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Llevar a la fuerza

Shanghái [a] es un municipio bajo administración directa y la zona urbana más poblada de China . La ciudad está situada en la costa china, en el estuario sur del río Yangtsé , atravesado por el río Huangpu .

La población de la ciudad propiamente dicha es la tercera más grande del mundo , con alrededor de 24,87 millones de habitantes en 2023, mientras que el área urbana es la más poblada de China , con 29,87 millones de residentes. A partir de 2022, se estimó que el área metropolitana del Gran Shanghái produciría un producto metropolitano bruto ( nominal ) de casi 13 billones de RMB (1,9 billones de dólares). [13] Shanghái es uno de los principales centros mundiales de finanzas, negocios y economía, investigación, ciencia y tecnología, manufactura, transporte, turismo y cultura . El puerto de Shanghái es el puerto de contenedores más activo del mundo . [14]

Originalmente un pueblo pesquero y una ciudad de mercado, Shanghái creció en importancia en el siglo XIX debido tanto al comercio interno como al exterior y a su favorable ubicación portuaria. La ciudad fue uno de los cinco puertos del tratado que se vieron obligados a abrirse al comercio europeo después de la Primera Guerra del Opio , que cedió Hong Kong al Reino Unido hasta que fue devuelto a China el 1 de julio de 1997. Esto siguió a la Segunda Batalla de Chuenpi en 1841, a más de 60 km (37 mi) al este de la colonia portuguesa de Macao . Macao estuvo controlada por Portugal tras el acuerdo luso-chino de 1554 hasta la entrega del Milenio el 20 de diciembre de 1999. Posteriormente se establecieron el Acuerdo Internacional de Shanghái y la Concesión Francesa . Luego, la ciudad floreció, convirtiéndose en un centro comercial y financiero principal de Asia en la década de 1930. Durante la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa , la ciudad fue el escenario de la importante Batalla de Shanghái . Después de la guerra, la Guerra Civil China se reanudó pronto entre el Kuomintang (KMT) y el Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh), y este último acabó apoderándose de la ciudad y de la mayor parte del territorio continental. Desde la década de 1950 hasta la de 1970, el comercio se limitó principalmente a otros países socialistas del Bloque del Este , lo que provocó que la influencia global de la ciudad disminuyera durante la Guerra Fría .

Los grandes cambios de fortuna para la ciudad se producirían cuando las reformas económicas iniciadas por el líder supremo Deng Xiaoping durante la década de 1980 dieron como resultado una intensa reurbanización y revitalización de la ciudad en la década de 1990, especialmente la Nueva Área de Pudong , lo que ayudó al retorno de las finanzas y la inversión extranjera. Desde entonces, la ciudad ha resurgido como un centro de comercio y finanzas internacionales. Es el hogar de la Bolsa de Valores de Shanghái , las bolsas de valores más grandes de Asia-Pacífico por capitalización de mercado y la Zona de Libre Comercio de Shanghái , la primera zona de libre comercio en China continental. Shanghái ha sido clasificada como una ciudad Alpha + ( primer nivel global ) por la Red de Investigación de Ciudades Mundiales y Globalización . A partir de 2024, es el hogar de 13 empresas de Fortune Global 500 y ocupa el cuarto lugar en el Índice de Centros Financieros Globales . La ciudad también es un importante centro mundial de investigación y desarrollo y sede de numerosas universidades de doble primera clase , incluidas la Universidad de Fudan y la Universidad Jiaotong de Shanghái . El metro de Shanghái , inaugurado en 1993, es la red de metro más grande del mundo por longitud de ruta.

Shanghái ha sido descrita como la "obra maestra" de la economía de China . Con varios estilos arquitectónicos como el Art Decó y el shikumen , la ciudad es famosa por su horizonte de Lujiazui , museos y edificios históricos, incluido el Templo del Dios de la Ciudad , el Jardín Yu , el Pabellón de China y los edificios a lo largo del Bund . La Torre de la Perla Oriental se puede ver desde el Bund. Shanghái también es conocida por su gastronomía , idioma local y cultura cosmopolita, ocupa el sexto lugar en la lista de ciudades con más rascacielos y es uno de los mayores centros económicos del mundo.

Etimología

Los dos caracteres chinos del nombre de la ciudad son( shàng / zaon , "sobre") y( hǎi / , "mar"), que juntos significan "Sobre el mar". La primera aparición de este nombre data de la dinastía Song del siglo XI , cuando ya había una confluencia de ríos y una ciudad con este nombre en la zona. Otros sostienen que la ciudad está referenciada en registros históricos que datan de hace 2150 años, y que su antiguo nombre, "Hu", sugiere que anteriormente era un pueblo de pescadores. En 1280 pasó a llamarse "Shanghai", que se traduce como "Sobre el mar". [15] Se ha discutido cómo debe entenderse el nombre, pero los historiadores chinos han concluido que durante la dinastía Tang , el área de la actual Shanghái estaba bajo el nivel del mar, por lo que la tierra parecía estar literalmente "sobre el mar". [16]

La abreviatura oficial de Shanghái en chino es[b] ( / wu ) , una contracción de沪渎[c] ( Hù Dú / wu-doq , « zanja del arpón »), un nombre jin del siglo IV o V para la desembocadura del arroyo Suzhou cuando era el conducto principal hacia el océano. [19] Este carácter aparece en todas las matrículas de vehículos motorizados emitidas en el municipio en la actualidad. [20]

Nombres alternativos

( Shēn / sén ) o申城( Shēnchéng / sén-zen , "Ciudad Shen") fue un nombre antiguo que se originó a partir del Señor Chunshen , un noble del siglo III a. C. y primer ministro del estado de Chu , cuyo feudo incluía la moderna Shanghái. [19] Los equipos deportivos y periódicos con sede en Shanghái a menudo usan Shen en sus nombres, como Shanghai Shenhua y Shen Bao .

华亭[d] ( Huátíng / gho-din ) fue otro nombre antiguo de Shanghái. En el año 751 d. C., durante la mitad de la dinastía Tang, Zhao Juzhen , gobernador de la Comandancia Wu , fundó el condado de Huating en la actual Songjiang, la primera administración a nivel de condado dentro de la actual Shanghái. El primer hotel de cinco estrellas de la ciudad recibió el nombre de Huating. [21]

魔都( Módū / mó-tu , "ciudad mágica/monstruo/demonio"), [e] un apodo contemporáneo para Shanghái, es ampliamente conocido entre los jóvenes. [22] El nombre fue mencionado por primera vez en la novela Mato de 1924 del novelista japonés Shōfu Muramatsu , que retrataba a Shanghái como una ciudad dicotómica donde existían tanto la luz como la oscuridad. [23]

La ciudad tiene varios apodos en inglés, incluido el " Nueva York de China", en referencia a su condición de megalópolis cosmopolita y centro financiero , [24] la "Perla de Oriente" y el "París del Este". [25] [26] Esto es similar a la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh (también conocida como Saigón), en Vietnam, que también ha sido apodada como "París de Oriente", debido al estatus histórico francés de Vietnam. [27]

Historia

Antigüedad

La parte occidental de la actual Shanghái estuvo habitada hace 6000 años. [28] Durante el período de las Primaveras y los Otoños (aproximadamente del 771 al 476 a. C.), perteneció al Reino de Wu , que fue conquistado por el Reino de Yue , que a su vez fue conquistado por el Reino de Chu. [29] Durante el período de los Reinos Combatientes (475 a. C.), Shanghái fue parte del feudo del Señor Chunshen de Chu, uno de los Cuatro Señores de los Reinos Combatientes . Él ordenó la excavación del río Huangpu . Su antiguo nombre o nombre poético, el río Chunshen, le dio a Shanghái su apodo de "Shēn". [29] Los pescadores que vivían en el área de Shanghái crearon entonces una herramienta para pescar llamada , que prestó su nombre a la salida del arroyo Suzhou al norte de la Ciudad Vieja y se convirtió en un apodo y abreviatura común para la ciudad. [30]

Época imperial

Dinastías Tang, Song y Yuan

Durante las dinastías Tang y Song, la ciudad de Qinglong (青龙镇[f] ) en el moderno distrito de Qingpu fue un importante puerto comercial. Fundada en 746 (el quinto año de la era Tang Tianbao ), se convirtió en lo que históricamente se llamó una "ciudad gigante del sudeste", con trece templos y siete pagodas. Mi Fu , un erudito y artista de la dinastía Song, sirvió como su alcalde. El puerto experimentó un próspero comercio con las provincias a lo largo del Yangtze y la costa china, así como con países extranjeros como Japón y Silla . [1] A finales de la dinastía Song , el centro de comercio se había trasladado río abajo del río Wusong a Shanghái. [31] Se actualizó su estatus de aldea a ciudad de mercado en 1074, y en 1172, se construyó un segundo muro marítimo para estabilizar la costa oceánica, complementando un dique anterior. [32] Desde la dinastía Yuan en 1292 hasta que Shanghái se convirtió oficialmente en municipio en 1927, el centro de Shanghái fue administrado como un condado bajo la prefectura de Songjiang, que tenía su sede en el actual distrito de Songjiang . [33]

Dinastía Ming

Mapa del siglo XVII de la ciudad antigua de Shanghái

Dos eventos importantes ayudaron a promover el desarrollo de Shanghái en la dinastía Ming . Una muralla de la ciudad fue construida por primera vez en 1554 para proteger la ciudad de las incursiones de los piratas japoneses . Medía 10 m (33 pies) de alto y 5 km (3 mi) de circunferencia. [34] Un Templo del Dios de la Ciudad fue construido en 1602 durante el reinado de Wanli . Este honor era usualmente reservado para las capitales de prefectura y no normalmente dado a una mera sede de condado como Shanghái. Los académicos han teorizado que esto probablemente reflejaba la importancia económica de la ciudad, en oposición a su bajo estatus político. [34]

Dinastía Qing

Durante la dinastía Qing , Shanghái se convirtió en uno de los puertos marítimos más importantes de la región del delta del Yangtsé como resultado de dos importantes cambios en la política del gobierno central: en 1684, el emperador Kangxi revocó la prohibición de la dinastía Ming sobre los buques oceánicos, una prohibición que había estado en vigor desde 1525; y en 1732, el emperador Qianlong trasladó la oficina de aduanas de la provincia de Jiangsu (江海关; [g] ver Aduana, Shanghái ) de la capital de la prefectura de Songjiang a Shanghái, y le dio a Shanghái el control exclusivo sobre las recaudaciones de aduanas para el comercio exterior de Jiangsu. Como resultado de estas dos decisiones críticas, Shanghái se convirtió en el principal puerto comercial de toda la región del bajo Yangtsé en 1735, a pesar de seguir estando en el nivel administrativo más bajo de la jerarquía política. [35]

Un mapa de Shanghai en 1884; el área china está en amarillo, la francesa en rojo, la británica en azul y la estadounidense en naranja.

En el siglo XIX, la atención internacional hacia Shanghái creció debido a Europa y al reconocimiento de su potencial económico y comercial en el Yangtsé . Durante la Primera Guerra del Opio (1839-1842), las fuerzas británicas ocuparon la ciudad. [36] La guerra terminó en 1842 con el Tratado de Nanjing , que abrió Shanghái como uno de los cinco puertos del tratado para el comercio internacional. [37] El Tratado de Bogue , el Tratado de Wanghia y el Tratado de Whampoa (firmados en 1843, 1844 y 1845, respectivamente) obligaron a China a hacer concesiones a los deseos europeos y estadounidenses de visitar y comerciar en suelo chino. Gran Bretaña, Francia y los Estados Unidos establecieron una presencia fuera de la ciudad amurallada de Shanghái, que permaneció bajo la administración directa de los chinos. [38]

La antigua ciudad de Shanghái, en manos de los chinos, cayó en manos de los rebeldes de la Sociedad de las Espadas Pequeñas en 1853, pero el control de la ciudad fue recuperado por el gobierno Qing en febrero de 1855. [39] En 1854, se creó el Consejo Municipal de Shanghái para gestionar los asentamientos extranjeros. Entre 1860 y 1862, los rebeldes Taiping atacaron Shanghái dos veces y destruyeron los suburbios oriental y meridional de la ciudad, pero no lograron tomar la ciudad. [40] En 1863, el asentamiento británico al sur de Suzhou Creek (norte del distrito de Huangpu ) y el asentamiento estadounidense al norte (sur del distrito de Hongkou ) se unieron para formar el Asentamiento Internacional de Shanghái . Los franceses optaron por no participar en el Consejo Municipal de Shanghái y mantuvieron su propia concesión en el sur y suroeste de la ciudad. [41]

El desmantelamiento de las murallas de la Ciudad Vieja, 1912

La primera guerra chino-japonesa concluyó con el Tratado de Shimonoseki de 1895 , que elevó a Japón a la categoría de otra potencia extranjera en Shanghái. Japón construyó las primeras fábricas en Shanghái, que pronto fue copiada por otras potencias extranjeras. Toda esta actividad internacional le dio a Shanghái el apodo de "la Gran Atenas de China". [42]

Era de la República

La República de China se estableció en 1912. Ese mismo año, se desmantelaron las murallas de la Ciudad Vieja, ya que bloqueaban la expansión de la ciudad. [43] En julio de 1921, se fundó el Partido Comunista Chino en la Concesión Francesa de Shanghái . [38] El 30 de mayo de 1925, estalló el Movimiento del 30 de Mayo cuando un trabajador de una fábrica de algodón de propiedad japonesa fue asesinado a tiros por un capataz japonés. [44] Luego, los trabajadores de la ciudad lanzaron huelgas generales contra el imperialismo , que se convirtieron en protestas a nivel nacional que dieron lugar al nacionalismo chino . [45]

La edad de oro de Shanghái comenzó con su elevación a municipio después de que se separara de Jiangsu el 7 de julio de 1927. [38] [46] Este nuevo municipio chino cubría un área de 494,69 km2 ( 191,0 millas cuadradas), incluidos los distritos actuales de Baoshan , Yangpu , Zhabei , Nanshi y Pudong , pero excluía los territorios de concesiones extranjeras. [46] Dirigido por un alcalde chino y un consejo municipal, la primera tarea del nuevo gobierno de la ciudad, el Plan del Gran Shanghái , fue crear un nuevo centro de la ciudad en la ciudad de Jiangwan del distrito de Yangpu, fuera de los límites de las concesiones extranjeras. El plan incluía un museo público, una biblioteca, un estadio deportivo y un ayuntamiento, que se construyeron parcialmente antes de ser interrumpidos por la invasión japonesa. [47] En la década de 1920, el shidaiqu se convirtió en una nueva forma de entretenimiento y se popularizó en Shanghái. [48]

La ciudad floreció y se convirtió en un centro comercial y financiero principal de la región de Asia y el Pacífico en la década de 1930. [49] Durante las décadas siguientes, ciudadanos de muchos países y de todos los continentes llegaron a Shanghái para vivir y trabajar; aquellos que se quedaron durante largos períodos, algunos durante generaciones, se llamaron a sí mismos " shanghailanders ". [50] En las décadas de 1920 y 1930, casi 20.000 rusos blancos huyeron de la recién establecida Unión Soviética para residir en Shanghái. [51] Estos rusos de Shanghái constituyeron la segunda comunidad extranjera más grande. En 1932, Shanghái se había convertido en la quinta ciudad más grande del mundo y albergaba a 70.000 extranjeros. [52] En la década de 1930, unos 30.000 refugiados judíos de Europa llegaron a la ciudad. [53]

Invasión japonesa

El distrito de Zhabei en llamas, 1937

El 28 de enero de 1932 , las fuerzas militares japonesas invadieron Shanghái mientras los chinos resistían. Más de 10.000 tiendas y cientos de fábricas y edificios públicos [54] fueron destruidos, dejando el distrito de Zhabei en ruinas. Alrededor de 18.000 civiles murieron, resultaron heridos o fueron declarados desaparecidos. [38] Se negoció un alto el fuego el 5 de mayo. [55] En 1937, la Batalla de Shanghái resultó en la ocupación de las partes de Shanghái administradas por China fuera del Asentamiento Internacional y la Concesión Francesa. Las personas que permanecieron en la ciudad ocupada sufrieron a diario, experimentando hambre, opresión o muerte. [56] Las concesiones extranjeras fueron ocupadas finalmente por los japoneses el 8 de diciembre de 1941 y permanecieron ocupadas hasta la rendición de Japón en 1945; durante ese tiempo se cometieron múltiples crímenes de guerra . [57]

Un efecto secundario de la invasión japonesa de Shanghái fue el gueto de Shanghái . El cónsul japonés en Kaunas , Lituania , Chiune Sugihara, emitió miles de visas a refugiados judíos que escapaban de la Solución Final de los nazis a la cuestión judía . Viajaron desde Keidan , Lituania, a través de Rusia en tren hasta Vladivostok, desde donde viajaron en barco a Kobe, Japón . Su estadía en Kobe fue corta ya que el gobierno japonés los transfirió a Shanghái en noviembre de 1941. Otros refugiados judíos encontraron refugio en Shanghái, no a través de Sugihara, sino que llegaron en barcos desde Italia. Los refugiados de Europa fueron internados en un gueto abarrotado en el distrito de Hongkou y después del ataque japonés a Pearl Harbor , incluso los judíos iraquíes que habían estado viviendo en Shanghái desde antes del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron internados. Entre los refugiados en el gueto de Shanghái estaba la Yeshivá Mirrer , incluidos sus estudiantes y profesores. El 3 de septiembre de 1945, el ejército chino liberó el gueto y la mayoría de los judíos lo abandonaron en los años siguientes. [58]

Era de la República Popular

El 27 de mayo de 1949, el Ejército Popular de Liberación tomó el control de Shanghái a través de la Campaña de Shanghái . Bajo la nueva República Popular China (RPC), Shanghái fue uno de los tres únicos municipios que no se fusionaron con las provincias vecinas (los otros fueron Pekín y Tianjin ). [59] La mayoría de las empresas extranjeras trasladaron sus oficinas de Shanghái a Hong Kong , como parte de una desinversión extranjera debido a la victoria de la RPC. [60]

Calle Nanjing , 1967, durante la Revolución Cultural

Después de la guerra, la economía de Shanghái se restableció: de 1949 a 1952, la producción agrícola e industrial de la ciudad aumentó un 51,5% y un 94,2%, respectivamente. [38] En ese momento había 20 distritos urbanos y 10 suburbios. [61] El 17 de enero de 1958, Jiading , Baoshan y el condado de Shanghái en Jiangsu pasaron a formar parte del municipio de Shanghái, que se expandió a 863 km² ( 333,2 millas cuadradas). El siguiente diciembre, la superficie terrestre de Shanghái se amplió aún más a 5910 km² ( 2281,9 millas cuadradas) después de que se añadieran más áreas suburbanas circundantes en Jiangsu: Chongming , Jinshan , Qingpu , Fengxian , Chuansha y Nanhui . [62] En 1964, las divisiones administrativas de la ciudad se reorganizaron en 10 distritos urbanos y 10 condados. [61]

Como centro industrial de China con los trabajadores industriales más calificados, Shanghái se convirtió en un centro para el izquierdismo radical durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960. La izquierdista radical Jiang Qing y sus tres aliados, juntos la Banda de los Cuatro , tenían su base en la ciudad. [63] Durante la Revolución Cultural (1966-1976), la sociedad de Shanghái se vio gravemente dañada. La mayoría de los trabajadores de la sucursal de Shanghái del Banco Popular de China eran Guardias Rojos y formaron un grupo llamado Sede de Enlace Antieconómico dentro de la sucursal. [64] : 38  La Sede de Enlace Antieconómico desmanteló las organizaciones económicas en Shanghái, investigó los retiros bancarios e interrumpió el servicio bancario regular en la ciudad. [64] : 38  La Comuna Popular de Shanghái se estableció en la ciudad durante la Tormenta de Enero de 1967. A pesar de las perturbaciones de la Revolución Cultural, Shanghái mantuvo la producción económica con una tasa de crecimiento anual positiva. [38]

Durante la campaña del Tercer Frente para desarrollar la industria básica y la industria pesada en el interior de China en caso de invasión de la Unión Soviética o los Estados Unidos, 354.900 shanghaineses fueron enviados a trabajar en proyectos del Tercer Frente. [65] : xvi  La pieza central del proyecto del Pequeño Tercer Frente de Shanghai fue la "base de retaguardia" en la base de retaguardia de Anhui, que sirvió como "una base de fabricación multifunción para armamento antiaéreo y antitanque". [65] : xvi 

Desde 1949, Shanghai ha sido un contribuyente comparativamente importante de ingresos fiscales al gobierno central; en 1983, la contribución de la ciudad en ingresos fiscales fue mayor que la inversión recibida en los últimos 33 años combinados. [66] Su importancia para el bienestar fiscal del gobierno central también la privó de las liberalizaciones económicas iniciadas en 1978.

En 1990, Deng Xiaoping permitió a Shanghái iniciar reformas económicas, que reintrodujeron capital extranjero en la ciudad y desarrollaron el distrito de Pudong, lo que resultó en el nacimiento de Lujiazui . [67] Ese año, el gobierno central de China designó a Shanghái como la "Cabeza de Dragón" de la reforma económica . [68] A partir de 2020, Shanghái está clasificada como una ciudad Alpha + por la Red de Investigación de Globalización y Ciudades del Mundo , lo que la convierte en una de las 10 principales ciudades del mundo. [69]

A principios de 2022, Shanghái sufrió un gran brote de casos de COVID-19 . Después de que las medidas de confinamiento localizadas no lograran frenar el aumento de casos, el gobierno chino impuso el cierre de toda la ciudad el 5 de abril. Esto provocó una escasez generalizada de alimentos en toda la ciudad, ya que las cadenas de suministro de alimentos se vieron gravemente perturbadas por las medidas de confinamiento del gobierno, que no se levantaron hasta el 1 de junio. [70]

Geografía

El área urbana de Shanghái en 2016, junto con sus principales islas . De noroeste a sureste: Chongming , Changxing , Hengsha y los bancos de arena de Jiuduansha frente a Pudong. Se puede ver la descarga natural de sedimentos del Yangtsé.

Shanghái está situada en el estuario del Yangtsé de la costa este de China, con el río Yangtsé al norte y la bahía de Hangzhou al sur, con el mar de China Oriental al este. El terreno está formado por la deposición natural del Yangtsé y los proyectos modernos de recuperación de tierras . Como tal, tiene suelo arenoso y los rascacielos deben construirse con pilotes de hormigón profundos para evitar hundirse en el suelo blando. [71] La municipalidad provincial de Shanghái administra tanto el estuario como muchas de las islas circundantes . Limita con las provincias de Zhejiang al sur y Jiangsu al oeste y al norte. [72] El punto más septentrional del municipio está en la isla de Chongming , que es la segunda isla más grande de China continental después de su expansión durante el siglo XX. [73] No incluye administrativamente un enclave de Jiangsu en el norte de Chongming ni las dos islas que forman el puerto Yangshan de Shanghái , que son partes del condado de Shengsi de Zhejiang .

Shanghái está situada en una llanura aluvial . Como tal, la gran mayoría de sus 6.340,5 km² ( 2.448,1 millas cuadradas) de superficie terrestre es plana, con una elevación media de 4 m (13 pies). [7] Existen ecosistemas de llanuras de marea alrededor del estuario, sin embargo, hace tiempo que se han recuperado para fines agrícolas. [74] Las pocas colinas de la ciudad, como She Shan , se encuentran al suroeste, y su punto más alto es el pico de la isla Dajinshan (103 m o 338 pies) en la bahía de Hangzhou. [7] Shanghái tiene muchos ríos, canales, arroyos y lagos, y es conocida por sus ricos recursos hídricos como parte de la cuenca de drenaje del lago Tai . [75]

El centro de Shanghái está atravesado por el río Huangpu, un afluente artificial del Yangtsé creado por orden del señor Chunshen durante el período de los Reinos Combatientes. [29] El centro histórico de la ciudad estaba situado en la orilla oeste del Huangpu ( Puxi ), cerca de la desembocadura del arroyo Suzhou, que lo conectaba con el lago Tai y el Gran Canal . El distrito financiero central, Lujiazui, se ha establecido en la orilla este del Huangpu (Pudong). A lo largo de la costa este de Shanghái, la destrucción de los humedales locales debido a la construcción del Aeropuerto Internacional de Pudong se ha compensado parcialmente con la protección y expansión de un banco de arena cercano, Jiuduansha , como reserva natural. [76]

Clima

Shanghái tiene un clima subtropical húmedo ( Köppen : Cfa ), con una temperatura media anual de 17,5 °C (63,5 °F) en las zonas del centro y de 16,2–17,2 °C (61,2–63,0 °F) en los suburbios. [71] La ciudad experimenta cuatro estaciones distintas. Los inviernos son templados a fríos y húmedos; los vientos del noroeste procedentes de Siberia pueden hacer que las temperaturas nocturnas bajen por debajo del punto de congelación. Cada año, hay una media de 4,7 días con nevadas y 1,6 días con capa de nieve. [71] Los veranos son calurosos y húmedos, y se pueden esperar lluvias torrenciales ocasionales o tormentas eléctricas anormales . En promedio, 14,5 días superan los 35 °C (95 °F) al año. En verano y principios de otoño, la ciudad es susceptible a los tifones . [77]

Las estaciones más agradables son generalmente la primavera, aunque cambiante y a menudo lluviosa, y el otoño, que suele ser soleado y seco. Con un porcentaje mensual de insolación posible que oscila entre el 31% en junio y el 50% en agosto, la ciudad recibe 1.754 horas de sol brillante al año. (Todos los valores medios mencionados en este párrafo son datos observados en el distrito de Baoshan). Los extremos desde 1951 han oscilado entre -10,1 °C (14 °F) el 31 de enero de 1977 (el récord no oficial de -12,1 °C (10 °F) se estableció el 19 de enero de 1893) hasta 40,9 °C (106 °F) el 21 de julio de 2017 [78] y el 13 de julio de 2022 [79] en una estación meteorológica en Xujiahui y el 2 de agosto de 2024 en el distrito de Minhang. [80]

Paisaje urbano

Vista de Lujiazui desde el Bund durante el día
Vista de Pudong desde el distrito de Hongkou
Vista nocturna de Lujiazui en Pudong .

El Bund , situado a orillas del río Huangpu, alberga una hilera de arquitectura de principios del siglo XX, que abarca desde el neoclásico edificio HSBC hasta la Art Decó Sassoon House (ahora parte del Peace Hotel ). Muchas áreas de las antiguas concesiones extranjeras también están bien conservadas, siendo la más notable la Concesión Francesa. [87] Shanghái también alberga muchos edificios arquitectónicamente distintivos e incluso excéntricos, incluido el Museo de Shanghái , el Gran Teatro de Shanghái , el Centro de Arte Oriental y la Torre Perla Oriental . A pesar de la remodelación desenfrenada, la Ciudad Vieja aún conserva algo de arquitectura y diseños tradicionales, como el Jardín Yu , un elaborado jardín de estilo Jiangnan . [88]

Como resultado de su auge de la construcción durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, Shanghái tiene entre los edificios más art déco del mundo. [87] Uno de los arquitectos más famosos que trabajaron en Shanghái fue László Hudec , un húngaro-eslovaco que vivió en la ciudad entre 1918 y 1947. [89] Sus edificios art déco más notables incluyen el Park Hotel , el Grand Cinema y el Paramount . [90] Otros arquitectos destacados que contribuyeron al estilo art déco son Clement Palmer y Arthur Turner , quienes juntos diseñaron el Peace Hotel, el Metropole Hotel y las Broadway Mansions ; [91] y el arquitecto austríaco CH Gonda , que diseñó el Capitol Theatre. El Bund ha sido revitalizado varias veces. La primera fue en 1986, con un nuevo paseo del arquitecto holandés Paulus Snoeren. [92] El segundo fue antes de la Expo 2010 , que incluye la restauración del centenario Puente Waibaidu y la reconfiguración del flujo de tráfico. [93]

El Bund

Un elemento cultural distintivo es la residencia shikumen (石库门, "puerta de almacenamiento de piedra"), típicamente casas de ladrillo gris de dos o tres pisos con el patio delantero protegido por una pesada puerta de madera en un estilístico arco de piedra. [94] Cada residencia está conectada y dispuesta en callejones rectos, conocidos como longtang [h] (弄堂). La casa es similar a las casas adosadas o adosadas de estilo occidental , pero se distingue por la alta y pesada pared de ladrillo y el arco frente a cada casa. [96]

El shikumen es una mezcla cultural de elementos que se encuentran en la arquitectura occidental con la arquitectura y el comportamiento social tradicionales de Jiangnan. [94] Como casi todas las viviendas tradicionales chinas, tiene un patio , que reduce el ruido exterior. Se puede cultivar vegetación en el patio y también puede permitir la entrada de luz solar y ventilación en las habitaciones. [97]

Centro Financiero Mundial de Shanghái (izquierda) y Torre Jin Mao (derecha)

Algunos de los edificios de Shanghái presentan una arquitectura neoclásica soviética o arquitectura estalinista , aunque la ciudad tiene menos estructuras de este tipo que Pekín. Estos edificios se construyeron principalmente entre la fundación de la República Popular en 1949 y la división chino-soviética a fines de la década de 1960. Durante este período, un gran número de expertos soviéticos, incluidos arquitectos, llegaron a China para ayudar al país en la construcción de un estado comunista. Un ejemplo de arquitectura neoclásica soviética en Shanghái es el moderno Centro de Exposiciones de Shanghái . [98]

Shanghái, en particular Lujiazui, tiene numerosos rascacielos , lo que la convierte en la quinta ciudad del mundo con más rascacielos . [99] Entre los ejemplos más destacados se encuentran la Torre Jin Mao de 421 m (1381 pies) de altura, el Centro Financiero Mundial de Shanghái de 492 m (1614 pies) de altura y la Torre de Shanghái de 632 m (2073 pies) de altura , que es el edificio más alto de China y el tercero más alto del mundo . [100] Completada en 2015, la torre toma la forma de nueve secciones retorcidas apiladas una sobre otra, con un total de 128 pisos. [101] Se presenta en su diseño de fachada de doble piel , que elimina la necesidad de que cualquiera de las capas sea opaca para la reflectividad, ya que la estructura de doble capa ya ha reducido la absorción de calor. [102] La Torre Perla Oriental, de aspecto futurista, a 468 m (1535 pies), se encuentra cerca, en el extremo norte de Lujiazui. [103] Los rascacielos fuera de Lujiazui incluyen la White Magnolia Plaza en Hongkou, la Shimao International Plaza en Huangpu y la Shanghai Wheelock Square en Jing'an .

Política

Estructura

Edificio del Gobierno municipal de Shanghái

Al igual que todas las instituciones de gobierno en China continental , Shanghái tiene un sistema de partido-gobierno paralelo, [108] en el que el Secretario del Comité del PCC , oficialmente denominado Secretario del Comité Municipal del Partido Comunista Chino de Shanghái, tiene un rango superior al del Alcalde . [109] El comité del PCC actúa como el máximo órgano de formulación de políticas y normalmente está compuesto por 12 miembros (incluido el secretario) y tiene control sobre el Gobierno Popular Municipal de Shanghái . [110] [111]

El poder político en Shanghai ha sido frecuentemente un trampolín hacia posiciones más altas en el gobierno central. Desde que Jiang Zemin se convirtió en el Secretario General del Partido Comunista Chino en junio de 1989, todos los ex secretarios del partido de Shanghai excepto uno fueron elevados al Comité Permanente del Politburó , el órgano de toma de decisiones de facto más alto en China, [108] incluyendo al propio Jiang (Secretario General del Partido), [112] Zhu Rongji (Primer Ministro), [113] Wu Bangguo (Presidente del APN), [114] Huang Ju (Vice Primer Ministro), [115] Xi Jinping (actual Secretario General), [116] Yu Zhengsheng (Presidente del CCPPCh), [117] Han Zheng (Vice Primer Ministro y Vicepresidente), [118] y Li Qiang (Primer Ministro). Zeng Qinghong , ex subsecretario del partido de Shanghai, también ascendió al Comité Permanente del Politburó y se convirtió en Vicepresidente y un influyente agente de poder. [119] Li Xi , otro ex subsecretario del partido de Shanghai, se ha convertido en miembro del Comité Permanente del Politburó y Secretario del CCDI en 2022. La única excepción es Chen Liangyu , quien fue despedido en 2006 y luego condenado por corrupción . [120]

Los funcionarios con vínculos con la administración de Shanghai forman colectivamente una poderosa facción en el gobierno central conocida como la Camarilla de Shanghai , que a menudo ha sido vista como una competencia contra la facción rival de la Liga Juvenil por nombramientos de personal y decisiones políticas. [121] Sin embargo, Xi Jinping, sucesor de Hu Jintao como Secretario General y Presidente , fue en gran medida un líder independiente y emprendió campañas anticorrupción en ambas facciones. [122]

Divisiones administrativas

Shanghai es uno de los cuatro municipios bajo la administración directa del Gobierno Popular Central , [123] y está dividido en 16 distritos a nivel de condado .

Aunque cada distrito tiene su propio núcleo urbano, el ayuntamiento y las principales unidades administrativas se encuentran en el distrito de Huangpu, que también sirve como zona comercial, incluida la famosa calle Nanjing . Otras áreas comerciales importantes incluyen Xintiandi y Huaihai Road [i] en el distrito de Huangpu, y Xujiahui [j] en el distrito de Xuhui . Muchas universidades de Shanghái se encuentran en áreas residenciales en el distrito de Yangpu y el distrito de Putuo .

Mapa del centro de Shanghái

Siete de los distritos gobiernan Puxi ( lit.  "La Ribera Occidental" u "Al Oeste del Río Pu"), la parte más antigua de la ciudad de Shanghái en la ribera occidental del río Huangpu. Estos siete distritos se conocen colectivamente como Shanghái Propia (上海市区) o la ciudad central (市中心), que comprende Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning , Jing'an, Putuo, Hongkou y Yangpu.

Pudong ( lit.  "La orilla este" o "al este del río Pu"), la parte más nueva de la zona urbana y suburbana de Shanghai en la orilla este del río Huangpu, está gobernada por la Nueva Área de Pudong (浦东新区). [k]

Siete de los distritos gobiernan suburbios, ciudades satélite y áreas rurales más alejadas del núcleo urbano: Baoshan, [l] Minhang , [m] Jiading, [n] Jinshan, [o] Songjiang, [p] Qingpu, [q] y Fengxian. [r]

El distrito de Chongming comprende las islas de Changxing y Hengsha y la mayor parte (pero no todas ) de la isla de Chongming.

El antiguo distrito de Nanhui fue absorbido por el distrito de Pudong en 2009. En 2011, el distrito de Luwan se fusionó con el distrito de Huangpu. A partir de 2015 , estas divisiones a nivel de condado se dividen a su vez en las siguientes 210 divisiones a nivel de municipio : 109 ciudades , 2 municipios y 99 subdistritos . Estos a su vez se dividen en las siguientes divisiones a nivel de aldea : 3.661 comités de barrio y 1.704 comités de aldea. [129]

Hay una importante comunidad coreana y japonesa en Shanghai, principalmente en el distrito de Minhang .

Economía

Área metropolitana del Gran Shanghái [130] [131]

Shanghái ha sido descrita como la "obra maestra" de la floreciente economía de China . [132] [133] La ciudad es un centro global de finanzas e innovación , [134] [135] y un centro nacional de comercio, comercio y transporte, [136] con el puerto de contenedores más activo del mundo: el Puerto de Shanghái . [137] En 2018, se estimó que el área metropolitana del Gran Shanghái, que incluye Suzhou , Wuxi , Nantong , Ningbo , Jiaxing , Zhoushan y Huzhou , producía un producto metropolitano bruto de casi 9,1 billones de RMB (1,33 billones de dólares nominales o 2,08 billones de dólares en PPP ), superando al de México con un PIB (nominal) de 1,22 billones de dólares, el decimoquinto más grande del mundo. [138] [139] En 2020, se estimó que la economía de Shanghái era de 1 billón de dólares ( PPA ), lo que la sitúa como el área metropolitana más productiva de China y entre las diez economías metropolitanas más grandes del mundo. [140] Las seis industrias más grandes de Shanghái ( venta minorista , finanzas, TI , bienes raíces , fabricación de maquinaria y fabricación de automóviles ) comprenden aproximadamente la mitad del PIB de la ciudad. [141] En 2023 , Shanghái tenía un PIB de 4,72 billones de ¥ (663,87 mil millones de dólares nominales), lo que representa el 3,54% del PIB de China, y un PIB per cápita de 189.828 ¥ ( 26.187 dólares nominales) [142] . En 2022, el ingreso disponible anual promedio de los residentes de Shanghái fue de 79.610 ¥ ( 11.836 dólares ) per cápita, mientras que el salario anual promedio de las personas empleadas en unidades urbanas de Shanghái fue de 212.476 ¥ ( 31.589 dólares ), [143] lo que la convierte en una de las ciudades más ricas de China, [144] pero también la ciudad más cara de China continental para vivir según un estudio de 2023 de la Economist Intelligence Unit . [145] Desde 2018, Shanghái acoge anualmente la Exposición Internacional de Importaciones de China (CIIE), la primera exposición a nivel nacional con temática de importación del mundo.

En 2023, las importaciones y exportaciones de la ciudad alcanzaron los 7,73 billones de yuanes (1,07 billones de dólares estadounidenses), lo que representa el 18,5% del total nacional. [146]

Según el Informe Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report de Julius Baer, ​​Shanghái fue la ciudad más cara del mundo para vivir un estilo de vida lujoso en 2021. [147] Shanghái fue la quinta ciudad más rica del mundo, con una riqueza total de 1,8 billones de dólares, [148] y Shanghái ocupó el quinto lugar en cuanto a número de multimillonarios según Forbes. [149] Se proyecta que el PIB nominal de Shanghái alcanzará los 1,3 billones de dólares en 2035 (ocupando el primer lugar en China), lo que la convierte en una de las 5 principales ciudades del mundo en términos de GRP según un estudio de Oxford Economics. [150] En agosto de 2024, Shanghái ocupaba el cuarto lugar en el mundo y el segundo en China (después de Pekín) según el mayor número de empresas de Fortune Global 500 en el mundo. [151]

Shanghái fue la ciudad más grande y próspera del este de Asia durante la década de 1930, y su rápida remodelación comenzó en la década de 1990. [49] En las últimas dos décadas, Shanghái ha sido una de las ciudades de más rápido desarrollo del mundo; ha registrado un crecimiento del PIB de dos dígitos en casi todos los años entre 1992 y 2008, antes de la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 . [159]

Finanzas

La Bolsa de Valores de Shanghái es una de las bolsas de valores más grandes del mundo por capitalización de mercado.

Shanghái es un centro financiero global , que ocupa el primer lugar en toda la región de Asia y Oceanía y el tercero a nivel mundial (después de Nueva York y Londres) en la 28.ª edición del Índice de Centros Financieros Globales , [160] publicado en septiembre de 2020 por Z/Yen y el Instituto de Desarrollo de China . [161] Shanghái también es un gran centro de la industria tecnológica china y mundial y alberga un gran ecosistema de empresas emergentes. En 2021, la ciudad fue clasificada como la segunda potencia de Fintech en el mundo después de la ciudad de Nueva York. [162]

En 2019 , la Bolsa de Valores de Shanghái tenía una capitalización de mercado de 4,02 billones de dólares estadounidenses , lo que la convierte en la bolsa de valores más grande de China y la cuarta bolsa de valores más grande del mundo. [163] En 2009, el volumen de comercio de seis productos básicos clave (incluidos el caucho, el cobre y el zinc) en la Bolsa de Futuros de Shanghái ocupó el primer lugar a nivel mundial. [164] A fines de 2017, Shanghái tenía 1491 instituciones financieras, de las cuales 251 tenían inversión extranjera. [165]

En septiembre de 2013, con el respaldo del primer ministro chino Li Keqiang , la ciudad lanzó la Zona de Libre Comercio de Shanghái , la primera zona de libre comercio en China continental. La zona introdujo una serie de reformas piloto diseñadas para incentivar la inversión extranjera. En abril de 2014, The Banker informó que Shanghái "ha atraído los mayores volúmenes de inversión extranjera directa del sector financiero en la región de Asia y el Pacífico en los 12 meses hasta fines de enero de 2014". [166] En agosto de 2014, la revista fDi nombró a Shanghái la "Provincia china del futuro 2014/15" debido a "desempeño particularmente impresionante en las categorías de facilidad para los negocios y conectividad, así como por ubicarse en segundo lugar en las categorías de potencial económico y capital humano y estilo de vida". [167]

Fabricación

La fragata F-22P construida por Hudong-Zhonghua para la Armada de Pakistán

As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and heavy industry. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's secondary sector. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker Baosteel Group, China's largest shipbuilding base Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group, and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, the Jiangnan Shipyard.[168][169] Auto manufacturing is another important industry. The Shanghai-based SAIC Motor is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with Volkswagen and General Motors.[170] The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.[171]

Tourism

La calle peatonal Nanjing de noche. Es un popular centro comercial de Shanghái.
Nanjing Road near The Bund at night. This is a popular commercial center in Shanghai.

Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. In 2017, the number of domestic tourists increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.[165] In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.[172] As of 2023, Shanghai had 57 five-star hotels, 52 four star hotels, 1,942 travel agencies, 144 rated tourist attractions, and 34 red tourist attractions.[153]

In 2023, Shanghai's tourism industry generated an added value of CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion), marking a remarkable 98.5% increase compared to the previous year. The city welcomed a total of 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million with a 5.2-fold increase.[153]

The conference and meeting sector is also growing. According to the International Congress and Convention Association, Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.[173][174]

Free-trade zone

Shanghai is home to China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China.[175] As of October 2019, it is also the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind Hainan Free Trade Zone [zh], which covers the whole Hainan province[176]) by covering an area of 240.22 km2 (92.75 sq mi) and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.[177][178] The industrial chain of port logistics has shaped the future development direction of the free-trade zone in Shanghai. Currently, two port chain centers have been approved for construction in Waigaoqiao and Yangshan.[179] Several preferential policies have been implemented to attract foreign investment in various industries to the zone. Because the zone is not technically considered Chinese territory for tax purposes, commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.[180]

Demographics

As of 2023, Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) hukou holders (registered locally).[153] As of 2022, 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.[143] Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.[182] According to the OECD, Shanghai's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 34 million.[183]

According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.[184] The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.[185] Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.[153]

Shanghai has a life expectancy of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,[186] the highest life expectancy of all cities in mainland China. This has also caused the city to experience population aging—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.[153] In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.[187]

Religion

Bird's-eye view of the golden pagoda of Jing'an Temple

Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including Buddhists with 10.4%, Protestants with 1.9%, Catholics with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either atheists or involved in worship of nature deities and ancestors or folk religious sects.[188]

Religion in Shanghai (2012):

  Chinese folk religion, or atheist (87.46%)
  Buddhism (10.30%)
  Christianity (1.88%)
  Islam (0.36%)

Buddhism, in its Chinese varieties, has had a presence in Shanghai since the Three Kingdoms period, during which the Longhua Temple—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the Jing'an Temple were founded.[189] Another significant temple is the Jade Buddha Temple, which was named after a large statue of Buddha carved out of jade in the temple.[190] As of 2014, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 clergical staff, and 453,300 registered followers.[189] The religion also has its own college, the Shanghai Buddhist College [zh], and its own press, Shanghai Buddhological Press [zh].[191]

The St. Ignatius Cathedral

Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary Lazzaro Cattaneo.[192] The Apostolic Vicariate of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the Diocese of Shanghai in 1946.[193] Notable Catholic sites include the St. Ignatius Cathedral in Xujiahui—the largest Catholic church in the city,[194] the St. Francis Xavier Church, and the She Shan Basilica.[195] Other forms of Christianity in Shanghai include Eastern Orthodox minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant All Saints Church in Huangpu was built in 1925 and features a Neo-Romanesque tower.

Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the Treaty of Nanking ended the First Opium War in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. The Sassoons amassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.[196] The Hardoons were another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financed Nanjing Road, which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.[196]

During World War II, thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee Nazi Germany. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.[197] In 1939, Horace Kadoorie, the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.[198]

Islam came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, Songjiang Mosque, was built during the Zhizheng (至正) era under Emperor Huizong (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's Muslim population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, the Huxi Mosque, and the Pudong Mosque—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.[199] According to the sixth census of China in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.[200]

Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the Dajing Ge Pavilion dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general Guan Yu, the Confucian Temple of Shanghai, and a major Taoist center Shanghai White Cloud Temple [zh] where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.[201]

Language

The vernacular language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the Taihu Wu subgroup of the Wu Chinese language family. This is different from the national language, Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.[203] Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably Suzhounese, and Ningbonese[204]

Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around Jiaxing and later Suzhou,[204] and was known as "the local tongue" (本地閑話), a name which is now used in suburbs only.[205] In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese (市區閑話 or simply 上海閑話) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the prestige dialect of the Yangtze River Delta region. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government.[204] Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a lingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.[206][207]

Education and research

Shanghai Jiao Tong University Library

Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2022, it was ranked third globally and second in the whole Asia & Oceania region (after Beijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.[208] It is also a major center of higher education in China. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in East China region as a city with most higher education institutions.[209]

Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,[210][211] with 15 universities listed in 147 Double First-Class Universities ranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). A number of China's most prestigious universities appearing in the global university rankings are based in Shanghai, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, Shanghai University, East China University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai International Studies University, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Maritime University, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai Conservatory of Music, and Shanghai University of Sport.[211][212][213] Some of these universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.[214][215]

Fudan University

Shanghai is a seat of two members (Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University) of the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,[216] and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10, [217][218] and in the global top 100 research comprehensive universities according to the most influential university rankings in the world such as QS Rankings, Shanghai Rankings, Times Higher Education Rankings and U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking.[219][220][221][211] Fudan University established a joint EMBA program with Washington University in St. Louis in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.[222][223]

The other two members of the "Project 985," Tongji University and East China Normal University, are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where they ranked 150–175th globally.[224] The city is also home to the Shanghai University of Sport, which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.[225] As of 2023, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #36 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments 2023" released by Shanghai Ranking.[226]

The city has many Chinese–foreign joint education institutes [zh], such as the Shanghai UniversityUniversity of Technology Sydney Business School since 1994, the University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and New York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.[227][228] In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the ShanghaiTech University in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong.[229] Shanghai is also home to the cadre school China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong and the China Europe International Business School. The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.

The city is also a seat of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China's oldest think tank for the humanities and social sciences. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).[230]

By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 68 institutions for higher education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools.[153] In Shanghai, the nine years of compulsory education—including five years of primary education and four years of junior secondary education—are free, with a gross enrollment ratio of over 99.9%.[153] The city's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the Program for International Student Assessment, a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.[231][232] The consecutive three-year senior secondary education is priced and uses the Senior High School Entrance Examination (Zhongkao) as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.[233] Among all senior high schools, the four with the best teaching quality—Shanghai High School, No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University, High School Affiliated to Fudan University, and High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University—are termed "The Four Schools" (“四校”) of Shanghai.[234] As of October 2019, the city's National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics).[235]

Transport

Public

A Line 9 train on the Shanghai Metro, the longest metro system in the world.
Shanghai Metro Network

Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, all of which can be accessed using a Shanghai Public Transport Card.[236]

Shanghai's rapid transit system, the Shanghai Metro, incorporates both subway and light metro lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. As of 2021, there are 19 metro lines (excluding the Shanghai maglev train and Jinshan railway), 515 stations, and 803 km (499 mi) of lines in operation, making it the longest network in the world.[153] On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.[237] The average fare ranges from CN¥3 (US$0.48) to CN¥9 (US$1.28), depending on the travel distance.[238]

A maglev train leaving Pudong International Airport

Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed maglev in the world, with a maximum operation speed of 430 km/h (267 mph).[239] The train can complete the 30-kilometer (19 mi) journey between Longyang Road station and Pudong International Airport in 7 minutes 20 seconds,[240] comparing to 32 minutes by Metro Line 2[241] and 30 minutes by car.[242] A one-way ticket costs CN¥50 (US$8), or CN¥40 (US$6.40) for those with airline tickets or public transportation cards. A round-trip ticket costs CN¥80 (US$12.80), and VIP tickets cost double the standard fare.[243]

With the first tram line been in service in 1908, trams were once popular in Shanghai in the early 20th century. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,[244] all of which were nationalized after the PRC's victory in 1949. Since the 1960s, many tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by trolleybus or motorbus lines;[245] the last tram line was demolished in 1975.[246] Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010, as a modern rubber-tire Translohr system in Zhangjiang area of East Shanghai as Zhangjiang Tram.[247] In 2018, the steel wheeled Songjiang Tram started operating in Songjiang District.[248] Additional tram lines are under planning in Hongqiao Subdistrict and Jiading District as of 2019.[249]

The Shanghai Trolleybus network is currently the oldest in the world.

Shanghai also has the world's most extensive bus network, including the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of 8,997 km (5,590 mi) by 2019.[153] The system is operated by multiple companies.[250] Bus fares generally cost CN¥2 (US$0.32).[251] Shanghai also has three bus rapid transit systems, namely the Yan'an Road Medium Capacity Bus Transit System, Fengpu Express and Nantuan Express.

As of 2019, a total of 40,000 taxis were in operation in Shanghai.[153] The base fare for taxis is CN¥14 (US$2.24), which covers the first 3 km (2 mi) and includes a CN¥1 (US$0.14) fuel surcharge. The base fare is CN¥18 (US$2.55) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am. Each additional kilometer costs CN¥2.7 (US$0.45), or CN¥4.05 (US$0.67) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am.[252] Taxicabs and DiDi play major roles in urban transportation and DiDi is often cheaper than taxis.[253]

As of January 2021, Shanghai Metro has 459 stations and 772 km. The scale of operation is the first in the world. in 2017, the average daily passenger traffic of the Shanghai metro was 9.693 million, and the total passenger traffic reached 3.538 billion. It is one of the busiest metro cities in the world. The metro lines cover the central city densely and connect most districts and counties.[254]

Roads and expressways

Interchange between Yan'an Elevated Road and North–South Elevated Road

Shanghai is a major hub of China's expressway network. Many national expressways (prefixed with the letter G) pass through or end in Shanghai, including Jinghu Expressway (overlaps with Hurong Expressway), Shenhai Expressway, Hushaan Expressway, Huyu Expressway, Hukun Expressway (overlaps with Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway), and Shanghai Ring Expressway.[255] There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S.[255] As of 2019, Shanghai has a total of 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.[256][257] The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge is the city's only bridge–tunnel complex across Yangtze River.

The expressway network within the city center consists of North–South Elevated Road, Yan'an Elevated Road, and Inner Ring Road. Other ring roads in Shanghai include Middle Ring Road, Outer Ring Expressway, and Shanghai Ring Expressway.

Bicycle-sharing systems, such as ofo (yellow) and Mobike (orange), are common in Shanghai.

Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. In recent years, cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the emergence of a large number of dockless app-based bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike, Bluegogo, and ofo.[258] As of December 2018, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.[259]

Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.[153] New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about CN¥89,600 (US$12,739) in 2019.[260] According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.[261] Public transport, biking infrastructure, walkability, generally permits to live in the city without a car.[262][263][264]

License plates for fully electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free.[265]: 168 

Railways

Shanghai railway station

Shanghai has four major railway stations: Shanghai railway station, Shanghai South railway station, Shanghai West railway station, and Shanghai Hongqiao railway station.[266] All are connected to the metro network and serve as hubs in the railway network of China. And now Shanghai has around twenty railway lines running under this city, which largely facilitate people's life in Shanghai.

Built in 1876, the Woosung railway was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China[267] By 1909, Shanghai–Nanjing railway and Shanghai–Hangzhou railway were in service.[268][269] As of October 2019, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: Beijing–Shanghai railway and Shanghai–Kunming railway, respectively.[270]

Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs): Beijing–Shanghai HSR (overlaps with Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway), Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai–Kunming HSR, and Shanghai–Nantong railway. One HSR is under construction: Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR.[271][272]

Shanghai also has four commuter railways: Pudong railway (passenger service is currently suspended) and Jinshan railway operated by China Railway, and Line 16 and Line 17 operated by Shanghai Metro.[273][274] As of January 2022, four additional lines—Chongming line, Jiamin line, Airport link line and Lianggang Express line—are under construction.[274][275]

Air and sea

Inside Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal 1

Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.[276] The city has two commercial airports: Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.[277] Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.[278][279] The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.[278]

Due to Yangshan Port, Shanghai has become the world's busiest container port.

Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has rapidly grown to become the largest port in China.[280] Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large container ships. The port is connected with the mainland through the 32-kilometer (20 mi) long Donghai Bridge. Although the port is run by the Shanghai International Port Group under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.[281]

Overtaking the Port of Singapore in 2010,[282] the Port of Shanghai has become world's busiest container port with an annual TEU transportation of 42 million in 2018.[283] Besides cargo, the Port of Shanghai handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.[153]

Shanghai is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and the Eastern Europe.[284][285][286][287][288]

Culture

Shanghai Citi Bank Building operates a light show, shining the phrase "I love Shanghai."

The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the nearby Wuyue culture and the "East Meets West" Haipai culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from nearby Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and Shanghai cuisine, which was influenced by Jiangsu cuisine and Zhejiang cuisine.[289] Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.[290] The culture fuses elements of Western cultures with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.[291] The term Haipai—originally referring to a painting school in Shanghai—was coined by a group of Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize some Shanghai scholars for admiring capitalism and Western culture.[291][292] In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture.[293]

Museums

The China Art Museum, located in Pudong

Cultural curation in Shanghai has seen significant growth since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.[294] This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city."[295] As such, Shanghai has several museums of regional and national importance.[296][297] The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of ancient Chinese bronzes and ceramics.[298] The China Art Museum, located in the former China pavilion at Expo 2010, is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival.[299] The Shanghai Natural History Museum and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum are notable natural history and science museums. In addition, there are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in important archeological and historical sites, such as the Songze Museum,[300] the Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the site of the former Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea,[301] the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in the General Post Office Building).[302]

Cuisine

Xiaolongbao in Shanghai

Benbang cuisine (本帮菜)[303] is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially when used in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include Xiaolongbao, Red braised pork belly, and Shanghai hairy crab.[304] Haipai cuisine, on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It absorbed elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them to suit the local taste according to the features of local ingredients.[305] Famous dishes of Haipai cuisine include Shanghai-style borscht (罗宋汤, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and Shanghai salad derived from Olivier salad.[306] Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, including freshwater fish, shrimps, and crabs.[307]

Arts

十万图之四 (No. 4 of a Hundred Thousand Scenes) by Ren Xiong, a pioneer of the Shanghai School of Chinese art, c. 1850

The Songjiang School (淞江派), containing the Huating School (华亭派) founded by Gu Zhengyi,[313] was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.[314] It was represented by Dong Qichang.[315] The school was considered an expansion of the Wu School in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.[316] In the mid 19th century, the Shanghai School movement commenced, focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by the Literati style but more on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors. Secular objects like flowers and birds were often selected as themes.[317] Western art was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer (范廷佐), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the Tushanwan orphanage [zh; fr].[318] During the Republic of China, many famous artists including Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai, and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. Various art forms—including photography, wood carving, sculpture, comics (Manhua), and Lianhuanhua—thrived. Sanmao was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.[319] Today, the most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditional Chinese painting,[320] while the Power Station of Art displays contemporary art.[321] The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in the M50 Art District and Tianzifang. First held in 1996, the Shanghai Biennale has become an important place for Chinese and foreign arts to interact.[322]

Mei Lanfang performing the Peking opera "Resisting the Jin Army" at Tianchan Theatre

Traditional Chinese opera (Xiqu) became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, monologue and burlesque in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. The Great World opened in 1912 and was a significant stage at the time.[323] In the 1920s, Pingtan expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai.[324] Pingtan art developed rapidly to 103 programs every day by the 1930s because of the abundant commercial radio stations in the city. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. Led by Zhou Xinfang and Gai Jiaotian [zh], it attracted many Xiqu masters, like Mei Lanfang, to the city.[325] A small troupe from Shengxian (now Shengzhou) also began to promote Yue opera on the Shanghainese stage.[326] A unique style of opera, Shanghai opera, was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.[327] As of 2012, prominent troupes in Shanghai include Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company, Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe [zh], Shanghai Yue Opera House, and Shanghai Huju Opera House.[328]

Drama appeared in missionary schools in Shanghai in the late 19th century. At the time, it was mainly performed in English. Scandals in Officialdom (官场丑史), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.[329] In 1907, Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly (黑奴吁天录) was performed at the Lyceum Theatre [zh].[330] After the New Culture Movement, drama became a popular way for students and intellectuals to express their views. The city has several major institutes of theater training, including the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Centre, the Shanghai Opera House, and the Shanghai Theatre Academy. Notable theaters in Shanghai include the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the Oriental Art Center, and the People's Theatre.

In this Shanghainese soap advertisement from the 1930s, two women are wearing Shanghai-styled qipao while playing golf.

Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace of Chinese cinema.[331] China's first short film, The Difficult Couple (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather (孤儿救祖记, 1923)[332] were both produced in Shanghai. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Zhou Xuan, Jin Yan, and Zhao Dan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Communist revolution contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry.[333] The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Wong Kar-wai, a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.[334]

Shanghai's cultural festivals include Shanghai International Television Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai International Art Festival, Shanghai International Tourism Festival, Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, etc. Shanghai TV Festival is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. It was founded in 1986. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category. The highest award is the "Golden Goblet Award"[335]

Fashion

Since 2001, Shanghai has held its own fashion week called Shanghai Fashion Week twice every year in April and October. The main venue is in Fuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival.[336] Shanghai Fashion Week is considered to be an event of national significance featuring both international and Chinese designers. The international presence has included many promising young British fashion designers.[337] The event is hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government and supported by the People's Republic Ministry of Commerce.[338]

Sports

F1 Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai

Shanghai is home to several football teams, including two in the Chinese Super League: Shanghai Shenhua[339] and Shanghai Port.[340] Shanghai's top-tier basketball team, the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association, developed Yao Ming before he entered the NBA.[341][342] Shanghai's baseball team, the Shanghai Golden Eagles, plays in the China Baseball League.[343]

The Shanghai Cricket Club dates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of British Naval officers and a Shanghai 11. Following a 45-year dormancy after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members. The Shanghai cricket team played various international matches between 1866 and 1948. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de facto China national cricket team.[344]

Yao Ming was born in Shanghai. He started his career with the Shanghai Sharks.

Shanghai is home to many prominent Chinese professional athletes, such as basketball player Yao Ming,[342] 110 metres hurdles Liu Xiang,[345] table tennis player Wang Liqin,[346] and badminton player Wang Yihan.[347]

In 2023, athletes from Shanghai collectively won 19 gold medals at world championships and 38 gold medals at the highest-level national competitions.[348]

Shanghai Masters in Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena

Shanghai is the host of several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted the Chinese Grand Prix, a round of the Formula One World Championship. The race is staged annually at the Shanghai International Circuit.[349] It hosted the 1000th Formula One race on 14 April 2019. In 2010, Shanghai became the host city of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, which raced in a street circuit in Pudong. In 2012, Shanghai began hosting 4 Hours of Shanghai as one round from the inaugural season of the FIA World Endurance Championship. The city also hosts the Shanghai Masters tennis tournament, which is part of ATP World Tour Masters 1000, as well as golf tournaments including the BMW Masters and WGC-HSBC Champions.[350]

On 21 September 2017, Shanghai hosted a National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey exhibition game in an effort to increase fan interest for the 2017–18 NHL season.[351]

Shanghai is solidifying its status as a global hub for premier professional sports events. In 2023, Shanghai hosted a total of 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million). [352]

In 2024, the city is set to host nearly 175 domestic and international tournaments. [353] Notable events on the calendar include the Olympic Qualifier Series, the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix, the 2024 FIA Formula E World Championship (Shanghai), the 2024 Archery World Cup, the WDSF Grand Slam Final, and the ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2024, among others.[354]

Environment

Parks and resorts

Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was 9 m2 (97 sq ft).[355] Some of the parks also have become popular tourist attractions due to their unique location, history, or architecture.

People's Park

The People's Square park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.[356]

Zhongshan Park, in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.[357] Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, the park features sakura and peony gardens and a 150-year-old platanus,[358] and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.[359]

One of Shanghai's newer parks is the Xujiahui Park, which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.[360] Shanghai Botanical Garden is located 12 km (7 mi) southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.[361]

Enchanted Storybook Castle of Shanghai Disneyland

Other notable parks in Shanghai include Lu Xun Park, Century Park, Gucun Park, Gongqing Forest Park, and Jing'an Park.

The Shanghai Disney Resort Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009[362] and opened in 2016.[363]The $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.[364] More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.[365]

Air pollution

Huangpu District during the 2013 Eastern China smog

Air pollution in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.[366] During the December 2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.[367][368] On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.[368] Levels of PM2.5 in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.[369][370] As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.[371]

On 23 January 2014, Yang Xiong, the mayor of Shanghai, announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.[372] The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.[372] On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a CN¥10 billion (US$1.7 billion) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.[373] The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual smoke, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.[374][375]

In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.[376]

Environmental protection

A residual waste truck and a kitchen waste truck on Zhonghua Road

Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.[377][378] Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces,[379] and provided incentives for transportation companies to invest in LPG buses and taxis.

On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.[380] The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to incineration plants, landfills, recycling centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.[381]

Media

Media in Shanghai [zh] covers newspapers, publisher, broadcast, television, and Internet, with some media having influence over the country. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the IFLA Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the Chronicle."[382]

As of March 2020, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:

Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include:

The city's main broadcaster is Shanghai Media Group.

International relations

The city is the seat of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states.

Twin towns – sister cities

Shanghai is twinned with:[387]

Consulates and consulates general

As of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade office.[389]

The Russian Consulate General in Shanghai, located on the banks of the Suzhou River

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /ʃæŋˈh/;[12] Chinese: 上海; pinyin: Shànghǎi, Shanghainese: zaon6 he5 [zɑ̃˩ hɛ˦] , Standard Chinese pronunciation: [ʂâŋ.xàɪ]
  2. ^ Traditional Chinese: [17]
  3. ^ Traditional Chinese: 滬瀆[18]
  4. ^ Chinese: 華亭
  5. ^ The first Chinese character "魔" has three meanings according to The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese: (1) Devil. (2) Metaphor for something that harms people or evil forces. (3) Magical; unpredictable.
  6. ^ Chinese: 青龍鎮
  7. ^ Chinese: 江海關
  8. ^ Shanghainese romanization: longdhang; Wu Chinese pronunciation: [lòŋdɑ̃́][95]
  9. ^ historically "Avenue Joffre"[126]
  10. ^ Shanghainese romanization: Xhigawhe, Zikawei, or Siccawei; Wu Chinese pronunciation: [ʑìkᴀ̋ɦuᴇ᷆]
  11. ^ Chuansha County until 1992;[61] merged with Nanhui District in 2009 with oversight of the Jiuduansha shoals[127]
  12. ^ Baoshan County and Wusong District until 1988[61]
  13. ^ Original Minhang District and Shanghai County until 1992[61]
  14. ^ Jiading County until 1992[61]
  15. ^ Jinshan County until 1997
  16. ^ Songjiang County until 1998
  17. ^ Qingpu County until 1999
  18. ^ Fengxian County until 2001
  19. ^ The absorption of the separate island of Yonglongsha by Chongming in the 1970s has produced a narrow pene-enclave of Jiangsu along about 20 kilometers (12 mi) of the northern shore of the island, separately administered as Nantong's Haiyong and Qilong townships.[128]

References

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  2. ^ New Book of Tang, vol. 41: "Huating County, a greater county, established in the tenth year of Tianbao (751), which splits the Jiaxing Prefecture"
  3. ^ "行政区划 (in Chinese)". Government of Shanghai. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
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Further reading

External links