ley y el orden . [80] El escándalo de Teapot Dome amenazó con dañar al partido bajo Warren G. Harding . Murió en 1923 y Calvin Coolidge derrotó fácilmente a la oposición dividida en 1924. [81] Las políticas pro-empresariales de la década produjeron una prosperidad sin precedentes hasta que el colapso de Wall Street de 1929 anunció la Gran Depresión. [82]

Roosevelt y la era del New Deal

La coalición del New Deal forjada por el presidente demócrata Franklin D. Roosevelt controló la política estadounidense durante la mayor parte de las siguientes tres décadas, excluyendo la presidencia del republicano Dwight D. Eisenhower en la década de 1950. Después de que Roosevelt asumiera el cargo en 1933, la legislación del New Deal pasó sin problemas por el Congreso y la economía repuntó bruscamente desde su punto más bajo a principios de 1933. Sin embargo, el desempleo de larga duración siguió siendo un lastre hasta 1940. En las elecciones de 1934 , 10 senadores republicanos fueron derrotados, dejando al Partido Republicano con solo 25 senadores contra 71 demócratas. La Cámara de Representantes también tenía abrumadoras mayorías demócratas. [83]

El Partido Republicano se fraccionalizó en una mayoría de la Vieja Derecha , con base predominantemente en el Medio Oeste , y un ala liberal con base en el Noreste que apoyaba gran parte del New Deal. La Vieja Derecha atacó duramente el Segundo New Deal , diciendo que representaba la guerra de clases y el socialismo . Roosevelt fue reelegido presidente fácilmente en 1936 ; sin embargo, cuando comenzó su segundo mandato, la economía decayó , las huelgas se dispararon y no logró tomar el control de la Corte Suprema y purgar a los conservadores sureños del Partido Demócrata. Los republicanos hicieron un gran regreso en las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de 1938 y tuvieron nuevas estrellas en ascenso como Robert A. Taft de Ohio en la derecha y Thomas E. Dewey de Nueva York en la izquierda. [84] Los conservadores sureños se unieron a la mayoría de los republicanos para formar la coalición conservadora , que dominó los asuntos internos en el Congreso hasta 1964. En el momento de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ambos partidos se dividieron en cuestiones de política exterior, con los aislacionistas pacifistas dominantes en el Partido Republicano y los intervencionistas que querían detener al dictador alemán Adolf Hitler dominantes en el Partido Demócrata. Roosevelt ganó un tercer mandato en 1940 y un cuarto en 1944. Los conservadores abolieron la mayor parte del New Deal durante la guerra, pero no intentaron acabar con la Seguridad Social ni con las agencias que regulaban las empresas. [85]

El historiador George H. Nash sostiene:

A diferencia del bloque republicano "moderado", internacionalista y mayoritariamente oriental que aceptó (o al menos consintió) parte de la "Revolución Roosevelt" y las premisas esenciales de la política exterior del presidente Harry S. Truman , la derecha republicana en el fondo era contrarrevolucionaria. Anticolectivista, anticomunista , anti-New Deal, apasionadamente comprometido con el gobierno limitado , la economía de libre mercado y las prerrogativas del Congreso (en oposición a las del Ejecutivo), los conservadores del Partido Republicano se vieron obligados desde el principio a librar una constante guerra en dos frentes: contra los demócratas liberales desde fuera y contra los republicanos "yo también" desde dentro. [86]

Después de 1945, el ala internacionalista del Partido Republicano cooperó con la política exterior de la Guerra Fría de Truman, financió el Plan Marshall y apoyó a la OTAN , a pesar del continuo aislacionismo de la Vieja Derecha. [87]

Segunda mitad del siglo XX

La era post-Roosevelt

Dwight D. Eisenhower , el 34.º presidente (1953-1961)

Eisenhower había derrotado al líder conservador, el senador Robert A. Taft, en la carrera por la nominación presidencial republicana de 1952 , pero los conservadores dominaban las políticas internas de la administración de Eisenhower . Los votantes simpatizaban con Eisenhower mucho más que con el Partido Republicano y él demostró ser incapaz de hacer que el partido adoptara una posición más moderada. [88]

De Goldwater a Reagan

Los historiadores citan las elecciones presidenciales de 1964 y su respectiva Convención Nacional como un cambio significativo, en las que el ala conservadora, encabezada por el senador de Arizona Barry Goldwater , se enfrentó al gobernador liberal de Nueva York Nelson Rockefeller y a su facción republicana Rockefeller por la nominación. Con Goldwater a punto de ganar, Rockefeller, instado a movilizar a su facción liberal, replicó: "Lo estás viendo, amigo. Soy todo lo que queda". [89] [90]

Tras la aprobación de la Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 y la Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 , los estados del sur se volvieron más confiablemente republicanos en la política presidencial, mientras que los estados del noreste se volvieron más confiablemente demócratas.

Aunque Goldwater perdió las elecciones de forma aplastante, Ronald Reagan se hizo conocido como un destacado partidario suyo durante toda la campaña, pronunciando su famoso discurso " Un momento para elegir " en nombre de Goldwater. Reagan ganaría la gobernación de California dos años más tarde .

El Partido Republicano controlaría la Casa Blanca desde 1969 hasta 1977 bajo el 37.º presidente Richard Nixon , y cuando renunció en 1974 debido al escándalo de Watergate , Gerald Ford se convirtió en el 38.º presidente, en el cargo hasta 1977. Ronald Reagan luego derrotaría al actual presidente demócrata Jimmy Carter en las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de 1980 , convirtiéndose en el 40.º presidente el 20 de enero de 1981. [91]

La era de Reagan

La presidencia de Reagan , que duró de 1981 a 1989, constituyó lo que se conoce como " la Revolución Reagan ". [92] Fue vista como un cambio fundamental con respecto a la estanflación de la década de 1970 que la precedió, con la introducción de las políticas económicas de Reagan destinadas a reducir los impuestos, priorizar la desregulación gubernamental y trasladar la financiación de la esfera interna al ejército para controlar a la Unión Soviética utilizando la teoría de la disuasión . Durante una visita al entonces Berlín Occidental en junio de 1987, se dirigió al líder soviético Mijail Gorbachov durante un discurso en el Muro de Berlín , exigiendo que "¡ Derribara este muro! ". La observación fue vista más tarde como influyente en la caída del muro en noviembre de 1989, y fue vista retroactivamente como un logro vertiginoso a lo largo de los años. [93] La Unión Soviética se disolvió en 1991 . [94] [95] [96] Después de la presidencia de Reagan, los candidatos presidenciales republicanos afirmaron con frecuencia compartir las opiniones de Reagan y trataron de presentarse a sí mismos y a sus políticas como herederos de su legado. [97]

El vicepresidente de Reagan, George H. W. Bush , ganó la presidencia de forma aplastante en las elecciones presidenciales de 1988. Sin embargo, su mandato se caracterizó por la división dentro del Partido Republicano. La visión de Bush de liberalización económica y cooperación internacional con naciones extranjeras vio la negociación y, durante la presidencia del demócrata Bill Clinton en la década de 1990, la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) y los inicios conceptuales de la Organización Mundial del Comercio . [98] El político y empresario independiente Ross Perot condenó el TLCAN y predijo que conduciría a la subcontratación de empleos estadounidenses a México ; sin embargo, Clinton estuvo de acuerdo con las políticas comerciales de Bush. [99]

Bush perdió su candidatura a la reelección en 1992 , recibiendo el 37 por ciento del voto popular ; Clinton obtuvo una pluralidad del 43 por ciento, y Perot quedó en tercer lugar con el 19 por ciento. Si bien existe un debate sobre si la candidatura de Perot le costó la reelección a Bush, Charlie Cook afirmó que el mensaje de Perot tuvo peso entre los votantes republicanos y conservadores. [100] Posteriormente, Perot formó el Partido Reformista ; el futuro presidente republicano Donald Trump fue miembro. [101]

La revolución de Gingrich

Retrato oficial de Newt Gingrich , 50º presidente de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos (1995-1998)

En las elecciones de 1994 , el Partido Republicano, liderado por el líder de la minoría en la Cámara de Representantes Newt Gingrich , que hizo campaña sobre el " Contrato con América ", ganó mayorías en ambas cámaras del Congreso, obtuvo 12 gobernaciones y recuperó el control de 20 legislaturas estatales . El Partido Republicano ganó el control de la Cámara de Representantes por primera vez en 40 años , y ganó la mayoría de los escaños de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos en el Sur por primera vez desde la Reconstrucción. [102] [103]

Sin embargo, la mayoría de los votantes no habían oído hablar del Contrato y la victoria republicana se atribuyó a la tradicional votación anti-incumbente de mitad de mandato y a que los republicanos se convirtieran en el partido mayoritario en el Sur por primera vez desde la Reconstrucción, ganando a muchos ex demócratas sureños . [104] Gingrich fue nombrado presidente de la Cámara de Representantes y, en los primeros 100 días de la mayoría republicana, se aprobaron todas las propuestas incluidas en el Contrato, con la excepción de los límites de mandato para los miembros del Congreso, que no se aprobaron en el Senado. [105] [104] Una clave del éxito de Gingrich en 1994 fue la nacionalización de las elecciones, [103] lo que a su vez lo llevó a convertirse en una figura nacional durante las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de 1996 , y muchos líderes demócratas proclamaron que Gingrich era un radical celoso. [106] [107] Los republicanos mantuvieron su mayoría por primera vez desde 1928 a pesar de que Bob Dole perdió cómodamente ante Clinton en las elecciones presidenciales . Sin embargo, el perfil nacional de Gingrich resultó ser perjudicial para el Congreso republicano, que gozaba de la aprobación mayoritaria entre los votantes a pesar de la relativa impopularidad de Gingrich. [106]

Después de que Gingrich y los republicanos llegaran a un acuerdo con Clinton sobre la Ley de Presupuesto Equilibrado de 1997 , que incluía recortes de impuestos, la mayoría republicana en la Cámara de Representantes tuvo dificultades para reunirse en una nueva agenda antes de las elecciones de 1998. [108] Durante el impeachment en curso de Bill Clinton en 1998, Gingrich decidió hacer de la mala conducta de Clinton el mensaje del partido de cara a las elecciones, creyendo que se sumaría a su mayoría. La estrategia resultó errónea y los republicanos perdieron cinco escaños, aunque se debate si se debió a un mensaje deficiente o a la popularidad de Clinton que proporcionó un efecto de arrastre . [109] Gingrich fue expulsado del poder del partido debido a la actuación, y finalmente decidió renunciar al Congreso por completo. Durante un corto tiempo después, pareció que el representante de Luisiana Bob Livingston se convertiría en su sucesor; Livingston, sin embargo, se retiró de la consideración y renunció al Congreso después de informes perjudiciales de asuntos que amenazaban la agenda legislativa de la Cámara Republicana si se desempeñaba como presidente. [110] El representante de Illinois Dennis Hastert fue ascendido a presidente en lugar de Livingston, cargo que ocupó hasta 2007. [111]

Siglo XXI

George W. Bush

George W. Bush , el 43.º presidente (2001-2009) e hijo de George H. W. Bush

El republicano George W. Bush ganó las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 y 2004. [ 112] Hizo campaña como un " conservador compasivo " en 2000, queriendo atraer mejor a los inmigrantes y a los votantes minoritarios. [113] El objetivo era priorizar los programas de rehabilitación de drogas y la ayuda para la reinserción de los presos en la sociedad, una medida destinada a sacar provecho de las iniciativas más duras del presidente Clinton contra el crimen, como el proyecto de ley contra el crimen de su administración de 1994. La plataforma no logró ganar mucha tracción entre los miembros del partido durante su presidencia. [114]

El Partido Republicano se mantuvo bastante cohesionado durante gran parte de la década de 2000, ya que tanto los libertarios económicos fuertes como los conservadores sociales se opusieron a los demócratas, a quienes veían como el partido del gobierno inflado, secular y liberal. [115] Este período vio el surgimiento de los "conservadores pro-gobierno" -una parte central de la base de Bush- un grupo considerable de republicanos que abogaban por un mayor gasto gubernamental y mayores regulaciones que cubrieran tanto la economía como la vida personal de las personas, así como por una política exterior activista e intervencionista. [116] Grupos de encuesta como el Pew Research Center encontraron que los conservadores sociales y los defensores del libre mercado seguían siendo los otros dos grupos principales dentro de la coalición de apoyo del partido, y los tres eran aproximadamente iguales en número. [117] [118] Sin embargo, los libertarios y los conservadores de tendencia libertaria cada vez más encontraron fallas en lo que veían como una restricción por parte de los republicanos de libertades civiles vitales , mientras que el bienestar corporativo y la deuda nacional aumentaron considerablemente durante el mandato de Bush. [119] Por el contrario, algunos conservadores sociales expresaron su insatisfacción con el apoyo del partido a políticas económicas que entraban en conflicto con sus valores morales. [120]

El Partido Republicano perdió su mayoría en el Senado en 2001, cuando el Senado se dividió en partes iguales; sin embargo, los republicanos mantuvieron el control del Senado debido al voto de desempate del vicepresidente de Bush, Dick Cheney . Los demócratas obtuvieron el control del Senado el 6 de junio de 2001, cuando el senador republicano de Vermont Jim Jeffords cambió su afiliación partidaria al demócrata. Los republicanos recuperaron la mayoría en el Senado en las elecciones de 2002 , ayudados por el aumento de la popularidad de Bush después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre , y las mayorías republicanas en la Cámara de Representantes y el Senado se mantuvieron hasta que los demócratas recuperaron el control de ambas cámaras en las elecciones de 2006 , en gran parte debido a la creciente oposición a la guerra de Irak . [121] [122] [123]

En las elecciones presidenciales de 2008 , el senador republicano de Arizona John McCain fue derrotado por el senador demócrata de Illinois Barack Obama . [124]

Movimiento Tea Party

Los republicanos experimentaron el éxito electoral en las elecciones de 2010. Las elecciones de 2010 coincidieron con el ascenso del movimiento Tea Party , [125] [126] [127] [128] un movimiento de protesta anti-Obama de conservadores fiscales . [129] Los miembros del movimiento pidieron impuestos más bajos y una reducción de la deuda nacional y el déficit presupuestario federal a través de una disminución del gasto gubernamental . [130] [131] El movimiento Tea Party también fue descrito como un movimiento constitucional popular [132] compuesto por una mezcla de activismo libertario , [133] populista de derecha , [134] y conservador. [135]

El éxito electoral del movimiento Tea Party comenzó con la sorprendente victoria de Scott Brown en las elecciones especiales al Senado de enero en Massachusetts ; el escaño había estado en manos del demócrata Ted Kennedy durante décadas . [136] En noviembre, los republicanos recuperaron el control de la Cámara , aumentaron su número de escaños en el Senado y obtuvieron la mayoría de las gobernaciones . [137] El Tea Party influiría fuertemente en el Partido Republicano, en parte debido a la sustitución de los republicanos del establishment por republicanos al estilo del Tea Party. [129]

Cuando Obama fue reelegido presidente en 2012 , derrotando al republicano Mitt Romney , [138] el Partido Republicano perdió siete escaños en la Cámara de Representantes , pero aún mantuvo el control de esa cámara. [139] Sin embargo, los republicanos no pudieron obtener el control del Senado , continuando su estatus de minoría con una pérdida neta de dos escaños. [140] A raíz de la derrota, algunos republicanos prominentes se manifestaron en contra de su propio partido. [141] [142] [143] Una autopsia de las elecciones de 2012 realizada por el Partido Republicano concluyó que el partido necesitaba hacer más a nivel nacional para atraer votos de las minorías y los votantes jóvenes. [144] En marzo de 2013, el presidente del Comité Nacional Republicano, Reince Priebus, emitió un informe sobre los fracasos electorales del partido en 2012, instando a los republicanos a reinventarse y respaldar oficialmente la reforma migratoria. Propuso 219 reformas, incluida una campaña de marketing de 10 millones de dólares para llegar a las mujeres, las minorías y los homosexuales; el establecimiento de una temporada de primarias más corta y más controlada; y la creación de mejores instalaciones de recopilación de datos. [145]

Tras las elecciones de 2014 , el Partido Republicano tomó el control del Senado al ganar nueve escaños. [146] Con 247 escaños en la Cámara y 54 escaños en el Senado, los republicanos finalmente lograron su mayor mayoría en el Congreso desde el 71.º Congreso en 1929. [147]

La era Trump

Donald Trump , el 45.º presidente (2017-2021)

En las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 , el candidato republicano Donald Trump derrotó a la candidata demócrata Hillary Clinton . El resultado fue inesperado; las encuestas previas a la elección mostraban a Clinton liderando la carrera. [148] La victoria de Trump fue impulsada por estrechas victorias en tres estados ( Michigan , Pensilvania y Wisconsin ) que habían sido parte del muro azul demócrata durante décadas. [149] Se atribuyó al fuerte apoyo entre los votantes blancos de clase trabajadora, que se sintieron desestimados y faltados al respeto por el establishment político. [150] [151] Trump se hizo popular entre ellos al abandonar la ortodoxia del establishment republicano a favor de un mensaje nacionalista más amplio. [149]

Después de las elecciones de 2016 , los republicanos mantuvieron su mayoría en el Senado , la Cámara de Representantes y las gobernaciones , y ejercieron el poder ejecutivo recién adquirido con la elección de Trump. El Partido Republicano controlaba 69 de las 99 cámaras legislativas estatales en 2017, la mayor cantidad que había tenido en la historia. [152] El Partido también tuvo 33 gobernaciones, [153] la mayor cantidad que había tenido desde 1922. [154] El partido tenía el control total del gobierno en 25 estados; [155] [156] no había tenido el control total de tantos estados desde 1952. [157] El opositor Partido Demócrata tenía el control total de solo cinco estados en 2017. [158] En las elecciones de 2018 , los republicanos perdieron el control de la Cámara de Representantes, pero fortalecieron su control en el Senado. [159]

A lo largo de su presidencia, Trump nombró a tres jueces para la Corte Suprema : Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh y Amy Coney Barrett . Fue la mayor cantidad de nombramientos para la Corte Suprema para cualquier presidente en un solo mandato desde Richard Nixon . [160] Trump nombró a 260 jueces en total, creando mayorías generales designadas por republicanos en todas las ramas del poder judicial federal, excepto en el Tribunal de Comercio Internacional , cuando dejó el cargo, desplazando el sistema judicial hacia la derecha . Otros logros notables durante su presidencia incluyeron la aprobación de la Ley de Reducción de Impuestos y Empleos en 2017; la creación de la Fuerza Espacial de EE. UU. , el primer servicio militar independiente nuevo desde 1947; y la intermediación de los Acuerdos de Abraham , una serie de acuerdos de normalización entre Israel y varios estados árabes . [161] [162] [163] Trump fue acusado por la Cámara de Representantes en 2019 por cargos de abuso de poder y obstrucción del Congreso. El 5 de febrero de 2020, el Senado votó a favor de absolverlo. [164]

Trump perdió las elecciones presidenciales de 2020 ante el demócrata Joe Biden . Se negó a reconocer la derrota, alegando fraude electoral generalizado e intentando anular los resultados . El 6 de enero de 2021, el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos fue atacado por partidarios de Trump tras un mitin en el que habló Trump. Después del ataque, la Cámara de Representantes acusó a Trump por segunda vez por el cargo de incitación a la insurrección , lo que lo convirtió en el único funcionario federal en ser acusado dos veces. [165] [166] Trump dejó el cargo el 20 de enero de 2021. Su juicio político continuó hasta las primeras semanas de la presidencia de Biden , y fue absuelto el 13 de febrero de 2021. [ 167] Desde las elecciones de 2020, la negación electoral se ha vuelto cada vez más común en el partido, [168] y la mayoría de los candidatos republicanos de 2022 son negacionistas electorales. [169]

En 2022 y 2023, los jueces de la Corte Suprema designados por Trump demostraron ser decisivos en decisiones históricas sobre los derechos de armas , el aborto y la acción afirmativa . [170] [171] El partido llegó a las elecciones de 2022 confiado y con los analistas prediciendo una ola roja , pero en última instancia tuvo un desempeño inferior a las expectativas, con los votantes en estados indecisos y distritos competitivos uniéndose a los demócratas para rechazar a los candidatos que habían sido respaldados por Trump o que habían negado los resultados de las elecciones de 2020. [172] [173] [174] El partido ganó el control de la Cámara con una estrecha mayoría, [175] pero perdió el Senado y varias mayorías legislativas estatales y gobernaciones. [176] [177] [178] Los resultados llevaron a varios republicanos y líderes de pensamiento conservadores a cuestionar si Trump debería continuar como la principal figura decorativa y líder del partido. [179] [180] A pesar de esto, Trump ganó fácilmente la nominación para ser nuevamente el candidato del partido en las elecciones presidenciales de 2024. [ 181]

Estado actual

A partir de 2024, el Partido Republicano tiene mayoría en la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos . También tiene 27 gobernaciones estatales , 28 legislaturas estatales y 23 trifectas de gobierno estatal . Seis de los nueve jueces actuales de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos fueron designados por presidentes republicanos. Su candidato presidencial más reciente es Donald Trump , quien se desempeñó como el 45.º presidente de los Estados Unidos y es el candidato del partido nuevamente en las elecciones presidenciales de 2024. [182] Ha habido 19 presidentes republicanos, la mayor cantidad de cualquier partido político .

Nombre y símbolos

Los miembros fundadores del Partido Republicano eligieron su nombre como homenaje a los valores del republicanismo promovidos por el Partido Demócrata-Republicano, al que su fundador, Thomas Jefferson, llamó el "Partido Republicano". [183] ​​La idea del nombre surgió de un editorial del principal publicista del partido, Horace Greeley, que pedía "un nombre simple como 'Republicano' [que] designaría más apropiadamente a aquellos que se habían unido para restaurar la Unión a su verdadera misión de defensor y promulgador de la Libertad en lugar de propagandista de la esclavitud". [184] El nombre refleja los valores republicanos de 1776 de virtud cívica y oposición a la aristocracia y la corrupción. [185] "Republicano" tiene una variedad de significados en todo el mundo, y el Partido Republicano ha evolucionado de tal manera que los significados ya no siempre coinciden. [186] [121]

El término "Grand Old Party" es un apodo tradicional para el Partido Republicano, y la abreviatura "GOP" es una designación de uso común. El término se originó en 1875 en el Registro del Congreso , refiriéndose al partido asociado con la exitosa defensa militar de la Unión como "este valiente y viejo partido". El año siguiente, en un artículo en el Cincinnati Commercial , el término se modificó a "grand old party". El primer uso de la abreviatura data de 1884. [187]

La mascota tradicional del partido es el elefante. Una caricatura política de Thomas Nast , publicada en Harper's Weekly el 7 de noviembre de 1874, se considera el primer uso importante del símbolo. [188] Un símbolo alternativo del Partido Republicano en estados como Indiana, Nueva York y Ohio es el águila calva en oposición al gallo demócrata o la estrella demócrata de cinco puntas. [189] [190] En Kentucky , la cabaña de troncos es un símbolo del Partido Republicano. [191]

Tradicionalmente, el partido no tenía una identidad de color consistente. [192] [193] [194] Después de las elecciones presidenciales de 2000, el color rojo se asoció con los republicanos. Durante y después de las elecciones, las principales cadenas de televisión utilizaron el mismo esquema de colores para el mapa electoral: los estados ganados por el candidato republicano George W. Bush fueron coloreados de rojo y los estados ganados por el candidato demócrata Al Gore fueron coloreados de azul. Debido a la disputa que duró semanas sobre los resultados de las elecciones , estas asociaciones de colores se arraigaron firmemente y persistieron en los años posteriores. Aunque la asignación de colores a los partidos políticos no es oficial e informal, los medios de comunicación han llegado a representar a los respectivos partidos políticos utilizando estos colores. El partido y sus candidatos también han llegado a adoptar el color rojo. [195]

Facciones

La era de la Guerra Civil y la Reconstrucción

El representante estadounidense Thaddeus Stevens , considerado un líder de los republicanos radicales, fue un feroz opositor a la esclavitud y a la discriminación contra los afroamericanos .

Durante el siglo XIX, las facciones republicanas incluyeron a los Republicanos Radicales . Fueron un factor importante del partido desde su inicio en 1854 hasta el final de la Era de la Reconstrucción en 1877. Se opusieron firmemente a la esclavitud , fueron abolicionistas de línea dura y más tarde defendieron la igualdad de derechos para los hombres y mujeres libertos . Estaban fuertemente influenciados por los ideales religiosos y el cristianismo evangélico ; muchos eran reformadores cristianos que veían la esclavitud como un mal y la Guerra Civil como el castigo de Dios por ella. [197] Los Republicanos Radicales presionaron por la abolición como un objetivo de guerra principal y se opusieron a los moderados planes de Reconstrucción de Abraham Lincoln por ser demasiado indulgentes con los confederados y no ir lo suficientemente lejos para ayudar a los antiguos esclavos que habían sido liberados durante o después de la Guerra Civil por la Proclamación de Emancipación y la Decimotercera Enmienda . Después del final de la guerra y el asesinato de Lincoln, los Radicales se enfrentaron con Andrew Johnson por la política de Reconstrucción. Los radicales lideraron los esfuerzos después de la guerra para establecer los derechos civiles de los ex esclavos e implementar plenamente la emancipación. Después de que las medidas infructuosas de 1866 resultaran en violencia contra los ex esclavos en los estados rebeldes, los radicales impulsaron la Decimocuarta Enmienda para obtener protecciones legales a través del Congreso . Se opusieron a permitir que los ex oficiales confederados retomasen el poder político en el sur de los EE. UU . y enfatizaron la libertad, la igualdad y la Decimoquinta Enmienda que otorgaba derechos de voto a los libertos . Muchos más tarde se convirtieron en incondicionales , que apoyaron la política de la máquina.

Los republicanos moderados eran conocidos por su leal apoyo a las políticas de guerra del presidente Abraham Lincoln y expresaban antipatía hacia las posturas más militantes defendidas por los republicanos radicales. Según el historiador Eric Foner , los líderes del Congreso de la facción eran James G. Blaine , John A. Bingham , William P. Fessenden , Lyman Trumbull y John Sherman . A diferencia de los radicales, los republicanos moderados eran menos entusiastas en la cuestión del sufragio negro, incluso mientras abrazaban la igualdad civil y la autoridad federal expansiva observada durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense . También eran escépticos de las políticas indulgentes y conciliadoras de la Reconstrucción del presidente Andrew Johnson. Los miembros de los republicanos moderados comprendían en parte a republicanos radicales anteriores que se desencantaron con la supuesta corrupción de esta última facción. Charles Sumner , un senador de Massachusetts que lideró a los republicanos radicales en la década de 1860, más tarde se unió a los moderados reformistas, ya que más tarde se opuso a la corrupción asociada con la administración de Grant . En general, se opusieron a los esfuerzos de los republicanos radicales por reconstruir el sur de Estados Unidos bajo un sistema de libre mercado y económicamente móvil . [198]

Siglo XX

Ronald Reagan habla en apoyo del candidato presidencial republicano Barry Goldwater durante las elecciones presidenciales de 1964

El amanecer del siglo XX vio al Partido Republicano dividido en una vieja derecha y una facción moderada-liberal en el noreste que eventualmente se conocería como Republicanos Rockefeller . La oposición al New Deal de Roosevelt vio la formación de la coalición conservadora . [84] La década de 1950 vio la fusión del conservadurismo tradicionalista y social y el libertarismo de derecha, [199] junto con el surgimiento de la Primera Nueva Derecha a la que le siguió en 1964 una Segunda Nueva Derecha más populista . [200] El surgimiento de la coalición Reagan a través de la "Revolución Reagan" en la década de 1980 inició lo que se ha llamado la era Reagan . El ascenso de Reagan desplazó a la facción liberal-moderada del Partido Republicano y estableció el conservadurismo al estilo Reagan como la facción ideológica predominante del Partido durante los siguientes treinta años, hasta el surgimiento de la facción populista de derecha . [9] [23]

Siglo XXI

Los republicanos comenzaron el siglo XXI con la elección de George W. Bush en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2000 y vieron el auge de una facción neoconservadora que tuvo una influencia significativa sobre la respuesta estadounidense inicial a los ataques del 11 de septiembre a través de la Guerra contra el Terror . [201] La elección de Barack Obama vio la formación del movimiento Tea Party en 2009 que coincidió con un aumento global de los movimientos populistas de derecha desde la década de 2010 hasta la de 2020. [202]

El populismo de derecha se convirtió en una facción ideológica cada vez más dominante dentro del Partido Republicano a lo largo de la década de 2010 y ayudó a conducir a la elección de Donald Trump en 2016. [150] A partir de la década de 1970 y acelerándose en la década de 2000, los grupos de interés de derecha estadounidenses invirtieron fuertemente en vehículos de movilización externos que llevaron al debilitamiento organizativo del establishment del Partido Republicano. El papel descomunal de los medios conservadores, en particular Fox News , llevó a que la base republicana los siguiera y confiara más en ellos que las élites tradicionales del partido. El agotamiento de la capacidad organizativa condujo en parte a la victoria de Trump en las primarias republicanas en contra de los deseos de un establishment del partido muy débil y de los intermediarios del poder tradicionales. [203] : 27–28  La elección de Trump exacerbó los cismas internos dentro del Partido Republicano, [203] : 18  y vio al Partido Republicano pasar de ser una coalición de centro de moderados y conservadores a un partido sólidamente de derecha hostil a las opiniones liberales y a cualquier desviación de la línea del partido. [204]

Desde entonces, el Partido se ha enfrentado a un intenso faccionalismo, [205] [206] y también ha experimentado una importante disminución de la influencia de su facción conservadora del establishment . [22] [13] [207] [24] [30] La elección de Trump dividió tanto al Partido Republicano como al movimiento conservador más amplio en facciones trumpistas y anti-Trump . [208] [209]

Estas facciones son particularmente evidentes en la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos. Tres líderes republicanos de la Cámara han sido derrocados desde 2009. [25] El líder de la mayoría de la Cámara, Eric Cantor, fue derrotado en una elección primaria en 2014 por el partidario del Tea Party Dave Brat por apoyar la reforma migratoria . [210] John Boehner , presidente de la Cámara de 2011 a 2015, renunció en 2015 después de enfrentar una moción de vacancia . [211] [212] El 7 de enero de 2023, después de 15 rondas de votación, Kevin McCarthy fue elegido presidente de la Cámara . Fue la primera elección de presidente con votación múltiple desde 1923. [213] Posteriormente, fue destituido de su cargo el 3 de octubre de 2023, por una votación liderada por 8 miembros de la facción trumpista junto con 208 demócratas de la Cámara. [214]

Conservadores

Porcentaje de personas que se identifican como conservadores por estado en 2018, según una encuesta de Gallup : [215]
  45% y más
  40–44%
  35–39%
  30–34%
  25–29%
  24% y menos

La elección presidencial de Ronald Reagan en 1980 estableció el conservadurismo estadounidense al estilo Reagan como la facción ideológica dominante del Partido Republicano hasta la elección de Donald Trump en 2016. [9] [22] [13] [23] [24] [26] [27] [28] [29] Los conservadores modernos tradicionales combinan el apoyo a las políticas económicas de libre mercado con el conservadurismo social y un enfoque agresivo de la política exterior. [21] Otras partes del movimiento conservador están compuestas por conservadores fiscales y halcones del déficit . [216] Los conservadores generalmente apoyan políticas que favorecen el gobierno limitado , el individualismo , el tradicionalismo , el republicanismo y el poder gubernamental federal limitado en relación con los estados . [217]

En política exterior, los neoconservadores son una pequeña facción del Partido Republicano que apoya una política exterior intervencionista y un mayor gasto militar. Anteriormente, tuvieron una influencia significativa a principios de la década de 2000 en la planificación de la respuesta inicial a los ataques del 11 de septiembre mediante la Guerra contra el Terror . [201] Desde la elección de Trump en 2016, el neoconservadurismo ha declinado y el no intervencionismo y el aislacionismo han crecido entre los funcionarios federales republicanos electos. [32] [218] [219]

Los cambios a largo plazo en el pensamiento conservador tras la elección de Trump han sido descritos como un "nuevo fusionismo" de la ideología conservadora tradicional y los temas populistas de derecha. [32] Estos han resultado en cambios hacia un mayor apoyo al conservadurismo nacional , [220] el proteccionismo , [221] el conservadurismo cultural , una política exterior más realista , un repudio del neoconservadurismo , menores esfuerzos para hacer retroceder los programas de derechos sociales y un desdén por los controles y equilibrios tradicionales. [32] [222] Hay divisiones significativas dentro del partido sobre las cuestiones del aborto y el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo . [223] [224]

Los grupos parlamentarios conservadores incluyen el Comité de Estudio Republicano y el Caucus de la Libertad . [225] [226]

Derecha cristiana

El presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Mike Johnson

Desde el ascenso de la derecha cristiana en la década de 1970, el Partido Republicano ha obtenido un apoyo significativo de los evangélicos , mormones , [227] y católicos tradicionalistas , en parte debido a la oposición al aborto después de Roe v. Wade . [228] La facción de la derecha cristiana se caracteriza por un fuerte apoyo a las políticas socialmente conservadoras y nacionalistas cristianas . [b] Los conservadores cristianos buscan utilizar las enseñanzas del cristianismo para influir en la ley y las políticas públicas. [241] En comparación con otros republicanos, la facción de la derecha cristiana socialmente conservadora del partido tiene más probabilidades de oponerse a los derechos LGBT , la legalización de la marihuana y apoyar la restricción significativa de la legalidad del aborto . [242]

La derecha cristiana es más fuerte en el Cinturón Bíblico , que cubre la mayor parte del sur de los Estados Unidos . [243] Mike Pence , vicepresidente de Donald Trump de 2017 a 2021, fue miembro de la derecha cristiana. [244] En octubre de 2023, un miembro de la facción de la derecha cristiana, el representante de Luisiana Mike Johnson , fue elegido el 56.º presidente de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos. [245] [246]

Libertarios

El Partido Republicano tiene una facción libertaria de derecha prominente . [12] [223] Esta facción del partido tiende a prevalecer en el Medio Oeste y el Oeste de los Estados Unidos . [223] El libertarismo de derecha surgió del fusionismo en los años 1950 y 1960. [247] Barry Goldwater tuvo un impacto sustancial en el movimiento libertario conservador de los años 1960. [248] En comparación con otros republicanos, es más probable que favorezcan la legalización de la marihuana , los derechos LGBT como el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo , los derechos de armas , se opongan a la vigilancia masiva y apoyen reformas a las leyes actuales en torno al decomiso de activos civiles . Los libertarios de derecha están fuertemente divididos sobre el tema del aborto . [249] Entre los conservadores libertarios prominentes dentro del Partido Republicano se incluyen Rand Paul , senador estadounidense de Kentucky , [250] [251] el congresista del cuarto distrito del Congreso de Kentucky Thomas Massie , [252] el senador de Utah Mike Lee [253] [250] y la senadora de Wyoming Cynthia Lummis . [254]

Moderados

Los moderados en el Partido Republicano son un grupo ideológicamente centrista que proviene predominantemente del noreste de los Estados Unidos , [255] y generalmente se encuentran en estados indecisos o estados azules . Los votantes republicanos moderados suelen ser altamente educados , adinerados, fiscalmente conservadores, socialmente moderados o liberales y, a menudo, Nunca Trump . [223] [255] Si bien a veces comparten las opiniones económicas de otros republicanos (es decir, impuestos más bajos , desregulación y reforma del bienestar ), los republicanos moderados difieren en que algunos están a favor de la acción afirmativa , [256] los derechos LGBT y el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo , el acceso legal e incluso la financiación pública del aborto , las leyes de control de armas , más regulación ambiental y acción sobre el cambio climático , menos restricciones a la inmigración y un camino hacia la ciudadanía para los inmigrantes ilegales. [257] En el siglo XXI, algunos ex moderados republicanos se han cambiado al Partido Demócrata. [258] [259] [260]

Entre los republicanos moderados notables se incluyen las senadoras Lisa Murkowski de Alaska y Susan Collins de Maine, [261] [262] [263] [264] el gobernador de Nevada Joe Lombardo , el gobernador de Vermont Phil Scott , el exgobernador de Massachusetts Charlie Baker y el exgobernador de Maryland Larry Hogan . [265] [266] [267]

Populistas de derecha

El senador JD Vance de Ohio, elegido por Donald Trump para vicepresidente durante su campaña presidencial de 2024. Aunque inicialmente criticó a Trump , Vance se convirtió en un firme defensor del trumpismo más tarde en el primer mandato de Trump, y ha sido descrito como un populista de derecha . [268]

El populismo de derecha es la facción política dominante del Partido Republicano. [c] A veces denominado MAGA o movimiento " Estados Unidos Primero ", [276] [277] Se ha descrito a los populistas republicanos como compuestos por una gama de ideologías de derecha que incluyen, entre otras, el populismo de derecha, [150] [278] [279] el conservadurismo nacional , [280] el neonacionalismo , [281] y el trumpismo . [269] [282] [283] Se les ha descrito como la variante política estadounidense de la extrema derecha . [d] La elección de Trump en 2016 dividió al partido en facciones pro-Trump y anti-Trump . [208] [209]

Los movimientos populistas y de extrema derecha del Partido Republicano surgieron al mismo tiempo que un aumento global de los movimientos populistas en las décadas de 2010 y 2020, [202] junto con el afianzamiento y el aumento del partidismo dentro del partido desde 2010, impulsado por el ascenso del movimiento Tea Party , que también ha sido descrito como de extrema derecha. [287] Según los politólogos Matt Grossmann y David A. Hopkins, las ganancias del Partido Republicano entre los votantes blancos sin títulos universitarios contribuyeron al auge del populismo de derecha. [31] Según el historiador Gary Gerstle , el trumpismo ganó apoyo en oposición al neoliberalismo , incluida la oposición al libre comercio , la inmigración y el internacionalismo . [28] [288]

La facción de extrema derecha apoya los recortes al gasto. [289] [290] En las relaciones internacionales, los populistas apoyan la ayuda estadounidense a Israel pero no a Ucrania, [291] [292] generalmente apoyan la mejora de las relaciones con Rusia , [293] [294] [295] y favorecen una agenda de política exterior aislacionista de " Estados Unidos Primero ". [296] [297] [298] [223] Generalmente rechazan el compromiso dentro del partido y con los demócratas , [299] [300] y están dispuestos a expulsar a los funcionarios republicanos que consideren demasiado moderados. [301] [302] En comparación con otros republicanos, es más probable que la facción populista se oponga a la inmigración legal , [303] el libre comercio, [304] el neoconservadurismo , [305] y las leyes de protección ambiental . [306]

La facción de extrema derecha del partido incluye a miembros del Caucus de la Libertad , [307] [308] [309] así como a Marjorie Taylor Greene y Matt Gaetz . [310] Gaetz lideró la rebelión de 2023 contra el entonces presidente de la Cámara de Representantes Kevin McCarthy . [311] [312] En el Senado de los EE. UU., Josh Hawley ha sido descrito como una figura prominente dentro del ala populista del partido. [313]

Julia Azari, profesora asociada de ciencias políticas en la Universidad de Marquette , señaló que no todos los republicanos trumpistas son partidarios públicos de Donald Trump, y que algunos republicanos respaldan las políticas de Trump mientras se distancian de Trump como persona. [314] El continuo dominio de Trump dentro del Partido Republicano ha limitado el éxito de esta estrategia. [315] [316] En 2024, Trump lideró una toma de control del Comité Nacional Republicano , instalando a Lara Trump como su nueva copresidenta. [317]

Joseph Lowndes, profesor de ciencias políticas en la Universidad de Oregón , argumentó que si bien los republicanos de extrema derecha actuales apoyan a Trump, la facción surgió antes y probablemente existirá después de Trump. [318] Lilliana Mason, profesora asociada de ciencias políticas en la Universidad Johns Hopkins, afirma que Donald Trump solidificó la tendencia entre los demócratas conservadores blancos del sur desde la década de 1960 de abandonar el Partido Demócrata y unirse al Partido Republicano : "Trump básicamente funcionó como un pararrayos para finalizar ese proceso de creación del Partido Republicano como una entidad única para defender el alto estatus de los estadounidenses blancos, cristianos y rurales. No es un gran porcentaje de estadounidenses los que tienen estas creencias, y ni siquiera es todo el Partido Republicano; es solo la mitad. Pero el partido en sí está controlado por esta facción intolerante y muy fuertemente pro-Trump ". [319] Según el sociólogo Joe Feagin , la polarización política de los republicanos racialmente extremistas, así como la creciente atención que reciben de los medios conservadores, ha perpetuado la casi extinción de los republicanos moderados y ha creado una parálisis legislativa en numerosos niveles gubernamentales en las últimas décadas. [320]

Posiciones políticas

Políticas económicas

Los republicanos creen que los mercados libres y los logros individuales son los factores principales detrás de la prosperidad económica. [321] La reducción de los impuestos sobre la renta es un componente central de la agenda fiscal de los republicanos. [322]

Impuestos

Los recortes de impuestos han estado en el centro de la política económica republicana desde 1980. [323] A nivel nacional y estatal, los republicanos tienden a aplicar políticas de recortes de impuestos y desregulación. [324] Los republicanos modernos defienden la teoría de la economía de la oferta , que sostiene que las tasas impositivas más bajas aumentan el crecimiento económico. [325] Muchos republicanos se oponen a tasas impositivas más altas para las personas con mayores ingresos , que creen que están injustamente dirigidas a quienes crean empleos y riqueza. Creen que el gasto privado es más eficiente que el gasto gubernamental. Los legisladores republicanos también han buscado limitar la financiación para la aplicación y la recaudación de impuestos . [326]

Según un estudio de 2021 que midió los votos de los republicanos en el Congreso, las posiciones de política económica del Partido Republicano moderno tienden a alinearse con los intereses empresariales y de los ricos. [327] [328] [329] [330] [331]

Gasto

Los republicanos abogan frecuentemente a favor del conservadurismo fiscal durante las administraciones demócratas; sin embargo, el partido tiene un historial de aumento de la deuda federal durante los períodos en que controla el gobierno (la implementación de los recortes de impuestos de Bush, la Parte D de Medicare y la Ley de Reducción de Impuestos y Empleos de 2017 son ejemplos de este historial). [332] [333] [334] Las administraciones republicanas han, desde fines de la década de 1960, mantenido o aumentado los niveles anteriores de gasto gubernamental. [335] [336]

Derechos

Los republicanos creen que las personas deben hacerse responsables de sus propias circunstancias. También creen que el sector privado es más eficaz a la hora de ayudar a los pobres a través de la caridad que el gobierno a través de los programas de asistencia social y que los programas de asistencia social a menudo provocan dependencia del gobierno. [337] En noviembre de 2022, los 11 estados que no habían ampliado Medicaid tenían legislaturas estatales controladas por los republicanos . [338]

Los sindicatos y el salario mínimo

El Partido Republicano se opone en general a los sindicatos. [339] [340] Los republicanos creen que las corporaciones deberían poder establecer sus propias prácticas de empleo, incluidos los beneficios y los salarios, y que el libre mercado debería decidir el precio del trabajo. Desde la década de 1920, los republicanos han sido generalmente rechazados por las organizaciones y los miembros de los sindicatos . A nivel nacional, los republicanos apoyaron la Ley Taft-Hartley de 1947, que otorga a los trabajadores el derecho a no participar en sindicatos. Los republicanos modernos a nivel estatal generalmente apoyan varias leyes de derecho al trabajo . [e] [ cita requerida ]

La mayoría de los republicanos también se oponen a los aumentos del salario mínimo , creyendo que dichos aumentos perjudican a las empresas al obligarlas a recortar y subcontratar puestos de trabajo, al tiempo que trasladan los costos a los consumidores. [342]

Comercio

El representante Justin S. Morrill (republicano de Vermont) redactó el Arancel Morrill , inaugurando un período de proteccionismo en los Estados Unidos hasta 1913. [343]

El Partido Republicano ha adoptado opiniones muy variadas sobre el comercio internacional a lo largo de su historia. La plataforma oficial del Partido Republicano adoptada en 2024 se opone al libre comercio y apoya la promulgación de aranceles a las importaciones, aunque apoya el mantenimiento de los acuerdos de libre comercio existentes . [344] En sus inicios, el Partido Republicano apoyó los aranceles proteccionistas , y el Arancel Morrill se implementó durante la presidencia de Abraham Lincoln . [345] [343] En las elecciones presidenciales de 1896 , el candidato presidencial republicano William McKinley hizo una intensa campaña a favor de los aranceles elevados, habiendo sido el creador y homónimo del Arancel McKinley de 1890. [73]

A principios del siglo XX, el Partido Republicano comenzó a dividirse en torno a los aranceles, y la gran batalla por la elevada Ley de Aranceles Payne-Aldrich de 1910 dividió al partido y provocó un realineamiento. [346] El presidente demócrata Woodrow Wilson redujo las tasas con el Arancel Underwood de 1913 y la llegada de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 revisó radicalmente los patrones comerciales debido a la reducción del comercio. Además, los nuevos ingresos generados por el impuesto a la renta federal debido a la 16.ª enmienda hicieron que los aranceles fueran menos importantes en términos de impacto económico y retórica política. [347] Cuando los republicanos volvieron al poder en 1921, volvieron a imponer un arancel proteccionista. Lo volvieron a aumentar con la Ley de Aranceles Smoot-Hawley de 1930 para hacer frente a la Gran Depresión en los Estados Unidos , pero la depresión solo empeoró y el demócrata Franklin D. Roosevelt se convirtió en presidente de 1932 a 1945. [348]

La Ley de Aranceles Recíprocos de 1934 marcó un cambio radical con respecto a la era del proteccionismo en los Estados Unidos. Los aranceles estadounidenses sobre los productos extranjeros disminuyeron de un promedio del 46% en 1934 al 12% en 1962, que incluyó la presidencia del presidente republicano Dwight D. Eisenhower . [349] Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos promovió el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT) establecido en 1947, para minimizar los aranceles y otras restricciones, y liberalizar el comercio entre todos los países capitalistas. [350] [351]

Durante las administraciones de Reagan y George H. W. Bush , los republicanos abandonaron las políticas proteccionistas [352] y se manifestaron en contra de las cuotas y a favor de la política del GATT y de la Organización Mundial del Comercio de mínimas barreras económicas al comercio global. El libre comercio con Canadá se produjo como resultado del Tratado de Libre Comercio Canadá-Estados Unidos de 1987, que condujo en 1994 al Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), basado en el plan de Reagan de ampliar el alcance del mercado para las empresas estadounidenses para incluir a Canadá y México. El presidente Bill Clinton , con un fuerte apoyo republicano en 1993, impulsó el TLCAN en el Congreso a pesar de la vehemente objeción de los sindicatos. [353] [354]

Las elecciones de 2016 marcaron un regreso al apoyo al proteccionismo, comenzando con la presidencia de Donald Trump . [355] [356] En 2017, solo el 36% de los republicanos estuvo de acuerdo en que los acuerdos de libre comercio son buenos para los Estados Unidos , en comparación con el 67% de los demócratas. Cuando se les preguntó si el libre comercio ha ayudado específicamente a los encuestados, los números de aprobación de los demócratas caen al 54%, sin embargo, los índices de aprobación entre los republicanos se mantienen relativamente sin cambios en el 34%. [357] Durante su presidencia, Trump retiró a los Estados Unidos del Acuerdo Transpacífico , inició una guerra comercial con China y negoció el T-MEC como sucesor del TLCAN. [356] [358]

Trump también bloqueó los nombramientos para el Órgano de Apelación de la Organización Mundial del Comercio , dejándolo incapaz de hacer cumplir y castigar a los infractores de las normas de la OMC. [359] [33] Posteriormente, el desprecio por las normas comerciales ha aumentado, lo que ha llevado a más medidas proteccionistas comerciales. [360] La administración Biden ha mantenido la congelación de Trump de nuevos nombramientos. [33] La plataforma propuesta por el Partido Republicano para 2024 era aún más proteccionista, y exigía la promulgación de aranceles sobre la mayoría de las importaciones. [34]

Políticas ambientales

Históricamente, los líderes progresistas del Partido Republicano apoyaron la protección del medio ambiente . El presidente republicano Theodore Roosevelt fue un conservacionista destacado cuyas políticas finalmente llevaron a la creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales . [363] Si bien el presidente republicano Richard Nixon no era un ambientalista, firmó la legislación para crear la Agencia de Protección Ambiental en 1970 y tenía un programa ambiental integral. [364] Sin embargo, esta posición ha cambiado desde la década de 1980 y la administración del presidente Ronald Reagan , quien etiquetó las regulaciones ambientales como una carga para la economía. [365] Desde entonces, los republicanos han tomado posiciones cada vez más en contra de la regulación ambiental, [366] [367] [368] y muchos republicanos rechazan el consenso científico sobre el cambio climático . [365] [369] [370] [371]

En 2006, el entonces gobernador de California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, rompió con la ortodoxia republicana para firmar varios proyectos de ley que imponían límites a las emisiones de carbono en California. El entonces presidente George W. Bush se opuso a los límites obligatorios a nivel nacional. La decisión de Bush de no regular el dióxido de carbono como contaminante fue impugnada en la Corte Suprema por 12 estados , [372] y el tribunal falló en contra de la administración Bush en 2007. [373] Bush también se opuso públicamente a la ratificación de los Protocolos de Kioto [365] [374] que buscaban limitar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y, por lo tanto, combatir el cambio climático ; su posición fue duramente criticada por los científicos del clima. [375]

El Partido Republicano rechaza la política de topes y comercio para limitar las emisiones de carbono. [376] En la década de 2000, el senador John McCain propuso proyectos de ley (como la Ley de Gestión Climática McCain-Lieberman ) que habrían regulado las emisiones de carbono, pero su posición sobre el cambio climático era inusual entre los miembros de alto rango del partido. [365] Algunos candidatos republicanos han apoyado el desarrollo de combustibles alternativos para lograr la independencia energética de los Estados Unidos . Algunos republicanos apoyan el aumento de la perforación petrolera en áreas protegidas como el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre del Ártico , una posición que ha generado críticas de los activistas. [377]

Durante la presidencia de Barack Obama, muchos republicanos se opusieron a las nuevas normas ambientales de su administración, como las relativas a las emisiones de carbono del carbón. En particular, muchos republicanos apoyaron la construcción del oleoducto Keystone ; esta postura contó con el apoyo de las empresas, pero con la oposición de los grupos de pueblos indígenas y los activistas ambientales. [378] [379] [380]

Según el Center for American Progress , un grupo de defensa liberal sin fines de lucro, más del 55% de los republicanos del Congreso eran negadores del cambio climático en 2014. [381] [382] PolitiFact en mayo de 2014 encontró que "relativamente pocos miembros republicanos del Congreso ... aceptan la conclusión científica prevaleciente de que el calentamiento global es real y provocado por el hombre". El grupo encontró ocho miembros que lo reconocieron, aunque el grupo reconoció que podría haber más y que no todos los miembros del Congreso han tomado una postura sobre el tema. [383] [384]

De 2008 a 2017, el Partido Republicano pasó de "debatir cómo combatir el cambio climático causado por el hombre a argumentar que no existe", según The New York Times . [385] En enero de 2015, el Senado de los Estados Unidos, liderado por los republicanos, votó 98-1 para aprobar una resolución que reconocía que "el cambio climático es real y no es un engaño"; sin embargo, una enmienda que afirmaba que "la actividad humana contribuye significativamente al cambio climático" fue apoyada por solo cinco senadores republicanos. [386]

Cuidado de la salud

El partido se opone a un sistema de atención sanitaria de pagador único , [387] [388] describiéndolo como medicina socializada . También se opone a la Ley de Atención Médica Asequible [389] y a las ampliaciones de Medicaid. [390] Históricamente, ha habido opiniones diversas y superpuestas tanto dentro del Partido Republicano como del Partido Demócrata sobre el papel del gobierno en la atención sanitaria, pero los dos partidos se polarizaron mucho sobre el tema durante 2008-2009 y en adelante. [391]

Tanto los republicanos como los demócratas hicieron varias propuestas para establecer un seguro de salud para personas mayores financiado por el gobierno federal antes del esfuerzo bipartidista para establecer Medicare y Medicaid en 1965. [392] [393] [394] Ningún miembro republicano del Congreso votó a favor de la Ley de Atención Médica Asequible en 2009, y después de su aprobación, el partido hizo frecuentes intentos de derogarla. [391] [395] A nivel estatal, el partido ha tendido a adoptar una posición en contra de la expansión de Medicaid . [324] [394]

According to a 2023 YouGov poll, Republicans are slightly more likely to oppose intersex medical alterations than Democrats.[396][397]

Foreign policy

The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to multilateralism in American foreign policy.[398] Neoconservatism, which supports unilateralism and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.[399] Some, including paleoconservatives,[400] call for non-interventionism and an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[32][218][219] This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previous interventionist foreign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.[401]

Israel

During the 1940s, Republicans predominantly opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence of conservatives of the Old Right.[402] In 1948, Democratic President Harry Truman became the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel.[403]

The rise of neoconservatism saw the Republican Party become predominantly pro-Israel by the 1990s and 2000s,[404] although notable anti-Israel sentiment persisted through paleoconservative figures such as Pat Buchanan.[405] As president, Donald Trump generally supported Israel during most of his term, but became increasingly critical of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu towards the end of it.[406] After the 7 October 2023 Hamas terrorist attack on Israel, Trump blamed Netanyahu for having failed to prevent the attack.[407] Trump previously criticized the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and expressed doubt about whether Netanyahu truly desired peace with the Palestinians.[408] According to i24NEWS, the 2020s have seen declining support for Israel among nationalist Republicans, led by individuals such as Tucker Carlson.[409][402] Nevertheless, the 2024 Republican Party platform reaffirmed the party would "stand with Israel" and called for the deportation of "pro-Hamas radicals", while expressing a desire for peace in the Middle East.[410]

Taiwan

In the party's 2016 platform,[411] its stance on Taiwan is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself".

War on terror

Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, while other prominent Republicans, such as Ted Cruz, strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.[412] In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such as Matt Gaetz supported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and ending intervention in countries such as Somalia.[413]

Europe, Russia and Ukraine

The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons to Ukraine in its fight with Russia and rebel forces; the removal of this language reportedly resulted from intervention from staffers to presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.[414] However, the Trump administration approved a new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine in 2017.[415] Republicans generally question European NATO members' insufficient investment in defense funding, and some are dissatisfied with U.S. aid to Ukraine.[416][417] Some Republican members of the U.S. Congress support foreign aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[291][292] and are accused by U.S. media of being pro-Russian.[223][293][294][295][296][297][298]

Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several prominent Republicans criticized some colleagues and conservative media outlets for echoing Russian propaganda. Liz Cheney, formerly the third-ranking House Republican, said "a Putin wing of the Republican Party" had emerged. Republican Senator Mitt Romney characterized pro-Putin sentiments expressed by some Republicans as "almost treasonous." Former vice president Mike Pence said, "There is no room in the Republican Party for apologists for Putin." House Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Michael McCaul asserted that Russian propaganda had "infected a good chunk of my party's base," attributing the cause to "nighttime entertainment shows" and "conspiracy-theory outlets that are just not accurate, and they actually model Russian propaganda." House Intelligence Committee chairman Mike Turner confirmed McCaul's assessment, asserting that some propaganda coming directly from Russia could be heard on the House floor. Republican senator Thom Tillis characterized the influential conservative commentator Tucker Carlson, who frequently expresses pro-Russia sentiments, as Russia's "useful idiot".[418][419][420][421]

In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives voted against a military aid package to Ukraine.[422] Both Trump and Senator JD Vance, the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and vice presidential nominee respectively, have been vocal critics of military aid to Ukraine and advocates of a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine.[423][424][425][426] The 2024 Republican Party platform did not mention Russia or Ukraine, but stated the party's objectives to "prevent World War III" and "restore peace to Europe".[427]

Foreign relations and aid

In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[428]

Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[429][430][431]

A survey by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs shows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".[432]

Social issues

The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana.[433] The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that the Christian right has had in the party since the 1970s.[434][435][436] Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.[433][437]

Abortion and embryonic stem cell research

The Republican position on abortion has changed significantly over time.[228][438] During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics — which tended to vote for the Democratic Party — opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.[438]

During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,[439][440] although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.[441] Leading Republican political figures, including Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.[439] However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies.

In the 21st century, both George W. Bush[442] and Donald Trump described themselves as "pro-life" during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.[443]

Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:[228]

...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under Governor Nelson Rockefeller, a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved...

Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party among traditionalist Catholics and conservative Protestant evangelicals.[228][441][444] Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that was sectarian and Catholic.[444] Historian Randall Balmer notes that Billy Graham's Christianity Today published in 1968 a statement by theologian Bruce Waltke that:[445] "God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed. The Law plainly exacts: "If a man kills any human life he will be put to death" (Lev. 24:17). But according to Exodus 21:22-24, the destruction of the fetus is not a capital offense. ... Clearly, then, in contrast to the mother, the fetus is not reckoned as a soul." Typical of the time, Christianity Today "refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."[446] Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in the Southern Baptist Convention, including W. A. Criswell, who is partially credited with starting the "conservative resurgence" within the organization, who stated: "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.[446][447] After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.[444]

Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,[224] although vast majority of the party's national and state candidates are anti-abortion and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.[448] There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the Roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.[449][450][451] As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.[449][450] Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably Planned Parenthood.[452] This includes support for the Hyde Amendment.

Until its dissolution in 2018, Republican Majority for Choice, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[453]

The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.[454][455]

After the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled states passed near-total bans on abortion, rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.[456][457]

Affirmative action

Republicans generally oppose affirmative action, often describing it as a "quota system" and believing that it is not meritocratic and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination. According to a 2023 ABC poll, a majority of Americans (52%) and 75% of Republicans supported the Supreme Court's decision in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard prohibiting race as a factor in college admissions, compared to only 26% of Democrats.[458]

The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms…Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."[459][460][461][462]

Gun ownership

A 2021 survey of U.S. opinion on gun control issues, revealing deep divides along political lines.[463]

Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns. According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[464]

The National Rifle Association of America, a special interest group in support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party.[465] Following gun control measures under the Clinton administration, such as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Republicans allied with the NRA during the Republican Revolution in 1994.[466] Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support,[467] such as in the 2013 Colorado recall election which resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.[468]

In contrast, George H. W. Bush, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the Oklahoma City bombing authored by CEO Wayne LaPierre, and publicly resigned in protest.[469]

Drug legalization

Republican elected officials have historically supported the War on Drugs. They generally oppose legalization or decriminalization of drugs such as marijuana.[470][471][472]

Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.[473][474] A 2021 Quinnipiac poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.[470] Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.[475]

Immigration

The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history.[9] In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as the Know-Nothings. In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); during this period, the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers with which to compete). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.[476]

In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passed comprehensive immigration reform that would eventually have allowed millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens. Despite the support of Republican President George W. Bush, the House of Representatives (also led by Republicans) did not advance the bill.[477] After Republican Mitt Romney was defeated in the 2012 presidential election, particularly due to a lack of support among Latinos,[478][479] several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants that would allow for more migrant workers and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. The Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 passed the Senate 68–32, but was not brought to a vote in the House and died in the 113th Congress.[480] In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway to citizenship concept.[481]

In 2016, Donald Trump proposed to build a wall along the southern border of the United States. Trump immigration policies during his administration included a travel ban from multiple Muslim-majority countries, a Remain in Mexico policy for asylum-seekers, a controversial family separation policy, and attempting to end DACA.[303][482] During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,[483] although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.[480] The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.[34]

LGBT issues

Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on LGBT rights has changed significantly over time, with continuously increasing support among both parties on the issue.[484][485] The Log Cabin Republicans is a group within the Republican Party that represents LGBT conservatives and allies and advocates for LGBT rights.[486][487]

From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed same-sex marriage, while being divided on the issue of civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex couples.[488] During the 2004 election, George W. Bush campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.[489][490] In both 2004[491] and 2006,[492] President Bush, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and House Majority Leader John Boehner promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples.[493][494][495] In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[496] As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[497] The 2016 GOP Platform defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling legalizing same-sex marriages.[498][499] The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.[500][501][502]

Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, but had previously promised to consider appointing a Supreme Court justice to roll back the constitutional right.[489][503] In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognize LGBT Pride Month.[504] Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.[505]

The Republican Party platform previously opposed the inclusion of gay people in the military and opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.[506][507][508] The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.[509] The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.[510][511] The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation".[512][513] The same 2016 platform rejected Obergefell v. Hodges, and was also used for the party's 2020 platform.[514] In the early 2020s, numerous Republican-led states proposed or passed laws limiting or banning transgender care for minors, public performances of drag shows, and teaching schoolchildren about LGBT topics.[515]

On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair Ronna McDaniel announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with the Log Cabin Republicans, to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.[516] However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.[517]

As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters support same-sex marriage.[484][518][519] According to FiveThirtyEight, as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.[520][521] The party platform approved at the 2024 Republican National Convention removed opposition to same-sex marriage, though it did oppose transgender rights and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.[34]

Voting rights

Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of voter rolls, limiting voting locations, and limiting early and mail-in voting) are vital to prevent voter fraud, saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and voter ID laws among the general population.[522][523][524]

In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,[525][526][527][528] and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[527][528]

After the Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder rolled back aspects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[529] The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[530]

After Donald Trump and his Republican allies made false claims of fraud during the 2020 presidential election, Republicans launched a nationwide effort to impose tighter election laws at the state level.[531][532][533] Such bills are centered around limiting mail-in voting, strengthening voter ID laws, shortening early voting, eliminating automatic and same-day voter registration, curbing the use of ballot drop boxes, and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.[534][535] Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results in swing states won by Biden.[536][537][538][539]

Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,[f] as justification.[542][543][544] Political analysts say that the efforts amount to voter suppression, are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect minority voters.[545][546][547][548]

Composition

Percent of self-identified conservatives by state in 2018, according to a Gallup poll:[215]
  45% and above
  40–44%
  35–39%
  30–34%
  25–29%
  24% and under
Map of the vote in the 2020 presidential election by county

According to a 2015 Gallup poll, 25% of Americans identify as Republican and 16% identify as leaning Republican. In comparison, 30% identify as Democratic and 16% identify as leaning Democratic. The Democratic Party has typically held an overall edge in party identification since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.[549]

In 2016, The New York Times stated that the party was strongest in the South, most of the Midwestern and Mountain States, and Alaska.[550]

As of the 2020s, the party derives its strongest support from rural voters, evangelical Christians and Latter-day Saints, men, senior citizens, and white voters without college degrees.[551][552][553][554] The party has made significant gains among the white working class, Hispanics, and Orthodox Jews,[555][556] but has lost support among upper middle class and college-educated whites.[557][558]

Demographics

Gender

Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat John Kerry than for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.[559] In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[560] In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[561][562] Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[563] Although women supported Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[564] Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[565]

However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[566][567]

Education

Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher by state

The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, even as the educational attainment of the United States has steadily increased.[31][557] Since the 2010s, a similar trend in the opposite direction has been seen among white voters with college degrees, who have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.[568][569] White voters without college degrees tend to be more socially conservative and more likely to live in rural areas.[570] In the 2020 United States presidential election, Donald Trump won 67% of white voters without a college degree, compared to 48% of white voters with a college degree.[571][568][569]

In 2012, the Pew Research Center conducted a study of registered voters with a 35–28 Democrat-to-Republican gap. They found that self-described Democrats had an eight-point advantage over Republicans among college graduates and a fourteen-point advantage among all post-graduates polled. Republicans had an eleven-point advantage among White men with college degrees; Democrats had a ten-point advantage among women with degrees. Democrats accounted for 36% of all respondents with an education of high school or less; Republicans accounted for 28%. When isolating just White registered voters polled, Republicans had a six-point advantage overall and a nine-point advantage among those with a high school education or less.[572] Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[573]

Ethnicity

Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave Black people the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, Black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.[574] Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.[575] Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when Black politicians such as Arthur Mitchell and William Dawson supported the New Deal because it would better serve the interest of Black Americans.[576] Black voters would become one of the core components of the New Deal coalition. In the South, after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.[577]

In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans, Tim Scott and Allen West, were elected to the House of Representatives. As of January 2023, there are four African-American Republicans in the House of Representatives and one African American Republican in the United States Senate.[578] In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from Hispanic and Asian American voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.[579][580][581] The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular Cuban Americans, Korean Americans, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans. The 2007 election of Bobby Jindal as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.[582] Jindal became the first elected minority governor in Louisiana and the first state governor of Indian descent.[583]

Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.[584][585][586][587][588][589] According to John Avlon, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and African-American U.S. senator Tim Scott of South Carolina.[590]

In the 2008 presidential election, Republican presidential candidate John McCain won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[591] In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.[592] In the 2022 U.S. House elections, Republicans won 58% of White voters, 40% of Asian voters, 39% of Hispanic voters, and 13% of African American voters.[593]

As of 2020, Republican candidates had lost the popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections.[594] Since 1992, the only time they won the popular vote in a presidential election is the 2004 United States presidential election. Demographers have pointed to the steady decline of its core base of older, rural White voters (as a percentage of the eligible voters).[595][596][597][598] However, Donald Trump managed to increase non-White support to 26% of his total votes in the 2020 election — the highest percentage for a GOP presidential candidate since 1960.[599][600]

Religious communities

Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before 1960, with Catholics, Jews, and southern Protestants heavily Democratic and northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.[601] Voters who attended church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in 2004; those who attended occasionally gave him only 47%; and those who never attended gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though John Kerry was Catholic). Since 1980, a large majority of evangelicals has voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in 2006.

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who reside predominantly in Utah and several neighboring states, voted 75% or more for George W. Bush in 2000.[602] Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in 2016 and 56% of them supporting his presidency in 2018, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the Access Hollywood controversy.[603] In the 2020 United States presidential election, Trump underperformed in heavily-Mormon Utah by a margin of more than 20% compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in 2012 and George W. Bush in 2004. Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[604]

Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority of Orthodox Jews voted for the Republican Party in 2016, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.[605] Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021.[606] An exit poll conducted by the Associated Press for 2020 found 35% of Muslims voted for Donald Trump.[607] The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the National Baptists, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.[608]

Although once strongly Democratic, American Catholic voters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in 2016 and 52% voting for Biden in 2020. While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.[609] Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical Laudato si' sparked a discussion on the positions of Catholic Republicans in relation to the positions of the Church. The Pope's encyclical on behalf of the Catholic Church officially acknowledges a man-made climate change caused by burning fossil fuels.[610] The Pope says the warming of the planet is rooted in a throwaway culture and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet in pursuit of short-term economic gains. According to The New York Times, Laudato si' put pressure on the Catholic candidates in the 2016 election: Jeb Bush, Bobby Jindal, Marco Rubio and Rick Santorum.[611]

With leading Democrats praising the encyclical, James Bretzke, a professor of moral theology at Boston College, has said that both sides were being disingenuous: "I think it shows that both the Republicans and the Democrats ... like to use religious authority and, in this case, the Pope to support positions they have arrived at independently ... There is a certain insincerity, hypocrisy I think, on both sides".[612] While a Pew Research poll indicates Catholics are more likely to believe the Earth is warming than non-Catholics, 51% of Catholic Republicans believe in global warming (less than the general population) and only 24% of Catholic Republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity.[613]

Members of the business community

The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are 24 percent more likely to be business owners than Democrats.[614] Prominent business lobbying groups such as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and National Association of Manufacturers have traditionally supported Republican candidates and economic policies.[615][616] Although both major parties support capitalism, the Republican Party is more likely to favor private property rights (including intellectual property rights) than the Democratic Party over competing interests such as protecting the environment or lowering medication costs.[617][618][619]

A survey cited by The Washington Post in 2012 found that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. Small business became a major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention.[620]

Republican presidents

As of 2021, there have been a total of 19 Republican presidents.

Recent electoral history

In congressional elections: 1950–present

In presidential elections: 1856–present

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Attributed to the following sources.[9][22][13][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
  2. ^ Attributed to multiple references.[229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240]
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple sources.[9][22][13][23][24][26][269][270][271][272][273][274][275]
  4. ^ Attributed to the following sources.[284][285][286][272][273][274][275]
  5. ^ Right-to-work laws ban union security agreements, which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.[341]
  6. ^ According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.[540] According to a poll by Quinnipiac, 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.[541]
  7. ^ a b c d Died in office.
  8. ^ Resigned from office.
  9. ^ Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.
  10. ^ Republican Vice President Dick Cheney provided a tie-breaking vote, initially giving Republicans a majority from Inauguration Day until Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.
  11. ^ Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris provided a tie-breaking vote, giving Democrats a majority from Inauguration Day until the end of the 117th Congress.
  12. ^ Incumbent vice-president James S. Sherman was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.
  1. ^ Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won a majority of the popular vote.
  2. ^ Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Grover Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote.
  3. ^ Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behind Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.
  4. ^ Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote.
  5. ^ Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Hillary Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote.

References

  1. ^ The Origin of the Republican Party by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
  2. ^ Widmer, Ted (March 19, 2011). "A Very Mad-Man". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  3. ^ "Political Parties | Northern Illinois University Digital Library". digital.lib.niu.edu. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  4. ^ Howe, Daniel Walker (Winter 1995). "Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 16 (1). hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0016.105. ISSN 1945-7987.
  5. ^ "Historical Context: The Breakdown of the Party System | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History". www.gilderlehrman.org. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  6. ^ "Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century". Norwich University Resource Library. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  7. ^ McPherson, James (2003) [1988]. The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2.
  8. ^ James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: Volume I. The Coming of War, second edition (ISBN 0-07045837-5) p. 94.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Robert C. (2021). "Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America". American Political Thought. 10 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1086/713662. S2CID 233401184. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  10. ^ Morgan, David (August 21, 2023). "Republican feud over 'root canal' spending cuts raises US government shutdown risk". Reuters. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  11. ^
    • Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T., eds. (2020). "Chapter 15: Religion and American Politics". The Oxford Handbook of American Political History. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 278–294. ISBN 9780199341788.
    • Lewis, Andrew R. (August 28, 2019). "The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Considering all the evidence, the most apt description is that conservative Christianity has transformed the Republican Party, and the Republican Party has transformed conservative Christianity ... With its inclusion in the Republican Party, the Christian right has moderated on some aspects ... At the same time, the Christian right has altered Republican politics.
    • Perry, Samuel L. (2022). "American Religion in the Era of Increasing Polarization". Annual Review of Sociology. 48 (1). San Mateo, California: Annual Reviews: 87–107. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-114239. ISSN 0360-0572. p. 91: Unaffiliated Americans were not abandoning orthodox beliefs, but rather, the increase in "no religion" was confined to political moderates and liberals who were likely reacting to the growing alignment of Christian identity with the religious Right and Republicans.3
    • Berlet, Chip; Hardisty, Berlet, eds. (2019). "Drifting Right and going wrong: An overview of the US political Right". Trumping Democracy: From Reagan to the Alt-right (1 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 91. doi:10.4324/9781315438412-9. ISBN 9781315438412. Within the Republican Party, the Christian Right competes with more secular, upstart free market libertarianism and button-down business conservatism for dominance.
    • Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). "The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force". Archives de sciences sociales des religions. 26 (52–1). Paris: Éditions de l'EHESS: 69–83. doi:10.3406/assr.1981.2226. ISSN 0335-5985. JSTOR 30125411.
    • Ben Barka, Mokhtar (December 2012). "The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward". E-Rea. 10 (1). Aix-en-Provence and Marseille: Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte on behalf of Aix-Marseille University. doi:10.4000/erea.2753. ISSN 1638-1718. S2CID 191364375.
    • Palmer, Randall; Winner, Lauren F. (2005) [2002]. "Protestants and Homosexuality". Protestantism in America. Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 149–178. ISBN 9780231111317. LCCN 2002023859.
    • "Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
    • Trollinger, William (October 8, 2019). "Fundamentalism turns 100, a landmark for the Christian Right". The Conversation. ISSN 2201-5639. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. The emergent Christian Right attached itself to the Republican Party, which was more aligned with its members' central commitments than the Democrats ... By the time Falwell died, in 2007, the Christian Right had become the most important constituency in the Republican Party. It played a crucial role in electing Donald Trump in 2016.
    • Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (October 27, 2022). "How Much Power Do Christians Really Have?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. In the 1980s and 1990s, as white Christian conservatives forged an alliance with the Republican Party, Christianity itself started to become a partisan symbol. Identifying as a Christian was no longer just about theology, community or family history — to many Americans, the label became uncomfortably tangled with the Christian Right's political agenda, which was itself becoming increasingly hard to separate from the GOP's political agenda.
  12. ^ a b Wilbur, Miller (2012). "Libertarianism". The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 1006–1007. ISBN 978-1-4129-8876-6. While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.
  13. ^ a b c d e Arhin, Kofi; Stockemer, Daniel; Normandin, Marie-Soleil (May 29, 2023). "THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other?". World Affairs. 186 (3). doi:10.1177/00438200231176818. ISSN 1940-1582. In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).
  14. ^ Sources for center-right:
    • Gidron, Norm; Zilbatt, Daniel (2019). "Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 18–19, 27–28. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. ISSN 1094-2939. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
    • Keckler, Charles; Rozell, Mark J. (April 3, 2015). "The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right". Perspectives on Political Science. 44 (2): 92–99. doi:10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476. To better understand the structure of cooperation and competition between these groups, we construct an anatomy of the American center-right, which identifies them as incipient factions within the conservative movement and its political instrument, the Republican Party.
    • Donovan, Todd (October 2, 2019). "Authoritarian attitudes and support for radical right populists". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties. 29 (4): 448–464. doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1666270. A strict two-party system, such as the United States, does not fit the tripolar logic. If authoritarian attitudes exist in an electorate that effectively has no potential for anything but a choice between one centre-left and one centre-right party, people with such attitudes may find a place in one of the two dominant parties.
    • Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Vasilopoulou, Sofia; Sindre, Gyda M. (March 8, 2023). The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties. p. 140. doi:10.4324/9780429263859. ISBN 978-0-429-26385-9. A primary driver of comparisons between the USA and other Anglosphere centre-right parties appears to be cultural and language affinities.
  15. ^ Sources for right-wing:
    • McKay, David (2020), Crewe, Ivor; Sanders, David (eds.), "Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation", Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7, ISBN 978-3-030-17997-7, retrieved June 13, 2024, the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls
    • Greenberg, David (January 27, 2021). "An Intellectual History of Trumpism". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 13, 2024. The larger ideology that the president-elect represents is a post-Iraq War, post-crash, post-Barack Obama update of what used to be called paleoconservatism: On race and immigration, where the alt-right affinities are most pronounced, its populist ideas are carrying an already right-wing party even further right.
    • Wineinger, Catherine; Nugent, Mary K. (January 2, 2020). "Framing Identity Politics: Right-Wing Women as Strategic Party Actors in the UK and US". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 41 (1): 5. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2020.1698214. ISSN 1554-477X.
    • Jessoula, Matteo; Natili, Marcello; Pavolini, Emmanuele (August 8, 2022). "'Exclusionary welfarism': a new programmatic agenda for populist right-wing parties?". Contemporary Politics. 28 (4): 447–449. doi:10.1080/13569775.2021.2011644. ISSN 1356-9775.
  16. ^ "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015.
  17. ^ "Regional Unions". International Democracy Union. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  18. ^ "About - ECR Party". European Conservatives and Reformists Party. August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  19. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). "Where the Republican Party Began". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021.
  20. ^ Fornieri, Joseph R.; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn (2008). Lincoln's America: 1809–1865. SIU Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0809387137. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  21. ^ a b Devine, Donald (April 4, 2014). "Reagan's Philosophical Fusionism". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  22. ^ a b c d Biebricher, Thomas (October 25, 2023). "The Crisis of American Conservatism in Historical–Comparative Perspective". Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 65 (2): 233–259. doi:10.1007/s11615-023-00501-2. ISSN 2075-4698.
  23. ^ a b c d Ward, Ian (August 26, 2022). "Trump Didn't Kill Reaganism. These Guys Did". Politico. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  24. ^ a b c d Desiderio, Andrew; Sherman, Jake; Bresnahan, John (February 7, 2024). "The end of the Old GOP". Punchbowl News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  25. ^ a b Kane, Paul (October 5, 2023). "McCarthy thought he could harness forces of disruption. Instead they devoured him". The Washington Post. As far back as 2009, the future House speaker tried to channel the anti-politician, tea party wave building into a political force, but the movement crushed him.
  26. ^ a b c Kight, Stef W. (February 13, 2023). "GOP's old guard on verge of extinction as Trump allies circle Senate". Axios. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Ball, Molly (July 19, 2024). "Trump Hasn't Changed, but the GOP Has". The Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^ a b c d Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197519646. The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.
  29. ^ a b Dawsey, Josh; Arnsdorf, Isaac; Vozzella, Laura (July 19, 2024). "Trump's overhaul of GOP shows his sway but leaves some on sidelines". The Washington Post.
  30. ^ a b Nagourney, Adam (July 16, 2024). "Guess Who's Not Coming to Milwaukee? Bush, Quayle, Pence, Cheney or Romney". The New York Times.
  31. ^ a b c Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. "Polarized by Degrees: How the Diploma Divide and the Culture War Transformed American Politics". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 23, 2024. Democrats have become the home of highly-educated citizens with progressive social views who prefer credentialed experts to make policy decisions, while Republicans have become the populist champions of white voters without college degrees who increasingly distrust teachers, scientists, journalists, universities, non-profit organizations, and even corporations.
  32. ^ a b c d e Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). "US Republicans and the New Fusionism". The Political Quarterly. 95: 148–156. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13341. ISSN 1467-923X. S2CID 266282896.
  33. ^ a b c "How Trump Could Deal Another Blow to Already Hobbled WTO". Bloomberg News. September 4, 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d Haberman, Maggie; Goldmacher, Shane; Swan, Jonathan (July 8, 2024). "Trump Presses G.O.P. for New Platform That Softens Stance on Abortion". The New York Times. The platform is even more nationalistic, more protectionist and less socially conservative than the 2016 Republican platform that was duplicated in the 2020 election.
  35. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Kansas-Nebraska Act". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  36. ^ "The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn "Bleeding Kansas" Free". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  37. ^ George H. Mayer, The Republican Party, 1854-1964 (1965) pp. 23–30.
  38. ^ "The Origin of the Republican Party, A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, 1914". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  39. ^ "History of the GOP". GOP. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  40. ^ "Birth of Republicanism". The New York Times. 1879. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  41. ^ Sperber, Jonathan (2013). Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 214, 258. ISBN 978-0-87140-467-1.
  42. ^ William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (Oxford UP, 1987)
  43. ^ William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War." Journal of American History 72.3 (1985): 529–59 online Archived November 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ "Republican National Political Conventions 1856–2008 (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  45. ^ a b "First Republican national convention ends". History. February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  46. ^ a b Cooper, William (October 4, 2016). "James Buchanan: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  47. ^ McPherson 1988, p. 144.
  48. ^ a b c Burlingame, Michael (October 4, 2016). "Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  49. ^ Guelzo, Allen C. (2008). Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 285. ISBN 978-0743273206.
  50. ^ Kim, Mallie Jane (December 2, 2010). "The Election That Led to the Civil War". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  51. ^ "Lincoln reelected". History. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  52. ^ Klein, Christopher (September 2018). "Congress Passes 13th Amendment, 150 Years Ago". History. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  53. ^ Harris, William C. (1997). With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 123–170.
  54. ^ a b Varon, Elizabeth R. (October 4, 2016). "Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  55. ^ McPherson, James M. (October 1965). "Grant or Greeley? The Abolitionist Dilemma in the Election of 1872". The American Historical Review. 71 (1). Oxford University Press: 42–61. doi:10.2307/1863035. JSTOR 1863035. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  56. ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). "Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service". Vox. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  57. ^ Waugh, Joan (October 4, 2016). "Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  58. ^ Frommer, Frederic (October 22, 2022). "Democrats didn't run a presidential candidate 150 years ago. It backfired". Washington Post.
  59. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant - Civil War, Facts & Quotes". HISTORY. March 30, 2020.
  60. ^ Blackford, Shelia (September 30, 2020). "Disputed Election of 1876". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  61. ^ Johnston, Robert D. (October 4, 2016). "Rutherford B. Hayes: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  62. ^ Johnston, Robert D. (October 4, 2016). "Rutherford B. Hayes: Domestic Affairs". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  63. ^ Garfield, James A. (February 1876). "The Currency Conflict". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  64. ^ Peskin, Allan (Spring 1980). "The Election of 1880". The Wilson Quarterly. 4 (2): 172–181. JSTOR 40255831.
  65. ^ Andrew Glass (January 16, 2018). "Pendleton Act inaugurates U.S. civil service system, Jan. 16, 1883". Politico. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  66. ^ Butler, Leslie (2009). Critical Americans: Victorian Intellectuals and Transatlantic Liberal Reform. University of North Carolina Press.
  67. ^ Blodgett, Geoffrey T. (1962). "The Mind of the Boston Mugwump". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 48 (4): 614–634. doi:10.2307/1893145. JSTOR 1893145. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  68. ^ Nevins, Allan (1933). Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908. p. 269.
  69. ^ Bailey, Thomas A. (1937). "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 24 (1): 43–52. doi:10.2307/1891336. JSTOR 1891336.
  70. ^ Skocpol, Theda (1993). "America's First Social Security System: The Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veterans". Political Science Quarterly. 108 (1): 85–116. doi:10.2307/2152487. JSTOR 2152487.
  71. ^ W. Baker Jr., George (August 1964). "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (3): 295–309. doi:10.2307/3636837. JSTOR 3636837. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  72. ^ Bacon, Harold (Summer 1957). "Anti-Imperialism and the Democrats". Science & Society. 21 (3): 222–239. JSTOR 40400511. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  73. ^ a b Phillips, Kevin (2003). William McKinley. New York: Times Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-0805069532.
  74. ^ Walter Dean Burnham, "Periodization schemes and 'party systems': the 'system of 1896' as a case in point." Social Science History 10.3 (1986): 263–314.
  75. ^ Williams, R. Hal (2010). Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp. 56, 121. ISBN 978-0700617210.
  76. ^ "The Contentious 1896 Election That Started the Rural-Urban Voter Divide". HISTORY. August 5, 2020.
  77. ^ George H. Mayer, The Republican Party, 1854-1964 (1965) p. 256.
  78. ^ "The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912". Time. April 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  79. ^ George H. Mayer, The Republican Party, 1854-1964 (1965) pp. 328-427, online
  80. ^ David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition (2000) pp. 63–65.
  81. ^ Garland S. Tucker, III, The high tide of American conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 election (2010) online
  82. ^ Robert K. Murray, The politics of normalcy: governmental theory and practice in the Harding-Coolidge era (1973) online
  83. ^ Lewis Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (2003) pp. 271–308.
  84. ^ a b "The Roots of Modern Conservatism | Michael Bowen". University of North Carolina Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  85. ^ Gould, pp. 271–308.
  86. ^ Quote on p. 261 Nash, George H.; Reinhard, David W. (1984). "The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan". Reviews in American History. 12 (2): 261–265. doi:10.2307/2702450. JSTOR 2702450. Nash references David W. Reinhard, The Republican Right since 1945, (University Press of Kentucky, 1983).
  87. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2007). The Betrayal of the American Right (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  88. ^ Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989)
  89. ^ Perlstein, Rick (August 2008). "How the 1964 Republican Convention Sparked a Revolution From the Right". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  90. ^ F. Will, George (November 21, 2014). "George F. Will: Recalling Rockefeller". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  91. ^ Hayward, Steven F. (October 23, 2014). "Why Ronald Reagan's 'A Time for Choosing' endures after all this time". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  92. ^ Troy, Gil (2009). The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195317107.
  93. ^ Fisher, Marc (June 2017). "'Tear down this wall': How Reagan's forgotten line became a defining moment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  94. ^ "Looking back at the breakup of the Soviet Union 30 years ago". www.wbur.org. December 24, 2021. Archived from the original on November 4, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  95. ^ Foltynova, Kristyna (October 1, 2021). "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened". rferl.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  96. ^ "It's 30 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union". euronews. December 24, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  97. ^ American Culture Transformed: Dialing 9/11. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. ISBN 978-1137033499. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  98. ^ Erickson, Amanda (December 2, 2018). "How George H.W. Bush pushed the United States to embrace free trade". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  99. ^ "Opposed from the start, the rocky history of NAFTA". Reuters. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  100. ^ Collins, Eliza (July 10, 2019). "Did Perot Spoil 1992 Election for Bush? It's Complicated". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  101. ^ Helmore, Edward (February 5, 2017). "How Trump's political playbook evolved since he first ran for president in 2000". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  102. ^ Peter Applebome (November 11, 1994). "THE 1994 ELECTIONS: THE SOUTH; The Rising G.O.P. Tide Overwhelms the Democratic Levees in the South". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  103. ^ a b Kennedy, Lesley (October 9, 2018). "The 1994 Midterms: When Newt Gingrich Helped Republicans Win Big". History. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  104. ^ a b Elving, Ron (September 23, 2010). "GOP's 'Pledge' Echoes 'Contract'; But Much Myth Surrounds '94 Plan". NPR. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  105. ^ Glass, Andrew (November 8, 2007). "Congress runs into 'Republican Revolution' Nov. 8, 1994". Politico. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  106. ^ a b Baer, Susan (November 7, 1996). "Revolutionary Gingrich suddenly is a centrist offering to help Clinton Election showed speaker to be 'slightly more popular than Unabomber'; ELECTION 1996". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  107. ^ Cogan, John F.; Brady, David (March 1, 1997). "The 1996 House Elections: Reaffirming the Conservative Trend". Hoover Institute. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  108. ^ Mitchell, Alison (November 7, 1998). "The Speaker Steps Down: The Career; the Fall of Gingrich, an Irony in an Odd Year". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  109. ^ Kilgore, Ed (June 6, 2019). "Did Impeachment Plans Damage Republicans in 1998?". New York. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  110. ^ Graham, David A.; Murphy, Cullen (December 2018). "The Clinton Impeachment, As Told By The People Who Lived It". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  111. ^ Rothman, Lily (May 28, 2015). "How a Scandal Made Dennis Hastert the Speaker of the House". Time. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  112. ^ Judis, John (December 20, 2004). "Movement Interruptus". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  113. ^ Vyse, Graham (March 30, 2018). "'Compassionate Conservatism' Won't Be Back Anytime Soon". New Republic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  114. ^ Alberta, Tim (June 8, 2020). "Is This the Last Stand of the 'Law and Order' Republicans?". Politico. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  115. ^ Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation (2004).
  116. ^ Wilentz, Sean (September 4, 2008). "How Bush Destroyed the Republican Party". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  117. ^ Kazin, Michael, ed. (2013). In Search of Progressive America. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0812209099.
  118. ^ "Profiles of the Typology Groups". People-press.org. May 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  119. ^ "Righteous Anger: The Conservative Case Against George W. Bush". The American Conservative (Cato Institute Re-printing). December 11, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  120. ^ "How Huckabee Scares the GOP" Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. By E. J. Dionne. Real Clear Politics. Published December 21, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
  121. ^ a b "Republican Party | political party, United States [1854–present]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  122. ^ Dick, Jason (January 19, 2016). "Today's Senate Roadblock Is Tomorrow's Safeguard". Roll Call. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  123. ^ Winston, David (January 4, 2019). "House Republicans came back from being written off before. They can again". Roll Call. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  124. ^ Niemietz, Brian (August 29, 2018). "Sarah Palin was not invited to John McCain's funeral". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  125. ^ Kilgore, Ed (November 3, 2010). "How the Republicans Did It". The New Republic. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  126. ^ "US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House". The Guardian. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on December 14, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  127. ^ Connolly, Katie (September 16, 2010). "What exactly is the Tea Party?". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  128. ^ "Strong in 2010, Where is the Tea Party Now?". NPR.org. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  129. ^ a b Blum, Rachel M. (2020). How the Tea Party Captured the GOP: Insurgent Factions in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226687520. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  130. ^ Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government The Hill, July 5, 2010
  131. ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill" Archived December 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  132. ^ Somin, Ilya (May 26, 2011). "The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism". Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy. Rochester, NY. SSRN 1853645.
  133. ^ Ekins, Emily (September 26, 2011). "Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian?". Reason. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily McClintock (August 6, 2012). "Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party". Policy Analysis (705). Cato Institute. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  134. ^ Halloran, Liz (February 5, 2010). "What's Behind The New Populism?". NPR. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Barstow, David (February 16, 2010). "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Fineman, Howard (April 6, 2010). "Party Time". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  135. ^ Arrillaga, Pauline (April 14, 2014). "Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Boorstein, Michelle (October 5, 2010). "Tea party, religious right often overlap, poll shows". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Wallsten, Peter; Yadron, Danny (September 29, 2010). "Tea-Party Movement Gathers Strength". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  136. ^ "Scott Brown: the tea party's first electoral victory". Christian Science Monitor. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  137. ^ "Will Redistricting Be a Bloodbath for Democrats?". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  138. ^ "It's official: Obama, Biden win second term". Los Angeles Times. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  139. ^ "Under Obama, Democrats suffer largest loss in power since Eisenhower". Quorum. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  140. ^ "Democrats Retain Senate Control On Election Night". HuffPost. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  141. ^ "Olympia Snowe: Bob Dole is right about GOP" – Kevin Robillard Archived June 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Politico.Com (May 29, 2013). Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  142. ^ Powell: GOP has 'a dark vein of intolerance' Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Politico.Com. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  143. ^ "Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation" (PDF). June 10, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2013.
  144. ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (March 18, 2013). "What You Need to Read in the RNC Election-Autopsy Report". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  145. ^ Rachel Weiner, "Reince Priebus gives GOP prescription for future", The Washington Post March 18, 2013 Archived July 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  146. ^ "Republicans keep edge in latest Senate midterm estimate". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  147. ^ "It's all but official: This will be the most dominant Republican Congress since 1929". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  148. ^ "12 days that stunned a nation: How Hillary Clinton lost". NBC News. August 23, 2017. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  149. ^ a b "How Trump won and proved everyone wrong with his populist message". NBC News Specials. December 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  150. ^ a b c Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.
  151. ^ Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  152. ^ Bosman, Julie; Davey, Monica (November 11, 2016). "Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  153. ^ "2017-2018 Governors' Races: Where Power Is Most and Least Likely to Flip". Governing. January 3, 2017.
  154. ^ "Republicans Governorships Rise to Highest Mark Since 1922". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  155. ^ Lieb, David A. (November 6, 2016). "Republican governorships rise to highest mark since 1922". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press.
  156. ^ Phillips, Amber (November 12, 2016). "These 3 maps show just how dominant Republicans are in America after Tuesday". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  157. ^ Lieb, David A. (December 29, 2016). "GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  158. ^ Greenblatt, Alan (November 9, 2016). "Republicans Add to Their Dominance of State Legislatures". Governing. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  159. ^ Graham, David A. (November 7, 2018). "The Democrats Are Back, and Ready to Take On Trump". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  160. ^ Kumar, Anita (September 26, 2020). "Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court". Politico. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  161. ^ "Trump signs tax cut bill, first big legislative win". NBC News. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  162. ^ Leonard, David (December 21, 2019). "Trump Officially Establishes US Space Force with 2020 Defense Bill Signing". Space.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023.
  163. ^ Forgey, Quint (September 15, 2020). "'The dawn of a new Middle East': Trump celebrates Abraham Accords with White House signing ceremony". Politico. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  164. ^ Wilkie, Christina; Breuninger, Kevin (February 5, 2020). "Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial". CNBC.
  165. ^ Chappell, Bill (January 13, 2021). "House Impeaches Trump A 2nd Time, Citing Insurrection At U.S. Capitol". NPR. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  166. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  167. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (February 13, 2021). "Trump acquitted in impeachment trial; 7 GOP Senators vote with Democrats to convict". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  168. ^ Riccardi, Nicholas; Mascaro, Lisa (May 21, 2024). "Election deniers moving closer to GOP mainstream, report shows, as Trump allies fill Congress". AP. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  169. ^ Blanco, Adrián; Wolfe, Daniel; Gardner, Amy (November 7, 2022). "Tracking which 2020 election deniers are winning, losing in the midterms". Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  170. ^ "Supreme Court strikes down century-old New York law, dramatically expanding Second Amendment rights to carry guns outside the home". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  171. ^ "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights". CNBC. June 24, 2022. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  172. ^ "How Election Week 2022 Went Down". FiveThirtyEight. November 8, 2022. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  173. ^ Hounshell, Blake (November 9, 2022). "Five Takeaways From a Red Wave That Didn't Reach the Shore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  174. ^ Tumulty, Karen (November 9, 2022). "The expected red wave looks more like a puddle". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  175. ^ Cowan, Richard (November 17, 2022). "Republicans win U.S. House majority, setting stage for divided government". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  176. ^ "State Partisan Composition", May 23, 2023, National Conference of State Legislatures, retrieved July 4, 2023. Archived July 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
  177. ^ Cronin, Tom and Bob Loevy: "American federalism: States veer far left or far right", Archived July 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, July 1, 2023, updated July 2, 2023, Colorado Springs Gazette, retrieved July 4, 2023
  178. ^ "In the States, Democrats All but Ran the Table", Archived July 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine November 11, 2022, The New York Times, retrieved July 4, 2023
  179. ^ Bender, Michael C.; Haberman, Maggie (November 10, 2022). "Trump Under Fire From Within G.O.P. After Midterms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  180. ^ Gomez, Henry (November 15, 2022). "Battleground Republicans unload on Trump ahead of expected 2024 announcement". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  181. ^ Pfannenstiel, Brianne (July 15, 2024). ""Make America great again!": Iowa Republican chair gives fiery Trump nominating speech at RNC". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
  182. ^ Press, Associated (March 12, 2024). "Trump clinches 2024 Republican nomination". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  183. ^ Rutland, RA (1996). The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush. University of Missouri Press. p. 2. ISBN 0826210902.
  184. ^ "The Origins of the Republican Party". UShistory.org. July 4, 1995. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  185. ^ Gould, pp. 14–15
  186. ^ Joyner, James. "The Changing Definition of 'Conservative'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  187. ^ "Grand Old Party", Oxford English Dictionary.
  188. ^ "Cartoon of the Day". HarpWeek.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  189. ^ "Ballots of United States: Indiana". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  190. ^ Lopez, Tomas (October 23, 2014). "Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  191. ^ "See Sample Ballots for Today's Primary Elections". West Kentucky Star. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  192. ^ Bump, Philip (November 8, 2016). "Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  193. ^ Drum, Kevin (November 13, 2004). "Red State, Blue State". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  194. ^ Drum, Kevin (November 14, 2004). "Red States and Blue States ... Explained!". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  195. ^ Bump, Philip. "Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  196. ^ "The Third-Term Panic". Cartoon of the Day. November 7, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  197. ^ Howard, Victor B. (2015). Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6144-0. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  198. ^ Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1st ed.). pp. 236–37.
  199. ^ Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). "US Republicans and the New Fusionism". The Political Quarterly. 95: 148–156. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13341. ISSN 1467-923X. S2CID 266282896.
  200. ^ Gottfried, Paul; Fleming, Thomas (1988). The Conservative Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers. pp. 77–95. ISBN 0805797238.
  201. ^ a b Rathburn, Brian C. (Summer 2008). "Does One Right Make a Realist? Conservatism, Neoconservatism, and Isolationism in the Foreign Policy Ideology of American Elites". Political Science Quarterly. 123 (2): 271–299. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00625.x. ISSN 1538-165X.
  202. ^ a b Isaac, Jeffrey (November 2017). "Making America Great Again?". Perspectives on Politics. 15 (3). Cambridge University Press: 625–631. doi:10.1017/S1537592717000871.
  203. ^ a b Gidron, Noam; Ziblatt, Daniel (2019). "Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies". Annual Review of Political Science. 12. Annual Reviews: 17–35. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. ISSN 1094-2939.
  204. ^ McKay, David (2020), Crewe, Ivor; Sanders, David (eds.), "Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation", Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7, ISBN 978-3-030-17997-7, retrieved June 13, 2024, the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls
  205. ^ Broadwater, Luke (October 23, 2023). "'5 Families' and Factions Within Factions: Why the House G.O.P. Can't Unite". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  206. ^ "The 8 Types Of Democrats And Republicans In The House". FiveThirtyEight. May 4, 2024.
  207. ^ Aratani, Lauren (February 26, 2021). "Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2024. In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.
  208. ^ a b Johnson, Lauren R.; McCray, Deon; Ragusa, Jordan M. (January 11, 2018). "#NeverTrump: Why Republican members of Congress refused to support their party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election". Research & Politics. 5 (1). doi:10.1177/2053168017749383.
  209. ^ a b Swartz, David L. (May 27, 2022). "Trump divide among American conservative professors". Theory & Society. 52 (5): 739–769. doi:10.1007/s11186-023-09517-4. ISSN 1573-7853. PMC 10224651. PMID 37362148.
  210. ^ Martin, Jonathan (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor Defeated by David Brat, Tea Party Challenger, in G.O.P. Primary Upset". The New York Times.
  211. ^ Lizza, Ryan (December 14, 2015). "A House Divided: How a radical group of Republicans pushed Congress to the right". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  212. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner Will Resign From Congress". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  213. ^ "McCarthy elected House speaker in rowdy post-midnight vote". AP News. January 7, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  214. ^ "Speaker McCarthy ousted in historic House vote, as scramble begins for a Republican leader". AP News. October 3, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  215. ^ a b Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 22, 2019). "Conservatives Greatly Outnumber Liberals in 19 U.S. States". Gallup. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  216. ^ Coates, David (2012). The Oxford Companion to American Politics. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-19-976431-0.
  217. ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0719060205. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023. Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism" and the proper role of government... ...the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... The American right has tended towards... classical liberalism...
  218. ^ a b Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (March 21, 2016). "Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy". The Washington Post.
  219. ^ a b Dodson, Kyle; Brooks, Clem (September 20, 2021). "All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate". The Sociological Quarterly. 63 (4): 780–803. doi:10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348. ISSN 0038-0253. S2CID 240577549.
  220. ^ "The growing peril of national conservatism". The Economist. February 15, 2024. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  221. ^ "The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation". The Economist. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  222. ^ Mullins, Luke (May 8, 2024). "FreedomWorks Is Closing — And Blaming Trump". Politico Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  223. ^ a b c d e f Cohn, Nate (August 17, 2023). "The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  224. ^ a b Doherty, Carroll (January 19, 2023). "How Republicans view their party and key issues facing the country as the 118th Congress begins". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023. There are fissures in the GOP coalition. The same typology study found fissures in the GOP coalition, including over economic fairness, tax policy, and in views of abortion and same-sex marriage.
  225. ^ "About". Republican Study Committee. December 19, 2013. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  226. ^ Desilver, Drew (January 23, 2023). "Freedom Caucus likely to play a bigger role in new GOP-led House. So who are they?". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  227. ^ "Five things you should know about Mormon politics". Religion News Service. April 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  228. ^ a b c d Williams, Daniel K. (May 9, 2022). "This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023. This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement's political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country.
  229. ^ McDaniel, Eric L.; Nooruddin, Irfan; Shortle, Allyson (2022). The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009029445. ISBN 9781316516263. White Christian Nationalists are today the base of the Republican Party and those who attacked the U.S. Capitol are drawn from their ranks.
  230. ^ "First of Its Kind Survey Maps Support for Christian Nationalism Across All 50 States". Public Religion Research Institute. February 7, 2024. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024. At the national level, Christian nationalism is strongly linked to Republican Party affiliation, white evangelical Protestant affiliation, and higher church attendance.
  231. ^ Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L. (2020). Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190057909.
  232. ^ "A Christian Nation? Understanding the Threat of Christian Nationalism to American Democracy and Culture". Public Religion Research Institute. February 8, 2023. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. Partisanship is closely linked to Christian nationalist views. Most Republicans qualify as either Christian nationalism sympathizers (33%) or adherents (21%), while at least three-quarters of both independents (46% skeptics and 29% rejecters) and Democrats (36% skeptics and 47% rejecters) lean toward rejecting Christian nationalism. Republicans (21%) are about four times as likely as Democrats (5%) or independents (6%) to be adherents of Christian nationalism.
  233. ^ Baker, Joseph O.; Perry, Samuel L.; Whitehead, Andrew L. (August 6, 2020). "Crusading for Moral Authority: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Science". Sociological Forum. 35 (3): 587–607. doi:10.1111/socf.12619. hdl:1805/26816. Christian nationalism has become a powerful predictor of supporting conservative policies and political candidates. This is in large part due to the Republican Party platform becoming synonymous with "restoring" the sacred values, moral superiority, unity, pride, and prosperity of America's mythic past.
  234. ^ Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L.; Baker, Joseph O. (January 25, 2018). "Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election". Sociology of Religion. 79 (2): 147–171. doi:10.1093/socrel/srx070. The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump...
  235. ^ Lauter, David (February 17, 2024). "Will Republicans become a Christian nationalist party? Can they win if they do?". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. The strength of Christian nationalist sentiment can be clearly seen in a wide range of issues that Republican elected officials have stressed, including efforts to curtail the rights and visibility of transgender people, but also some less obvious topics, such as immigration.
  236. ^ Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L. (February 17, 2024). "Is Christian nationalism growing or declining? Both". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. According to political scientists Stella Rouse and Shibley Telhami, most Republicans support declaring the United States a Christian nation. And Christian nationalists are running for office at all levels of government, from local school boards to presumptive presidential candidates. Though the numbers of those who claim Christian nationalist beliefs may decline, Christian nationalism's influence in public life only continues to grow.
  237. ^ Perry, Samuel (August 5, 2022). "After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream – despite a history of violence". The Conversation. ISSN 2201-5639. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. The presence of Christian nationalist ideas in recent political campaigns is concerning, given its ties to violence and white supremacy. Trump and his advisers helped to mainstream such rhetoric with events like his photo op with a Bible in Lafayette Square in Washington following the violent dispersal of protesters, and making a show of pastors laying hands on him. But that legacy continues beyond his administration.
  238. ^ Cummings, Mike (March 15, 2022). "Yale sociologist Phil Gorski on the threat of white Christian nationalism". Yale News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. White Christian nationalism is a dangerous threat because it's incredibly well-organized and powerful. There's absolutely nothing like it on the left.
  239. ^ Smith, Peter (February 17, 2024). "Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now". The Associated Press. New York. Archived from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  240. ^ Rouse, Stella; Telhami, Shibley (September 21, 2022). "Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation". Politico. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2024. Christian nationalism, a belief that the United States was founded as a white, Christian nation and that there is no separation between church and state, is gaining steam on the right. Prominent Republican politicians have made the themes critical to their message to voters in the run up to the 2022 midterm elections.
  241. ^ Anderson, Margaret L.; Taylor, Howard Francis (2006). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-534-61716-5.
  242. ^ Smith, Robert B. (2014). "Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality". In Dahms, Harry F. (ed.). Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781784412227.
  243. ^ Brunn, Stanley D., Gerald R. Webster, and J. Clark Archer. "The Bible Belt in a changing south: Shrinking, relocating, and multiple buckles." Southeastern Geographer 51.4 (2011): 513–549. online
  244. ^ Mahler, Jonathan; Johnson, Dirk (July 20, 2016). "Mike Pence's Journey: Catholic Democrat to Evangelical Republican". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  245. ^ Karni, Annie; Graham, Ruth; Eder, Steve (October 28, 2023). "For Mike Johnson, Religion Is at the Forefront of Politics and Policy". The New York Times.
  246. ^ "Christian conservatives cheer one of their own as Mike Johnson assumes Congress' most powerful seat". AP News. October 27, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  247. ^ Dionne Jr., E.J. (1991). Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 161.
  248. ^ Poole, Robert (August–September 1998), "In memoriam: Barry Goldwater", Reason (Obituary), archived from the original on June 28, 2009
  249. ^ Doris Gordon. "Abortion and Rights: Applying Libertarian Principles Correctly". Libertarians for Life. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2023. Also see: McElroy, Wendy (2002). Liberty for Women. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. p. 156. ISBN 978-1566634359. OCLC 260069067. Libertarians for Life declare that abortion is not a right but a 'wrong under justice.'
  250. ^ a b "Who are Mike Lee and Rand Paul, the senators slamming the White House's Iran briefing?". The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  251. ^ "Sen. Rand Paul talks CPAC straw poll victory, looks ahead to 2016". Hannity with Sean Hannity (Fox News Network). March 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013.
  252. ^ Miller, Joshua (December 22, 2012). "Scientist, Farmer Brings Tea Party Sensibility to House". Roll Call. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  253. ^ Glueck, Katie (July 31, 2013). "Paul, Cruz and Lee in rare form". Politico. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  254. ^ "Where the Republican Party stands after Trump, according to Wyoming's junior senator". Politico. April 26, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  255. ^ a b Kashinsky, Lisa (July 19, 2023). "Sununu's exit spells the end of a whole breed of Republican governor". POLITICO. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  256. ^ "Losing Its Preference: Affirmative Action Fades as Issue". The Washington Post. 1996. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017.
  257. ^ Silverleib, Alan (May 6, 2009). "Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans". cnn.com. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  258. ^ Tatum, Sophie (December 20, 2018). "3 Kansas legislators switch from Republican to Democrat". CNN. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  259. ^ Weiner, Rachel. "Charlie Crist defends party switch". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  260. ^ Davis, Susan (August 23, 2019). "Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing". NPR. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  261. ^ Plott, Elaina (October 6, 2018). "Two Moderate Senators, Two Very Different Paths". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  262. ^ Faludi, Susan (July 5, 2018). "Opinion - Senators Collins and Murkowski, It's Time to Leave the G.O.P." The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  263. ^ Petre, Linda (September 25, 2018). "Kavanaugh's fate rests with Sen. Collins". TheHill. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  264. ^ Connolly, Griffin (October 9, 2018). "Sen. Lisa Murkowski Could Face Reprisal from Alaska GOP". rollcall.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  265. ^ Bacon, Perry (March 30, 2018). "How A Massachusetts Republican Became One Of America's Most Popular Politicians". fivethirtyeight.com. FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  266. ^ "Gov. Larry Hogan positions himself as moderate on the national stage at second inauguration". WUSA. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  267. ^ Richards, Parker (November 3, 2018). "The Last Liberal Republicans Hang On". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  268. ^ Orr, James (July 16, 2024). "JD Vance's nomination proves Trumpism is here to stay". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  269. ^ a b Ball, Molly (January 23, 2024). "The GOP Wants Pure, Uncut Trumpism". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  270. ^ Aratani, Lauren (February 26, 2021). "Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.
  271. ^ Wren, Adam; Montellaro, Zach; Kashinsky, Lisa; Shepard, Steven; Allison, Natalie; Piper, Jessica (February 25, 2024). "Hidden in Trump's big South Carolina win: A not-so-small problem for him in November". Politico. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024. From top to bottom, the Republican Party is Trump's party. There are no reliable pockets of dissent.
  272. ^ a b Klein, Rick; Parks, MaryAlice (June 13, 2018). "Trumpism again dominates Republican Party". ABC News. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  273. ^ a b "Trump remains dominant force in GOP following acquittal". AP News. February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  274. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (March 1, 2021). "Trumpism Grips a Post-Policy G.O.P. as Traditional Conservatism Fades". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  275. ^ a b The Christian Science Monitor (November 5, 2020). "Why Trumpism is here to stay". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  276. ^ "Panel Study of the MAGA Movement". University of Washington. January 6, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  277. ^ Gabbatt, Adam; Smith, David (August 19, 2023). "'America First 2.0': Vivek Ramaswamy pitches to be Republicans' next Trump". the Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  278. ^ Norris, Pippa (November 2020). "Measuring populism worldwide". Party Politics. 26 (6): 697–717. doi:10.1177/1354068820927686. ISSN 1354-0688. S2CID 216298689.
  279. ^ Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  280. ^ ""National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism". The Economist. London. February 15, 2024. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024.
  281. ^ Zhou, Shaoqing (December 8, 2022). "The origins, characteristics and trends of neo-nationalism in the 21st century". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 6 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s41257-022-00079-4. PMC 9735003. PMID 36532330. On a practical level, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union and Trump's election as the United States president are regarded as typical events of neo-nationalism.
  282. ^ Katzenstein, Peter J. (March 20, 2019). "Trumpism is US". WZB | Berlin Social Science Center. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  283. ^ DiSalvo, Daniel (Fall 2022). "Party Factions and American Politics". National Affairs. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  284. ^ Lowndes, Joseph (2019). "Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump". In de la Torre, Carlos (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. London & New York: Routledge. "Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200. ISBN 978-1315226446. Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.
  285. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (September 7, 2020). "Trump Emerges as Inspiration for Germany's Far Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  286. ^ Gardner, J.A.; Charles, G.U. (2023). Election Law in the American Political System. Aspen Casebook Series. Aspen Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5438-2683-8. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  287. ^ Blum, Rachel M.; Cowburn, Mike (2024). "How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era". British Journal of Political Science. 54 (1). Cambridge University Press: 88–109. doi:10.1017/S0007123423000224. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  288. ^ Michael McQuarrie (November 8, 2017). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". The British Journal of Sociology. 68 (S1): S120–S152. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12328. PMID 29114874. S2CID 26010609.
  289. ^ Chatelain, Ryan (March 10, 2023). "Freedom Caucus issues demands for raising debt limit". Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  290. ^ Feagin, Joe R. (April 25, 2023). White Minority Nation: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-86223-2.
  291. ^ a b Falk, Thomas O (November 8, 2023). "Why are US Republicans pushing for aid to Israel but not Ukraine?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  292. ^ a b Riccardi, Nicholas (February 19, 2024). "Stalled US aid for Ukraine underscores GOP's shift away from confronting Russia". Associated Press. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  293. ^ a b Lillis, Mike (February 28, 2024). "GOP strained by Trump-influenced shift from Reagan on Russia". The Hill. Retrieved February 28, 2024. Experts say a variety of factors have led to the GOP's more lenient approach to Moscow, some of which preceded Trump's arrival on the political scene ... Trump's popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia.
  294. ^ a b Ball, Molly (February 23, 2024). "How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  295. ^ a b Jonathan, Chait (February 23, 2024). "Russian Dolls Trump has finally remade Republicans into Putin's playthings". Intelligencer. Retrieved February 28, 2024. But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump's once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult.
  296. ^ a b Lange, Jason (January 17, 2024). "Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed". Reuters. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  297. ^ a b Swan, Jonathan; Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie (December 9, 2023). "Fears of a NATO Withdrawal Rise as Trump Seeks a Return to Power". New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  298. ^ a b Baker, Peter (February 11, 2024). "Favoring Foes Over Friends, Trump Threatens to Upend International Order". The New York Times. ISSN 1553-8095. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
  299. ^ Collinson, Stephen (October 4, 2023). "McCarthy became the latest victim of Trump's extreme GOP revolution". CNN. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  300. ^ Rocha, Alander (September 7, 2023). "Mike Rogers says of 'far-right wing' of GOP: 'You can't get rid of them'". AL. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  301. ^ Macpherson, James (July 24, 2021). "Far right tugs at North Dakota Republican Party". AP News. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  302. ^ "Fringe activists threaten Georgia GOP's political future". The Times Herald. May 15, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  303. ^ a b Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of American Political History. Oxford University Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-0190628697. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2021 – via Google Books. Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base.
  304. ^ Jones, Kent (2021). "Populism, Trade, and Trump's Path to Victory". Populism and Trade: The Challenge to the Global Trading System. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190086350.
  305. ^ Smith, Jordan Michael; Logis, Rich; Logis, Rich; Shephard, Alex; Shephard, Alex; Kipnis, Laura; Kipnis, Laura; Haas, Lidija; Haas, Lidija (October 17, 2022). "The Neocons Are Losing. Why Aren't We Happy?". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  306. ^ Arias-Maldonado, Manuel (January 2020). "Sustainability in the Anthropocene: Between Extinction and Populism". Sustainability. 12 (6): 2538. doi:10.3390/su12062538. ISSN 2071-1050.
  307. ^ "Far-right Republicans drafted a short-term funding bill with GOP centrists. It's now at risk of collapse". NBC4 Washington. September 19, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  308. ^ Hulse, Carl (October 25, 2023). "In Mike Johnson, Far-Right Republicans Find a Speaker They Can Embrace". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  309. ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Freking, Kevin; Amiri, Farnoush (October 13, 2023). "Republicans pick Jim Jordan as nominee for House speaker, putting job within the Trump ally's reach". AP News. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  310. ^ "Matt Gaetz's Chaos Agenda". New Yorker. February 19, 2024. Gaetz has also emerged as the embodiment of the populist wing of the G.O.P.
  311. ^ "Kevin McCarthy removed as US House speaker in unprecedented vote". Al Jazeera. October 3, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  312. ^ Vargas, Ramon Antonio (October 9, 2023). "Matt Gaetz says ousting of Kevin McCarthy was worth risk of losing seat". The Guardian. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  313. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 4, 2021). "With Objection to Biden's Win, Josh Hawley Puts His Party in a Bind". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  314. ^ Azari, Julia (March 15, 2022). "How Republicans Are Thinking About Trumpism Without Trump". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  315. ^ Shephard, Alex (August 1, 2023). "The End of "Trumpism Without Trump"". The New Republic. Retrieved September 4, 2024. The former president's primary rivals thought that they could pass themselves off as a better version of the real thing. They thought wrong.
  316. ^ "Why JD Vance Is Unpopular and Project 2025 Has Gone Underground". The Nation. August 9, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  317. ^ "RNC: Trump coup complete with loyalist as chair and daughter-in-law as co-chair". The Guardian. March 8, 2024.
  318. ^ Lowndes, Joseph (November 8, 2021). "Far-right extremism dominates the GOP. It didn't start — and won't end — with Trump". Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  319. ^ Homans, Charles (March 17, 2022). "Where Does American Democracy Go From Here?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  320. ^ Feagin, Joe R. (April 25, 2023). White Minority Nation: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-86223-2.
  321. ^ Mair, Patrick; Rusch, Thomas; Hornik, Kurt (November 27, 2014). "The grand old party – a party of values?". SpringerPlus. 3: 697. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-697. PMC 4256162. PMID 25512889.
  322. ^ "How Tax Cuts Became Central to the Republican Party". www.russellsage.org.
  323. ^ Fox, Justin (January 18, 2019). "Why Republicans Fell in Love With Tax Cuts". www.bloomberg.com.
  324. ^ a b Grumbach, Jacob M.; Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2021), Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Hacker, Jacob S.; Thelen, Kathleen; Pierson, Paul (eds.), "The Political Economies of Red States", The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 209–244, ISBN 978-1316516362, archived from the original on November 23, 2021, retrieved November 10, 2021
  325. ^ "Diving into the rich pool". The Economist. September 24, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  326. ^ Paul Kiel, Jesse Eisinger (December 11, 2018). "How the IRS Was Gutted". ProPublica. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  327. ^ Grossmann, Matt; Mahmood, Zuhaib; Isaac, William (2021). "Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy". The Journal of Politics. 83 (4): 1706–1720. doi:10.1086/711900. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 224851520. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  328. ^ Bartels, Larry M. (2016). Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400883363. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  329. ^ Rhodes, Jesse H.; Schaffner, Brian F. (2017). "Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?". Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 12 (2): 185–204. doi:10.1561/100.00016077. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  330. ^ Lax, Jeffrey R.; Phillips, Justin H.; Zelizer, Adam (2019). "The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate". American Political Science Review. 113 (4): 917–940. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000315. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 21669533. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  331. ^ Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2020). Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality. Liveright Publishing. ISBN 978-1631496851.
  332. ^ Appelbaum, Binyamin (December 1, 2017). "Debt Concerns, Once a Core Republican Tenet, Take a Back Seat to Tax Cuts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  333. ^ "Why Republicans who once fought budget debt now embrace it". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  334. ^ Johnson, Simon (April 5, 2012). "Is There a Fiscal Crisis in the United States?". Economix Blog. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  335. ^ Milkis, Sidney M.; King, Desmond; Jacobs, Nicholas F. (2019). "Building a Conservative State: Partisan Polarization and the Redeployment of Administrative Power". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 453–469. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003511. ISSN 1537-5927.
  336. ^ "The Rise in Per Capita Federal Spending". Mercatus Center. November 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  337. ^ Konczal, Mike (March 24, 2014). "The Conservative Myth of a Social Safety Net Built on Charity". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  338. ^ "Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map". Kaiser Family Foundation. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2023. Scroll down for state by state info.
  339. ^ "What the GOP candidates have said about strikes and unions". The Independent. January 9, 2024.
  340. ^ Greenhouse, Steven (October 25, 2022). "Republicans want working-class voters — without actually supporting workers". The Guardian.
  341. ^ "Employer/Union Rights and Obligations". National Labor Relations Board. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  342. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Smialek, Jeanna (July 18, 2019). "House Passes Bill to Raise Minimum Wage to $15, a Victory for Liberals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  343. ^ a b Coy F. Cross II (2012). Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges. MSU Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780870139055.
  344. ^ Wiseman, Paul (May 21, 2024). "Trump or Biden? Either way, US seems poised to preserve heavy tariffs on imports". The Associated Press.
  345. ^ Republican Party National Platform, 1860 Archived August 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Reported from the Platform Committee by Judge Jessup of Pennsylvania and adopted unanimously by the Republican National Convention held at Chicago on May 17, 1860. Broadside printing by The Chicago Press & Tribune, May 1860
  346. ^ Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50.3 (1963): 424–442 online Archived March 7, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  347. ^ Broz, J.L. (1999). "Origins of the Federal Reserve System: International Incentives and the Domestic Free-rider Problem". International Organization. 5353 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1162/002081899550805. S2CID 155001158.
  348. ^ Anthony O’Brien, "Smoot-Hawley Tariff." EH. Net Encyclopedia (2001) online Archived August 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
  349. ^ Bailey, Michael A.; Goldstein, Weingast (April 1997). "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy". World Politics. 49 (3): 309–38. doi:10.1353/wp.1997.0007. S2CID 154711958.
  350. ^ John H. Barton, Judith L. Goldstein, Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO (2008)
  351. ^ McClenahan, William (1991). "The Growth of Voluntary Export Restraints and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1956–1969". Business and Economic History. 20: 180–190. JSTOR 23702815.
  352. ^ Karagiannis, Nikolaos; Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros; Sen, Swapan, eds. (2013). The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1138904910. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  353. ^ Warren, Kenneth F. (2008). Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior. Sage Publications. p. 358. ISBN 978-1412954891. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  354. ^ Chaison, Gary (2005). Unions in America. Sage. p. 151. ISBN 978-1452239477. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  355. ^ Swedberg, Richard (2018). "Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study". Theory and Society. 47: 1–36. doi:10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8. S2CID 149378537.
  356. ^ a b Swanson, Ana (July 5, 2018). "Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  357. ^ "Support for free trade agreements rebounds modestly, but wide partisan differences remain". Pew Research. April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  358. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (April 21, 2022). "The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement". GAC. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  359. ^ Hopewell, Kristen (2024). "The (surprise) return of development policy space in the multilateral trading system: what the WTO Appellate Body blockage means for the developmental state". Review of International Political Economy. 31 (4): 1245–1270. doi:10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681. ISSN 0969-2290.
  360. ^ "At WTO, growing disregard for trade rules shows world is fragmenting". Reuters. 2023.
  361. ^ "54% of Americans view climate change as a major threat, but the partisan divide has grown". Pew Research Center. April 18, 2023. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. ● Broader discussion by Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (April 18, 2023). "What the data says about Americans' views of climate change". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023.
  362. ^ a b Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (March 1, 2022). "Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables)". Pew Research. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022.
  363. ^ Filler, Daniel. "Theodore Roosevelt: Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy". Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  364. ^ Ewert, Sara Dant (July 3, 2003). "Environmental Politics in the Nixon Era". Journal of Policy History. 15 (3): 345–348. doi:10.1353/jph.2003.0019. ISSN 1528-4190. S2CID 153711962. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  365. ^ a b c d Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Araon M. (August 7, 2010). "A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 50 (5): 26–35. doi:10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35. S2CID 154964336.
  366. ^ Bergquist, Parrish; Warshaw, Christopher (2020). "Elections and parties in environmental politics". Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy: 126–141. doi:10.4337/9781788972840.00017. ISBN 978-1788972840. S2CID 219077951. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  367. ^ Fredrickson, Leif; Sellers, Christopher; Dillon, Lindsey; Ohayon, Jennifer Liss; Shapiro, Nicholas; Sullivan, Marianne; Bocking, Stephen; Brown, Phil; de la Rosa, Vanessa; Harrison, Jill; Johns, Sara (April 1, 2018). "History of US Presidential Assaults on Modern Environmental Health Protection". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (S2): S95–S103. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5922215. PMID 29698097.
  368. ^ Coley, Jonathan S.; Hess, David J. (2012). "Green energy laws and Republican legislators in the United States". Energy Policy. 48: 576–583. Bibcode:2012EnPol..48..576C. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.062. ISSN 0301-4215. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  369. ^ Turner, James Morton; Isenberg, Andrew C. (2018). The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674979970. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019.
  370. ^ Ringquist, Evan J.; Neshkova, Milena I.; Aamidor, Joseph (2013). "Campaign Promises, Democratic Governance, and Environmental Policy in the U.S. Congress". The Policy Studies Journal. 41 (2): 365–387. doi:10.1111/psj.12021.
  371. ^ Shipan, Charles R.; Lowry, William R. (June 2001). "Environmental Policy and Party Divergence in Congress". Political Research Quarterly. 54 (2): 245–263. doi:10.1177/106591290105400201. JSTOR 449156. S2CID 153575261.
  372. ^ "Schwarzenegger takes center stage on warming". NBC News. MSNBC News. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  373. ^ Text of Opinion
  374. ^ Bush, George W. (March 13, 2001). "Text of a Letter from the President". Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  375. ^ Schrope, Mark (April 5, 2001). "Criticism mounts as Bush backs out of Kyoto accord". Nature. 410 (6829): 616. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..616S. doi:10.1038/35070738. PMID 11287908.
  376. ^ "Our GOP: The Party of Opportunity". Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  377. ^ John Collins Rudolf (December 6, 2010). "On Our Radar: Republicans Urge Opening of Arctic Refuge to Drilling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  378. ^ Davenport, Coral (November 10, 2014). "Republicans Vow to Fight E.P.A. and Approve Keystone Pipeline". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  379. ^ Levy, Gabrielle (February 24, 2015). "Obama Vetoes Keystone XL, Republicans Vow to Continue Fight". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  380. ^ "Keystone XL pipeline: Why is it so disputed?". BBC News. November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  381. ^ Matthews, Chris (May 12, 2014). "Hardball With Chris Matthews for May 12, 2014". Hardball With Chris Matthews. MSNBC. NBC news. According to a survey by the Center for American Progress' Action Fund, more than 55 percent of congressional Republicans are climate change deniers. And it gets worse from there. They found that 77 percent of Republicans on the House Science Committee say they don't believe it in either. And that number balloons to an astounding 90 percent for all the party's leadership in Congress.
  382. ^ "Earth Talk: Still in denial about climate change". The Charleston Gazette. Charleston, West Virginia. December 22, 2014. p. 10. ... a recent survey by the non-profit Center for American Progress found that some 58 percent of Republicans in the U.S. Congress still "refuse to accept climate change. Meanwhile, still others acknowledge the existence of global warming but cling to the scientifically debunked notion that the cause is natural forces, not greenhouse gas pollution by humans.
  383. ^ Kliegman, Julie (May 18, 2014). "Jerry Brown says 'virtually no Republican' in Washington accepts climate change science". Tampa Bay Times. PolitiFact. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  384. ^ McCarthy, Tom (November 17, 2014). "Meet the Republicans in Congress who don't believe climate change is real". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  385. ^ Davenport, Coral; Lipton, Eric (June 3, 2017). "How G.O.P. Leaders Came to View Climate Change as Fake Science". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017. The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme positions and uncompromising rhetoric over cooperation and conciliation.
  386. ^ Weaver, Dustin (January 21, 2015). "Senate votes that climate change is real". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  387. ^ "Beyond Obamacare: Democrats have plans, GOP is out to destroy them". NBC News. September 11, 2018.
  388. ^ Klein, Ezra (June 30, 2012). "The Republican Turn Against Universal Health Insurance". Washington Post.
  389. ^ Oberlander, Jonathan (March 1, 2020). "The Ten Years' War: Politics, Partisanship, And The ACA". Health Affairs. 39 (3): 471–478. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01444. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 32119603. S2CID 211834684.[permanent dead link]
  390. ^ Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Skocpol, Theda; Lynch, Daniel (April 2016). "Business Associations, Conservative Networks, and the Ongoing Republican War over Medicaid Expansion". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 41 (2): 239–286. doi:10.1215/03616878-3476141. ISSN 0361-6878. PMID 26732316. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  391. ^ a b Hacker, Jacob S. (2010). "The Road to Somewhere: Why Health Reform Happened: Or Why Political Scientists Who Write about Public Policy Shouldn't Assume They Know How to Shape It". Perspectives on Politics. 8 (3): 861–876. doi:10.1017/S1537592710002021. ISSN 1541-0986. S2CID 144440604. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  392. ^ Chapin, Christy Ford, ed. (2015), "The Politics of Medicare, 1957–1965", Ensuring America's Health: The Public Creation of the Corporate Health Care System, Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–232, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107045347.008, ISBN 978-1107044883, archived from the original on April 24, 2020, retrieved November 10, 2021
  393. ^ Jacobson, Louis; Kennedy, Patrick (April 15, 2011). "Peter DeFazio says "Medicare passed with virtually no Republican support"". Politifact. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  394. ^ a b Zeitz, Joshua (June 27, 2017). "How the GOP Turned Against Medicaid". Politico. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  395. ^ Cohn, Jonathan (2021). The Ten Year War: Obamacare and the Unfinished Crusade for Universal Coverage. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1250270948.
  396. ^ Orth, Taylor (February 14, 2023). "Which childhood body modification procedures do Americans think are unacceptable?". YouGov. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  397. ^ "YouGov Survey: Childhood Medical Procedures" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  398. ^ Fordham, Benjamin O.; Flynn, Michael (2022). "Everything Old Is New Again: The Persistence of Republican Opposition to Multilateralism in American Foreign Policy". Studies in American Political Development. 37: 56–73. doi:10.1017/S0898588X22000165. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 252292479. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  399. ^ "neoconservatism". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  400. ^ Matthews, Dylan (May 6, 2016). "Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022.
  401. ^ "The Case for a Restrained Republican Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs. March 22, 2023. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  402. ^ a b Cavari, Amnon; Freedman, Guy (2020). American Public Opinion Toward Israel: From Consensus to Divide. Taylor & Francis. p. 145.
  403. ^ Tenorio, Rich (November 3, 2020). "How a nascent Israel was a key issue in Truman's stunning 1948 election upset". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  404. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (November 11, 2015). "How Republicans fell in love with Israel". Vox. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  405. ^ Ponnuru, Ramesh (May 15, 2018). "The GOP and the Israeli Exception". National Review. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  406. ^ Collinson, Stephen (October 13, 2023). "Trump's turn against Israel". CNN. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  407. ^ David, Jackson (October 12, 2023). "Trump blames Netanyahu for Hamas attacks, calls Hezbollah leaders 'very smart'". USA TODAY.
  408. ^ Choi, Joseph (December 13, 2021). "Trump: Netanyahu 'never wanted peace' with Palestinians". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  409. ^ Naftali, India (February 6, 2024). "Hey Israel, don't be so sure about your support among Republicans". I24news. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  410. ^ "GOP platform pledges to stand with Israel, deport 'pro-Hamas radicals' from US". Times of Israel. July 9, 2024.
  411. ^ "Republican Platform 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
  412. ^ "Cruz: 'America Does Not Need Torture to Protect Ourselves'". December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  413. ^ Nick, Turse (April 27, 2023). "REP. MATT GAETZ, PROGRESSIVES JOINTLY CALL FOR U.S. MILITARY TO LEAVE SOMALIA". The Intercept. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
  414. ^ Tracy Wilkinson (July 21, 2016). "In a shift, Republican platform doesn't call for arming Ukraine against Russia, spurring outrage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  415. ^ "Trump admin approves new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine". ABC News. Retrieved October 1, 2019. The Trump administration first approved the sale of Javelins to Ukraine in December 2017 -- a step that former President Barack Obama never took and that Trump allies have pointed to as a sign of Trump's toughness on Russia.
  416. ^ Erik, Piccoli. "Republicans are no friends of Europe". ISPI. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  417. ^ "Trump's threat to NATO allies draws little condemnation from GOP, reflecting his grip on the party". AP. February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  418. ^ Lotz, Avery (April 7, 2024). "House Intelligence Committee chair says Russian propaganda has spread through parts of GOP". CNN. Archived from the original on April 11, 2024.
  419. ^ Blake, Aaron (February 16, 2024). "Republicans begin to target Putin 'apologists' in their midst". The Washington Post.
  420. ^ Miranda, Shauneen (April 7, 2024). "Turner: Russian propaganda "being uttered on the House floor"". Axios.
  421. ^ Blake, Aaron (April 8, 2024). "Top GOPers' extraordinary comments on their party and Russian propaganda". The Washington Post.
  422. ^ "US House approves $61bn in military aid for Ukraine after months of stalling". The Guardian. April 20, 2024. 210 Democrats and 101 Republicans joined to support Ukraine, with 112 Republicans – a majority of the GOP members – voting against
  423. ^ Stanton, Andrew (July 15, 2024). "JD Vance eyes shift in Republican Party". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  424. ^ "Trump threatens to cut US aid to Ukraine quickly if reelected". Politico. June 16, 2024.
  425. ^ "Trump's choice of Vance 'terrible news' for Ukraine, Europe experts warn". The Guardian. July 17, 2024.
  426. ^ "Exclusive: Trump handed plan to halt US military aid to Kyiv unless it talks peace with Moscow". Reuters. June 25, 2024.
  427. ^ "Republican Party committee approves 2024 platform, makes no mention of Ukraine, Russia". Kyiv Independent. July 9, 2024.
  428. ^ See "July 3, 2014 – Iraq – Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" Quinnipiac University Poll Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine item #51
  429. ^ Wasson, Erik (July 18, 2013). "House GOP unveils spending bill with $5.8B cut to foreign aid". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  430. ^ Rogers, David (February 1, 2011). "GOP seeks to slash foreign aid". Politico. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  431. ^ Trujillo, Mario (July 1, 2014). "Republicans propose halting foreign aid until border surge stops". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  432. ^ Dina Smeltz and Craig Kafura (February 16, 2024). "Majority of Trump Republicans Prefer the United States Stay out of World Affairs". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  433. ^ a b Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 704–705. ISBN 978-0547345505. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  434. ^ Williams, Daniel K. (2012). God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199929061. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  435. ^ Schnabel, Landon Paul (2013). "When Fringe Goes Mainstream: A Sociohistorical Content Analysis of the Christian Coalition's Contract With The American Family and the Republican Party Platform". Politics, Religion & Ideology. 14 (1): 94–113. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.752361. ISSN 2156-7689. S2CID 144532011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  436. ^ R. Lewis, Andrew (2019). "The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665. ISBN 978-0190228637. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  437. ^ Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. passim. ISBN 978-0765622501. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  438. ^ a b Williams, Daniel K. (June 2015). "The Partisan Trajectory of the American Pro-Life Movement: How a Liberal Catholic Campaign Became a Conservative Evangelical Cause". Religions. 6 (2): 451–475. doi:10.3390/rel6020451. ISSN 2077-1444.
  439. ^ a b Halpern, Sue (November 8, 2018). "How Republicans Became Anti-Choice". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  440. ^ Williams, Daniel K. (2011). "The GOP's Abortion Strategy: Why Pro-Choice Republicans Became Pro-Life in the 1970s". Journal of Policy History. 23 (4): 513–539. doi:10.1017/S0898030611000285. ISSN 1528-4190. S2CID 154353515. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  441. ^ a b Taylor, Justin (May 9, 2018). "How the Christian Right Became Prolife on Abortion and Transformed the Culture Wars". The Gospel Coalition. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  442. ^ Bruni, Frank (January 23, 2000). "Bush Says He Supports the Party's Strong Anti-Abortion Stand". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  443. ^ Smith, David (May 5, 2022). "Trump the hero for anti-abortion movement after bending supreme court his way". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  444. ^ a b c Abdelfatah, Rund (June 22, 2022). "Evangelicals didn't always play such a big role in the fight to limit abortion access". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  445. ^ Waltke, Bruce K. (November 8, 1968). "The Old Testament and Birth Control". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  446. ^ a b Balmer, Randall (May 10, 2022). "The Religious Right and the Abortion Myth". Politico. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  447. ^ Allen, Bob (November 6, 2012). "Evangelicals and abortion: chicken or egg?". Baptist News Global. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  448. ^ Fram, Alan; Elliot, Philip (August 29, 2012). "GOP OKs platform barring abortions, gay marriage". Finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  449. ^ a b Layman, Geoffrey (2001). The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. Columbia University Press. pp. 115, 119–120. ISBN 978-0231120586. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  450. ^ a b "How race and religion have polarized American voters". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  451. ^ Gould, Eric D.; Klor, Esteban F. (2019). "Party hacks and true believers: The effect of party affiliation on political preferences". Journal of Comparative Economics. 47 (3): 504–524. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2019.03.004. S2CID 241140587.
  452. ^ "Bobby Jindal on the Issues". Ontheissues.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  453. ^ Kilgore, Ed. "The Near-Extinction of Pro-Choice Republicans in Congress". New York Intelligencer. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  454. ^ Levine, A. D.; Lacy, T. A.; Hearn, J. C. (February 18, 2013). "The origins of human embryonic stem cell research policies in the US states". Science and Public Policy. 40 (4): 544–558. doi:10.1093/scipol/sct005. ISSN 0302-3427. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  455. ^ Blendon, Robert J.; Kim, Minah Kang; Benson, John M. (November 17, 2011). "The Public, Political Parties, and Stem-Cell Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (20): 1853–1856. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1110340. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 22087677. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  456. ^ Leonhardt, David (April 6, 2023). "The Power and Limits of Abortion Politics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. After the Supreme Court overturned Roe last June and allowed states to ban abortion, more than a dozen quickly imposed tight restrictions. Today, abortion is largely illegal in most of red America, even though polls suggest many voters in these states support at least some access.
  457. ^ Siders, David (April 6, 2023). "No Wisconsin wake-up call: Republicans go full steam ahead on abortion restrictions". Politico. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  458. ^ "Most Americans approve of Supreme Court decision restricting use of race in college admissions". ABC News. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  459. ^ See Republican 2012 Platform
  460. ^ "Bush criticizes university 'quota system'". CNN. January 15, 2003. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  461. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (May 12, 1998). "Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  462. ^ Republican National Committee (July 30, 2015). "Republican Views On Affirmative Action". republicanviews.org. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022.
  463. ^ "Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive". PewResearch.org. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
  464. ^ "Key facts about Americans and guns". Pew Research Center. September 13, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  465. ^ Nass, Daniel (September 9, 2020). "A Democrat with an 'A' Grade from the NRA? There's One Left". The Trace. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  466. ^ Siegel, Reva B. "Dead or Alive: Originalism as Popular Constitutionalism in Heller." The Second Amendment on Trial: Critical Essays on District of Columbia v. Heller, edited by Saul Cornell and Nathan Kozuskanich, University of Massachusetts Press, 2013, p. 104.
  467. ^ Astor, Maggie (September 22, 2022). "For First Time in at Least 25 Years, No Democrat Has Top Grade From N.R.A." The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2023. The Democratic break from the National Rifle Association is complete: For the first time in at least 25 years, not a single Democrat running for Congress anywhere in the country received an A in the group's candidate ratings, which were once a powerful influence in U.S. elections.
  468. ^ Siddiqui, Sabrina (September 10, 2013). "Colorado Recall Results: Democratic State Senators Defeated In Major Victory For NRA". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013.
  469. ^ "Letter of Resignation Sent By Bush to Rifle Association". The New York Times. May 11, 1995. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012.
  470. ^ a b Tesler, Michael (April 20, 2022). "Why Do GOP Lawmakers Still Oppose Legalizing Weed?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  471. ^ "Republican Views on Drugs | Republican Views". www.republicanviews.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  472. ^ "House votes to decriminalize marijuana as GOP resists national shift". The Washington Post. 2020. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  473. ^ Kneeland, Timothy W. (2016). Today's Social Issues: Democrats and Republicans: Democrats and Republicans. ABC-CLIO. p. 206. ISBN 978-1610698368. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  474. ^ Newburn, Greg (July 18, 2014). "Top GOP Presidential Contenders Support Mandatory Minimum Reform". Families Against Mandatory Minimums. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  475. ^ "State Medical Cannabis Laws". National Conference of State Legislatures. June 22, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  476. ^ Peters, Margaret (2017). Trading Barriers. Princeton University Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0691174471. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018.
  477. ^ Blanton, Dana (November 8, 2006). "National Exit Poll: Midterms Come Down to Iraq, Bush". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
  478. ^ Thrush, Glenn (March 12, 2012). "How Romney lost Latinos". Politico. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  479. ^ Murray, NBC's Mark (December 4, 2012). "One month later, Republicans find plenty of blame for election loss". NBC News. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  480. ^ a b "Immigration reform stalled decade after Gang of 8′s big push". AP News. April 3, 2023. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  481. ^ Frumin, Aliyah (November 25, 2013). "Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  482. ^ Hajnal, Zoltan (January 4, 2021). "Immigration & the Origins of White Backlash". Daedalus. 150 (2): 23–39. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01844. ISSN 0011-5266.
  483. ^ Hackman, Michelle; Zitner, Aaron (February 2, 2024). "Why Both Parties Have Shifted Right on Immigration—and Still Can't Agree". The Wall Street Journal.
  484. ^ a b Lindberg, Tim (August 2, 2022). "Congress is considering making same-sex marriage federal law – a political scientist explains how this issue became less polarized over time". Kansas Reflector. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  485. ^ Igielnik, Ruth (November 16, 2022). "Backdrop for Vote on Same-Sex Marriage Rights: A Big Shift in Public Opinion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  486. ^ Cullen, Margie (June 21, 2024). "Who are the Log Cabin Republicans? What LGBTQ+ group thinks of Trump". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  487. ^ Kane, Christopher (July 19, 2024). "Log Cabin Republicans president, Ric Grenell outline conservative LGBTQ positions". Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  488. ^ Li, Anne (March 9, 2016). "'Religious Liberty' Has Replaced 'Gay Marriage' In GOP Talking Points". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  489. ^ a b Lerer, Lisa; Russonello, Giovanni; Paz, Isabella Grullón (June 17, 2020). "On L.G.B.T.Q. Rights, a Gulf Between Trump and Many Republican Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  490. ^ Dao, James (November 4, 2004). "Same-Sex Marriage Issue Key to Some G.O.P. Races". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  491. ^ "Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages". CNN. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  492. ^ "Bush urges federal marriage amendment". NBC News. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  493. ^ Stout, David (February 24, 2004). "Bush Backs Ban in Constitution on Gay Marriage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  494. ^ Murray, Shailagh (June 8, 2006). "Gay Marriage Amendment Fails in Senate". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  495. ^ "Constitutional Amendment on Marriage Fails". Fox News. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  496. ^ Jones, Robert P.; Cox, Daniel; Navarro-Rivera, Juhem (February 26, 2014). "A Shifting Landscape" (PDF). Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  497. ^ Terkel, Amanda (May 5, 2014). "Anti-Gay Stance Still Enshrined In Majority Of State GOP Platforms". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  498. ^ Drabold, Will (July 18, 2016). "Read the Republican Platform on Same-Sex Marriage, Guns and Wall Street". Time. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  499. ^ "The 2016 Republican Party Platform". GOP. July 18, 2016. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  500. ^ Orr, Gabby (June 11, 2020). "Republicans across the spectrum slam RNC's decision to keep 2016 platform". Politico. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  501. ^ Kilgore, Ed (June 11, 2020). "Republicans Will Just Recycle Their 2016 Party Platform". New York Intelligencer. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  502. ^ Epstein, Reid J.; Karni, Annie (June 11, 2020). "G.O.P. Platform, Rolled Over From 2016, Condemns the 'Current President'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  503. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (November 14, 2016). "Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled,' but Roe v Wade can be changed". CNN. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  504. ^ "Trump recognizes LGBTQ pride month in tweets". NBC News. May 31, 2019. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  505. ^ Fadulu, Lola; Flanagan, Annie (December 6, 2019). "Trump's Rollback of Transgender Rights Extends Through Entire Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  506. ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (August 20, 1992). "A Delicate Balance: The Gay Vote; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  507. ^ Fisher, Marc (August 28, 2012). "GOP platform through the years shows party's shift from moderate to conservative". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019.
  508. ^ Mellnik, Ted; Alcantara, Chris; Uhrmacher, Kevin (July 15, 2016). "What Republicans and Democrats have disagreed on, from 1856 to today". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017.
  509. ^ "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1992". Presidency.ucsb.edu. August 17, 1992. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  510. ^ "Layout 1" (PDF). Gop.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  511. ^ "Republican Party Platforms: 2008 Republican Party Platform". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  512. ^ "Republican Party Platform". GOP. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  513. ^ "Republican Platform 2016" (PDF). GOP.com. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  514. ^ Zezima, Katie; Weigel, David (July 13, 2016). "While Trump stays out of it, GOP platform tacks to the right on gay rights". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  515. ^ Astor, Maggie (January 25, 2023). "G.O.P. State Lawmakers Push a Growing Wave of Anti-Transgender Bills". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  516. ^ Singman, Brooke (November 8, 2021). "RNC announces 'Pride Coalition,' partnership with Log Cabin Republicans ahead of midterms". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  517. ^ "GOP Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel apologizes for poor communication regarding gay outreach". Metro Weekly. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  518. ^ Staff (September 28, 2022). "Majority of Americans Believe Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Should be Guaranteed Rights | Grinnell College". Grinnell College. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2022. Solid majorities across both parties agree that... marrying someone of the same sex...are rights that should be guaranteed to all citizens...
  519. ^ Cohn, Nate (August 10, 2023). "It's Not Reagan's Party Anymore". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023. It's not Mr. Reagan's party anymore. Today, a majority of Republicans oppose many of the positions that defined the party as recently as a decade ago, according to a New York Times/Siena College poll released last week. Only around one-third of Republican voters... [oppose]... same-sex marriage...
  520. ^ Potts, Monica (August 3, 2022). "What's Behind Senate Republicans' Hesitancy Toward Same-Sex Marriage?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  521. ^ Camera, Lauren (July 28, 2022). "The GOP's Same-Sex Marriage Divide". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  522. ^ "Four in Five Americans Support Voter ID Laws, Early Voting". Gallup.com. August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  523. ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (April 2, 2021). "Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  524. ^ Vasilogambros, Matt (February 5, 2021). "Republicans Target Ballot Access After Record Turnout". Stateline. Pew Trusts. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  525. ^ Bump, Philip (October 13, 2014). "The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud". The Fix. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  526. ^ Levitt, Justin (August 6, 2014). "A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019.
  527. ^ a b Hakim, Danny; Wines, Michael (November 3, 2018). "'They Don't Really Want Us to Vote': How Republicans Made it Harder". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  528. ^ a b "The big conservative lie on 'voter fraud'". The Week. October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
  529. ^ Hakim, Danny; Wines, Michael (November 3, 2018). "'They Don't Really Want Us to Vote': How Republicans Made It Harder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  530. ^ Mali, Meghashyam (July 19, 2016). "GOP platform calls for tough voter ID laws". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  531. ^ Wines, Michael (February 27, 2021). "In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.
  532. ^ Mena, Kelly (February 2, 2021). "More than 100 bills that would restrict voting are moving through state legislatures". CNN. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  533. ^ Gardner, Amy (March 26, 2021). "After Trump tried to intervene in the 2020 vote, state Republicans are moving to take more control of elections". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  534. ^ "State Voting Bills Tracker 2021". Brennan Center for Justice. February 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
  535. ^ Corisaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (March 23, 2021). "G.O.P. and Allies Draft 'Best Practices' for Restricting Voting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
  536. ^ Corasaniti, Nick (March 24, 2021). "Republicans Aim to Seize More Power Over How Elections Are Run". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
  537. ^ Gardner, Amy (March 26, 2021). "After Trump tried to intervene in the 2020 vote, state Republicans are moving to take more control of elections". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022.
  538. ^ Kalmbacher, Colin (May 26, 2021). "Arizona GOP Bill Would Allow GOP-Controlled State Legislature to Strip Key Election Powers from Democratic Secretary of State". Law & Crime. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  539. ^ Gardner, Amy (May 29, 2021). "Texas Republicans finalize bill that would enact stiff new voting restrictions and make it easier to overturn election results". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  540. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (December 9, 2020). "Poll: Just A Quarter Of Republicans Accept Election Outcome". NPR. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  541. ^ "December 10, 2020 – 60% View Joe Biden's 2020 Presidential Victory As Legitimate, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; 77% Of Republicans Believe There Was Widespread Voter Fraud". Quinnipiac University. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  542. ^ Inskeep, Steve (February 28, 2021). "Why Republicans Are Moving To Fix Elections That Weren't Broken". NPR. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  543. ^ Steinhauser, Paul (February 17, 2021). "Republican Party launching new election integrity committee". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  544. ^ Montellaro, Zach (January 24, 2021). "State Republicans push new voting restrictions after Trump's loss". Politico. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  545. ^ Glasberg, Davita; Armaline, William; Purkayastha, Bandana (January 1, 2022). "I Exist, Therefore I Should Vote: Political Human Rights, Voter Suppression and Undermining Democracy in the U.S." Societies Without Borders. 16 (1): 20–47. ISSN 1872-1915. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  546. ^ Hardy, Lydia (May 1, 2020). "Voter Suppression Post-Shelby: Impacts and Issues of Voter Purge and Voter ID Laws". Mercer Law Review. 71 (3). ISSN 0025-987X. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  547. ^ Brewster, Adam; Huey-Burns, Caitlin (February 25, 2021). "Proposals to restrict voting gain traction in Republican states". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  548. ^ Skelley, Geoffrey (May 17, 2021). "How The Republican Push To Restrict Voting Could Affect Our Elections". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  549. ^ Gallup, Inc. (July 2, 2015). "Democrats Regain Edge in Party Affiliation". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  550. ^ Drutman, Lee (September 22, 2016). "Opinion – The Divided States of America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  551. ^ Ruffini, Patrick (November 4, 2023). "The Emerging Working-Class Republican Majority". POLITICO. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  552. ^ "Rural voters continue to evade Democrats". NBC News. November 5, 2023. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  553. ^ "National Results 2020 President exit polls". CNN. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  554. ^ "Voting patterns in the 2022 elections". Pew Research Center. July 12, 2023. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  555. ^ "The great realignment". Axios. July 14, 2022. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  556. ^ "The Democratic electorate's seismic shift". Axios. July 13, 2022. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  557. ^ a b Silver, Nate (November 22, 2016). "Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote For Trump". FiveThirtyEight.
  558. ^ Enten, Harry (November 29, 2016). "Even Among The Wealthy, Education Predicts Trump Support". FiveThirtyEight. First, it's clear from the exit polls that for white voters, every bit of extra education meant less support for Trump. ... Second, education matters a lot even when separating out income levels. ... Third, Trump saw little difference in his support between income levels within each education group.
  559. ^ "Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election" Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January 2005. p. 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups."
  560. ^ "Exit Polls". CNN. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
  561. ^ "Exit Poll Analysis: Vote 2010 Elections Results". ABC News. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  562. ^ Weeks, Linton (November 3, 2010). "10 Takeaways From The 2010 Midterms". NPR. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  563. ^ "Republicans should worry that unmarried women shun them". The Economist. December 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  564. ^ McDonnell, Meg T. (December 3, 2012). "The Marriage Gap in the Women's Vote". Crisis Magazine. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  565. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (November 9, 2012). "Single women voted overwhelmingly in favour of Obama, researchers find". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  566. ^ Junn, Jane; Masuoka, Natalie (2020). "The Gender Gap Is a Race Gap: Women Voters in US Presidential Elections". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1135–1145. doi:10.1017/S1537592719003876. ISSN 1537-5927.
  567. ^ "White Female Voters Continue to Support the Republican Party". The Atlantic. November 14, 2016. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2021. Hard-core partisans don't switch teams over the personal shortcomings of their champion.
  568. ^ a b Levitz, Eric (October 19, 2022). "How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics". New York Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  569. ^ a b Sosnik, Doug (April 17, 2023). "The 'Diploma Divide' Is the New Fault Line in American Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  570. ^ Brownstein, Ronald. "Republicans and Democrats increasingly really do occupy different worlds". CNN. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  571. ^ "National Results 2020 President exit polls". CNN. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  572. ^ "Detailed Party Identification Tables" (PDF). Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  573. ^ Hendrickson, William A. Galston and Clara (November 18, 2016). "The educational rift in the 2016 election". Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  574. ^ In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans
  575. ^ Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (2020). "Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South". Studies in American Political Development. 34: 71–90. doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 213551748. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  576. ^ "Party Realignment – US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  577. ^ Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1978).
  578. ^ L. A. Holmes (April 7, 2010). "Black Republicans Win First Congress Seats Since 2003". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  579. ^ "CNN.com Election 2004". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  580. ^ Leal, David (2004). "The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election" (PDF). mattbarreto.com/. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  581. ^ "Exit Polls". CNN. November 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
  582. ^ "Americas Profile: Bobby Jindal". BBC News. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  583. ^ "Bobby Jindal may become first Indian-American to be US prez". Deccan Herald. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  584. ^ "Vietnamese Americans and Donald Trump – DW – 11/23/2020". dw.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  585. ^ Teixeira, Ruy (November 6, 2022). "Democrats' Long Goodbye to the Working Class". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2022. As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America's historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among White voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the non-White voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among White working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among non-White working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among White college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House.
  586. ^ Cohn, Nate (July 13, 2022). "Poll Shows Tight Race for Control of Congress as Class Divide Widens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022. But the cofluence of economic problems and resurgent cultural issues has helped turn the emerging class divide in the Democratic coalition into a chasm, as Republicans appear to be making new inroads among non-White and working class voters... For the first time in a Times/Siena national survey, Democrats had a larger share of support among White college graduates than among non-White voters – a striking indication of the shifting balance of political energy...
  587. ^ Zitner, Aaron; Mena, Bryan (October 2, 2022). "Working-Class Latino Voters, Once Solidly Democratic, Are Shifting Toward Republicans". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022. Latinos across America are splitting among economic lines, with a pronounced shift among working-class voters toward the Republican party.
  588. ^ Kraushaar, Josh (July 14, 2022). "The Great American Realignment". Axios. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. Shifts in the demographics of the two parties' supporters — taking place before our eyes — are arguably the biggest political story of our time. Republicans are becoming more working class and a little more multiracial. Democrats are becoming more elite and a little more White...
  589. ^ Kraushaar, Josh (July 13, 2022). "The Democratic electorate's seismic shift". Axios. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. Democrats are becoming the party of upscale voters concerned more about issues like gun control and abortion rights. Republicans are quietly building a multiracial coalition of working-class voters, with inflation as an accelerant... In the Times/Siena poll, Ds hold a 20-point advantage over Rs among White college-educated voters — but are statistically tied among Hispanics.
  590. ^ Avlon, John (January 18, 2013). "GOP's surprising edge on diversity". CNN. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  591. ^ "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History" Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009.
  592. ^ Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", Slate November 7, 2012 Archived July 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  593. ^ "Exit polls for Midterm Election Results 2022". CNN. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  594. ^ "The Republican Party is (Probably) Not Doomed". September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  595. ^ Bacon, Perry Jr. (April 20, 2018). "Republicans And Democrats Should Be Worried About 2020". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  596. ^ Nuccitelli, Dana (July 2, 2018). "Republicans try to save their deteriorating party with another push for a carbon tax". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  597. ^ al-Gharbi, Musa (February 28, 2017). "The Democratic Party is facing a demographic crisis". The Conversation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  598. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (May 31, 2017). "Why Voter Demographics in U.S. Elections Matter Now More Than Ever". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  599. ^ Hammer, Josh (November 5, 2020). "Despite 'racist' charges, Trump did better with minorities than any GOP candidate in 60 years". Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  600. ^ "US election 2020: Why Trump gained support among minorities". BBC News. November 22, 2020. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  601. ^ To some extent the United States Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade (1973) caused American Christians to blur their historical division along the line between Catholics and Protestants and instead to realign as conservatives or liberals, irrespective of the Reformation Era distinction.
  602. ^ Norquist, Grover (2008). Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives. HarperCollins. pp. 146–149. ISBN 978-0061133954. The Democratic Obama administration's support for requiring institutions related to the Catholic Church to cover birth control and abortion in employee health insurance has further moved traditionalist Catholics toward the Republicans.
  603. ^ Conroy, J. Oliver (February 15, 2018). "Mormons want to save the Republican party's soul. But is it too late?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  604. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah; McCombs, Brady (November 29, 2018). "Most Mormons voted Republican in the midterms—but their Trump approval rating continues to decline, study finds". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  605. ^ "'I think it's Israel': How Orthodox Jews became Republicans". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  606. ^ Hanau, Shira (May 11, 2021). "New Pew study shows 75% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republicans, up from 57% in 2013". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  607. ^ NPR Staff (November 3, 2020). "Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey". NPR. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  608. ^ "Religion in the 2010 Elections". Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  609. ^ Lee (June 18, 2015). "Pope hands GOP climate change dilemma". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  610. ^ Thomas Reese, "A readers' guide to 'Laudato Si'" Archived June 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, National Catholic Register, June 26, 2015.
  611. ^ Davenport, Caral (June 16, 2015). "Pope's Views on Climate Change Add Pressure to Catholic Candidates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  612. ^ Fraga, Brian (June 26, 2015). "Political Role Reversal: Democrats Praise Encyclical, While GOP Remains Cautious". Ncregister.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  613. ^ "Catholics Divided Over Global Warming". Pew Research. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  614. ^ "Study: Republicans are 24 percent more likely than Democrats to be business owners". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  615. ^ McKibben, Bill (March 22, 2011). "The Gang That Couldn't Lobby Straight". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  616. ^ "Chairman Brady Marks Six Months of Tax Reform Wins – Ways and Means". Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  617. ^ "House Republicans urge opposition to vaccine patent waiver". The Hill. May 4, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  618. ^ "House Republicans vote to overturn Biden rule on water protections". NBC News. March 10, 2023. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  619. ^ "Republican Party Platform 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  620. ^ Harrison, J. D. (August 30, 2012). "Small business a common theme at Republican Convention". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.

Further reading

External links