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Pandemia de COVID-19 en Chile

La pandemia mundial de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 ( COVID-19 ) causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo ( SARS-CoV-2 ) afectó gravemente a Chile . Se confirmó que el virus había llegado a Chile el 3 de marzo de 2020. [5] Los casos iniciales se habían importado del sudeste asiático y Europa, y se expandieron a una gran cantidad de infecciones no rastreables, lo que colocó al país dentro de la fase 4 de la pandemia según la definición de la Organización Mundial de la Salud , con más de 1000 casos confirmados al 25 de marzo de 2020.

Los casos se concentran en la región metropolitana de Santiago , con brotes en otras regiones del país. En Chile no se estableció un confinamiento nacional, a diferencia de sus vecinos Argentina y Perú , aunque se implementó un toque de queda nocturno en todo el país. Se establecieron cuarentenas a nivel local en distintas ciudades y barrios. Sin embargo, en mayo de 2020 toda la ciudad de Santiago fue puesta bajo cuarentena obligatoria debido a un aumento de casos, y situaciones similares se extendieron a la mayoría de las ciudades más grandes de Chile.

Teniendo en cuenta su población, en junio de 2020 Chile tenía uno de los peores brotes del mundo. [6] Inicialmente, el número de muertes reportadas fue menor que en otros países de América del Sur , incluso aquellos con menos casos. Sin embargo, en mayo de 2020, el número de casos y muertes aumentó rápidamente, mientras que varias fuentes informaron un exceso de muertes no atribuidas oficialmente a covid, que no fueron contabilizadas. [7] [8] Para junio de 2020, el gobierno confirmó miles de muertes adicionales debido a COVID-19, incluidos casos sospechosos en los que las pruebas de PCR no estaban disponibles. [9] La pandemia alcanzó un pico el 13 de junio con 195 muertes diarias confirmadas y casi 7.000 casos positivos. [1] Para julio de 2020, 10.000 personas habían muerto y Chile tenía el sexto mayor número de casos en el mundo. [10] [11] En las semanas siguientes, el número de casos y muertes diarias comenzó a disminuir lentamente, aunque aparecieron algunos brotes locales. El número de casos aumentó más adelante en el año y en marzo de 2021 el número de casos diarios superó a los de la ola inicial. [12]

Chile se convirtió en uno de los primeros países en iniciar un programa nacional de vacunación contra la COVID-19 . El 24 de diciembre de 2020 llegó al país el primer lote de vacunas para inocular principalmente a los trabajadores de la salud. [13] Con lotes más grandes de vacunas (principalmente CoronaVac de Sinovac ) que llegaron a partir de febrero de 2021, Chile se convirtió en uno de los países más rápidos del mundo en inocular a su población: en marzo de 2021, una cuarta parte de la población había recibido al menos una dosis. Esta rápida respuesta se debió a la firma de contratos con múltiples proveedores, un sólido programa público de inmunización y poco sentimiento antivacunas. [14] A pesar del éxito del programa de vacunación, el número de casos aumentó, lo que se ha atribuido a una relajación temprana de las restricciones y a una falsa sensación de seguridad. [15] [16] [17]

Con más de 92.000 casos y 2.500 muertes por millón de habitantes, [1] el impacto de la pandemia ha sido grande en el país sudamericano. En marzo de 2020, cuando se reportaron los primeros casos de COVID-19, el país aún enfrentaba protestas y disturbios [c] que habían comenzado en octubre de 2019, y la pandemia afectó el referéndum constitucional chileno programado para 2020 , que fue reprogramado y celebrado más tarde en el año. En los primeros meses se establecieron confinamientos parciales y cuarentenas, lo que golpeó la economía del país. En abril de 2020, el desempleo había alcanzado el 9%, un máximo de diez años. [19] [20] A fines de mayo se desató una ola de protestas, principalmente en Santiago, debido a la escasez de alimentos en ciertos sectores de la población. [21] El PIB chileno se contrajo un 5,8% en 2020, la mayor recesión en 40 años en el país. [22] Chile es el único país del mundo con procedimientos de ingreso como la exigencia de homologación de vacunas para viajar. [23]

Fondo

Un paciente con COVID-19 es atendido en el Hospital Universitario Católica, en Santiago.

El 12 de enero, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) confirmó que un nuevo coronavirus fue la causa de una enfermedad respiratoria en un grupo de personas en la ciudad de Wuhan, provincia de Hubei (China), que llegó a la atención de la OMS por primera vez el 31 de diciembre de 2019. [24] [25]

La tasa de letalidad de la COVID-19 fue mucho menor que la del brote de SARS de 2002-2004 , que se debió a otro coronavirus, el SARS-CoV-1 , [26] [27] pero la transmisibilidad fue significativamente mayor, lo que provocó muchas muertes debido a la gran cantidad de casos. [28] [26]

Cronología


2020

Marzo

Casos por población en países seleccionados. Desde mayo de 2020, Chile se convirtió en uno de los países con mayor número de infectados en el mundo.

Abril - Mayo

Junio

Un médico de cuidados intensivos en Santiago de Chile.

Julio - agosto

Octubre - Diciembre

2021

Programa de vacunación COVID-19 en Santiago .

Enero - febrero

Marzo

Abril - Mayo

Diciembre

2022

Estadística

Informe diario

La siguiente tabla incluye los datos reportados diariamente por el Ministerio de Salud , con base en la información disponible a las 21:00 horas del día anterior a la emisión del reporte. [1]

El 9 de junio de 2020, el Ministerio de Salud anunció un nuevo proceso para contabilizar el número de muertes, con base en los datos registrados por el Servicio de Registro Civil e Identificación el día anterior. Ese método se modificó nuevamente el 17 de julio; a partir de ese día, las muertes se contabilizaron utilizando los datos del Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud (DEIS) del Ministerio de Salud. [78] Debido al proceso de detección de muertes, los informes diarios incluyeron muertes de varios días antes, lo que creó una brecha entre la fecha del informe y la fecha oficial de muerte. [72]

También se muestra un gráfico con los casos activos tal como aparecen en la página de datos oficiales del Ministerio, que se basan en información ajustada retroactivamente en lugar de informes diarios. [108]

Charts

Cases

Deaths

Health care situation

Vaccination program

Distribution per region

Summary

Impact

For the first time since its creation, science observations at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) were paused as most of its staff were moved to their homes to avoid infection.

Events

On 2 March 2020, The CRU World Copper Conference in Santiago, the largest annual gathering of copper miners in the world, which was scheduled between 23 and 27 March 2020, was canceled due to concerns over travel risks associated with the coronavirus pandemic.[109]

Large scale events such as Lollapalooza Chile (scheduled between 27 and 29 March 2020) and the XXI International Air and Space Fair (scheduled to take place between 31 March and 5 April), were preventively suspended.[110][111]

Politics

A food box delivered by the government as part of a relief plan in June 2020.
Sebastián Piñera (center) in the ceremony of designation of Enrique Paris (left) as minister of Health, replacing Jaime Mañalich (right).

A few months before the first cases of COVID-19, Chile had a series of massive protests and riots against the government of Sebastián Piñera, known locally as el Estallido social. Although not as massive as in October or November 2019, several protests continued in 2021 in the main Chilean cities. However, most of them had to come to a halt due to pandemic and the establishment of several partial lockdowns in Santiago and other cities. The situation was initially seen as an opportunity by the Piñera government to ease the protests and change of the government's priorities, focusing on the pandemic management instead of the protests' claims; internally, some government members even called the situation, "Saint Covid".[112] In the few weeks after the start of lockdowns, government agencies erased most of the street art in downtown Santiago that was drawn during the protests and Piñera visited an empty Plaza Italia —the main site of protests— to take some pictures there, which was considered by many as a way of taunting the protesters under quarantine.[113][114]

Once the number of COVID-19 cases started to rise in mid May 2020, the situation turned difficult for the Piñera administration. On one hand, the government had a difficult and tense relationship with scientists and healthcare professionals, especially the Chilean Medical College, who criticized the lack of transparent data, considered several measures taken as inadequate or belated, and denounced precarious and unsafe conditions for health workers.[115] Mayors, including some of the governing political parties, openly disobeyed some measures from the government and implemented their own protection measures.[115] Izkia Siches, president of the Chilean Medical College, became a popular figure, becoming one of the politicians with the largest approval rating in several polls.[116]

On the other hand, the impact of the pandemic unleashed a serious economic crisis. Even thought the government offered different relief plans for companies and people,[117] those plans were deemed insufficient and extremely restrictive, excluding several groups of affected people.[118] This increased the distance with the political opposition and even with some members of the governing coalition. Owing to the perceived lack of support for the people affected by the pandemic, a group of left-wing politicians proposed a constitutional reform to allow people to withdraw a 10% of their pension funds without restrictions. While the government rejected the proposal, it echoed with the population and even some right-wing politicians supported the proposal.[119] The proposal was approved by both chambers of the Congress in June 2021 by a supermajority, giving a serious blow to the Piñera administration.[120] A second 10% withdrawal was approved in December and a third one was approved in April 2021.[121] After the third project was approved with bipartisan support, Sebastián Piñera denounced it as unconstitutional and presented it to the Constitutional Court of Chile; however, the Court voted 7 to 3 to approve the constitutional reform, dealing another loss for the president.[122]

The shocking defeat in the Court was considered for many as the political end of the Piñera government.[123][124] According to several polls, the Piñera administration received its lowest level of support, reaching below 10%.[125][126] As a way to confront the different controversies and issues, Piñera had to change several times the composition of its cabinet, becoming the most unstable government since the return of democracy in Chile; included in the sacked ministers due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its ramifications were the minister of Interior Gonzalo Blumel, the minister of Health Jaime Mañalich and the minister of Social Development Sebastián Sichel.[127][128]

Postponement of elections

Long queues were registered in the 2020 Chilean national plebiscite due to a record turnout and to avoid agglomerations.

As a result of the Estallido social, a process to write a new Constitution was announced a few months before the first cases of COVID-19. The process included an initial referendum and, in case the process was approved by voters, new elections would elect the members of the Constitutional Convention that would lead the process.

The Chilean government initially stated that the initial plebiscite would be held in the original 26 April 2020 date under sanitary safeguard measures.[129] However, on 19 March 2020, Chilean lawmakers reached an agreement to postpone the referendum until late October as safety concerns around the coronavirus pandemic took precedence over politics. The referendum was rescheduled for 25 October 2020,[130] following formal approval by a two-thirds vote of congress on 24 March.[131]

The municipal and regional elections, originally to be held on 25 October 2020, were moved to 11 April 2021, just like the election of the members for the Constitutional Convention eventually approved by the national referendum. Several safety concerns were raised for the April 2021 elections due to the large number of ballots and candidates available, which would increase the average time to vote and could potentially generate agglomerations. To avoid this issue, the government proposed to held the elections on two days, 10 and 11 April 2021, which was eventually approved by Congress.[132] However, the rapid increase of cases in the last weeks of March forced the authorities to postpone the election for 5 weeks. The elections were held finally on 15 and 16 May 2021.[133]

Wildlife

In a 2020 a series of rare sightings of pumas in the streets of the periphery of Santiago, Chile, were reported.[134] Three pumas were sighted in late March–early April of which two were captured.[134] In September a group of three pumas, including a cub and his mother were sighted in a Precordilleran neighborhood of Las Condes.[135][136] As of 5 October Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero and the National Zoo had captured ten pumas in Santiago.[137] Also on 5 October, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning and the Ministry of Agriculture launched a guide on "what to do and don't do" during and after puma sightings in cities.[137]

According to Juan Valenzuela, sub-director of Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero in Santiago Metropolitan Region there are two hypotheses to explain the sightings.[138] The first one is that pumas have moved into the city as a result of the lockdowns enforced due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.[138] A second hypothesis relates the sightings of pumas to a scarcity of food in their usual territories.[138]

The sightings were part of a worldwide phenomenon of sightings of usually shy wildlife in urban areas during the COVID-19 pandemic.[139][140]

Notable cases and fatalities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The Chilean Ministry of Health considered all cases as a "recovered" after 14 days since the initial symptoms of the virus, no matter the health situation of the infected or if following tests indicate the continuing presence of the virus. The only exception were casualties, which are not included as recovered.[2] On 25 May 2020, Minister Jaime Mañalich confirmed that the number informed does not represent the number of clinically recovered people, but just an estimation of the number of non-contagious cases.[3] Between 2 and 28 June, the government didn't release the number of recovered cases in their daily report.
  2. ^ Daily reports include only deaths with positive PCR tests and catalogued as "COVID-19 related death" by the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS). This number is informed on the daily reports of the Ministry of Health. The total number of COVID-19 deaths, including suspected cases where PCR test were not available, are published in the epidemiology reports on a weekly basis.[4]
  3. ^ As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of those who suffered eye injuries during the 2019–2020 protests have not been able to continue their treatments.[18] In the cases where injured have gone to hospital for treatment and supervision some have had to share rooms with COVID-19 patients.[18]
  4. ^ Data released by the Ministry of Health, based on the information available at 21:00 the day before the report is released.[1]
  5. ^ Deaths according to the daily reports, not according to real date of death. It considers only the cases with a positive PCR test.
  6. ^ Includes all deaths recorded by the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS) related to COVID-19, including cases without confirmed PCR test or without enough evidence to link the death exclusively to COVID-19
  7. ^ On 17 June 2020, the Ministry of Health informed additional 31,412 cases that had delayed positive tests in previous weeks.

References

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