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Reconocimiento del genocidio armenio

La llama eterna en el centro de las doce losas, ubicadas en el complejo conmemorativo del Genocidio Armenio en Ereván , Armenia

El reconocimiento del genocidio armenio es la aceptación formal del hecho de que las masacres sistemáticas y la deportación forzada de armenios por parte del Imperio Otomano entre 1915 y 1923, tanto durante como después de la Primera Guerra Mundial , constituyeron genocidio .

La mayoría de los historiadores fuera de Turquía reconocen el hecho de que la persecución de los armenios por parte del Imperio Otomano fue un genocidio. [1] [2] [3] Sin embargo, a pesar del reconocimiento del carácter genocida de la masacre de armenios tanto en los estudios académicos como en la sociedad civil, algunos gobiernos se han mostrado reticentes a reconocer oficialmente los asesinatos como genocidio debido a preocupaciones políticas sobre sus relaciones con el gobierno de Turquía. [4]

A partir de 2023 , los gobiernos y parlamentos de 34 países, incluidos Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Francia, Alemania, Grecia, Italia, México, Países Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Rusia, Suecia y Estados Unidos, han reconocido formalmente el genocidio armenio.

Tres países –Azerbaiyán , Turquía y Pakistán– niegan que haya habido un genocidio armenio.

Encuestas de opinión

En 2015, la Fundación para la Memoria de la Shoah y Fondapol encuestaron a 31.172 personas de entre 16 y 29 años que vivían en 31 países y les preguntaron: «En su opinión, ¿podemos hablar de genocidio en relación con la masacre de los armenios a manos de los turcos en 1915?». El 77% de los encuestados respondió afirmativamente. El porcentaje más alto se registró en Francia, con un 93% de los que estaban de acuerdo, y el porcentaje más bajo se registró en Turquía, con un 33% de los que estaban de acuerdo. [5] [6]

Organizaciones internacionales

Naciones Unidas

Informe de la Comisión de Crímenes de Guerra de las Naciones Unidas de 1948

El 15 de mayo de 1948, el Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas presentó un informe de 384 páginas preparado por la Comisión de Crímenes de Guerra de las Naciones Unidas (UNWCC), [7] creada en Londres (octubre de 1943) para recopilar y cotejar información sobre crímenes de guerra y criminales de guerra. [8] : 129  El informe, presentado por el representante libanés Karim Azkoul , [9] fue una respuesta a la solicitud del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas de tomar disposiciones para "la recopilación y publicación de información relativa a los derechos humanos derivada de los juicios de criminales de guerra, colaboracionistas y traidores, y en particular de los juicios de Núremberg y Tokio ". El informe había sido preparado por miembros del personal jurídico de la comisión. El informe es de gran actualidad en lo que respecta al genocidio armenio, no sólo porque utiliza los acontecimientos de 1915 como ejemplo histórico, sino también como precedente de los artículos 6 (c) y 5 (c) de las Cartas de Núremberg y Tokio , y por tanto como precursor de la entonces recién adoptada Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Genocidio , que diferencia entre crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad. Al referirse a la información recogida durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y presentada por la Comisión de Responsabilidades de 1919 , el informe titulado "Información relativa a los derechos humanos derivada de los juicios a criminales de guerra" utilizó el caso armenio como un ejemplo vívido de los crímenes cometidos por un Estado contra sus propios ciudadanos.

El informe también señala que, mientras que los Tratados de Paz de París con Alemania, Austria, Hungría y Bulgaria no incluían ninguna referencia a las "leyes de la humanidad", sino que basaban las acusaciones en violaciones de las " leyes y costumbres de la guerra ", el Tratado de Paz de Sèvres con Turquía sí lo hacía. Además, según el historiador armenio-sueco Avedian Vahagn, los artículos 226 a 228 también lo hacían, relativos a las costumbres de la guerra (que corresponden a los artículos 228 a 230 del Tratado de Versalles ), el Tratado de Sèvres también contenía un artículo 230 adicional, obviamente en cumplimiento del ultimátum aliado del 24 de mayo de 1915, en relación con los "crímenes [cometidos] contra la humanidad y la civilización". [8] : 130 

El Informe de la ONU sobre el Genocidio de 1985, el "Informe Whitaker"

En 1985, la Subcomisión de Prevención de Discriminaciones y Protección a las Minorías de las Naciones Unidas recibió un informe del Relator Especial y miembro de la Subcomisión, Benjamin Whitaker (Reino Unido), titulado Informe revisado y actualizado sobre la cuestión de la prevención y la sanción del delito de genocidio (conocido comúnmente como Informe Whitaker ), en el que se citaba la masacre sistemática otomana de armenios durante la Primera Guerra Mundial como un hecho que cumplía los criterios de la definición de genocidio de las Naciones Unidas y como uno de los genocidios del siglo XX. [10] Su informe fue recibido y tomado nota mediante una resolución en la 38ª sesión de la Subcomisión en 1985. [11]

Iglesia católica

En 2015, el Papa Francisco dijo que el genocidio armenio era "considerado el primer genocidio del siglo XX". La palabra no se volvió a utilizar, debido a la fuerte reacción turca, hasta junio de 2016, cuando reafirmó y solidificó su postura sobre que constituía un genocidio y condenó enérgicamente la negación persistente del genocidio. [12] Turquía respondió acusando al Papa de tener una " mentalidad de cruzado " contra el país. El Vaticano lo negó rotundamente, afirmando que el Papa había hecho un llamado a la reconciliación entre armenios y turcos. [13]

Asociación Internacional de Académicos sobre el Genocidio

En 1997, la Asociación Internacional de Estudiosos del Genocidio (IAGS) aprobó una resolución que reconocía por unanimidad las masacres otomanas de armenios como genocidio. [14] [15]

Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional

En febrero de 2002, una opinión jurídica independiente encargada por la Comisión Turco-Armenia para la Reconciliación y publicada por el Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional concluyó que la masacre otomana de armenios en 1915-1918 fue un genocidio, pero que no se derivaron consecuencias jurídicas de este hecho porque el genocidio sólo fue penalizado en el derecho internacional después de la ratificación de la Convención sobre el Genocidio . [16]

En 2007, la Fundación Elie Wiesel para la Humanidad escribió una carta [17] firmada por 53 premios Nobel reafirmando la conclusión de los Genocide Scholars de que los asesinatos de armenios en 1915 constituyeron genocidio. [18] La organización de Wiesel también afirmó que el reconocimiento turco del genocidio armenio no crearía ninguna "base legal para reparaciones o reclamos territoriales", anticipándose a las ansiedades turcas de que pudiera dar lugar a reclamos financieros o territoriales. [19]

Parlamento Europeo

El 15 de abril de 2015, el Parlamento Europeo respaldó una moción que califica de genocidio la masacre de hasta 1,5 millones de armenios a manos de las fuerzas turcas otomanas, [20] días después de que el mensaje del Papa Francisco desencadenara una reacción airada en Turquía por utilizar el mismo término. [21] Ya lo había hecho anteriormente en 1987, [22] 2000, [23] 2002 [24] y 2005. [25]

El Parlamento Europeo elogió el mensaje del pontífice. [26] [27] [28] Antes de la votación, el presidente turco Erdoğan declaró que "Turquía ignorará cualquier decisión del Parlamento Europeo", y que "personalmente no me preocupa la defensa porque [los turcos] no llevan una mancha o una sombra como el genocidio". [29]

Consejo de Europa

El Consejo de Europa aprobó una resolución sobre el genocidio armenio el 14 de mayo de 2001, que compromete únicamente a los miembros que la firmaron, y hace un llamamiento "a todos los miembros de la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa para que adopten las medidas necesarias para el reconocimiento del genocidio perpetrado por el Imperio Otomano contra los armenios a principios del siglo XX". [30]

Organizaciones judías estadounidenses

El 7 de noviembre de 1989, la Unión para el Judaísmo Reformista aprobó una resolución sobre el reconocimiento del genocidio armenio. [31]

En 2007 la Liga Antidifamación emitió el siguiente comunicado de prensa:

Nunca hemos negado, sino que siempre hemos calificado de masacres y atrocidades los dolorosos acontecimientos de 1915-1918 perpetrados por el Imperio Otomano contra los armenios. Tras reflexionar, hemos llegado a compartir la opinión de Henry Morgenthau, Sr. , de que las consecuencias de esas acciones fueron, en efecto, equivalentes a un genocidio. Si la palabra genocidio hubiera existido entonces, lo habrían llamado genocidio. [32]

En 2014, el Comité Judío Americano reconoció el genocidio armenio como un hecho histórico. [33] [34]

En octubre de 2015, el Consejo Judío de Asuntos Públicos publicó una resolución instando al gobierno de Estados Unidos a reconocer las masacres de armenios perpetradas por los turcos durante la Primera Guerra Mundial como un genocidio. [35]

Consejo Central de Judíos de Alemania

En abril de 2015, el Consejo Central de Judíos de Alemania pidió al gobierno alemán que reconociera como genocidio el asesinato en masa de más de un millón de armenios durante la Primera Guerra Mundial en lo que entonces era el Imperio Otomano. "Hace cien años, el gobierno del Imperio Otomano ordenó la deportación de un millón de armenios. Fueron asesinados directamente o murieron de hambre y deshidratación en el desierto", dijo el presidente del Consejo Central, Josef Schuster, al periódico Der Tagesspiegel . Añadió: "Estos terribles acontecimientos deberían llamarse por su nombre: un genocidio". Schuster dijo que el genocidio armenio sirvió más tarde a Adolf Hitler y sus nazis como modelo para el Holocausto. [36] [37] [38]

Partido Popular Europeo

El 3 de marzo de 2015, el Partido Popular Europeo (PPE) adoptó una resolución en la que reconoce y condena el genocidio armenio y rinde homenaje a las víctimas en el centenario. El PPE, que es el mayor partido político europeo, adoptó la resolución tras la iniciativa de sus partidos hermanos de Armenia. El PPE incluye a partidos importantes como la Unión Demócrata Cristiana (CDU) alemana, la Unión por un Movimiento Popular (UMP) francesa y el Partido Popular (PP) español, y tiene partidos miembros en todos los Estados miembros de la UE. [39] [40]

Otro

Otras organizaciones que han reconocido el genocidio armenio incluyen:

Parlamentos y gobiernos

Turquía sigue insistiendo en que las matanzas masivas de 1915 no fueron un genocidio, un hecho que muchos europeos toman como una duda sobre el compromiso de la nación turca con los derechos humanos, lo que les lleva a oponerse a la membresía de la Unión Europea, una postura por la cual el intelectual turco-armenio Hrant Dink condenó públicamente a algunos países antes de ser asesinado en 2007. [51] [52]

Países

  Países que han reconocido el genocidio mediante una resolución en su legislatura nacional
  Países que niegan explícitamente que hubo un genocidio armenio

El 24 de mayo de 1915, durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, las Potencias Aliadas (Reino Unido, Francia y Rusia) emitieron conjuntamente una declaración en la que decían que durante aproximadamente un mes, las poblaciones kurda y turca de Armenia habían estado masacrando a los armenios, con la connivencia y a menudo la asistencia de las autoridades otomanas, y que las Potencias Aliadas considerarían personalmente responsables de crímenes contra la humanidad a todos los funcionarios del Gobierno otomano implicados en tales crímenes . [53] [54] [55]

El 20 de abril de 1965, Uruguay se convirtió en la primera nación del mundo en reconocer oficialmente el genocidio armenio. [56] Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX y el siglo XXI, los parlamentos de varios países han reconocido formalmente el evento como genocidio. Las conversaciones de ingreso de Turquía a la Unión Europea se encontraron con una serie de llamados a considerar el evento como genocidio, [57] [58] [59] aunque nunca se convirtió en una condición previa.

En febrero de 2023 , 34 estados habían reconocido oficialmente los hechos históricos como genocidio. Las naciones soberanas (es decir, los estados miembros de la ONU ) que reconocen oficialmente el genocidio armenio son: [60] [61]

Estados, regiones, provincias, municipios y comisiones parlamentarias

El reconocimiento del genocidio armenio también incluye:

Australia

Los parlamentos de tres estados australianos reconocen el genocidio armenio:

Además, la ciudad de Ryde adoptó una moción unánime dedicada al centenario del genocidio armenio en su reunión del Consejo el 14 de abril de 2015. La moción también insta al Gobierno de Australia a reconocer y condenar todos los genocidios. [136] La ciudad de Willoughby aprobó una moción que reconoce el genocidio armenio el 11 de mayo de 2015. [137]

Bélgica
Brasil

Los parlamentos de 4 estados brasileños reconocen el genocidio armenio:

Bulgaria
Canadá

Además, las ciudades de Montreal y Toronto reconocieron el genocidio armenio. [147]

Egipto
Francia
Día de conmemoración del genocidio armenio en la catedral de San Sarkis, Teherán , 2017 (centro: arzobispo Sepuh Sargsyan )
Irán
Israel
Italia

Los parlamentos de 10 regiones italianas reconocen el genocidio armenio:

Además, casi 100 ciudades en toda Italia han reconocido el genocidio armenio, incluidas Roma , Milán , Turín , Venecia , Padua , Florencia , Génova , Livorno , Taranto , Trieste , Ancona , Perugia , Reggio Emilia y Parma . [164]

México
Países Bajos
Filipinas
Arabia Saudita
España

Los parlamentos de 6 comunidades autónomas españolas reconocen el genocidio armenio:

Además, 40 ciudades españolas de 9 regiones han reconocido el genocidio armenio:

Peregrinos conmemoran el 94 aniversario del Genocidio en Margadeh, cerca de Deir ez-Zor en Siria
Suiza
Ucrania
Emiratos Árabes Unidos

Debido al deterioro de las relaciones entre Turquía y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los EAU comenzaron en abril de 2019 a reconocer lentamente el genocidio armenio. [218]

Reino Unido

Dos de las tres legislaturas descentralizadas del Reino Unido han reconocido el genocidio armenio. [220]

Estados Unidos
Vietnam
Día de conmemoración del genocidio armenio en Donetsk , Ucrania , 2016

Posiciones por países

Pavo

Conmemoración del centenario del genocidio armenio cerca de la plaza Taksim , Estambul, en 2015.

El veredicto de los juicios de Estambul , celebrados por el gobierno otomano en 1919-1920, reconoció la masacre de armenios como "crímenes de guerra" y condenó a muerte a los perpetradores. [227] Sin embargo, en 1921, durante el resurgimiento del Movimiento Nacional Turco , se concedió la amnistía a los culpables. Según Jason D. Antos, "todos los demás gobiernos turcos" negaron el genocidio. [227] [228] [229] [230]

Un obstáculo importante para un reconocimiento más amplio del genocidio en el mundo es la posición oficial de Turquía, que se basa en el supuesto de que la deportación de los armenios fue una acción estatal legítima . [231] Según el gobierno turco, los acontecimientos de 1915 fueron una "tragedia" que resultó en "la pérdida de muchas vidas inocentes", pero no pueden describirse como un genocidio. [232] [233]

En abril de 2006, la Asociación Turca de Derechos Humanos (IHD) reconoció los acontecimientos como un genocidio. [234]

En diciembre de 2008, un grupo de intelectuales turcos lanzó una petición en línea –llamada campaña “ Me disculpo ” (“Özür Diliyorum” en turco)– para las personas que querían disculparse a título personal. Los autores de la petición utilizaron la palabra “la Gran Catástrofe” en relación con los acontecimientos. La petición obtuvo más de 10.000 firmas en cuestión de días. Ante la reacción negativa, [235] el entonces presidente turco Abdullah Gül defendió la petición, citando la libertad de expresión. [236] Un grupo de la oposición lanzó pronto un sitio web que recaudó un número aún mayor de firmas. Recep Tayyip Erdogan , en ese momento primer ministro , negó que hubiera nada por lo que disculparse, pero tampoco se opuso a la campaña y se produjo un debate nacional. [237] [238]

Desde la campaña "Me disculpo" en 2008, [ cita requerida ] cada año, el 24 de abril, se celebran ceremonias de conmemoración del genocidio en varias ciudades turcas. [ cita requerida ] Comenzaron en la plaza Taksim de Estambul en 2008, principalmente como resultado del debate a nivel nacional que se produjo tras el asesinato de Hrant Dink y luego se extendieron a Ankara , Diyarbakır , İzmir , Malatya y Mersin en los años siguientes. [ 239 ] Las conmemoraciones atraen cada vez más apoyo cada año. [ cita requerida ]

A continuación se presentan las preguntas formuladas y los porcentajes de las respuestas dadas en una encuesta de 2014 para el Centro de Estudios Económicos y de Política Exterior (EDAM), un grupo de expertos turco: [240] [241]

Las respuestas a la encuesta variaron enormemente según el partido político: desde el 4,6% de los votantes del MHP que reconocen el genocidio armenio hasta el 24,4% de los votantes del BDP . Excluyendo la respuesta "No tengo idea/No respondo", el 51% de los votantes del CHP y el 44% de los votantes del BDP respondieron que "Turquía debería disculparse por los armenios que perdieron la vida" o "Turquía debería expresar su pesar por los armenios que perdieron la vida en 1915, pero no debería disculparse". [241]

Desde 2014, el presidente Erdoğan ha enviado un mensaje cada año el 24 de abril ( Día de Recordación del Genocidio Armenio ) al Patriarca Armenio de Constantinopla , en turco y armenio, para ofrecer sus condolencias a los armenios por los "acontecimientos de 1915", sin utilizar la palabra "genocidio". Es la primera vez que un líder turco ha ofrecido formalmente sus condolencias por las matanzas en masa. [242] [243] En 2021, su mensaje incluyó:

Recuerdo con respeto a los armenios otomanos que perdieron la vida en las duras condiciones de la Primera Guerra Mundial y ofrezco mis condolencias a sus nietos. [...] Agradezco a nuestros ciudadanos armenios, que son una parte inseparable de nuestra nación, por su sincero apoyo a esta lucha que nuestro país ha estado librando. Con estos pensamientos en mi mente, una vez más recuerdo con respeto a los armenios otomanos que perdimos durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, comparto el dolor de sus familiares y les expreso mis saludos y afecto a todos ustedes. [244] [245]

En una encuesta realizada en 2015 para la Fundación para la Memoria de la Shoah y Fondapol , el 33% de las personas de entre 16 y 29 años residentes en Turquía encuestadas respondieron afirmativamente a la pregunta: "En su opinión, ¿podemos hablar de genocidio en relación con la masacre de los armenios, por parte de los turcos, en 1915?". [5]

En el siglo XX, el único movimiento político turco que reconoció el genocidio fue el grupo militante maoísta Partido Comunista de Turquía/Marxista-Leninista (TKP/ML). [246] El genocidio también ha sido reconocido por movimientos políticos kurdos, incluido el Partido de los Trabajadores del Kurdistán (PKK) en su periódico oficial en 1982 y el parlamento kurdo en el exilio en 1997. [247] A partir de 2020 , la negación del genocidio cuenta con el apoyo de todos los principales partidos políticos de Turquía, excepto el Partido Democrático de los Pueblos (HDP) y el Partido de la Izquierda Verde , así como de muchos medios de comunicación y organizaciones de la sociedad civil a favor y en contra del gobierno. Tanto los partidos gubernamentales como los de oposición han reaccionado enérgicamente al reconocimiento del genocidio en otros países. [248] [249] El 18 de julio de 2023, el Parlamento Europeo pidió a Turquía que reconociera el genocidio armenio. [250]

Posición kurda

Algunas tribus kurdas desempeñaron un papel en el genocidio, ya que fueron utilizadas por las autoridades otomanas para llevar a cabo asesinatos en masa. [251] Entre los kurdos modernos, incluidos los principales partidos kurdos como el Partido Democrático de los Pueblos (HDP) y el Partido Democrático del Kurdistán (KDP), la mayoría de ellos reconocen los asesinatos y se disculpan en nombre de sus antepasados ​​​​que cometieron atrocidades contra los armenios, griegos y asirios en nombre del Imperio Otomano. [252] [253] [254] [255] [256]

Según una encuesta de 2014, el 24,4% de los ciudadanos turcos que votan al BDP ( HDP ), que suele estar formado por kurdos, aceptan el genocidio armenio. Excluyendo a los que no respondieron a la pregunta de la encuesta, el 44% de los votantes del BDP piensa que “Turquía debería disculparse por los armenios que perdieron la vida en 1915” o que “Turquía debería expresar su pesar por los armenios que perdieron la vida en 1915”. [241]

Estados Unidos

Día de conmemoración del genocidio armenio en Los Ángeles , California , 2015

En 1951, el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos ejemplificó el caso armenio como un acto de genocidio en el pasado reciente, en la declaración escrita de los Estados Unidos a la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ): "La Convención sobre el Genocidio fue el resultado de las prácticas inhumanas y bárbaras que prevalecieron en ciertos países antes y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando grupos enteros de minorías religiosas, raciales y nacionales fueron amenazados y sometidos a un exterminio deliberado. La práctica del genocidio ha ocurrido a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. La persecución romana de los cristianos , las masacres turcas de armenios, el exterminio de millones de judíos y polacos por los nazis son ejemplos destacados del crimen de genocidio.

Este era el contexto en el que la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas consideró el problema del genocidio". [257] El hecho de que Estados Unidos haya cambiado posteriormente esta posición y desde entonces se haya abstenido sistemáticamente de utilizar oficialmente el término "genocidio" en relación con estos acontecimientos se puede atribuir al surgimiento de la Guerra Fría, la adhesión de Turquía a la OTAN y la desaparición de Raphael Lemkin como firme defensor de los derechos humanos del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos. [8]

Varios documentos oficiales de Estados Unidos describen los hechos como genocidio. La Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos adoptó resoluciones conmemorativas del genocidio armenio en 1975, [258] [259] 1984 [260] y 1996. [261] El presidente Ronald Reagan también describió los hechos como genocidio en su discurso del 22 de abril de 1981. [262] El 4 de marzo de 2010, el Comité de Asuntos Exteriores de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos reconoció las masacres de 1915 como genocidio. [263] Las legislaturas de los 50 estados de Estados Unidos han hecho proclamaciones individuales reconociendo los acontecimientos de 1915 a 1923 como genocidio, siendo Alabama en 2019 y Mississippi en 2022 los últimos. [264] [265]

La Resolución Conjunta 148 de la Cámara de Representantes, adoptada el 8 de abril de 1975, resolvió:

Autoriza al Presidente a designar el 24 de abril de 1975 como “Día Nacional del Recuerdo de la Inhumanidad del Hombre hacia el Hombre” para recordar a todas las víctimas del genocidio, especialmente aquellas de ascendencia armenia que sucumbieron al genocidio perpetrado en 1915. [259]

Después del mandato de Ronald Reagan, los presidentes de Estados Unidos posteriores, hasta Joe Biden, se negaron a nombrar los acontecimientos como tales debido a la preocupación de distanciarse de Turquía. [266] [267]

La Asamblea Armenia de América (AAA) y el Comité Nacional Armenio de América (ANCA), organizaciones de defensa que representan las opiniones y valores de la comunidad armenia estadounidense en los Estados Unidos, han estado instando al Congreso y al Presidente de los Estados Unidos a reconocer el genocidio cometido por la Turquía otomana en 1915. [268] También han pedido un aumento de la ayuda económica a Armenia.

El 10 de octubre de 2007, el Comité de Asuntos Exteriores de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos aprobó la ley HR 106 , que tipificaba y condenaba al Imperio Otomano por el genocidio, por una votación de 27 a 21. Sin embargo, parte del apoyo al proyecto de ley, tanto de los demócratas como de los republicanos, se erosionó después de que la Casa Blanca advirtiera contra la posibilidad de que Turquía restringiera el espacio aéreo y el acceso por tierra a los esfuerzos militares y humanitarios estadounidenses en Irak en respuesta al proyecto de ley. [266] En respuesta a la decisión del Comité de Asuntos Exteriores de la Cámara de Representantes sobre el proyecto de ley, Turquía ordenó a su embajador en Estados Unidos que regresara a Turquía para "consultas". [269] El lobby turco trabajó intensamente para bloquear la aprobación del proyecto de ley. [269]

El 19 de enero de 2008, el senador estadounidense Barack Obama declaró que "el genocidio armenio no es una acusación, una opinión personal o un punto de vista, sino más bien un hecho ampliamente documentado respaldado por un abrumador cuerpo de evidencia histórica. Los hechos son innegables". Prometió reconocer el genocidio si era elegido presidente. [270] El 24 de abril de 2009, declaró como presidente: "He expresado constantemente mi propia opinión sobre lo que ocurrió en 1915, y mi visión de esa historia no ha cambiado. Mi interés sigue siendo el logro de un reconocimiento completo, franco y justo de los hechos". [271] En los discursos de conmemoración del 24 de abril, Obama solo se refirió al sinónimo armenio Mets Eghern ("Mec Eġeṙn"). En 2010, [272] [273 ] [274] [275] 2012, [276] 2013, [277] 2014 [278] 2015, [279] [280] y 2016 [281] no utilizó la palabra "genocidio". En abril de 2015, Obama envió una delegación presidencial a Armenia para asistir a la conmemoración del centenario en Ereván . [282] Susan E. Rice , asesora de seguridad nacional de Obama , alentó al ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Turquía , Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, a tomar medidas concretas para mejorar las relaciones con Armenia y facilitar un diálogo abierto y franco en Turquía sobre las atrocidades de 1915. [283]

El 29 de octubre de 2019, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos aprobó una resolución por 405 votos a favor y 11 en contra para reconocer el genocidio armenio. El Senado de los Estados Unidos aprobó la resolución por unanimidad el 12 de diciembre de 2019, desafiando al presidente Donald Trump , que se oponía al reconocimiento. [284] El 24 de abril de 2020, el presidente Trump emitió una declaración en el Día del Recuerdo del Genocidio Armenio , refiriéndose a los acontecimientos como "una de las peores atrocidades masivas del siglo XX". [285]

El 24 de abril de 2021, en el Día de Conmemoración del Genocidio Armenio, el presidente Joe Biden se refirió a los hechos como "genocidio" en una declaración publicada por la Casa Blanca, [286] [267] [287] en la que el presidente equiparó formalmente el genocidio perpetrado contra los armenios con atrocidades de la escala de las cometidas en la Europa ocupada por los nazis . [287]

Francia

Día de la Memoria del Genocidio Armenio en Lyon , 2015

Francia ha reconocido formalmente las masacres armenias como genocidio. [288]

En 2006, el Parlamento francés presentó un proyecto de ley para crear una ley que castigaría a cualquier persona que negara el genocidio armenio con hasta cinco años de prisión y una multa. [289] A pesar de las protestas turcas, [290] la Asamblea Nacional Francesa adoptó un proyecto de ley que convertía en delito negar que los armenios sufrieron un genocidio en 1915 a manos de los turcos otomanos. [291] El proyecto de ley había sido criticado como un intento de obtener votos de entre los 600.000 armenios étnicos de Francia. [292] Esta crítica ha venido no sólo de dentro de Turquía, [293] sino también de Orhan Pamuk . [294] Sin embargo, el proyecto de ley fue abandonado en el verano de 2011 antes de llegar al Senado. [295]

Desde entonces, Francia ha instado a Turquía a reconocer la masacre de 1915 como genocidio. [296]

En 2011, el Senado francés aprobó un proyecto de ley que penaliza la negación de los genocidios reconocidos, que incluyen tanto el Holocausto como el genocidio armenio. El proyecto de ley fue presentado por el parlamento en 2012. [297] Sin embargo, el 28 de febrero de 2012, el Tribunal Constitucional francés lo consideró inconstitucional : "El Consejo dictamina que al castigar a cualquiera que cuestione la existencia de... crímenes que los propios legisladores reconocieron o calificaron como tales, los legisladores cometieron un ataque inconstitucional a la libertad de expresión". [298]

El 14 de octubre de 2016, el Senado francés adoptó un nuevo proyecto de ley que tipificaba como delito la negación del genocidio armenio. El proyecto de ley fue presentado por el Gobierno francés y aprobado por la Asamblea Nacional francesa en julio de 2016, y estipula una pena de un año de prisión o una multa de 45.000 euros . [299] Sin embargo, la ley fue anulada por el Tribunal Constitucional francés en enero de 2017. El Consejo dijo que la "sentencia provoca incertidumbre en relación con las expresiones y comentarios sobre cuestiones históricas. Por lo tanto, esta sentencia es un ataque innecesario y desproporcionado contra la libertad de expresión". [300]

El 5 de febrero de 2019, el presidente francés Emmanuel Macron declaró el 24 de abril como el día de conmemoración del genocidio armenio en Francia . [85]

Irán

Debido al período de gobierno central débil y la incapacidad de Teherán para proteger su integridad territorial cuando ocurrió el genocidio, los turcos musulmanes y las tribus kurdas invadieron la ciudad de Salmas en el noroeste de Persia , masacrando a los habitantes armenios cristianos después de la retirada de las tropas rusas de la región. Antes de la retirada rusa, un gran número de cristianos huyeron a través del río Aras hacia Rusia , mientras que un pequeño número permaneció escondido en las casas de los musulmanes locales. [301]

Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh , un destacado escritor persa del siglo XX, estudió en Europa, donde se unió a un grupo de nacionalistas iraníes en Berlín que finalmente fundarían un periódico (Rastakhiz) en Bagdad en 1915. Durante un viaje de Bagdad a Estambul, fue testigo de las deportaciones de armenios y se encontró con muchas víctimas y cadáveres armenios durante su viaje. [302] Escribió sobre sus experiencias y relatos de testigos presenciales décadas después en dos libros titulados "Qatl-e Amm-e Armanian" ( persa : قتل عام ارمنیان , literalmente; masacres armenias ) y "Qatl o ḡārat-e Arāmaneh dar Torkiye" (Sobre las masacres de armenios en Turquía). [302]

El actual gobierno de Irán no ha reconocido oficialmente el genocidio armenio, en parte debido a consideraciones geopolíticas en torno a las relaciones con Turquía. Sin embargo, las relaciones entre Armenia e Irán han sido en gran medida cordiales e Irán es uno de los principales socios comerciales de Armenia, ya que Turquía y Azerbaiyán han bloqueado al país. [303] Algunos políticos iraníes, como el presidente reformista Mohammad Khatami , que visitó el memorial del genocidio armenio en 2004, han rendido homenaje a las víctimas del genocidio armenio en el pasado. [304] Cuando el presidente principista Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visitó Armenia en 2007, no visitó el memorial. Cuando un estudiante de la Universidad de Ereván le preguntó al respecto, afirmó: "La posición de Teherán sobre los acontecimientos históricos es muy clara, y condenamos todas las injusticias a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad". [305] Algunos miembros actuales y anteriores del parlamento iraní también han hecho declaraciones indicando el reconocimiento del genocidio, incluidos Ali Akbar Mohtashamipour , Hadi Khamenei y Ruhollah Hosseinian , entre otros. [306] [305]

En 2010, Turquía e Irán entraron en una disputa política después de que el vicepresidente iraní Hamid Baghaei supuestamente condenara a Turquía por el genocidio armenio, al tiempo que hacía una comparación relacionada con la invasión de Irán de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Las tensiones se resolvieron después de que el gobierno iraní emitiera una declaración de que sus comentarios fueron sacados de contexto y que Baghaei solo había hecho una referencia al tema, sin tomar ninguna posición sobre el mismo. [307] El Ministerio de Patrimonio Cultural, Artesanía y Turismo de Irán también emitió rápidamente una declaración, diciendo que la posición oficial de Irán sobre el genocidio armenio es idéntica a la de Turquía, a lo que siguió la embajada iraní en Ankara declarando lo mismo. [308] En 2015, la comunidad armenia iraní pidió a Hassan Rouhani que reconociera oficialmente el genocidio armenio, a fin de evitar que se repitieran tales eventos en el futuro. [309]

Reino Unido

Las legislaturas descentralizadas de Escocia y Gales han reconocido formalmente el genocidio armenio. El gobierno del Reino Unido no reconoce el genocidio armenio, ya que considera que las pruebas no son lo suficientemente claras como para considerar retrospectivamente que "los terribles acontecimientos que afligieron a la población armenia otomana a principios del siglo pasado" constituyen genocidio según la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de 1948. El gobierno británico afirma que las "masacres fueron una tragedia atroz" y las condena, afirmando que esa era la opinión del gobierno durante ese período. [220] En 2006, 182 diputados firmaron una moción preliminar que reconocía el genocidio armenio por parte del Parlamento del Reino Unido. [310] [311]

En 2007 se inauguró en Cardiff un monumento conmemorativo armenio

Sin embargo, en 2007, la posición del gobierno británico fue que condena las masacres, pero "ni este gobierno ni los gobiernos británicos anteriores han juzgado que la evidencia sea suficientemente inequívoca para persuadirnos de que estos eventos deben ser categorizados como genocidio según lo define la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Genocidio de 1948 , una convención que, en cualquier caso, no es retroactiva en su aplicación". [312]

En 2009, el abogado Geoffrey Robertson QC reveló en una revelación de documentos del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores titulada "¿Hubo un genocidio armenio?" [313] cómo el Parlamento británico ha sido sistemáticamente mal informado y engañado por ministros que han recitado informes del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores sin cuestionar su exactitud. Como resumió Robertson , "no había ninguna 'prueba' que se hubiera examinado jamás y nunca se había emitido un 'juicio' en absoluto". [314]

En una reunión informativa de 1999 para ministros del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores se afirmaba que el reconocimiento del genocidio armenio no aportaría ningún beneficio práctico al Reino Unido y se continuaba diciendo que "la línea actual es la única opción viable" debido a "la importancia de nuestras relaciones (políticas, estratégicas y comerciales) con Turquía" . Los documentos del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores incluyen además un consejo de 1995 al entonces ministro de Asuntos Exteriores conservador, Douglas Hogg , de que debía negarse a asistir a un servicio conmemorativo para las víctimas del genocidio. [315] A fecha de 2015, el Reino Unido no reconoce formalmente las masacres de armenios cometidas por el Imperio Otomano como un "genocidio". [316]

James Bryce (1838-1922), primer vizconde de Bryce, fue uno de los primeros británicos en llamar la atención pública sobre este asunto. [317] [318]

Alemania

Alemania fue un aliado del Imperio Otomano en la Primera Guerra Mundial, y muchos oficiales militares alemanes fueron cómplices de permitir que ocurriera el genocidio, y también apoyaban al Imperio Otomano por temor a que los armenios colaboraran con Rusia en ese momento; varias figuras alemanas como Hans Humann y Hans von Seeckt también demostraron su apoyo a los otomanos. [319] [320] Estas acciones fueron las semillas del futuro Holocausto de la Alemania nazi , ya que muchas se inspiraron en el espantoso genocidio armenio. [320]

El periodista británico Robert Fisk , aunque reconoció el papel desempeñado por la mayoría de los diplomáticos y parlamentarios alemanes en la condena de los turcos otomanos, señaló que algunos de los testigos alemanes del holocausto armenio luego desempeñarían un papel en el régimen nazi. Por ejemplo, Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath , quien fue asignado al 4.º Ejército turco en 1915 con instrucciones de monitorear las "operaciones" contra los armenios, más tarde se convirtió en ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Adolf Hitler y "Protector de Bohemia y Moravia" durante el terror de Reinhard Heydrich en Checoslovaquia. [321]

A pesar de esto, muchos otros oficiales alemanes también habían desaprobado abiertamente el genocidio y se horrorizaron al verlo suceder. El conde Paul Wolff Metternich fue un testigo ocular que recibió numerosos mensajes sobre el brutal genocidio armenio y la deportación, y la determinación de los otomanos de exterminar a los armenios; su sucesor Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim también experimentó una historia similar y documentó el genocidio. [322] [323] Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter , quien documentó varias masacres de armenios, había enviado quince informes sobre "deportaciones y asesinatos en masa" a la cancillería alemana y detalló los métodos del gobierno otomano para cometer atrocidades e intentos de encubrimiento por parte de los otomanos. [324]

El escritor alemán Armin T. Wegner había desafiado la censura estatal al tomar fotografías sobre el genocidio armenio. [325] Más tarde declaró: "Me atrevo a reclamar el derecho de mostrarles estas imágenes de miseria y terror que pasaron ante mis ojos durante casi dos años y que nunca se borrarán de mi mente". [326] Finalmente fue arrestado por los alemanes y llamado de vuelta a Alemania, pero su trabajo y su abierto desafío a la censura otomana lo habían convertido en un nombre venerado en Armenia por defender la causa en tiempos difíciles. [327]

Alemania, en 2005, había decidido reconocer por primera vez el genocidio armenio. [328] La solución se amplió posteriormente en 2016, lo que provocó que aumentaran las tensiones entre Alemania y Turquía. [329]

Austria

Austria-Hungría era un aliado del Imperio Otomano e ignoró numerosas solicitudes de ayuda del Catholicos armenio en 1915. Los informes sobre el genocidio fueron suprimidos por el Marktgraf Johann von Pallavicini (embajador de Austria en Estambul). Los periódicos austriacos guardaron silencio sobre el genocidio y adoptaron estereotipos antiarmenios en su cobertura de la defensa de Van. El escritor Franz Werfel , en su libro Los cuarenta días de Musa Dagh , publicado en 1933, describe el comienzo del genocidio desde la perspectiva de los armenios; más tarde fue prohibido por los nazis . [330] En 2015, el Parlamento austriaco reconoció y condenó el genocidio de los ciudadanos armenios. El gobierno austriaco luego pidió al gobierno de Turquía que reconociera los eventos de 1915-1916 como genocidio. Turquía respondió que estaban "decepcionados" e insinuó que Austria estaba presentando solo la versión armenia de los hechos. [65]

Porcelana

En la actualidad, China no ha reconocido el genocidio armenio. Sin embargo, históricamente China ha tenido una relación adversa con el mundo turco, especialmente debido al reciente conflicto de Xinjiang , donde Turquía ha sido acusada de patrocinar a separatistas pan-turquistas contra China. [331] [332] Al mismo tiempo, el sentimiento antichino también está presente en Turquía y otros países turcos, sobre todo durante los disturbios de Ürümqi de julio de 2009 , y las noticias sobre los uigures y otros pueblos turcos en Xinjiang siempre han sido un tema delicado en las relaciones chino-turcas. [333] [334]

Como tal, el escepticismo hacia Turquía por parte de China ha resultado en un mayor llamado a la solidaridad con el pueblo armenio en China, ya que las relaciones entre la China moderna y Armenia son amistosas. [335] Durante el genocidio armenio, China acogió a un pequeño número de refugiados armenios, principalmente concentrados alrededor de Harbin y Tianjin , lo que provocó expresiones de gratitud de los sobrevivientes. [336] China ha sido acusada por Turquía de ayudar a Armenia con referencia al monte Ararat , la montaña supuestamente sagrada en la mitología armenia que se encuentra dentro de las fronteras turcas modernas, que Ankara creía que Beijing está tratando de ayudar a Armenia a reforzar las reclamaciones sobre el territorio turco. [337] Los llamados al reconocimiento del genocidio en China también atraen la atención, en particular en 2009, cuando el gobierno turco culpó a la administración china por las tensiones entre uigures y han, y en 2014, cuando un grupo de músicos armenios autorizados por Beijing interpretaron piezas musicales clásicas armenias en conmemoración del centenario del genocidio en China. [338] [339]

En 2011, el ex Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores chino, Yang Jiechi, depositó flores en el monumento conmemorativo del genocidio armenio en Ereván . [340]

Australia

Australia no considera los acontecimientos del fin del Imperio Otomano como un genocidio, aunque no niega que ocurrieron. [341] Australia es uno de los países que estaban en guerra con el Imperio Otomano en el momento de los acontecimientos, en particular durante la Campaña de Galípoli . Australia reconoce que los trágicos acontecimientos tuvieron efectos devastadores en la identidad, el patrimonio y la cultura de todas las personas en las áreas donde ocurrieron los acontecimientos. Además, en respuesta a las mociones de Nueva Gales del Sur y Australia del Sur para reconocer los acontecimientos como genocidio, el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Australia aclaró el 4 de junio de 2014 que los estados y territorios australianos no tienen ningún papel constitucional en la formulación de la política exterior australiana, y que Australia no considera los trágicos acontecimientos del fin del Imperio Otomano como un genocidio. [341]

Israel

Oficialmente, Israel no reconoce ni niega el genocidio armenio. Esta política se deriva de algunas consideraciones geopolíticas. En primer lugar, según The Times of Israel , "Israel es un país pequeño en un vecindario hostil que no puede permitirse el lujo de antagonizar a los pocos amigos que tiene en la región. Incluso los estados más poderosos se niegan a emplear el término 'genocidio' por miedo a alienar a Turquía..." [342] En segundo lugar, Israel comparte una "amistad incipiente" con Azerbaiyán , un " país musulmán chiíta pero moderado que limita con Irán" que también se opone firmemente al reconocimiento. [342] En tercer lugar, según el ex ministro israelí Yossi Sarid (uno de los partidarios más vocales del reconocimiento del genocidio armenio del país), Israel tiende a seguir las políticas establecidas por los Estados Unidos, que no lo habían reconocido. [343] A pesar de estas preocupaciones, muchas figuras israelíes prominentes de diferentes lados del espectro político han pedido el reconocimiento. [342] [343]

En 2003, el Catholicos de todos los armenios Karekin II visitó al entonces Gran Rabino Ashkenazi de Israel Yona Metzger , quien aceptó una invitación para visitar Armenia por parte de Karekin II, [344] un viaje que realizó en 2005, incluyendo una visita al Tsitsernakaberd (el Memorial del Genocidio en Ereván ). [345] Al hacerlo, reconoció formalmente el genocidio armenio como un hecho histórico. [346] Una encuesta de 2007 encontró que más del 70% de los israelíes pensaban que Israel debería reconocer el genocidio, y el 44% estaba dispuesto a romper relaciones con Turquía por el tema. [347]

Israel pareció acercarse al reconocimiento oficial del genocidio en 2011, cuando la Knesset celebró su primer debate abierto sobre el asunto. Por unanimidad, por 20 votos a favor y 0 en contra, la Knesset aprobó remitir el tema al Comité de Educación para una deliberación más amplia. [348] El presidente de la Knesset israelí dijo a un comité de acción armenia con sede en Israel que tenía la intención de introducir una sesión parlamentaria anual para conmemorar el genocidio. [349] Una sesión parlamentaria especial celebrada en 2012 para determinar si Israel reconocería el genocidio armenio terminó sin llegar a ninguna conclusión. El entonces presidente de la Knesset, Reuven Rivlin, y el ministro del gabinete, Gilad Erdan, estuvieron entre los que apoyaron el reconocimiento formal por parte del gobierno. [350] El reconocimiento no fue aprobado en ese momento y en 2015, Rafael Harpaz , embajador de Israel en Azerbaiyán , dijo en una entrevista que el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Avigdor Lieberman, ha dejado claro que Israel no reconocerá el genocidio armenio, dadas las esperanzas de Israel de que su relación política y económica con Turquía y más tarde con Azerbaiyán podría mejorar. [351] [352]

Los diputados que apoyan el reconocimiento han reconocido el efecto negativo que podría tener sobre las relaciones entre Israel y Azerbaiyán y entre Israel y Turquía . Como dijo el entonces portavoz de la Knesset, Rivlin, "Turquía es y será un aliado de Israel. Las conversaciones con Turquía son comprensibles e incluso necesarias desde una perspectiva estratégica y diplomática. Pero esas circunstancias no pueden justificar que la Knesset ignore la tragedia de otro pueblo", y Ayelet Shaked (del partido nacionalista religioso Hogar Judío ) dijo: "Debemos enfrentar nuestro silencio y el del mundo ante tales horrores". [353] [354]

En 2000, el entonces ministro de educación Yossi Sarid , presidente del partido moderado Meretz , anunció planes para incluir el genocidio armenio en los programas de historia de Israel. [342] Como resultado del discurso de 2000 de Sarid ante una iglesia armenia en Jerusalén reconociendo su genocidio, se convirtió en persona non grata en Turquía. [343] Meretz ha luchado durante mucho tiempo por el reconocimiento del genocidio. [352] Zehava Galon , sucesora de Sarid como líder de Meretz, ha iniciado varias mociones en la Knesset pidiendo que el gobierno reconozca el genocidio armenio. En 2013 dijo: "La reconciliación con Turquía es un paso importante y estratégico, pero no debería afectar el reconocimiento". [354] Su moción de 2014 también disfrutó de mucho apoyo en el pleno de la Knesset, incluido el del presidente de la Knesset, Yuli Edelstein . [355] Galon también ha presentado sus respetos en los servicios conmemorativos armenios locales. [356]

Rivlin, expresidente de Israel , fue uno de los defensores más abiertos del reconocimiento en la Knesset. En 2014 se informó de que, debido a las sensibilidades de la relación de Israel con Turquía, Rivlin se estaba distanciando discretamente de la campaña israelí para reconocer el genocidio armenio y decidió no firmar la petición anual, lo que había hecho anteriormente. [357] Aun así, Israel ha dado pasos más importantes hacia el reconocimiento del genocidio armenio bajo la presidencia de Rivlin. Rivlin fue el primer presidente israelí en hablar en las Naciones Unidas sobre el tema. [358] Durante el Memorial del Holocausto de las Naciones Unidas el 28 de enero de 2015, el presidente Rivlin habló sobre la tragedia armenia. [359] Se observó que en su discurso utilizó la frase רצח בני העם הארמני reẓaḥ bnei haʿam haArmeni , que significa "el asesinato de los miembros de la nación armenia", acercándose al término hebreo para genocidio, רצח עם reẓaḥ ʿam . [360] Además, 2015 marcó la primera vez que Israel envió una delegación ( Nachman Shai (Unión Sionista) y Anat Berko (Likud)) a Ereván para el evento conmemorativo oficial.

En un acto que se anunció como el primero que organiza un presidente israelí para conmemorar la tragedia, Rivlin también invitó a los líderes comunitarios y religiosos armenios a su residencia oficial el 26 de abril de 2015. Dijo que estamos "moralmente obligados a señalar los hechos, por horribles que sean, no debemos ignorarlos". Como evitó utilizar el término "genocidio", algunos líderes armenios se mostraron decepcionados, aunque aún agradecidos por el evento. [360] Sin embargo, más tarde se informó de que a principios de ese mismo mes, mientras informaba a periodistas extranjeros en inglés, Rivlin se había referido de hecho a los asesinatos como genocidio, diciendo:

Fue Avshalom Feinberg , uno de mis hermanos mayores, quien dijo 25 años antes del Holocausto que si no advertimos sobre lo que está sucediendo con los armenios, ¿qué sucederá después cuando intenten hacernos…? Hay un dicho que dice que los nazis utilizaron el genocidio armenio como algo que les dio permiso para hacer realidad el Holocausto, según su creencia de que tenían que discriminar al pueblo judío. El ‘Nunca más’ pertenece a cada uno de ustedes, a todas las naciones. No podemos permitir que algo así suceda”. [358]

En 2015, un grupo de distinguidos académicos, artistas y ex generales y políticos israelíes firmaron una petición archivada el 11 de mayo de 2015 en Wayback Machine instando a Israel a seguir el ejemplo del Papa y reconocer el genocidio. [343] Entre los firmantes se encontraban el autor Amos Oz , el historiador Yehuda Bauer , el general de división (retirado) Amos Yadlin , el ex ministro del Likud Dan Meridor y alrededor de una docena de ex diputados y ministros. [342]

El presidente israelí Reuven Rivlin visitó el Patriarcado Armenio de Jerusalén el 9 de mayo de 2016. Al concluir su discurso, dijo que "los armenios fueron masacrados en 1915. Mis padres recuerdan a miles de inmigrantes armenios que encontraron asilo en la Iglesia armenia. Nadie en Israel niega que una nación entera fue masacrada". [361]

El 1 de agosto de 2016, el Comité de Educación, Cultura y Deportes del Knesset reconoció el genocidio armenio. [362] En respuesta a las crecientes tensiones entre Turquía e Israel desde la década de 2010, los lobbies israelíes se negaron a ayudar a Turquía y Azerbaiyán en la disputa sobre el genocidio armenio, que fue parcialmente responsable del reconocimiento del genocidio armenio por parte del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. [363]

Amid tensions with Turkey due to the war in Gaza, senior Israeli officials such as Prime Minister Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Israel Katz mentioned the Armenian genocide in public statements criticizing Turkey.[364][365]

Russia

Russian soldiers pictured in the Armenian village of Sheykhalan, 1915

The Russian Empire had fought in World War I as part of the Entente and thus it had conflicted with the Ottoman Empire. As such, Russian position toward the Armenian genocide was stemmed from the historical experience, where Russian troops frequently encountered deserted and destroyed villages, remains of Armenians, and mass atrocities committed against Armenian civilians by the Ottoman troops, which was reported by Mikhail Papadyanov, Russian State Duma representative in Baku.[366][367] Russia was obliged to assist the Armenian civilians fleeing from genocide, and Russia had established humanitarian relief groups to deliver needed aids and supports for ethnic Armenians.[367] In 1916, shocking scenes obtained from Erzurum led the Russians to retaliate against the Ottoman III Army whom they held responsible for the massacres, destroying it in its entirety.[368]

As for the result of this historical confrontation with the Ottomans, current poor relations between Russia and Turkey with regard to conflict in Syria, and its strong relations with the Armenians from 19th century onward, with Russia acted as a protector to the Christians including Armenians, Russia had acknowledged the Armenian genocide in 1995.[112][113] In 2016, then-Prime Minister of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, laid flowers in remembrance to the victims of Armenian genocide.[369]

Japan

Japan was part of the Entente during World War I, but was not involved in the European front of the conflict as Japanese activities concentrated around China and other Asian territories. However, during the genocide, the Japanese had first reported about it and thus participated in the relief efforts to save the Armenian population. The effort was done by Viscount Shibusawa Eiichi, who was alarmed by the ongoing massacre of the Armenian population.[370][371][372][373] However, as a result of its eventual role in World War II, Japanese war crimes had been widely compared to the Ottoman war crimes; thus Japan has been reluctant to acknowledge the genocide due to fear of political backlash.[374]

Finland and Sweden

Finland has not recognized the Armenian genocide while Sweden recognized the genocide in 2010.[375][376] However, in August 2022 the Left Youth Organization in Finland urged the government to recognize the Armenian genocide.[377] In June 2021, Finnish parliamentarian Päivi Räsänen called on the government to recognize the Armenian genocide.[378] In September 2005, former Finnish president Tarja Halonen visited Tsitsernakaberd.[379] In February 2016, former Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström visited Tsitsernakaberd.[380]

Poland

Khachkars commemorating the genocide victims in Kraków, Łódź, Gdańsk, Wrocław and Białystok

Poland has historically strong relationships with both Armenia and Turkey. Historic Polish-Armenian contacts date back several centuries, with Poland being the home of a historically important Armenian diaspora dating back to the Late Middle Ages, which in 2017 was commemorated by the Senate of Poland, which expressed gratitude for its contribution to Polish culture and history. The predecessor of modern Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, had rejected the Partitions of Poland, and many Poles had supported the Ottomans against Russia on their quest to regain independence from Russia, Austria and Germany.[381][382] Since the 19th century, both Armenia and Turkey were home to Polish refugees and exiles from partitioned Poland (see Polonezköy and Poles in Armenia).[383]

Poland, a member of the European Union, supports Turkey to integrate further within the EU,[384] and supports Armenia's efforts for closer cooperation with the EU.[385]

Despite this strong Polish–Turkish relationship however, Poland officially recognized the Armenian genocide in 2005. Prominent Polish politicians such as Lech Wałęsa had urged Turkey to acknowledge the genocide, where he made his speech in Echimadzin about the genocide, calling it "the first genocide of the 20th century",[386] although the claim is incorrect as the Herero and Nama genocide of 1904–1908, also recognized by Poland, predates it.

There are several khachkars in Poland, commemorating the Armenian genocide, e.g. in Kraków, Wrocław,[387] Łódź,[388] Gdańsk, Białystok,[389] Gliwice and Elbląg. In Warsaw, there is also a memorial to Hasan Mazhar, Turkish governor of Ankara who refused to participate in the Armenian genocide.[390]

Romania and Moldova

Regarding Romania, in 2006, the President Traian Băsescu was asked if Romania would follow France and other Western states in recognizing the genocide. He then declared "we will not do anything affecting our neutrality in our relations with all the countries of the Black Sea region" and said Romania did not want to risk worsening relations with Turkey. Băsescu said Armenia was complicating Turkey's integration into the European Union by continuously raising the issue in the international community.[391] However, over the next several years, pressure for Romania to recognize the event grew. In 2016, Cătălin Avramescu, advisor to the then ex-president Băsescu, said "Romania has special duty to recognize Armenian Genocide";[392] while the Romanian-Armenian politician Varujan Vosganian, who is president of the Union of Armenians of Romania, called on the Romanian Parliament in 2019 to do the same.[393] In one poll, it was found that 72% of the Romanians surveyed were aware of the Armenian genocide.[394]

On the other hand, Moldova has expressed greater tolerance for the possibility, which has even been considered in the Moldovan Parliament, although this is unlikely due to the good relations between Moldova and Turkey and the desire not to deteriorate them.[395][396][397]

Saudi Arabia

Historically, Saudi Arabia had backed Turkey over the Armenian genocide and was one of the few countries in the world to not acknowledge the independence of Armenia; Saudi Arabia also sided with Azerbaijan, the main ally of Turkey, over the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[398][399] However, increasing tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey have resulted in Saudi Arabia slowly paying attention to the Armenian genocide, with government-run newspapers starting to mention the Armenian genocide, and anti-Turkish boycotts on the rise in the Saudi Kingdom as well.[400][401][402]

In April 2019, Saudi Arabia supported an American Congressional resolution to recognize the Armenian genocide.[169] The Saudi Arabian ambassador in Lebanon had also paid a visit to the Armenian Genocide Memorial to demonstrate Saudi solidarity to Armenia.[170] During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Saudi Arabia had called for a boycott of Turkish goods after Turkish president Erdoğan blamed Saudi Arabia for the tensions in the Caucasus and the Middle East.[402]

On the other hand, however, Saudi Arabia also needs to have leverage on relations with Azerbaijan, as Saudi Arabia has seen Azerbaijan as a potential place to destabilize Iran, an ally of Armenia but also Turkey and Saudi Arabia's adversary, thus Saudi Arabia takes its action carefully, although Saudi opposition to Turkey has soared.[403]

India

India has not recognised the Armenian genocide. However, during World War I, when India was under British colonial rule, the country found itself at war against the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor of Turkey. Many Armenians sought refuge in India, most notably in Calcutta.[404] With the relations between India and Turkey worsened since the 2010s, mainly due to Turkey's open support for Pakistan, which also shares similar stance with Turkey, there has been growing call for recognition of the genocide in India.[405] For the first time, under the Premiership of Narendra Modi, the Indian embassy in Armenia has mentioned the genocide and Indian ambassador Kishan Dan Dewal also paid respect to the victims of the genocide in 2021.[406]

Other countries

Armenian genocide monument in Larnaca, Cyprus. Cyprus was among the first countries to recognize the genocide.

Azerbaijan, which is in a strategic alliance with Turkey and is in conflict with Armenia because of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, shares the position of Turkey. During the Communist rule, when Azerbaijan was a part of the USSR, a brief description of the Armenian genocide was placed in the Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia.[407] Azerbaijan has actively lobbied against genocide recognition in other countries.[408]

Pakistan also supports the position of Turkey regarding the Armenian Genocide, with the Foreign Ministry calling U.S. recognition "one-sided and political".[409][410]

Denmark believes (2008) that the genocide recognition should be discussed by historians, not politicians.[411] However, on January 26, 2017, the Danish Parliament adopted a resolution regarding the Armenian genocide, which recognizes the "tragic and bloody events that took place in eastern Anatolia in the period 1915–1923".[412]

In Bulgaria, activists first tried to persuade the parliament to acknowledge the genocide in 2008, but the proposal was voted down.[413] Shortly after the decision of the parliament, several of the biggest municipalities in Bulgaria accepted a resolution recognising the genocide.[414] The resolution was first passed in Plovdiv followed by Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and others. In 2015, however, the Bulgarian parliament adopted a declaration recognising the "mass extermination of the Armenian People in the Ottoman Empire" in the period 1915–1922, but did not use the word "genocide". This might be due to the blackmailing Turkey did to Burgas, Haskovo and Svilengrad municipalities when they recognized the genocide.[72][415][416]

The Armenian Heritage Park in downtown Boston

Croatia and Serbia, two Balkan countries with shared Christian history to Armenia, have been reluctant to recognize the Armenian genocide due to economic relations with Turkey.[417] However, the two countries had fought brutal Yugoslav Wars, both against and together toward the Bosniaks, a South Slavic Muslim people with strong Turkish affinity. This resulted in the Srebrenica massacre of 1995, where Serbian forces massacred 8,372[418] Bosniaks.

Turkey has recognized the Srebrenica massacre and has frequently used it to condemn other countries for "hypocrisies", as it did with the Netherlands and Vatican, while Turkey at the same time openly denied the Armenian genocide.[419][420] Croatia and Serbia have both faced similar pressures from the Turkish government to not allow any official recognition of the Armenian genocide, while at the same time openly lambasting the Srebrenica massacre, which sometimes caused tensions between two Balkan nations to Turkey.[421][422][423][424]

In 2001, Abd al-Qadir Qaddura, speaker of the Syrian Parliament, became the first high-ranking Syrian official to acknowledge the Armenian genocide when he wrote in the Book of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide Monument and Museum in Yerevan. Although Assad did not use the world genocide, two days after Assad's statement, Bashar Jaafari, Syria's ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, stated, "How about the Armenian genocide where 1.5 million people were killed?"[425]

Deterioration of relations between Egypt and the United Arab Emirates to Turkey had led to calls for recognition of Armenian genocide to grow in here as well. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi also in April 2019 had become the first place in the United Arab Emirates to openly acknowledge the Armenian genocide.[219] Earlier, in February 2019, the President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi addressed his recognition of the Armenian genocide during the 2019 Munich Security Conference[148] and urged for complete recognition of the genocide by Egypt.[149]

In 2023, Iraqi president Abdul Latif Rashid visited the Armenian Genocide memorial in Yerevan and the official readout used the term genocide.[426][427]

The Armenian diaspora and the genocide's recognition

Armenian Genocide memorial, Kolkata
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, Kolkata
Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide, Armenian Church in Volgograd, Russia
Armenian Genocide Memorial, New Julfa

By the 1970s, Armenian Americans, who had accumulated some wealth and political power, started efforts to lobby the U.S. government to recognize the genocide.[428]

The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) and the Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) lobby for recognition in the United States Congress, often in opposition to the Turkish lobby.[268][429]

During the later stages of the Cold War, fringe militant movements among Armenians arose. One of the goals of these Armenian militants was to agitate world governments for Turkish and international recognition of the Armenian genocide. Attacks on Turkish diplomats were committed in Europe, Asia and America. Two active groups which committed many of these attacks were the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and the Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA);[429] both organizations stopped their military activities in the late 1980s.

The Armenian community in Kolkata, India, numbering approximately 150 people,[430] travel to the St John's Church in Chinsurah, annually, to observe Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.[431] The community, along with visitors from countries such as Iran, Lebanon and Moscow held a memorial service at the 300-year-old Armenian Holy Church of Nazareth in Kolkata to mark the 100th anniversary of the genocide.[432] Armenian students at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi organised a candle lighting ceremony in the university campus and at the Sacred Heart Cathedral in the city to mark the anniversary. A commemoration ceremony was also held at the Armenian Church in Chennai.[433]

Recent developments

Since 2000

On March 29, 2000, the Swedish parliament approved a report recognizing the Armenian genocide and calling for Turkey's greater openness and an "unbiased independent and international research on the genocide committed against the Armenian people".[434] On June 12, 2008, the Swedish parliament voted by 245 to 37 (with 1 abstention, 66 absences) to reject a call for recognition of the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Empire. On June 11 a long debate took place in the Swedish Parliament in regard to the Foreign Committee report on Human Rights, including five motions calling upon the Swedish Government and Parliament to officially recognize the genocide.[435]

The MPs adhered to the recommendation by the Swedish Foreign Ministry and Foreign Committee, arguing that there are "disagreements among scholars" in regard to the nature of the World War I events in Turkey, the non-retroactive nature of the UN Genocide Convention, and that the issue "should be left to historians". However, the Foreign Committee report stated that "the Committee understands that what happened to Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs and Chaldeans during the Ottoman Empire's reign would probably be regarded as genocide according to the 1948 convention, if it had been in power at the time of the event".[436] Three days prior to the debate in the Parliament, a petition, signed by over 60 renowned genocide scholars, was published, calling on politicians in general, and Swedish parliamentarians in particular, not to abuse the name of science in denying a historic fact.[437] On March 11, 2010, the Swedish parliament recognized the genocide.[438]

In 2001, Abd al-Qadir Qaddura, speaker of the Syrian Parliament, became the first high-ranking Syrian official to acknowledge the Armenian genocide when he wrote in the Book of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide Monument and Museum in Yerevan: "As we visit the Memorial and Museum of the Genocide that the Armenian nation suffered in 1915, we stand in full admiration and respect in front of those heroes that faced death with courage and heroism. Their children and grandchildren continued after them to immortalize their courage and struggle. … With great respect we bow our heads in memory of the martyrs of the Armenian nation — our friends — and hail their ability for resoluteness and triumph. We will work together to liberate every human being from aggression and oppression."

In 2014 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad became the first Syrian head of state to acknowledge the mass murders of Armenians and identify the perpetrator as Ottoman Turkey, stating, "The degree of savagery and inhumanity that the terrorists have reached reminds us of what happened in the Middle Ages in Europe over 500 years ago. In more recent modern times, it reminds us of the massacres perpetrated by the Ottomans against the Armenians, when they killed a million and a half Armenians and half a million Orthodox Syriacs in Syria and in Turkish territory." Although Assad did not use the world genocide, two days after Assad's statement, Bashar Jaafari, Syria's ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, stated, "How about the Armenian genocide where 1.5 million people were killed?"[425]

On September 9, 2004, President Mohammad Khatami of Iran visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial at Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan.[439]

On June 15, 2005, the German Bundestag passed a resolution that "honors and commemorates the victims of violence, murder and expulsion among the Armenian people before and during the First World War". The German resolution also states:

The German parliament deplores the acts of the Government of the Ottoman Empire regarding the almost complete destruction of Armenians in Anatolia and also the inglorious role of the German Reich in the face of the organized expulsion and extermination of Armenians which it did not try to stop. Women, children and elderly were from February 1915 sent on death marches towards the Syrian desert.

The expressions "organized expulsion and extermination" resulting in the "almost complete destruction of Armenians" is sufficient in any language to amount to formal recognition of the Armenian genocide, although of course the crime of 'genocide' had not been legally defined in 1915. The Resolution also contains an apology for German responsibility as a then ally of Turkey.[440][441]

On September 4, 2006, Members of the European Parliament voted for the inclusion of a clause prompting Turkey "to recognize the Armenian genocide as a condition for its EU accession" in a highly critical report, which was adopted by a broad majority in the foreign relations committee of the European Parliament.[442][443] This requirement was later dropped on September 27, 2006, by the general assembly of the European Parliament by 429 votes in favor to 71 against, with 125 abstentions.[444]In dropping the pre-condition of acceptance of the Armenian genocide, (which could not be legally demanded of Turkey), The European Parliament said: "MEPs nevertheless stress that, although the recognition of the Armenian genocide as such is formally not one of the Copenhagen criteria, it is indispensable for a country on the road to membership to come to terms with and recognize its past."

On September 26, 2006, the two largest political parties in the Netherlands, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Labour Party (PvdA), removed three Turkish-Dutch candidates for the 2006 general election, because they either denied or refused to publicly declare that the Armenian genocide had happened. The magazine HP/De Tijd reported that the number 2 of the PvdA list of candidates, Nebahat Albayrak (who was born in Turkey and is of Turkish descent) had acknowledged that the term "genocide" was appropriate to describe the events. Albayrak denied having said this and accused the press of putting words in her mouth, saying that "I'm not a politician that will trample my identity. I've always defended the same views everywhere with regard to the 'genocide'".[445] It was reported that a large section of the Turkish minority were considering boycotting the elections.[446] Netherlands' Turkish minority numbers 365,000 people, out of which 235,000 are eligible to vote.

On November 29, 2006, the lower house of Argentina's parliament adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide. The bill was overwhelmingly adopted by the assembly and declared April 24, the international day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide as an official "day of mutual tolerance and respect" among peoples around the world.

On April 20, 2007, the Basque Parliament approved an institutional declaration recognising the Armenian genocide. The Basque Parliament included six articles where it affirms the authenticity of the Armenian genocide and declares sympathy to the Armenians, while at the same time denouncing Turkey's negation of the genocide and its economic blockade imposed on Armenia.[447]

Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev laying a wreath at the Armenian Genocide Memorial, October 2008

On June 5, 2007, the Chilean Senate unanimously adopted legislation recognising the Armenian genocide and urging its government to support a key 1985 United Nations Subcommission report describing this crime against humanity as a clear instance of genocide.[448]

On November 23, 2007, the Mercosur parliament adopted a resolution recognising the "Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, which took 1.5 million lives from 1915 to 1923". The Mercosur resolution also expressed its support for the Armenian Cause and called on all countries to recognize the genocide.[449]

Since 2010

On March 5, 2010, the Catalan Parliament recognized the Armenian genocide on the initiative of the members of Barcelona's Friendship Union with Armenia.[174]

On March 11, 2010, the Swedish Parliament voted to describe the massacre of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 as genocide. The resolution was adopted with 131 deputies voting in favour of the resolution and 130 voting against it.

On March 25, 2010, the Serbian Radical Party submitted a draft resolution to the Serbian parliament condemning the genocide committed by Ottoman Turkey against Armenians from 1915 to 1923. SRS submitted the draft so that Serbia can join the countries which have condemned the genocide.[450] As of March 10, 2014, Serbia does not recognize the events as a genocide,[451] thus it can be said the draft has failed.

On February 17, 2011, Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi paid tribute to the memory of the Armenian genocide victims during his visit to Armenia. He also met with the head of Armenia's national church, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, and discussed the recognition of the Armenian genocide.[452]

During his meeting with Armenia's President Serzh Sargsyan in January 2014, the Czech President Miloš Zeman stated: "Next year marks the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. In 1915 1.5 million Armenians were killed."[453]

On June 20, 2014, the Presbyterian Church (USA) adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide and adopted the 2015 church calendar designating April 26 as the day for its observance.[454][455] It also directed the church's Mission Agency to prepare educational and liturgical resources for member churches in preparation for this event.[455] This resolution was the first of its kind for a major American church body.[455]

On June 23, 2014, the parliament of Spain's autonomous community of Navarre adopted a measure recognizing the Armenian genocide. The measure came after a series of visits by members of the Navarre parliament to Armenia and Artsakh.[456]

On November 26, 2014, the Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia unanimously passed a resolution in solidarity with the claims of the Armenian people and condemning "all denialist policy regarding the genocide and crimes against humanity suffered by the Armenian nation."[457]

On March 17, 2015, the People's Council of Syria — during a session dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide — condemned the Ottoman Empire for its responsibility for the Armenian genocide. The speaker of the parliament Mohammad Jihad al-Laham issued a statement on behalf of the members, where he expressed solidarity with the Armenians worldwide in their struggle for justice.[458]

On March 27, 2015, Armenian and Greek youth held a protest in the Greek capital of Athens. Protesters demanded that European Union member states end denial policies, recognize the Armenian genocide, and subject deniers to criminal liability. The protesters further called on the European Union to pressure Turkey to recognize the genocide and take action to compensate for the material and non-material losses and restoration of the historic rights of the Armenian nation.[459]

On April 2, 2015, American band System of a Down embarked on their Wake Up The Souls Tour, which kicked off April 6 and culminated with the band's first performance in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan on April 23. "The goal is to raise awareness about the Armenian genocide, and also to put the idea into people's minds that justice can prevail, even if it's been a hundred years," said band member Serj Tankian. The group visited a total of 14 cities across the world.[460]

On April 4, 2015, forty-nine members of the United States House of Representatives wrote a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama requesting a "full and just acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide", claiming that the move would help improve Armenia–Turkey relations.[461]

On April 6, 2015, Armenian-American reality stars Kim Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian traveled to Armenia. During their stay, the sisters visited the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial in Yerevan and in doing so, brought global media attention to the recognition of the Armenian genocide. Kim Kardashian's husband Kanye West also visited Armenia.[462]

On April 7, 2015, Ngāpuhi leader David Rankin called for Māori people to boycott the centennial ANZAC commemorations because the Turkish Government was using the event to deflect attention from the Armenian genocide. Mr Rankin stated that "the Armenian population was slaughtered by the colonizing Turks and our involvement in the ANZAC centennial at Gallipoli is supporting the genocide of the colonizer." Mr Rankin called on Maori of New Zealand and other indigenous groups to boycott the ANZAC Day events and, as a sign of their solidarity with the Armenians, to stop wearing poppies.[463] The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand also supported the move to recognize the Armenian genocide. Green Party human rights spokesperson Catherine Delahunty stated that New Zealand should be using its spot on the United Nations Security Council to advocate for genocide recognition.[464]

On April 12, 2015, Pope Francis described the massacres of 1.5 million Armenians in Ottoman Turkey as "the first genocide of the 20th century" during an unprecedented Vatican Mass dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. Francis remembered the victims of "that immense and senseless slaughter" at the start of the Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, which was attended by President Serzh Sarkisian, the supreme heads of the Armenian Apostolic Churches and hundreds of Armenian Catholics.[465] Turkey responded by recalling its ambassador to the Holy See.[466]

On April 14, 2015, the Parliament of Corsica adopted a resolution recognizing the fact of the Armenian genocide. With this resolution, the Corsican Assembly urged Turkey to recognize the Genocide and normalize relations with Armenia. The resolution was introduced by the Femu, a Corsican political coalition.[467]

On April 15, 2015, the European Parliament adopted a resolution by a majority vote that called the massacre a century ago of up to 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces a genocide. The motion, which garnered support from all political groups, encouraged Turkey to "use the commemoration of the centenary of the Armenian genocide as an important opportunity" to open its archives, "come to terms with its past" as well as recognize the genocide. By doing so, Turkey would pave the way for a "genuine reconciliation between the Turkish and Armenian peoples". The document calls on Turkey to restore its diplomatic ties with Armenia, open the border and strive for economic integration.[citation needed] The European Parliament further called on all European Union member states to recognize the Armenian genocide.[468]

On April 17, 2015, Armenian religious and secular organizations in Georgia petitioned the country's parliament to begin formal debates on the recognition of the Armenian genocide.[469] On April 24, 2015, thousands marched in the province of Javakheti demanding that Turkey recognize the genocide. Another rally took place near the Turkish embassy in Tbilisi.[470]

On April 18, 2015, the Austrian People's Party and the Social Democratic Party of Austria presented a resolution that condemns the Armenian genocide to the Parliament of Austria.[471] On April 21, 2015, the Austrian parliament officially adopted a statement condemning the Armenian genocide and called on Turkey to face its past. All six factions of the Austrian parliament signed up to the statement that also emphasizes the responsibility of Austria-Hungary, as an ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, in the Armenian genocide.[472]

On April 20, 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert said the government of Germany would support a resolution in parliament on Friday declaring the Armenian genocide an example of genocide. Chancellor Angela Merkel and her coalition, including the Christian Democratic Union of Germany voted on April 24 to label the murders as genocide as defined by the United Nations in 1948. The lower house vote was, on the same day as leaders met in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, to commemorate the massacre that began in April 1915. Germany has been under pressure from some of its European partners to follow their example and more fully recognize the depth of the Armenian tragedy.[473]

On April 21, 2015, members of the Serbian opposition political group New Party, submitted a draft resolution on the recognition and condemnation of genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire to the Parliament of Serbia. New Party called on the Serbian government and citizens to observe April 24 as a day of remembrance of the victims of the Armenian genocide. The draft resolution also called on other countries, including Turkey, and international organizations to recognize and condemn the genocide against the Armenian people in the hopes of preventing such crimes from happening in the future.[474]

On April 22, 2015, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin spoke out strongly on the question of the Armenian genocide in a closed session with journalists in Jerusalem. Rivlin drew a direct historical link between the world's failure to prevent the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust. "The Nazis," he said, "used the Armenian genocide as something that gave them permission to bring the Holocaust into reality."[475]

On April 22, 2015, the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan expressed his gratitude to the People's Council of Syria for its steps aimed at the recognition of the Armenian genocide. The speaker of the People's Council of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mohammad Jihad al-Laham, stated that Syria recognizes the Armenian genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire.[476]

On April 23, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin described the 1915 Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey as genocide ahead of his participation in upcoming official ceremonies in Yerevan to mark the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. "One century on, we bow our heads in memory of all victims of this tragedy which our country has always perceived as its own pain and calamity," he said.[477]

On April 23, 2015, the Flemish Parliament of Belgium unanimously adopted a resolution to fully recognize the Armenian genocide. The motion was put forward by all political parties of Flanders including the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams party. The motion further called on Turkey to recognize the massacres as a genocide.[478]

On April 24, 2015, the President of Serbia, Tomislav Nikolić, stated that the people of Serbia realize what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and that a monstrous genocide did occur. The President, along with other world leaders, travelled to the Armenian capital of Yerevan to commemorate the centennial of the genocide. "The denial of historical truth adversely affects the level of awareness," the Serbian president stressed, and added: "We have not come here to be against or for someone, but to honor the memory of the victims of the people of Armenia."[479]

On April 24, 2015, in Los Angeles, more than 130,000 people took part in the March for Justice to mark the centennial of the Armenian genocide. Demonstrators started the march from the Little Armenia neighborhood and proceeded to walk 10 km (6 mi) to the Turkish consulate. Demonstrators demanded that the killing of around 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915 be recognized as a genocide.[citation needed]

On April 24, 2015, the lights of the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Coliseum in Rome went dark in recognition and remembrance of the Armenian genocide. Several media outlets reported that Europe stood with Armenia at this time.[480]

On April 25, 2015, in Uruguay, President Tabaré Vázquez, Vice-president Raúl Fernando Sendic Rodríguez, and other political leaders recognized the centennial at an event in Montevideo. Speakers pushed for further recognition and criticized Turkey's denialism.[481]

Throughout April 2015, several American states adopted resolutions on the occasion of the Armenian genocide centennial. Wisconsin commemorated the "Day of Remembrance for the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian genocide of 1915 to 1923 with a joint resolution. Pennsylvania unanimously passed H.R. 265 designating April 24, 2015, as "Pennsylvania's Day of Remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. Tennessee passed HR 100 designating April 24 as the official day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide. The New York State Assembly passed Res.374 "intended to counter the tide of revisionist history which purports that the Armenian Genocide never took place." The Georgia House of Representatives passed Resolution H.R. 904 which declares April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.[482] As of April 2015, 44 out of 50 U.S. states have, by legislation or proclamation, recognized the Armenian genocide.[483]

On April 27, 2015, a call to recognize the killing of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians as "genocide" was supported by the leaders of the main Irish churches. Clergy from seven Christian denominations and a representative of the Jewish Community were among those calling on the Republic of Ireland to recognize the genocide. Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of Dublin Raymond Field said to the Armenians "I stand in solidarity with you, and we share your pain and sadness." Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin Dr Michael Jackson also described the killing as a "genocide" which demanded "recognition and response".[484] On the same day, Armenia called on Ireland to recognize the genocide, the call was made by the Armenian Consul to Ireland.[485]

On April 29, 2015, members of the Kurdistan Parliament in Iraq submitted a legislative proposal to recognize the events of 1915 as the Armenian genocide. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan extended its support of the proposal. The draft law also proposes to declare April 24 as an official non-working day in Iraqi Kurdistan.[486]

On May 30, 2015, the Young European Socialists gathered in Riga, Latvia where a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide was passed. The group also condemned Turkey's denial of the crime and called on Turkey to begin a process of reparations for the genocide.[487]

On June 2, 2015, the Federal Senate of Brazil passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide. The resolution expresses its "solidarity with the Armenian people during the course of the centenary of the campaign of extermination of its population" and states that "the Senate recognizes the Armenian genocide, whose centenary was commemorated on April 24, 2015."[488]

On October 29, 2015, the Senate of the Republic of Paraguay unanimously approved an official recognition of the Armenian genocide. "The Senate of the Republic of Paraguay recognizes the genocide of the Armenian people in the period 1915-1923, committed by the Turkish-Ottoman Empire, when commemorating this year the centenary of that crime against humanity," reads Article 1 of the statement presented by the Progressive Democratic Party.[489]

On November 30, 2015, the Parliament of South Ossetia considered the issue of recognition of the Armenian genocide, as announced by Speaker Anatoly Bibilov. "We regret that South Ossetia has not recognized the Armenian Genocide until now. The issue is on the parliament agenda now, and will be put up for discussion. It's necessary to give a proper assessment of the crime committed in the Ottoman Empire and condemn the policy of denial of genocide," he said. He added that South Ossetia is not afraid of damaging ties with Turkey, as there are no relations as such.[490]

On June 2, 2016, Germany's Bundestag passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide and admitting its part of responsibility for it, as the main ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, which led to a furious reaction in Turkey.[491] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said German lawmakers of Turkish origin who voted for the resolution have "tainted blood" and that their blood "must be tested in a lab." The president of Germany's parliament, Norbert Lammert said he was shocked that threats against the parliamentarians had been backed by high-ranking politicians, and said parliament would respond with all legal options. Also, Martin Schulz, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and president of the European Parliament, condemned Erdoğan's comments.[492] The German foreign ministry had warned lawmakers with Turkish origin against travel to Turkey because their safety could not be guaranteed and also they received increased police protection and further security measures for both their professional and private activities.[493]

On June 24, 2016, Pope Francis in a speech described the killing of Armenians as a genocide. Also, the Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi, told the reporters that "There is no reason not to use this word in this case," "The reality is clear and we never denied what the reality is." Turkey condemned the declaration as "very unfortunate" and also said that it bore traces of "the mentality of the Crusades."[494][495]

On July 1, 2016, France's lower house of parliament unanimously voted to criminalize the denial of all crimes against humanity. The amendment covered all events which the French law defined as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or slavery, including the Armenian genocide. The law set out penalties of up to one year in prison and a 45,000 ($50,000) fine for those who contradicted it. It is yet to be passed by France's Senate.[496][497][498] The Turkish Foreign Ministry said that this law is a risk to freedom of expression[498]

On August 1, 2016, the Knesset's Education, Culture and Sports Committee announced its recognition of the Armenian genocide and urged the Israeli government to formally acknowledge the 1915 mass slaughter of 1.5 million Armenians as such.[499]

On September 17, 2016, the Andean Parliament, a legislative body composed of representatives of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile, approved a resolution recognizing the "Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire between the years 1915–1923" and condemning "any policy of denial with respect to genocide and crimes against humanity suffered by the Armenian nation."[500]

On October 14, 2016, the French Senate — the upper house of the Parliament of France — approved a draft law criminalizing the denial of the Armenian genocide. The bill, which had been unanimously passed by the lower house of the French parliament on July 1, set out penalties of up to one year in prison and a 45,000 (US$50,000) fine for those who publicly deny the genocide.[501] The law was later overturned by the Constitutional Council, which ruled that it represented an unconstitutional "blow to the freedom of expression which is neither necessary nor proportionate."[502] As of 2021, Armenian genocide denial is not a criminal offence in France.

On January 26, 2017, the Parliament of Denmark approved a resolution that condemns Turkish legislation for banning citizens and mass media from using the term 'genocide' and that it is an unreasonable restriction on academic freedom and freedom of speech. The resolution also condemned the acts of violence committed against the Armenian people.[503]

In a letter dated April 21, 2017, and addressed to the Armenian National Committee of America Western Region (ANCA-WR), Wyoming Governor Matt Mead has recognized the Armenian genocide and praised the work of Armenian American grassroots. Wyoming became the 45th U.S. state to recognize the Armenian genocide.[504]

On May 19, 2017, the Texas House of Representatives unanimously passed House Resolution 191, titled "Recognizing the Armenian Genocide". Texas became the 46th U.S. state to recognize the Armenian genocide.[505]

On August 24, 2017, Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed a proclamation memorializing the Armenian Genocide and declaring October 2017 as "Armenia Awareness Month" in Iowa, making it the 47th U.S. state to officially recognize the Armenian genocide.[506]

On November 6, 2017, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb issued a powerful proclamation memorializing the Ottoman Turkish Empire's centrally planned and executed annihilation of close to three million Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, and Syriacs, making the Hoosier State the 48th U.S. state to properly recognize and condemn the Armenian genocide.[223]

On February 22, 2018, the parliament of the Netherlands adopted two resolutions on the Armenian genocide with an absolute majority of votes. The first resolution reaffirms the decision of the Netherlands in 2004 to recognize the Armenian genocide, while by the second resolution, the foreign minister of the Netherlands will be obliged to visit Armenia and pay tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at Tsitsernakaberd memorial complex every 5 years.[507]

Due to the ongoing deterioration of relations between Egypt and Turkey, the Government of Egypt, led by el-Sisi, has been receiving proposals to recognize the Armenian genocide, a sensitive subject which Turkey has many times denounced.[508] Filmmaker Mohamed Hanafi had produced a movie, "Who Killed the Armenians?", in response to ongoing tensions between Turkey and Egypt, as an act of Egyptian solidarity to Armenia.[509] In February 2019, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced it had implicitly recognized the Armenian genocide, further deteriorated the relationship between Turkey and Egypt.[148]

On February 5, 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron declared April 24 as Armenian genocide commemoration day in France.[85]

On March 20, 2019, Alabama became the 49th US state to formally recognize the Armenian genocide.[510]

On April 10, 2019, the executive committee of the Centrist Democrat International political alliance met in Brussels where participants officially adopted the resolution recognizing and condemning the Armenian genocide.[511]On April 26, 2019, the Portuguese Parliament officially recognized the Armenian genocide.[512]On October 29, 2019, the US House of Representatives passed a resolution on a 405–11 vote to recognize the Armenian genocide.[513] Moreover, the House backed a legislation calling on President Donald Trump to impose sanctions on Turkey,[514] following the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.[515] On December 12, 2019, the US Senate passed unanimously a resolution to recognize the genocide.[516]

Since 2020

On April 16, 2021, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in Canada unanimously passed a law which recognizes the Armenian genocide and other genocides, and the government declared that the month of April is Genocide Remembrance, Condemnation and Prevention Month.[517]

On April 24, 2021, President Joe Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, thus, he formalized the United States' recognition, and he also made it clear that the executive branch was in agreement with Congress' recognition in late 2019.[518] It was the first time an American President had used the term "Genocide" formally on April 24, the international day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide.[519][520]

On November 11, 2021, the Regional Parliament of La Rioja in Spain adopted a motion recognizing the Armenian genocide.[521]

On May 6, 2022, Mississippi became the 50th US state to recognize the Armenian genocide, with Governor Tate Reeve's proclamation marking April as "Genocide Awareness and Prevention Month".[522]

On February 8, 2023, the Mexican Senate (Senate of the Republic) adopted a document recognizing the Armenian Genocide, citing the need for protection of universal human rights.[523]

See also

References

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    • Suny, Ronald Grigor (2009). "Truth in Telling: Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians". The American Historical Review. 114 (4): 930–946 [935]. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.4.930. Overwhelmingly, since 2000, publications by non-Armenian academic historians, political scientists, and sociologists... have seen 1915 as one of the classic cases of ethnic cleansing and genocide. And, even more significantly, they have been joined by a number of scholars in Turkey or of Turkish ancestry...
    • Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9. The Western scholarly community is almost in full agreement that what happened to the forcefully deported Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in 1915 was genocide...
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Further reading

External links

Media related to Armenian Genocide recognition at Wikimedia Commons