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Lista de ganadores del Premio Nacional del Libro

Estos autores y libros han ganado los premios anuales National Book Awards , otorgados a autores estadounidenses por la National Book Foundation con sede en Estados Unidos .

Historia de las categorías

Los Premios Nacionales del Libro se otorgaron por primera vez a cuatro publicaciones de 1935 en mayo de 1936. Contrariamente a ese hecho histórico, la Fundación Nacional del Libro actualmente reconoce solo una historia de premios puramente literarios que comienza en 1950. Los premios de antes de la guerra y los premios gráficos de 1980 a 1983 se tratan a continuación, siguiendo la lista principal de categorías de premios actuales.

Desde 2018, se han otorgado cinco categorías de premios: ficción, no ficción, poesía, literatura juvenil y literatura traducida. La lista principal que figura a continuación está organizada por las categorías de premios actuales y por año.

Los ganadores de cada categoría se seleccionan entre cientos de nominados preliminares: "desde 150 títulos (literatura traducida) hasta más de 600 títulos (no ficción)". [1] Desde 2013, se ha seleccionado y anunciado en septiembre una larga lista de diez entradas para cada una de las categorías, seguida de cinco finalistas para cada categoría en octubre, y los ganadores del año se anuncian en noviembre. [1]

Los ganadores repetidos y los premios divididos se describen en la parte inferior de la página.

Categorías de premios actuales

Esta sección cubre los premios otorgados a partir de 1950 en las cinco categorías actuales, tal como se definen por sus nombres. Algunos premios en "categorías anteriores" pueden haber sido equivalentes, excepto en el nombre. [2]

Ficción

La ficción general para lectores adultos es una categoría del Premio Nacional del Libro que se ha mantenido vigente desde 1950, con múltiples premios durante algunos años a partir de 1980. De 1935 a 1941, hubo seis premios anuales para novelas o ficción general y el "Descubrimiento del librero", el "Libro más original"; ambos premios a veces se otorgaban a una novela.

En 1980 se introdujeron docenas de nuevas categorías, entre ellas "Ficción general", tapa dura y libro de bolsillo , que se enumeran aquí. [i] El género integral "Ficción" y el formato duro o blando se restauraron tres años más tarde.

La categoría amplia de "Ficción" regresó en 1984.

No ficción

La categoría de no ficción general para lectores adultos es una categoría del National Book Award que se mantuvo vigente solo desde 1984, cuando se restableció el premio general después de dos décadas de premios en varias categorías de no ficción. De 1935 a 1941 hubo seis premios anuales para no ficción general, dos para biografías y el premio al mejor libro del librero o el premio al libro más original a veces eran de no ficción.

En 1964 se introdujeron varias categorías de no ficción: inicialmente, Artes y Letras; Historia y (Auto)Biografía; y Ciencia, Filosofía y Religión. Véase también No ficción contemporánea y general. El género integral de "No ficción" se restableció veinte años después.

Poesía

En 1984, una importante reorganización eliminó el premio de poesía, que ya llevaba 30 años en funcionamiento, junto con docenas de premios más recientes. Siete años después, se restableció el de poesía.

Literatura juvenil

Ver también las categorías de premios “Niños”, inmediatamente debajo.

Premio de Literatura Traducida

El primer premio para obras traducidas se estableció en 1967. [117] [118] El premio estándar en efectivo de $1000 fue proporcionado inicialmente por el Centro Nacional de Traducción, que se había fundado en la Universidad de Texas en Austin en 1965 con una subvención de la Fundación Ford . [119]

El primer premio de traducción se celebró entre 1967 y 1983 y estaba destinado exclusivamente a ficción; el autor traducido podía estar vivo o muerto.

El Premio Nacional del Libro de Literatura Traducida se inauguró en 2018 para ficción o no ficción, cuando tanto el autor como el traductor estuvieran vivos al comienzo del ciclo de premios. [121]

Libros infantiles

Subcategorías de no ficción de 1964 a 1983

Esta sección cubre los premios otorgados entre 1964 y 1983 en categorías que difieren de las "categorías actuales" en su nombre. Algunas de ellas eran sustancialmente equivalentes a las categorías actuales. [2]

Artes y letras

Historia y (auto)biografía

Ciencia, filosofía y religión

Contemporáneo

No ficción general

Otras ficciones de 1980 a 1985

Misceláneas

1935 a 1941

Los primeros Premios Nacionales del Libro se entregaron en mayo de 1936 en la convención anual de la Asociación Estadounidense de Libreros (ABA, por sus siglas en inglés) a cuatro libros de 1935 seleccionados por sus miembros. [122] [123] Posteriormente, los premios se anunciaron entre mediados de febrero y el 1 de marzo [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] y se entregaron en la convención. Para los libros de 1937 hubo votaciones de 319 librerías, aproximadamente tres veces más que para 1935. [125] Había habido 600 miembros de la ABA en 1936. [124]

Los libros de no ficción, biografía y novela "más distinguidos" (de 1935 y 1936) [122] [123] [124] se redujeron a dos y se los denominó "favoritos" a partir de 1937. El maestro de ceremonias Clifton Fadiman se negó a considerar los premios Pulitzer (aún no anunciados en febrero de 1938) como posibles ratificaciones. "A diferencia del comité del premio Pulitzer, los libreros simplemente votan por sus libros favoritos. No dicen cuál es el mejor libro o el que elevará el nivel de masculinidad o feminidad. Dentro de veinte años podremos decidir cuáles son las obras maestras. Este año sólo podremos decidir qué libros disfrutamos más leyendo". [125]

El premio Discovery del librero reconoció oficialmente "un mérito sobresaliente que no recibió las ventas y el reconocimiento adecuados" [126]. El premio se mantuvo en vigencia en 1941 y el New York Times lo llamó con franqueza "una especie de premio de consolación que los libreros esperan que llame la atención sobre su trabajo". [129]

Autores y editores fuera de los Estados Unidos podían participar y hubo varios ganadores de autores no estadounidenses (al menos Lofts, Curie, de Saint-Exupéry, Du Maurier y Llewellyn). El premio al mejor librero y los premios generales de ficción y no ficción se otorgaron seis veces en siete años, el premio al libro más original cinco veces y el premio a la biografía solo en los dos primeros años.

Las fechas son años de publicación.

Premios de gráficos

El "modelo de los premios de la Academia" ( Oscar ) se introdujo en 1980 bajo el nombre de TABA, The American Book Awards. El programa se amplió de siete premios literarios a 28 premios literarios y 6 premios gráficos. Después de 1983, con 19 premios literarios y 8 premios gráficos, los premios prácticamente dejaron de existir, para ser restablecidos en 1984 con un programa de tres premios literarios.

Desde 1988 los premios están bajo el cuidado de la Fundación Nacional del Libro, que no reconoce los premios de gráficos.

Herbert Mitgang's report on the inaugural TABA begins thus: "Thirty-four hardcover and paperback books, many of which nobody had heard of before, were named winners during a generally ragged presentation of the first American Book Awards in a ceremony at the Seventh Regiment Armory last night. The event was designed to resemble Hollywood's Oscars, but instead there was little glamour. All the winners were barred from accepting their awards, and most did not attend."

Repeat winners

Books

At least three books have won two National Book Awards.
Dates are award years.

1974 Biography; 1974 History
1979 Contemporary Thought; 1980 General Nonfiction, Paperback
1975 Arts and Letters; 1975 Science

Authors

At least three authors have won three awards: Saul Bellow with three Fiction awards; Peter Matthiessen with two awards for The Snow Leopard (above) and the 2008 Fiction award for Shadow Country; Lewis Thomas with two awards for The Lives of a Cell (above) and the 1981 Science paperback award for The Medusa and the Snail.

These three authors and numerous others have written two award-winning books.

Dates are award years.

"Children's" and "Young People's" categories

"Fiction"

"Fiction" and another category

"Nonfiction" and nonfiction subcategories

"Poetry"

Split awards

The Translation award was split six times during its 1967 to 1983 history, once split three ways. Twelve other awards were split, all during that period.[2]

Four of the ten awards were split in 1974, including the three-way split in Translation. That year the Awards practically went out of business. In 1975 there was no sponsor. A temporary administrator, the Committee on Awards Policy, "begged" judges not to split awards, yet three of ten awards were split. William Cole explained this in a New York Times column pessimistically entitled "The Last of the National Book Awards" but the Awards were "saved" by the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1976.

Split awards returned with a 1980 reorganization on Academy Awards lines (under the ambiguous name "American Book Awards" for a few years). From 1980 to 1983 there were not only split awards but more than twenty award categories annually; there were graphics awards (or "non-literary awards") and dual awards for hardcover and paperback books, both unique to the period.

In 1983 the awards again went out of business, and they were not saved for 1983 publications (January to October). The 1984 reorganization prohibited split awards as it trimmed the award categories from 27 to three.

Notes

Split awards
  1. ^ a b Split award. In 1973 there were 12 winning books in 10 award categories.[4][5]
  2. ^ a b c d Split award. In 1974 there were 14 winning books in 10 award categories.[4][8]
  3. ^ a b c Split award. In 1975 there were 12 winners in 10 award categories,[4] although the Committee on Awards Policy, temporary administrator, "begged" judges not to split awards.[13]
  4. ^ Split award. In 1972 there were 11 winners in 10 award categories.[4]
  5. ^ a b c Split award. In 1983 there were 22 winners in 19 award categories.[114]
  6. ^ The first split National Book Award. In 1967 there were 7 winners in 6 award categories.[120]
  7. ^ Split award. In 1971 there were 8 winners in 7 award categories.[4]
  8. ^ Split award. In 1980 there were 29 winners in 28 literary award categories.[114]
  9. ^ Split award. In 1981 there were 17 winners in 16 literary award categories.[114]
  10. ^ Split award. In 1982 there were 19 winners in 18 literary award categories.[114]
Other
  1. ^ a b c d e Irving, Cheever, Maxwell, and Welty won the 1980 to 1983 awards for general paperback fiction. None were paperback originals. Indeed, all four had been losing finalists for the Fiction award in their hardcover editions (two 1979, two 1981).
  2. ^ a b Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell, won both the Arts and Letters and the Sciences awards in 1975.
  3. ^ a b John Clive, Thomas Babington Macaulay, won both the History and Biography awards in 1974.
  4. ^ a b Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard, won the Contemporary Thought award in 1979 and the General Nonfiction, Paperback award in 1980.
  5. ^ a b Birdy by William Wharton, designed by Fred Marcellino, published by Alfred A. Knopf, won both the First Novel and Jacket Design awards in 1980, presumably received by Wharton and Marcellino respectively.

References

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