Fish species categorized by various characteristics
Fish are very diverse animals and can be categorised in many ways. Although most fish species have probably been discovered and described, about 250 new ones are still discovered every year. According to FishBase about 34,800 species of fish had been described as of February 2022,[5] which is more than the combined total of all other vertebrate species: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.
Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and freshwater ecosystems. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific constitute the centre of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests, especially the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin, such as Cantão State Park, can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe.[6]
By taxonomy
Fish systematics is the formal description and organisation of fish taxa into systems. It is complex and still evolving. Controversies over "arcane, but important, details of classification are still quietly raging".[7]
The term "fish" describes any non-tetrapod chordate, (i.e., an animal with a backbone), that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins.[8] Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are paraphyletic, since the tetrapod clade is within the clade of lobe-finned fishes.[9][10]
Jawless fish
Jawless fish were the earliest fish to evolve. There is current debate over whether these are really fish at all. They have no jaw, no scales, no paired fins, and no bony skeleton. Their skin is smooth and soft to the touch, and they are very flexible. Instead of a jaw, they possess an oral sucker. They use this to fasten onto other fish, and then use their rasp-like teeth to grind through their host's skin into the viscera. Jawless fish inhabit both fresh and salt water environments. Some are anadromous, moving between both fresh and salt water habitats.
Extant jawless fish are either lamprey or hagfish. Juvenile lamprey feed by sucking up mud containing micro-organisms and organic debris. The lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. The hagfish coats itself and carcasses it finds with noxious slime to deter predators, and periodically ties itself into a knot to scrape the slime off. It is the only invertebrate fish and the only animal which has a skull but no vertebral column.[11]
Cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fish have a cartilaginous skeleton. However, their ancestors were bony animals, and were the first fish to develop paired fins. Cartilaginous fish don't have swim bladders. Their skin is covered in placoid scales (dermal denticles) that are as rough as sandpaper. Because cartilaginous fish do not have bone marrow, the spleen and special tissue around the gonads produces red blood cells. Their tails can be asymmetric, with the upper lobe longer than the lower lobe. Some cartilaginous fishes possess an organ called a Leydig's organ which also produces red blood cells.
There are over 980 species of cartilaginous fish. They include sharks, rays and chimaera.
Bony fish
Bony fish include the lobe-finned fish and the ray finned fish. The lobe-finned fish is the class of fleshy finned fishes, consisting of lungfish and coelacanths. They are bony fish with fleshy, lobed paired fins, which are joined to the body by a single bone.[12] These fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. Ray finned fishes are so-called because they possess lepidotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays").
There are three types of ray finned fishes: the chondrosteans, holosteans, and teleosts. The chondrosteans and holosteans are among the earlier fish to evolve, and share characteristics with both teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks.
Lungfish can breathe in air as well as water
Model of a
coelacanth, thought until 1938 to be extinct. They are deep blue.
Teleosts
Teleosts are the most advanced or "modern" fishes. They are overwhelmingly the dominant class of fishes (or for that matter, vertebrates) with nearly 30,000 species, covering about 96 per cent of all extant fish species. They are ubiquitous throughout fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Included are nearly all the important commercial and recreational fishes.[13]
Teleosts have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and corresponding modifications in the jaw musculature. These modifications make it possible for teleosts to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth.[14][15] The caudal fin is homocercal, meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin.[14]
Rose fish are also teleosts
Eels are teleosts too
By habitat
By life span
Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish. Some of the longest-lived are rockfish.
By size
By breeding behavior
By brooding behavior
By feeding behaviour
By vision
By shape
Boxfishes have heavily armoured plate-like scales fused into a solid, triangular, boxlike carapace, from which the fins, tail, eyes and mouth protrude. Because of this heavy armour, boxfish move slowly, but few other fish are able to eat the adults.[110]
By locomotion
By toxicity
By human use
By vulnerability
Other
See also
Notes
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Phycodurus eques" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Leafy and Weedy Sea Dragon National Geographic Profile. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ Pollom, R. (2017). "Phycodurus eques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17096A67622420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17096A67622420.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Pietsch, T.W. (2005). "New species of the ceratioid anglerfish genus Lasiognathus Regan (Lophiiformes: Thaumatichthyidae) from the Eastern North Atlantic off Madeira" (PDF). Copeia. 2005 (1): 77–81. doi:10.1643/ci-04-184r1. S2CID 84572467.
- ^ FishBase
- ^ Estudo das Espécies Ícticas do Parque Estadual do Cantão, fish species survey of Cantão (in Portuguese)
- ^ Moyle & Cech 2003, p. Chapter 1
- ^ Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
- ^ Helfman et al. 2009, p. 3
- ^ Tree of life web project - Chordates.
- ^ N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco CA.
- ^ Clack, J. A. (2002) Gaining Ground. Indiana University
- ^ Teleost Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 July 2009
- ^ a b Benton, Michael J. (1990). Vertebrate Paleontology. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-54010-3.
- ^ Ben Waggoner (17 July 1995). "Telostei". Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 8 June 2006.
- ^ a b c d Cohen, DM (1970). "How many recent fishes are there?". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 38 (17): 341–346.
- ^ a b Bone & Moore 2008, p. 3
- ^ CIA Factbook: World.
- ^ Elert, Glenn Volume of Earth's Oceans. The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ Wilson RW, Millero FJ, Taylor JR, Walsh PJ, Christensen V, Jennings S and Grosell M (2009) "Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle" Science, 323 (5912) 359-362. (This article contains the first ever estimate of global fish biomass)
- ^ Shiklomanov, I A, (1993) World fresh water resources in Glick, P H, ed., Water in Crisis: Oxford University Press, p 13-24.
- ^ Horn, MH (1972). "The amount of space available for marine and freshwater fishes" (PDF). NOAA: Fishery Bulletin. 70: 1295–1297.
- ^ a b c d e Bone & Moore 2008, p. 35
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Ross Sea. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Abyssobrotula galatheae" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Jamieson, A.J., and Yancey, P. H. (2012). On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth. The Biological Bulletin 222(3): 171-175
- ^ Yanceya, P.H.; Gerringera, E.M.; Drazen, J.C.; Rowden, A.A.; and Jamieson, A. (2014). Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths. PNAS 111(12): 4461–4465
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Triplophysa stoliczkai" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Astyanax mexicanus" in FishBase. 2014 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Thermichthys hollisi" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Antennariidae: Frogfishes Tree of Life Web Project
- ^ Biological profiles: Sargassumfish Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Depczynski, M; Bellwood, DR (2005). "Shortest recorded vertebrate lifespan found in a coral reef fish". Current Biology. 15 (8): R288–R289. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.016. PMID 15854891. S2CID 22684907.
- ^ Herrera, M; Jagadeeswaran, P (2004). "Annual Fish as a Genetic Model for Aging". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 59 (2): B101–B107. doi:10.1093/gerona/59.2.b101. PMID 14999022.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Cynolebias nigripinnis" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Munk, K. (2001) "Maximum Ages of Groundfishes in Waters off Alaska and British Columbia and Considerations of Age Determination". Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 8 :1.
- ^ Cailliet, G.M., Andrews, A.H., Burton, E.J., Watters, D.L., Kline, D.E., Ferry-Graham, L.A. (2001) "Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer?" Exp. Gerontol. 36 : 739–764.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Sebastes aleutianus" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Hoplostethus atlanticus" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ How to Tell Time by a Cat's Eye
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Cyprinus carpio" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Carassius auratus" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Night Tarpon Fishing Trips
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Megalops atlanticus" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Megalops cyprinoides" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Protective Regulations Proposed for Ancient, Imperiled Southern Green Sturgeon Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Contemporaries of the Dinosaurs, Sturgeon Fossils Date Back 200 Million Years Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sturgeons Archived June 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Oldest Living Fish
- ^ The Shedd Honors Its Oldest Residen
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Neoceratodus forsteri" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Nielsen, Julius; Hedeholm, Rasmus B.; Heinemeier, Jan; Bushnell, Peter G.; Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Olsen, Jesper; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brill, Richard W.; Simon, Malene; Steffensen, Kirstine F.; Steffensen, John F. (2016). "Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)". Science. 353 (6300): 702–4. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..702N. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1703. hdl:2022/26597. PMID 27516602. S2CID 206647043.
- Enrico de Lazaro (12 August 2016). "Greenland Sharks are Longest-Lived Vertebrates on Earth, Marine Biologists Say". Science News.
- ^ Kottelat M, Britz R, Tan HH and Witte KE (2005) "Paedocypris, a new genus of Southeast Asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism, comprises the world's smallest vertebrate" Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273 :895-899.
- ^ World's smallest fish Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine 2006, Natural History Museum
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Paedocypris progenetica" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Rittmeyer, Eric N.; Allison, Allen; Gründler, Michael C.; Thompson, Derrick K.; Austin, Christopher C. (2012). "Ecological guild evolution and the discovery of the world's smallest vertebrate". PLoS ONE. 7 (1). Public Library of Science: e29797. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729797R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797. PMC 3256195. PMID 22253785.
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- ^ "Smallest fish compete for honours". BBC News. 31 January 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ Bragging Rights: The Smallest Fish Ever | LiveScience Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Schindleria brevipinguis" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Foot, T (2000) Guinness Book of World Records 2001. Guinness World Records Ltd.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Rhincodon typus" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Mola mola" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Regalecus glesne" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (25 August 2005). "Hunt for the big fish becomes a race". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
- ^ Giant Catfish May Be World's Largest Freshwater Fish National Geographic, 28 October 2010.
- ^ Ryan P "Deep-sea creatures: The bathypelagic zone" Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 21 September 2007.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Batrachoididae" in FishBase. September 2009 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Opsanus beta" in FishBase. September 2009 version.
- ^ Moyle & Cech 2003, p. 4
- ^ Anglerfish Video
- ^ Theodore W. Pietsch (1975). "Precocious sexual parasitism in the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish, Cryptopsaras couesi Gill". Nature. 256 (5512): 38–40. Bibcode:1975Natur.256...38P. doi:10.1038/256038a0. S2CID 4226567.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Lamniforme" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Scyliorhinidae" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Apogonidae" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Hippocampus in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Liem KF (1980) "Adaptive Significance of Intra- and Interspecific Differences in the Feeding Repertoires of Cichlid Fishes" Archived August 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine American Zoologist, 20 (1):295-314.
- ^ Bone & Moore 2008, p. 92
- ^ Liem KF (1980) "Acquisition of energy by teleosts: adaptive mechanisms and evolutionary patterns". In Environmental Physiology of Fishes (Ed. M A Ali), pp. 299–334. New York, London: Plenum Press.
- ^ Lauder, GV (1980). "Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actinopterygian fishes: a functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus and Amia". J. Morphol. 163 (3): 283–317. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051630305. PMID 30170473. S2CID 26805223.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Epibulus insidiator" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Bone & Moore 2008, p. 190
- ^ Norton, SF; Bainerd, EL (1993). "Convergence in the feeding mechanics of ecomorphologically similar species in the Centrarchidae and Cichlidae". Journal of Experimental Biology. 176 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1242/jeb.176.1.11.
- ^ Bone & Moore 2008, p. 189
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Prionace glauca" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 521–524, 555–61, 590.
- ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
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- ^ Lowry, D.; Wintzer, A.P.; Matott, M.P.; Whitenack, L.B.; Huber, D.R.; Dean, M.; Motta, P.J. (2005). "Aerial and aquatic feeding in the silver arawana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 73 (4): 453–462. doi:10.1007/s10641-005-3214-4. S2CID 43389710.
- ^ ""Plastic flies help spitting archer fish regain aim" Telegraph.co.uk". The Telegraph. 11 July 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
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- ^ Bone & Moore 2008, p. 197
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Osteoglossum bicirrhosum" in FishBase. July 2009 version.
- ^ Carol Martins; Craig Knickle. "Megamouth Shark- Parasites". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
- ^ Jaine, FRA; Couturier, LIE; Weeks, SJ; Townsend, KA; Bennett, MB; Fiora, K; Richardson, AJ (2012). "When Giants Turn Up: Sighting Trends, Environmental Influences and Habitat Use of the Manta Ray Manta alfredi at a Coral Reef". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e46170. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746170J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046170. PMC 3463571. PMID 23056255.
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- ^ Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
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References
- Bone, Q; Moore, R H (2008). Biology of Fishes. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-37562-7. [1] at Google Books
- Moyle, PB; Cech, J. J. (2003). Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology (5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2.
- Helfman, G.; Collette; Facey, D.; Bowen, BW (2009). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4051-2494-2.
- Weis, Judith S (2011) Do Fish Sleep?: Fascinating Answers to Questions about Fishes Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813549415.
External links
- Articles About Marine Life Oceans for Youth Foundation.
- The 20 weirdest fish in the ocean Christian Science Monitor. 22 February 22, 2010.