Con una población estimada en 2023 de 8.258.035 [5] distribuida en 300,46 millas cuadradas (778,2 km 2 ), [4] la ciudad es la ciudad principal más densamente poblada de los Estados Unidos. La ciudad de Nueva York tiene más del doble de población que Los Ángeles , la segunda ciudad más poblada del país. [19] Nueva York es el centro geográfico y demográfico tanto de la megalópolis del noreste como del área metropolitana de Nueva York , el área metropolitana más grande de los EE. UU. tanto por población como por área urbana . Con más de 20,1 millones de personas en su área estadística metropolitana [20] y 23,5 millones en su área estadística combinada a partir de 2020, la ciudad de Nueva York es una de las megaciudades más pobladas del mundo . [21] La ciudad y su área metropolitana son la principal puerta de entrada para la inmigración legal a los Estados Unidos . En la ciudad de Nueva York se hablan hasta 800 idiomas, [22] lo que la convierte en la ciudad con mayor diversidad lingüística del mundo. En 2021, la ciudad albergaba a casi 3,1 millones de residentes nacidos fuera de los EE. UU., [19] la mayor población nacida en el extranjero de cualquier ciudad del mundo. [23]
La primera visita documentada al puerto de Nueva York por parte de un europeo fue en 1524 por el explorador Giovanni da Verrazzano . [38] Reclamó el área para Francia y la llamó Nouvelle Angoulême (Nueva Angulema ). [39] Una expedición española, liderada por el capitán portugués Estêvão Gomes que navegaba para el emperador Carlos V , llegó al puerto de Nueva York en enero de 1525 y cartografió la desembocadura del río Hudson , al que llamó Río de San Antonio . [40]
Hudson reclamó la región para la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales. En 1614, la zona entre Cape Cod y la bahía de Delaware fue reclamada por los Países Bajos y llamada Nieuw-Nederland (' Nueva Holanda '). El primer habitante no nativo americano de lo que se convirtió en la ciudad de Nueva York fue Juan Rodríguez , un comerciante de Santo Domingo que llegó a Manhattan durante el invierno de 1613-1614, cazando pieles y comerciando con la población local como representante de los colonos holandeses. [43] [44]
La colonia de Nueva Ámsterdam se extendía desde el extremo sur de Manhattan hasta la actual Wall Street , donde en 1653 se construyó una empalizada de madera de 3,7 m (12 pies) para protegerse de las incursiones de los nativos americanos y los ingleses. [47] En 1626, el director general colonial holandés Peter Minuit , a petición de la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales , compró la isla de Manhattan a los canarsie , una pequeña banda lenape, [48] por "el valor de 60 florines " [49] (unos 900 dólares en 2018). [50] Una leyenda frecuentemente contada pero refutada afirma que Manhattan se compró por 24 dólares en cuentas de vidrio. [51] [52]
Tras la compra, Nueva Ámsterdam creció lentamente. [24] Para atraer colonos, los holandeses instituyeron el sistema de patronos en 1628, por el cual los holandeses ricos ( patronos o patrones) que trajeran 50 colonos a Nueva Holanda recibirían tierras, autonomía política local y derechos para participar en el lucrativo comercio de pieles. Este programa tuvo poco éxito. [53]
Desde 1621, la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales había operado como monopolio en Nueva Holanda, con la autorización otorgada por los Estados Generales Holandeses . En 1639-1640, en un esfuerzo por impulsar el crecimiento económico, la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales renunció a su monopolio sobre el comercio de pieles, lo que llevó al crecimiento de la producción y el comercio de alimentos, madera, tabaco y esclavos (en particular con las Indias Occidentales Holandesas ). [24] [54]
En 1647, Peter Stuyvesant comenzó su mandato como el último Director General de Nueva Holanda. Durante su mandato, la población de Nueva Holanda creció de 2000 a 8000. [55] [56] A Stuyvesant se le atribuye la mejora de la ley y el orden; sin embargo, se ganó una reputación de líder despótico . Instituyó regulaciones sobre las ventas de licor, intentó afirmar el control sobre la Iglesia Reformada Holandesa y bloqueó a otros grupos religiosos para que establecieran casas de culto. [57]
Regla inglesa
En 1664, incapaz de encontrar ninguna resistencia significativa, Stuyvesant entregó Nueva Ámsterdam a las tropas inglesas, lideradas por el coronel Richard Nicolls , sin derramamiento de sangre. [57] [58] Los términos de la rendición permitieron a los residentes holandeses permanecer en la colonia y permitieron la libertad religiosa. [59]
En 1667, durante las negociaciones que condujeron al Tratado de Breda tras la Segunda Guerra Anglo-Holandesa , los holandeses victoriosos decidieron quedarse con la naciente colonia de plantaciones de lo que hoy es Surinam , que habían obtenido de los ingleses, [60] y a cambio los ingleses se quedaron con Nueva Ámsterdam. El asentamiento fue rápidamente rebautizado como "Nueva York" en honor al duque de York (los futuros reyes Jacobo II y VII). [61] El duque entregó parte de la colonia a los propietarios George Carteret y John Berkeley . [62]
Varias guerras intertribales entre los nativos americanos y epidemias provocadas por el contacto con los europeos causaron pérdidas considerables de población para los lenape entre 1660 y 1670. [66] Para 1700, la población lenape había disminuido a 200. [67] Nueva York experimentó varias epidemias de fiebre amarilla en el siglo XVIII, perdiendo el diez por ciento de su población solo en 1702. [68] [69]
A principios del siglo XVIII, Nueva York creció en importancia como puerto comercial mientras formaba parte de la colonia de Nueva York . [70] Se convirtió en un centro de esclavitud , con el 42% de los hogares esclavizando a africanos en 1730. [71] La mayoría eran esclavos domésticos ; otros fueron contratados como mano de obra. La esclavitud se vinculó integralmente a la economía de Nueva York a través del trabajo de los esclavos en todo el puerto y las industrias bancarias y navieras que comerciaban con el sur de Estados Unidos . Durante la construcción en Foley Square en la década de 1990, se descubrió el African Burying Ground ; el cementerio incluía entre 10.000 y 20.000 tumbas de africanos de la era colonial, algunos esclavizados y otros libres. [72]
El Congreso de la Ley del Timbre se reunió en Nueva York en octubre de 1765, cuando la organización Sons of Liberty surgió en la ciudad y luchó durante los siguientes diez años con las tropas británicas estacionadas allí. [75] La Batalla de Long Island , la batalla más grande de la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos , se libró en agosto de 1776 en la actual Brooklyn. [76] Una derrota británica del Ejército Continental en la Batalla de Fort Washington en noviembre de 1776 eliminó el último bastión estadounidense en Manhattan, lo que provocó que George Washington y sus fuerzas se retiraran a través del río Hudson hacia Nueva Jersey , perseguidos por las fuerzas británicas. [77] [78]
Después de la batalla, en la que los estadounidenses fueron derrotados, los británicos hicieron de la ciudad su base militar y política de operaciones en América del Norte. [79] La ciudad fue un refugio para los refugiados leales y los esclavos fugitivos que se unieron a las líneas británicas por la libertad prometida por la Corona , con hasta 10.000 esclavos fugitivos apiñados en la ciudad durante la ocupación británica, la comunidad de este tipo más grande en el continente. [80] [81] Cuando las fuerzas británicas evacuaron Nueva York al final de la guerra en 1783, transportaron a miles de libertos para reasentarse en Nueva Escocia , Inglaterra y el Caribe . [82]
El intento de una solución pacífica a la guerra tuvo lugar en la Casa de Conferencias de Staten Island entre delegados estadounidenses, entre ellos Benjamin Franklin , y el general británico Lord Howe el 11 de septiembre de 1776. [83] Poco después de que comenzara la ocupación británica, el Gran Incendio de Nueva York destruyó casi 500 edificios, aproximadamente una cuarta parte de las estructuras de la ciudad, incluida la Iglesia de la Trinidad . [84] [85]
Período posrevolucionario y principios del siglo XIX
En 1790, por primera vez, la ciudad de Nueva York superó a Filadelfia como la ciudad más grande del país. A fines de 1790, la capital nacional se trasladó a Filadelfia . [88] [89]
Durante el siglo XIX, la población de la ciudad de Nueva York creció de 60.000 a 3,43 millones. [90] Según la ley de emancipación gradual del estado de Nueva York de 1799, los hijos de madres esclavas debían ser liberados eventualmente, pero permanecer en servidumbre por contrato hasta mediados o finales de los veinte años. [91] [92] Junto con los esclavos liberados por sus amos después de la Guerra de la Independencia y los esclavos fugitivos, una importante población negra libre se desarrolló gradualmente en Manhattan. La Sociedad de Manumisión de Nueva York trabajó por la abolición y estableció la Escuela Libre Africana para educar a los niños negros. [93] No fue hasta 1827 que la esclavitud fue abolida por completo en el estado . [94] Los negros libres lucharon contra la discriminación y el activismo abolicionista interracial continuó. La población de la ciudad de Nueva York aumentó de 123.706 habitantes en 1820 (10.886 de ellos eran negros y 518 eran esclavos) a 312.710 en 1840 (16.358 de ellos eran negros). [95]
Broadway , que sigue la ruta Wecquaesgeek de los nativos americanos a través de Manhattan, 1840 [96]
La Gran Hambruna Irlandesa trajo consigo una gran afluencia de inmigrantes irlandeses, de los cuales más de 200.000 vivían en Nueva York en 1860, lo que representaba más de una cuarta parte de la población de la ciudad. [102] La extensa inmigración procedente de las provincias alemanas significó que los alemanes comprendían otro 25% de la población de Nueva York en 1860. [103] [104]
Los candidatos del Partido Demócrata fueron elegidos sistemáticamente para cargos locales, lo que aumentó los vínculos de la ciudad con el Sur y su partido dominante. En 1861, el alcalde Fernando Wood pidió a los concejales que declararan la independencia de Albany y de los Estados Unidos después de la secesión del Sur, pero su propuesta no se llevó a cabo. [93] La ira por las nuevas leyes de reclutamiento militar durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense (1861-1865), que perdonaron a los hombres más ricos que podían permitirse contratar a un sustituto, condujo a los disturbios del reclutamiento de 1863 , cuyos participantes más visibles fueron la clase trabajadora étnica irlandesa. [93]
Los disturbios por el reclutamiento se convirtieron en ataques contra la élite de Nueva York, seguidos de ataques contra los neoyorquinos negros después de una feroz competencia durante una década entre inmigrantes irlandeses y negros por el trabajo. Los alborotadores quemaron el Asilo de Huérfanos de Color hasta los cimientos. [103] Al menos 120 personas murieron. [105] Once hombres negros fueron linchados en cinco días, y los disturbios obligaron a cientos de negros a huir. La población negra en Manhattan cayó por debajo de los 10.000 en 1865. La clase trabajadora blanca había establecido su dominio. [103] [105] Fue uno de los peores incidentes de disturbios civiles en la historia de Estados Unidos . [106]
En 1898, se formó la ciudad de Nueva York con la consolidación de Brooklyn (hasta entonces una ciudad separada), el condado de Nueva York (que entonces incluía partes del Bronx), el condado de Richmond y la parte occidental del condado de Queens. [109] La apertura del metro de la ciudad de Nueva York en 1904, construido inicialmente como sistemas privados separados, ayudó a unir la nueva ciudad. [110] A lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XX, la ciudad se convirtió en un centro mundial de industria, comercio y comunicación. [111]
La población no blanca de Nueva York era de 36.620 en 1890. [114] La ciudad de Nueva York fue un destino principal a principios del siglo XX para los negros durante la Gran Migración desde el sur de Estados Unidos, y en 1916, la ciudad de Nueva York tenía la diáspora africana urbana más grande de América del Norte. [115] El renacimiento de la vida literaria y cultural de Harlem floreció durante la era de la Prohibición . [116] El auge económico más grande generó la construcción de rascacielos que competían en altura. [117]
Portada del New York Daily News de octubre de 1975 sobre la negativa del presidente Ford a ayudar a la ciudad a evitar la quiebra
En la década de 1970, las pérdidas de empleos debido a la reestructuración industrial hicieron que la ciudad de Nueva York sufriera problemas económicos y un aumento de las tasas de criminalidad. [131] Los crecientes déficits fiscales en 1975 llevaron a la ciudad a solicitar ayuda financiera al gobierno federal; el presidente Gerald Ford pronunció un discurso en el que denegaba la solicitud, que fue parafraseado en la portada del New York Daily News como "FORD A LA CIUDAD: ¡CAEOS A LA MUERTE!". [132] Se formó la Corporación de Asistencia Municipal y se le otorgó autoridad de supervisión sobre las finanzas de la ciudad. [133] Si bien un resurgimiento de la industria financiera mejoró en gran medida la salud económica de la ciudad en la década de 1980, la tasa de criminalidad de Nueva York continuó aumentando durante esa década y hasta principios de la década de 1990. [134]
A mediados de la década de 1990, las tasas de criminalidad comenzaron a caer drásticamente debido a las estrategias policiales revisadas, la mejora de las oportunidades económicas, la gentrificación y los nuevos residentes, tanto los trasplantes estadounidenses como los nuevos inmigrantes de Asia y América Latina. [ cita requerida ] La población de la ciudad de Nueva York superó los 8 millones por primera vez en el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2000 ; [135] se establecieron más récords en los censos de EE. UU. de 2010 y 2020. [136] Surgieron nuevos sectores importantes, como Silicon Alley , en la economía de la ciudad. [137]
La llegada del Y2K se celebró con fanfarria en Times Square . [138] La ciudad de Nueva York sufrió la mayor parte del daño económico y la mayor pérdida de vidas humanas como consecuencia de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. [139] Dos de los cuatro aviones secuestrados ese día se estrellaron contra las torres gemelas del World Trade Center, lo que provocó el colapso de ambos edificios y la muerte de 2.753 personas, incluidos 343 socorristas del Departamento de Bomberos de la Ciudad de Nueva York y 71 agentes de la ley. [140]
La ciudad de Nueva York se vio gravemente afectada por el huracán Sandy a finales de octubre de 2012. Los impactos de Sandy incluyeron inundaciones que llevaron al cierre del sistema de metro durante días [148] y la inundación de todos los túneles del metro del East River y de todos los túneles de carretera que ingresan a Manhattan, excepto el túnel Lincoln . [149] La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York cerró durante dos días debido al clima por primera vez desde la Gran Tormenta de Nieve de 1888. [ 150] Al menos 43 personas murieron en la ciudad de Nueva York como resultado de Sandy, y las pérdidas económicas en la ciudad de Nueva York se estimaron en aproximadamente $ 19 mil millones. [151] El desastre generó esfuerzos a largo plazo hacia proyectos de infraestructura para contrarrestar el cambio climático y el aumento del nivel del mar, con $ 15 mil millones en fondos federales recibidos hasta 2022 para esos esfuerzos de resiliencia. [152] [153]
En marzo de 2020, se confirmó el primer caso de COVID-19 en la ciudad. [154] Con su densidad de población y su amplia exposición a viajeros globales, la ciudad reemplazó rápidamente a Wuhan , China, como el epicentro global de la pandemia durante la fase inicial, lo que puso a prueba la infraestructura de atención médica de la ciudad. [155] [156] Hasta marzo de 2023, la ciudad de Nueva York registró más de 80.000 muertes por complicaciones relacionadas con COVID-19. [157]
La ciudad de Nueva York está situada en el noreste de los Estados Unidos , en el sureste del estado de Nueva York, aproximadamente a mitad de camino entre Washington, DC y Boston . Su ubicación en la desembocadura del río Hudson , que desemboca en un puerto naturalmente protegido y luego en el océano Atlántico , ha ayudado a que la ciudad crezca en importancia como puerto comercial. La mayor parte de la ciudad está construida sobre las tres islas de Long Island, Manhattan y Staten Island.
Durante la glaciación de Wisconsin , hace entre 75.000 y 11.000 años, la zona de la ciudad de Nueva York estaba situada al borde de una gran capa de hielo . [158] El movimiento erosivo hacia delante del hielo (y su posterior retroceso) contribuyó a la separación de lo que hoy es Long Island y Staten Island. Esa acción dejó el lecho de roca a una profundidad relativamente baja, proporcionando una base sólida para la mayoría de los rascacielos de Manhattan. [159]
La tierra de la ciudad ha sido alterada sustancialmente por la intervención humana, con una recuperación considerable de tierras a lo largo de las zonas costeras desde los tiempos coloniales holandeses; la recuperación es más prominente en el Bajo Manhattan, con desarrollos como Battery Park City en los años 1970 y 1980. [162] Parte del relieve natural en la topografía se ha nivelado, especialmente en Manhattan. [163]
La superficie total de la ciudad es de 1213,37 km² (468,484 millas cuadradas ) . 783,84 km² (302,643 millas cuadradas ) de la ciudad son tierra y 429,53 km² (165,841 millas cuadradas ) son agua. [164] [165] El punto más alto de la ciudad es Todt Hill en Staten Island, que, a 124,9 m (409,8 pies) sobre el nivel del mar , es el punto más alto de la costa este al sur de Maine . [166] La cumbre de la cresta está cubierta en su mayor parte de bosques como parte del cinturón verde de Staten Island . [167]
A la ciudad de Nueva York a veces se la denomina colectivamente los Cinco Distritos . [168] Cada distrito es coextensivo con un condado respectivo del estado de Nueva York, lo que convierte a la ciudad de Nueva York en uno de los municipios estadounidenses en múltiples condados .
Manhattan (condado de Nueva York) es el distrito geográficamente más pequeño y más densamente poblado. Es el hogar de Central Park y la mayoría de los rascacielos de la ciudad , y a veces se lo conoce localmente como The City . [169] La densidad de población de Manhattan de 70.450,8 habitantes por milla cuadrada (27.201,2/km 2 ) en 2022 lo convierte en el más alto de cualquier condado de los Estados Unidos y más alto que la densidad de cualquier ciudad estadounidense individual . [170] Manhattan es el centro cultural, administrativo y financiero de la ciudad de Nueva York y contiene las sedes de muchas grandes corporaciones multinacionales , la sede de las Naciones Unidas , Wall Street y varias universidades importantes. El distrito a menudo se describe como el centro financiero y cultural del mundo. [171] [172]
Brooklyn (Kings County), en el extremo occidental de Long Island , es el distrito más poblado de la ciudad. Brooklyn es conocido por su diversidad cultural, social y étnica, una escena artística independiente, vecindarios distintivos y un patrimonio arquitectónico distintivo. El centro de Brooklyn es el vecindario central más grande de los Outer Boroughs. El distrito tiene una larga costa frente al mar que incluye Coney Island , establecida en la década de 1870 como uno de los primeros lugares de entretenimiento en los EE. UU. [173] Marine Park y Prospect Park son los dos parques más grandes de Brooklyn. [174] Desde 2010, Brooklyn se ha convertido en un próspero centro de emprendimiento y empresas emergentes de alta tecnología , [175] [176] y de arte y diseño posmodernos . [176] [177] Brooklyn también alberga Fort Hamilton , la única instalación en servicio activo del ejército estadounidense dentro de la ciudad de Nueva York, [178] además de las operaciones de la Guardia Costera . La instalación se estableció en 1825 en el sitio de una batería utilizada durante la Revolución estadounidense , y es uno de los fuertes militares más antiguos de Estados Unidos. [179]
Staten Island (condado de Richmond) es el distrito con un carácter más suburbano de los cinco. Está conectado a Brooklyn por el puente Verrazzano-Narrows y a Manhattan por medio del ferry gratuito de Staten Island . En el centro de Staten Island, el cinturón verde de Staten Island se extiende aproximadamente por 2500 acres (10 km² ) , incluyendo 28 millas (45 km) de senderos para caminar y uno de los últimos bosques intactos de la ciudad. [190] Designado en 1984 para proteger las tierras naturales de la isla, el cinturón verde comprende siete parques de la ciudad.
Clima
Según la clasificación climática de Köppen , la ciudad de Nueva York tiene un clima subtropical húmedo (Cfa), y es la ciudad más importante más septentrional del continente norteamericano con esta categorización. Los suburbios al norte y al oeste inmediatos se encuentran en la zona de transición entre los climas subtropical húmedo y continental húmedo (Dfa). [191] [192] La ciudad recibe un promedio de 49,5 pulgadas (1260 mm) de precipitación al año, que se distribuye de manera relativamente uniforme a lo largo del año. Nueva York tiene un promedio de más de 2500 horas de sol al año. [193]
Los inviernos son fríos y húmedos, y los patrones de viento predominantes que soplan brisas marinas en alta mar atenúan los efectos moderadores del océano Atlántico; sin embargo, el Atlántico y la protección parcial del aire más frío por parte de los montes Apalaches mantienen a la ciudad más cálida en el invierno que las ciudades del interior de América del Norte en latitudes similares o menores. [194] La temperatura media diaria en enero, el mes más frío de la zona, es de 33,3 °F (0,7 °C). [195] Las temperaturas suelen bajar a 10 °F (−12 °C) varias veces por invierno, [196] pero también pueden alcanzar los 60 °F (16 °C) durante varios días incluso en el mes más frío del invierno. La primavera y el otoño son impredecibles y pueden variar de frescos a cálidos, aunque suelen ser suaves con baja humedad. Los veranos suelen ser calurosos y húmedos, con una temperatura media diaria de 77,5 °F (25,3 °C) en julio. [195]
Las temperaturas nocturnas son 9,5 °F (5,3 °C) grados más altas para el residente promedio de la ciudad debido al efecto de isla de calor urbano , causado por calles pavimentadas y edificios altos. [197] Las temperaturas diurnas superan los 90 °F (32 °C) en promedio 17 días cada verano y en algunos años superan los 100 °F (38 °C), aunque esto es una ocurrencia rara, notada por última vez el 18 de julio de 2012. [198] [199] [200] [201] De manera similar, las lecturas de 0 °F (−18 °C) son extremadamente raras, ocurriendo por última vez el 14 de febrero de 2016. [202] Las temperaturas extremas han variado desde 106 °F (41 °C), registradas el 9 de julio de 1936, hasta −15 °F (−26 °C) el 9 de febrero de 1934; [195] La sensación térmica más fría registrada fue de -38 °C (-37 °F) el mismo día que el récord más bajo de todos los tiempos. [203] La nevada invernal promedio entre 1991 y 2020 fue de 76 cm (29,8 pulgadas); esto varía considerablemente de un año a otro. La máxima fría diaria récord fue de -17 °C (2 °F) el 30 de diciembre de 1917, mientras que, por el contrario, la mínima cálida diaria récord fue de 31 °C (87 °F), el 2 de julio de 1903. [198] La temperatura media del agua del cercano océano Atlántico varía de 4,3 °C (39,7 °F) en febrero a 23,4 °C (74,1 °F) en agosto. [204]
Los huracanes y las tormentas tropicales son poco frecuentes en la zona de Nueva York. [205] El huracán Sandy provocó una marejada ciclónica destructiva en la ciudad de Nueva York en la tarde del 29 de octubre de 2012, inundando numerosas calles, túneles y líneas de metro en el Bajo Manhattan y otras áreas de la ciudad y cortando la electricidad en muchas partes de la ciudad y sus suburbios. [206] La tormenta y sus profundos impactos han impulsado el debate sobre la construcción de malecones y otras barreras costeras alrededor de las costas de la ciudad y el área metropolitana para minimizar el riesgo de consecuencias destructivas de otro evento similar en el futuro. [152]
La ciudad de Nueva York tiene más de 28.000 acres (110 km 2 ) de parques municipales y 14 millas (23 km) de playas públicas. [214] El parque municipal más grande de la ciudad es Pelham Bay Park en el Bronx, con 2.772 acres (1.122 ha), [189] [215] y el parque urbano más visitado es el Central Park, y uno de los lugares más filmados y visitados del mundo, con 42 millones de visitantes en 2023. [216]
Los problemas ambientales de la ciudad de Nueva York se ven afectados por el tamaño de la ciudad, la densidad, la abundante infraestructura de transporte público y su ubicación en la desembocadura del río Hudson. Por ejemplo, es una de las mayores fuentes de contaminación del país y tiene la tasa de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero per cápita y el menor consumo de electricidad. Está previsto que Governors Island albergue un centro de investigación y educación de 1.000 millones de dólares para convertir a la ciudad de Nueva York en el líder mundial en la lucha contra la crisis climática . [219]
La alta tasa de uso del transporte público de Nueva York , más de 610.000 viajes diarios en bicicleta a partir de 2022 [update], [222] y muchos peatones la convierten en la ciudad más eficiente energéticamente de los Estados Unidos. [223] Los modos de viaje a pie y en bicicleta representan el 21% de todos los modos de viaje en la ciudad; a nivel nacional, la tasa para las regiones metropolitanas es de alrededor del 8%. [224] En sus clasificaciones de 2011 y 2015, Walk Score nombró a la ciudad de Nueva York como la ciudad grande más transitable a pie de los Estados Unidos, [225] [226] [227] y en 2018, Stacker clasificó a Nueva York como la ciudad estadounidense más transitable a pie. [228] Citibank patrocinó bicicletas públicas para el proyecto de bicicletas compartidas de la ciudad , que se conoció como Citi Bike , en 2013. [229] El "indicador numérico de ciclismo en temporada" de la ciudad de Nueva York había alcanzado un máximo histórico de 437 cuando se midió en 2014. [230]
El suministro de agua potable de la ciudad de Nueva York se extrae de la cuenca hidrográfica protegida de las montañas Catskill . [231] Como resultado de la integridad de la cuenca hidrográfica y del sistema de filtración de agua natural inalterado , Nueva York es una de las cuatro ciudades principales de los Estados Unidos cuya mayor parte del agua potable es lo suficientemente pura como para no requerir purificación a través de plantas de tratamiento de agua . [232] El sistema de agua municipal de la ciudad es el más grande de los Estados Unidos, moviendo más de mil millones de galones estadounidenses (3.8 mil millones de litros) de agua diariamente desde una cuenca hidrográfica que cubre 1.900 millas cuadradas (4.900 km 2 ) [233] [234]
Según la base de datos mundial sobre contaminación del aire ambiental urbano de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de 2016, [235] la concentración media anual en el aire de la ciudad de Nueva York de material particulado de 2,5 micrómetros o menos (PM 2,5 ) fue de 7,0 microgramos por metro cúbico, o 3,0 microgramos dentro del límite recomendado por las Directrices de calidad del aire de la OMS para la media anual de PM 2,5 . [236] El Departamento de Salud e Higiene Mental de la ciudad de Nueva York , en asociación con el Queens College , lleva a cabo la Encuesta del aire de la comunidad de Nueva York para medir los contaminantes en alrededor de 150 lugares. [237]
Demografía
La ciudad de Nueva York es la ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos, [5] con 8.804.190 residentes según el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2020 , su recuento decenal más alto de la historia, incorporando más inmigración a la ciudad que emigración desde el censo de 2010. [ 4] [240] [241] Más del doble de personas viven en la ciudad de Nueva York que en Los Ángeles , la segunda ciudad más poblada de EE. UU. [5] La población de la ciudad en 2020 era 31,2% blanca (no hispana), 29,0% hispana o latina , 23,1% negra o afroamericana (no hispana), 14,5% asiática y 0,6% nativa americana (no hispana), con un 8,9% enumerando dos o más razas. [4] Un total del 3,4% de la población no hispana se identificó con más de una raza . [242]
Entre 2010 y 2020, la ciudad de Nueva York ganó 629.000 habitantes, más que cualquier otra ciudad de EE. UU., y una cantidad mayor que la suma total de las ganancias durante la misma década de las siguientes cuatro ciudades más grandes de EE. UU. (Los Ángeles, Chicago, Houston y Phoenix ) combinadas. [243] [244] La densidad de población de la ciudad de 27.744,1 habitantes por milla cuadrada (10.712,1/km 2 ) la convierte en la más densa de cualquier municipio estadounidense con una población superior a 100.000. [170] La densidad de población de Manhattan es de 70.450,8 habitantes por milla cuadrada (27.201,2/km 2 ), la más alta de cualquier condado de los Estados Unidos. [170]
Según los datos del censo de 2020, la ciudad de Nueva York comprende aproximadamente el 43,6% de la población del estado de 20.202.320, [4] y aproximadamente el 39% de la población del área metropolitana de Nueva York . [245] La mayoría de los residentes de la ciudad de Nueva York en 2020 (5.141.539 o el 58,4%) vivían en Brooklyn o Queens, los dos distritos de Long Island. [246] Se hablan hasta 800 idiomas en Nueva York, [22] [247] [248] [249] y el área estadística metropolitana de la ciudad de Nueva York tiene la mayor población nacida en el extranjero de todas las regiones metropolitanas del mundo. La región de Nueva York sigue siendo, con diferencia, la principal puerta de entrada metropolitana para los inmigrantes legales admitidos en los Estados Unidos, superando sustancialmente los totales combinados de Los Ángeles y Miami . [250] Casi siete veces más profesionales jóvenes solicitaron empleo en la ciudad de Nueva York en 2023 en comparación con 2019, lo que convierte a Nueva York en el destino más popular para los graduados universitarios recientes. [251]
Según datos de 2018 a 2022, aproximadamente el 36,3% de la población de la ciudad nació en el extranjero (en comparación con el 13,7% a nivel nacional), [4] y el 40% de todos los niños nacen de madres inmigrantes. [254] A lo largo de su historia, Nueva York ha sido un importante puerto de entrada para inmigrantes a los Estados Unidos. [255] [256] Ningún país o región de origen domina. [255] Queens tiene las poblaciones asiático-americanas y andinas más grandes de los Estados Unidos, y también es el área urbana con mayor diversidad étnica y lingüística del mundo. [257] [182]
La ciudad de Nueva York tiene la mayor población blanca europea y no hispana de todas las ciudades estadounidenses, con 2,7 millones en 2012. [270] La diáspora europea que reside en la ciudad es muy diversa y muchos grupos étnicos europeos han formado enclaves . [271] [272] [273] Con 960.000 habitantes judíos en 2023, la ciudad de Nueva York alberga la mayor población judía de todas las ciudades del mundo, [274] y su área metropolitana concentró más de 2 millones de judíos en 2021, la segunda población judía más grande del mundo después del área metropolitana de Tel Aviv en Israel. [275] En el distrito de Brooklyn, se estima que uno de cada cuatro residentes era judío en 2018. [276]
Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 fue la celebración internacional del Orgullo más grande de la historia, conmemorando el 50 aniversario del levantamiento de Stonewall, con 150.000 participantes y cinco millones de espectadores que asistieron solo en Manhattan. [285] La ciudad de Nueva York alberga la población transgénero más grande del mundo, estimada en más de 50.000 en 2018, concentrada en Manhattan y Queens; sin embargo, hasta los disturbios de Stonewall de junio de 1969, esta comunidad se había sentido marginada y desatendida por la comunidad gay. [284] [130] La Marcha de Liberación de Brooklyn, la manifestación por los derechos de las personas transgénero más grande en la historia LGBT, tuvo lugar el 14 de junio de 2020, extendiéndose desde Grand Army Plaza hasta Fort Greene, Brooklyn , enfocada en apoyar las vidas de las personas transgénero negras, atrayendo a un estimado de 15.000 a 20.000 participantes. [286] [287]
Con 960.000 habitantes judíos en 2023, el judaísmo es la segunda religión más grande practicada en la ciudad de Nueva York. [274] Casi la mitad de los judíos de la ciudad viven en Brooklyn. [290] [291] El Islam se ubica como la tercera religión más grande en la ciudad de Nueva York, después del cristianismo y el judaísmo, con estimaciones que oscilan entre 600.000 y 1.000.000 de observadores del Islam, incluido el 10% de los niños de las escuelas públicas de la ciudad. [292] El 22,3% de los musulmanes estadounidenses viven en la ciudad de Nueva York, con 1,5 millones de musulmanes en el área metropolitana de Nueva York , lo que representa la población musulmana metropolitana más grande del hemisferio occidental [293] y la población musulmana étnicamente más diversa de cualquier ciudad del mundo. [294] La mezquita Powers Street en Brooklyn es una de las mezquitas más antiguas en funcionamiento continuo en los EE. UU. y representa la primera organización islámica tanto en la ciudad como en el estado de Nueva York. [295] [296]
Después de estos tres grupos religiosos más grandes en la ciudad de Nueva York se encuentran el hinduismo , el budismo , el sijismo , el zoroastrismo y otros. En 2023, el 24 % de los habitantes del Gran Nueva York no se identificaban con ninguna afiliación religiosa organizada y el 4 % se autoidentificaban como ateos . [297]
La ciudad de Nueva York tiene el sistema educativo más grande de cualquier ciudad del mundo. [17] La infraestructura educativa de la ciudad abarca la educación primaria , la educación secundaria , la educación superior y la investigación . El sistema de escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Nueva York , administrado por el Departamento de Educación de la ciudad de Nueva York , es el sistema de escuelas públicas más grande de los Estados Unidos, y atiende a aproximadamente 1,1 millones de estudiantes en aproximadamente 1800 escuelas primarias y secundarias separadas, incluidas las escuelas autónomas , a partir del año escolar 2017-2018. [298] El Centro de Escuelas Charter de la Ciudad de Nueva York ayuda a la creación de nuevas escuelas autónomas. [299] Hay aproximadamente 900 escuelas seculares y religiosas adicionales de gestión privada en la ciudad. [300]
Más de un millón de estudiantes, el número más alto de cualquier ciudad de los Estados Unidos, [302] están matriculados en las más de 120 instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Nueva York, con más de medio millón solo en el sistema de la Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York (CUNY) a partir de 2020 [update], incluidos los programas de grado y profesionales. [303] Según el Ranking Académico de Universidades del Mundo , la ciudad de Nueva York tiene, en promedio, las mejores instituciones de educación superior de cualquier ciudad global . [304]
NYC Health + Hospitals (HHC) es una corporación de beneficio público establecida en 1969 que opera los hospitales públicos de la ciudad y una red de clínicas ambulatorias . [315] [316] A partir de 2021 [update], HHC es el sistema de atención médica municipal más grande de los Estados Unidos con $ 10,9 mil millones en ingresos anuales. [317] HHC atiende a 1,4 millones de pacientes, incluidos más de 475.000 residentes de la ciudad sin seguro. [318] HHC opera once hospitales de cuidados agudos , cuatro centros de enfermería especializada , seis centros de diagnóstico y tratamiento y más de 70 sitios de atención primaria basados en la comunidad , que atienden principalmente a los residentes pobres y de clase trabajadora de la ciudad. [319] [320] El Plan de Salud MetroPlus de HHC es uno de los mayores proveedores de seguros médicos patrocinados por el gobierno de la ciudad de Nueva York, inscribiendo a 670.000 residentes de la ciudad a junio de 2022. [321]
Las instalaciones de HHC brindan servicio anualmente a millones de neoyorquinos, con interpretación en más de 190 idiomas. [322] El hospital más conocido del sistema HHC es el Bellevue Hospital , el hospital público más antiguo de los Estados Unidos, establecido en 1736. [323] Bellevue es el hospital designado para el tratamiento del presidente de los Estados Unidos y otros líderes mundiales en caso de que requieran atención mientras se encuentren en la ciudad de Nueva York. [324]
La ciudad prohibió fumar en la mayoría de los restaurantes en 1995 y prohibió fumar en bares, restaurantes y lugares de empleo público en 2003. [325] En agosto de 2017, el alcalde Bill de Blasio firmó una legislación que prohíbe a las farmacias vender cigarrillos una vez que sus licencias existentes para hacerlo expiren, a partir de 2018. [326] [ necesita actualización ]
La ciudad de Nueva York aplica una ley de derecho a refugio que garantiza refugio a cualquier persona que lo necesite, independientemente de su estatus migratorio, socioeconómico o de vivienda, lo que implica proporcionar refugio y alimentos adecuados. [327] Como resultado, si bien Nueva York tiene la población total de personas sin hogar más alta de las ciudades de EE. UU., solo el 5% no tenía refugio en la ciudad, lo que representa un porcentaje significativamente menor de personas sin hogar al aire libre que en otras ciudades. [328] En 2023, había 92.824 personas sin hogar durmiendo todas las noches en el sistema de refugios de la ciudad de Nueva York. [329]
El Departamento de Policía de Nueva York (NYPD) es la fuerza policial más grande de los Estados Unidos, con más de 36.000 oficiales juramentados, más del triple del tamaño del Departamento de Policía de Chicago . [330] Los políticos, los medios de comunicación y sus propios coches de policía se refieren con frecuencia a los miembros del NYPD con el apodo de " Los mejores de Nueva York" . [331]
La ciudad vio un aumento en la delincuencia entre los años 1970 y 1990. [332] La delincuencia en general ha tendido a la baja en la ciudad de Nueva York desde los años 1990; [ 333] los delitos violentos disminuyeron más del 75% entre 1993 y 2005, y continuaron disminuyendo durante los períodos en que la nación en su conjunto vio aumentos. [334] El programa de parar y registrar del Departamento de Policía de Nueva York fue declarado inconstitucional en 2013 como una "política de perfil racial indirecto " de los residentes negros e hispanos, [335] aunque las afirmaciones de impacto dispar continuaron en los años posteriores. [336] El programa de parar y registrar había sido ampliamente reconocido como responsable de la disminución de la delincuencia, aunque las tasas continuaron cayendo en los años posteriores a la finalización del programa. [337] [338]
La ciudad estableció un récord de 2.245 asesinatos en 1990 y posteriormente alcanzó un mínimo histórico de casi 70 años de 289 en 2018. [339] El número de asesinatos y la tasa de 3,3 por cada 100.000 habitantes en 2017 fue la más baja desde 1951. [340] La ciudad de Nueva York registró 386 asesinatos en 2023, una disminución del 12% con respecto al año anterior. [341] [342] La ciudad de Nueva York tuvo una de las tasas de homicidios más bajas entre las diez ciudades más grandes de EE. UU. con 5,5 por cada 100.000 habitantes en 2021, detrás de San José, California , con 3,1 por cada 100.000. [343]
El crimen organizado ha estado asociado con la ciudad de Nueva York desde hace mucho tiempo, comenzando con los Forty Thieves y los Roach Guards en el barrio de Five Points en la década de 1820, seguidos por los Tongs en el mismo barrio, que finalmente evolucionaron hasta convertirse en Chinatown, Manhattan. El siglo XX vio un aumento de la mafia , dominada por las Cinco Familias , así como de las pandillas , incluidas las Black Spades . [345] La presencia de la mafia y las pandillas ha disminuido en la ciudad en el siglo XXI. [346] [347]
Muchas corporaciones de Fortune 500 tienen su sede en la ciudad de Nueva York, [357] al igual que un gran número de corporaciones multinacionales . La ciudad de Nueva York ha sido clasificada en primer lugar entre las ciudades de todo el mundo en atraer capital , negocios y turistas. [358] [359] El papel de la ciudad de Nueva York como el principal centro global para la industria publicitaria se refleja metonímicamente como Madison Avenue . [360] La industria de la moda de la ciudad proporciona aproximadamente 180.000 empleados con $ 11 mil millones en salarios anuales. [361]
Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions. Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway,[362] and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as Seventh Avenue.[363] In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.[4]
In 2022, the gross domestic product of New York City was $1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan.[8] Like other large cities, New York City has a degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2022.[364][365] In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75 million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services.[366] Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties.[367] New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents;[368][369][370] despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, with a total of 110.[32]
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[377] making New York City the largest office market in the world,[378][379] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[377] is the largest central business district in the world.[380]
New York is a top-tier global technology hub.[12][381]Silicon Alley, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries,[382] is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not much silicon was involved.[382][383] New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications of artificial intelligence (AI),[384][385] broadband internet,[386]new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. Technology-driven startup companies and entrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.[387]Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.[388]
New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.[389] In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and a chatbot to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.[390]
New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.[29] The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765 billion (51.7%); condominiums, co-ops, and apartment buildings totaled $351 billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317 billion (21.4%).[393][394]Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m2) in 2023.[395]
New York City has one of the highest costs of living in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage.[396][397] In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443.[398] The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023.[399]
With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below the median monthly rental of $1,650, where 1% of units were available.[400]
Tourism
Times Square is one of the world's leading tourist attractions with 50 million tourists annually.[216]
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and NYC Tourism + Conventions represents the city's official bureau of tourism.[401] New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6 million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5 million visitors from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.[402] Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.[403][404][405]I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City,[406] and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo is owned by New York State Empire State Development.[407]
Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023.[408] A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3 million in 2023.[402][409] Major landmarks in New York City include the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, and Central Park.[410] Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District,[411] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry,[412] attracting 50 million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections.[216] According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.[413]
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,[419] and the publishing industry employs about 11,500 people, with an economic impact of $9.2 billion.[420] The two national daily newspapers with the largest daily circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times broadsheets.[421] With 132 awards through 2022, The Times has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism[422] and is considered the U.S. media's newspaper of record.[423]Tabloid newspapers in the city include the New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson,[424] and the New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[425][426]
As of 2019[update], New York City was the second-largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2 billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1 billion.[427] By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.[428][419]
New York is a major center for non-commercial educational media. NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,[429] and has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[430] WNET is the city's major public television station and produces a third of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming.[431] WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997,[432] has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[433]
One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,[446][447][448] which spawned the term New York minute.[449] New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic.[450][451][452] New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, per Time Out's global poll of urban residents.[451]
Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,[455] sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way."[456][457][458]
Forty-one venues mostly in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres.[459] The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion[460] Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58 billion with total attendance of 12.3 million.[461][462] The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.[463]
Accent and dialect
The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.[464] The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as non-rhotic so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant, therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[465] The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered on middle- and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,[465] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.[465]
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.[466]
Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, has been recognized as an iconic symbol of the city,[467][468][469] and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2019[update], New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after Hong Kong and Seoul.[470]
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.[471] Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.[472]
In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.[473][474][475]
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries.[477] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[477] The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[478] in the upper portion of Carnegie Hill.[479]
Nine museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays of culture in the world.[480] Its art museums include the Guggenheim, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neue Galerie New York, and The Africa Center. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.[481] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.[482][483]
New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought New York-style bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami[487] and corned beef,[488] respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs[489] examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.[490] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based on inspection results.[491] As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.[492] The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.[283]
New York has frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.[493]New York Fashion Week (NYFW) is a high-profile semiannual event featuring models displaying the latest wardrobes created by prominent fashion designers worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the retail marketplace.[494]
NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry.[495] New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks in Midtown Manhattan,[496] clustered around a stretch of Seventh Avenue nicknamed Fashion Avenue.[497] New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcase haute couture styles.[498] The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night."[499]
New York City is well known for its street parades, the majority held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[500] beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[501] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[500] Other notable parades including the annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the NYC LGBT Pride March in June, the LGBT-inspired Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.
The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.[510]
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[534][535]
Buses
New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America.[536] The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022, MTA New York City Transit's buses served 483.5 million trips, while MTA Regional Bus Operations handled 100.3 million trips.[537]
The Port Authority Bus Terminal is the city's main intercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.[533][538][532] In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.[539][540]
Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[545] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.[546] According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[547] New York is the only U.S. city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[548] Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[549]
New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America.[534] The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and New York Penn Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[534] The elevated AirTrain JFK in Queens connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road.[550] For inter-city rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.[551]
The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day, with access to Manhattan from the St. George Terminal via the Staten Island Ferry.[552] The PATH train links Midtown and Lower Manhattan with Hoboken Terminal and Newark Penn Station in New Jersey, and then those stations with the World Trade Center Oculus across the Hudson River.[553] Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day, meaning three of the five rapid transit systems in the United States which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York.[554]
Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway.[555]
The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7.[564][565] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.[566]
Identified by their color and taxi medallion, the city's 13,587 yellow taxicabs are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city.[567]Apple green-colored boro taxis can pick up street hails in Upper Manhattan and the four outer boroughs.[568] Long dominated by yellow taxis, high-volume for hire vehicles from Uber and Lyft have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5 million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire from such companies as Uber and Lyft combined for 20.3 million trips, while 3.5 million trips were in yellow taxis.[569][570]
The Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that began operation in May 1976,[571] transports 2 million passengers per year the 3,140 feet (960 m) between Roosevelt Island and a station at 59th Street and Second Avenue on Manhattan Island.[572]
Cycling network
Citi Bike bike share service, which started in May 2013
New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; recreational cycling clubs; and an increasing number of commuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, with both numbers nearly doubling over the previous decade.[222] As of 2022[update], New York City had 1,525 miles (2,454 km) of bike lanes, including 644 miles (1,036 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.[222]
Streets are also a defining feature of the city. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic congestion that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.[573][574]Congestion pricing in New York City was approved in March 2024 and is expected to enter into force in mid-June if lawsuits will not overturn it.[575]
Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red lights at traffic signals in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.[576]
The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-lane George Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[577][578] The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanning the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[579][580] The Brooklyn Bridge, with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city itself; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903.[581][582] The Queensboro Bridge "was the longest cantilever span in North America" from 1909 to 1917.[583] The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century.[584] The Throgs Neck Bridge and Whitestone Bridge connect Queens and the Bronx, while the Triborough Bridge connects the three boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.
The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[585] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.[586][587] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.[588] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneath Battery Park, connecting the Financial District in Lower Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.[589]
New York City is a metropolitan municipality with a strong mayor–council form of government.[590] The city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.
The city's mayor is Eric Adams, who was elected in 2021.[599] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% are Republicans.[600] New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since 1924, and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 of New York's 26 congressional districts include portions of New York City.[601]
New York City is a significant geographical source of political fundraising.[602] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return.[603]
International relations
In 2006, the sister city program[604] was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.[605]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
^Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[207]
^1880 & 1890 figures include part of the Bronx. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. Sources: 1698–1771,[238] 1790–1990,[95] 2000 and 2010 Censuses,[239] 2020 Census,[4] and 2023 estimate[5]
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^Miller, Kenneth. The Public Option, Columbia University School of Nursing, November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs."
^MetroPlus Health Plan: COVID-19 Enrollment Trends, New York State ComptrollerThomas P. DiNapoli, September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)."
^Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M. "Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America", World Neurosurgery, August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution."
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^Basic Facts About Homelessness: New York City, Coalition for the Homeless, updated December 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. 'In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In November 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people, including 33,365 homeless children, sleeping each night in New York City's main municipal shelter system. A total of 23,945 single adults slept in shelters each night in November 2023."
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^Williams, Keith. "We Know They're New York's Finest. But Why?", The New York Times, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889."
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^Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy. "NYPD safety team making high number of unlawful stops, mostly people of color: Report", ABC News, June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling."
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^Metzler, Brian. "The Famous Millrose Games Delivers Speed, Records, and the Wanamaker Mile", Outside, February 13, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "With his dominating performance in the Wanamaker Mile, Nuguse might have signaled a new era in the classic imperial distance — the quest for the world's first sub-3:47 mile on an indoor track.... In the final race of the 115th Millrose Games at The Armory Track & Field Center, Nuguse made it look relatively easy."
^"Daily News Golden Gloves amateur boxing tournament may return in 2022", New York Daily News, December 13, 2021. Accessed July 17, 2024. "Created by Daily News sports columnist Paul Gallico, the city's inaugural Golden Gloves was held in 1927 at Madison Square Garden and its ensuing popularity led to a wave of similar tournaments across the country."
^ a bWilson, Colleen. "Port Authority Bus Terminal was once a marvel. Will the next one meet commuters' needs?", The Record, June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey."
^ a bArchitect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, dated November 17, 2008. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The Port Authority Bus Terminal opened in 1950 and has become the busiest bus passenger facility in the world, handling 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters each day. It includes 223 bus gates, retail and commercial space, and public parking for 1,250 vehicles."
^McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie. "'Notorious' Port Authority Bus Terminal May Get a $10 Billion Overhaul", The New York Times, January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day."
^Hill, John. "Renderings of New Midtown Bus Terminal Revealed", World Architects, February 5, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2024. "Not surprisingly, the two renderings included in last week's announcement show the main terminal and are accompanied by photos of the existing to depict a dramatic departure from the current situation. Compare the existing intersection of 8th Avenue and 41st Street (below) with a rendering of the same (above), in which a portion of 41st Street would be closed to create an 'iconic' atrium entrance."
^McGeehan, Patrick. "A Look at the $10 Billion Design for a New Port Authority Bus Terminal The Port Authority unveiled a revised design for a replacement of the much-reviled transit hub, which opened in 1950.", The New York Times, February 1, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "Instead of the dismal, brick hulk that has darkened two full blocks of Midtown Manhattan for more than 70 years, there would be a bright, modern transit hub topped by two office towers.... Construction is expected to take eight years, he said, meaning the project could be completed by 2032."
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^Cohn, Emily. "Say what you want about the NYC subway — there's one thing that makes it much better than most other subways in the world", Business Insider, August 28, 2017. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only five rapid transit systems in the country have 24-hour service, and three of them — the subway, the Staten Island Railway, and the PATH — all service New York City. Chicago's 'L' is only 24/7 on some of its lines."
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^U.S. InternationalAir Passenger and Freight Statistics June 2023, United States Department of Transportation, released November 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "The top five domestic scheduled passenger gateway airports for the year-ended June 2023 were New York, NY (JFK), Miami, FL (MIA), Los Angeles, CA (LAX), New York, NY (EWR), and Chicago, IL (ORD)."
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^Reed, Ted. "In a Queens Miracle, New York LaGuardia Airport Goes From Loser to Winner", Airline Weekly, March 21, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2023. "Throughout a troubled 2022, the pandemic exposed many fragilities in a troubled U.S. airline industry, but it also enabled a widely recognized miracle in the $8 billion resurrection of New York LaGuardia Airport. Once widely viewed as a hellhole, LaGuardia was transformed.... Transformation involved rebuilding two terminals, each costing about $4 billion, as well as about five miles of roadway. Terminal B has 35 gates, occupied by American and four other airlines. Work began in 2016 and was completed on July 8, 2022, the exact day specified in a bond offering six years earlier. Terminal C, occupied and financed by Delta Air Lines, will have 37 gates. Work began in 2017 and is largely finished, with completion by the end of the year."
^McGeehan, Patrick. "La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say", The New York Times, July 27, 2015. Accessed January 15, 2024. "He said he took it personally when, in February 2014, Mr. Biden likened La Guardia to something a traveler might find 'in a third world country.'"
^via Associated Press. "Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'", The New York Times, February 6, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Vice President Joseph R. Biden says La Guardia Airport in New York could use some major improvements — and that is putting it mildly. Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to La Guardia, the person would think he was in 'some third world country.'"
^The Project, A Whole New LGA. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The $8 billion project, two-thirds of which is funded through private financing and existing passenger fees, broke ground in 2016."
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^Green Cab, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Street-hail Liveries, also known as green cabs, are For-Hire Vehicles that are permitted to accept street-hails. In exchange, Street-Hail Liveries may not operate in the Hail Exclusionary Zone, south of West 110th St and East 96th St."
^"Mayor Adams, TLC Announce new Rules to Require City's Rideshare Vehicles to be Zero-Emission, Wheelchair Accessible by 2030", Mayor of New York CityEric Adams, August 16, 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Both Uber and Lyft, which together comprise New York City's high-volume for-hire fleet of approximately 78,000 vehicles, have committed to transitioning to a greener fleet by 2030."
^History, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The original Roosevelt Island aerial tramway - the first tram in the country to be used for urban transportation – was opened in May 1976."
^Aerial Tramway Vital Statistics, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The Tram travels between the Manhattan station at 2nd Avenue between 59th and 60th streets and the Tram station on Roosevelt Island. It travels a distance of 3,140 feet at a speed of up to 17 miles per hour in less than three (3) minutes. It rises to a maximum height of 230 feet and can carry a maximum of 109 passengers plus an attendant per cabin. The system annually transports more than two million passengers."
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^"Williamsburg Bridge", American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. "When opened in 1903, the 1,600 foot long main span of the Williamsburg Bridge was the world's longest suspension span, surpassing the nearby Brooklyn Bridge by only 4.5 feet."
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Further reading
Belden, E. Porter (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of Its Present Condition, and an Estimate of Its Future Increase. G. P. Putnam.
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 410 for list.
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Geographic data related to New York City at OpenStreetMap
