stringtranslate.com

Xenofobia y racismo relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19

La pandemia de COVID-19 se informó por primera vez en la ciudad de Wuhan , Hubei , China, en diciembre de 2019. Los orígenes del virus han provocado posteriormente un aumento de los actos y manifestaciones de sinofobia , así como de prejuicios , xenofobia , discriminación , violencia y racismo contra personas de ascendencia y apariencia de Asia oriental y sudoriental en todo el mundo. Con la propagación de la pandemia y la formación de puntos críticos, como los de Asia, Europa y las Américas, se ha informado de discriminación contra personas de estos puntos críticos. [1] [2] [3]

Fondo

En el pasado, muchas enfermedades han recibido nombres de lugares geográficos, como el síndrome respiratorio del Oriente Medio y el virus del Zika , pero en 2015, la Organización Mundial de la Salud introdujo recomendaciones para evitar esta práctica y reducir el estigma. De acuerdo con esta política, la OMS recomendó el nombre oficial "COVID-19" en febrero de 2020. [4]

En la cobertura inicial del brote, algunas fuentes de noticias asociaron el virus con China de una manera que contribuyó al estigma. La revista Nature publicó más tarde una disculpa por este tipo de cobertura. [4] [5] Sin embargo, incluso después de que la mayoría de los políticos habían pasado a evitar el lenguaje estigmatizador al referirse al virus, una minoría continuó. [4]

Tras la progresión del brote a nuevos países foco, las personas de Italia (el primer país de Europa en experimentar un brote grave de COVID-19) también fueron objeto de sospechas y xenofobia, [6] [7] al igual que las personas de focos en otros países. La discriminación contra los musulmanes en la India se intensificó después de que las autoridades de salud pública identificaran la reunión de un grupo de misioneros islámicos ( Tabligh Jamaat ) en Nueva Delhi a principios de marzo de 2020 como una fuente de propagación. [8] A finales de abril de 2020, París había sido testigo de disturbios por el trato policial a los grupos étnicos marginados durante el confinamiento entonces en vigor. [9] El racismo y la xenofobia hacia los asiáticos del sur y sudeste aumentaron en los estados árabes del Golfo Pérsico . [10] [11] [12] En China, algunas personas de ascendencia africana fueron desalojadas de sus hogares y se les dijo que abandonaran China en 24 horas, debido a la desinformación de que ellos y otros extranjeros estaban propagando el virus. [13] Este racismo y xenofobia fue criticado por algunos gobiernos extranjeros, el cuerpo diplomático y el embajador chino en Zimbabwe. [14]

África

Camerún

La embajada de Estados Unidos en Yaundé emitió una advertencia a los ciudadanos estadounidenses sobre los riesgos de viajar en medio de informes de "...  acoso verbal y en línea, lanzamiento de piedras y golpes a vehículos ocupados por expatriados". Algunos residentes de Camerún pensaron que los europeos y los estadounidenses trajeron el COVID a África. [15]

Egipto

Según la Embajada de Japón en El Cairo , los empleados de las tiendas habían dudado en atender a los clientes japoneses, y "corona" se había convertido en un nuevo insulto con el que insultar a los japoneses en la calle. [16]

El 10 de marzo de 2020, un conductor de Uber fue arrestado después de que se hiciera viral un video en el que se lo veía sacando a la fuerza a su pasajero chino en una autopista del distrito Maadi de El Cairo bajo sospecha de tener el virus. En el video, se escucha una voz que grita en broma "¡El primer caso de coronavirus en Egipto!" y la misma voz le dice al conductor "¡Que Dios te apoye, Hajji! ¡Échalo!". El incidente ha provocado indignación entre los egipcios después de que se subiera el video. Algunos egipcios visitaron al hombre chino en su hotel y le expresaron disculpas por el incidente, que fue ampliamente condenado en los medios locales como un acto de intimidación y racismo. [17] [18]

Etiopía

Se han registrado casos de violencia contra extranjeros en medio de la pandemia, y algunos residentes locales han atacado a extranjeros en las redes sociales publicando fotos de ellos y vinculándolos con el coronavirus. La Asociación de Corresponsales Extranjeros de Etiopía había advertido de que se estaban difundiendo en Internet "rumores peligrosos" y "publicaciones maliciosas" sobre periodistas extranjeros, mientras que otros extranjeros habían sido atacados físicamente. [19]

Kenia

En un vídeo grabado en Kibera (Kenia) en marzo de 2020 se ve a una multitud enfadada amenazando a un hombre y una mujer de ascendencia asiática oriental por el coronavirus. Un hombre de la multitud le grita a la asustada pareja: "¡Ustedes son el coronavirus!". Más tarde, un motociclista de la multitud levantó la mano amenazando con abofetear al hombre asiático. Se ha informado de un creciente malestar hacia los inmigrantes chinos en las calles de Nairobi y sus alrededores, especialmente hacia los trabajadores de la construcción. [20]

Un supuesto miembro del parlamento keniano publicó en un mensaje de Facebook que sus electores tenían derecho a apedrear y ahuyentar a cualquier visitante chino que no estuviera en cuarentena. [21] Un taxista keniano le dijo a la BBC que los ciudadanos chinos habían estado cambiando sus nombres de usuario en las aplicaciones para solicitar taxis para evitar que sus solicitudes de pasajeros fueran rechazadas. [22]

Nigeria

El analista geopolítico Ovigwe Eguegu [23] informó que "una plétora de teorías conspirativas y videos de asiáticos (algunos chinos) comiendo murciélagos y otros animales exóticos" en las redes sociales nigerianas han provocado un aumento de la sinofobia. [24]

Sudáfrica

Un hombre de etnia china en Johannesburgo dijo a la emisora ​​de noticias Deutsche Welle que los lugareños han expresado comentarios violentos como "acabar con el pueblo chino" y "espero que este virus los alcance a todos" en el país. [25] Además, una de las primeras reacciones del gobierno sudafricano con respecto a la prevención de COVID-19 fue construir una  valla de cuarenta kilómetros (25 millas) en la frontera con Zimbabue. Esta acción tenía como objetivo "garantizar que ninguna persona indocumentada o infectada cruce al país", según la ministra de Obras Públicas, Patricia de Lille. [26] En febrero de 2021, el director del Instituto Jesuita de Sudáfrica, el padre Russell Pollitt, criticó como potencialmente xenófobo el anuncio del ministro de Salud, Dr. Zweli Mkhize, de que la distribución de la vacuna COVID-19 se limitaría únicamente a los ciudadanos sudafricanos. [27]

Asia

Bangladés

El gobierno de Bangladesh ha enviado a decenas de refugiados rohingya , que habían permanecido varados en el mar durante varias semanas, a Bhasan Char, una isla deshabitada en el estuario del río Meghna . Cientos más siguen varados en dos barcos pesqueros abarrotados entre Bangladesh y Malasia. Los grupos de derechos humanos han criticado a los gobiernos de Bangladesh y Malasia por utilizar la pandemia de coronavirus como pretexto para enviar a los refugiados. [28]

China continental

Se han dado casos de nativos de Wuhan en otras provincias a los que se les ha rechazado la entrada en hoteles, se han filtrado deliberadamente en Internet sus números de identificación, direcciones de domicilio y números de teléfono o han tenido que lidiar con llamadas telefónicas acosadoras de desconocidos. También se ha informado de que algunos lugares tenían carteles que decían "la gente de Wuhan y los coches de Hubei no son bienvenidos aquí". [29] Muchos hoteles y pensiones se abstuvieron de recibir a personas que tenían direcciones en Wuhan. [30] Varios hoteles supuestamente se negaron a registrar a una guía turística de Wuhan después de que regresara a Hangzhou desde Singapur y uno de ellos llamó a la policía para hacerle un control de salud y pedirle que la pusiera en cuarentena. En medio de estos incidentes, varias ciudades y prefecturas fuera de Hubei adoptaron medidas de reasentamiento para la gente de Hubei en su región, como alojamiento en hoteles designados para visitantes de la provincia. [31] En Zhengding , Jingxing y Luquan de la ciudad de Shijiazhuang , los gobiernos locales recompensaron con al menos 1.000 yuanes RMB a cualquiera que denunciara a quienes habían estado en Wuhan, pero no estaban registrados en documentos oficiales . En Meizhou , a los residentes que informaron que habían ingresado personas procedentes de Hunan se les entregaron treinta mascarillas. [32]

Se informó que en un vuelo programado de China Southern Airlines de Nagoya a Shanghái el 27 de enero, algunos viajeros shanghaianos se negaron a embarcar con otros 16 viajeros de Wuhan. Dos de los viajeros de Wuhan no pudieron embarcar debido a fiebre, mientras que los shanghaianos que estaban en el lugar afirmaron que los demás habían tomado medicamentos para evitar el control de temperatura. [29] Uno de los turistas de Wuhan protestó en Weibo: "¿Son realmente mis compatriotas?", a lo que un turista de Shanghai que supuestamente estaba en el lugar respondió que lo hicieron para proteger a Shanghai del virus. [31] Muchos internautas criticaron a los turistas de Wuhan por viajar con fiebre, aunque algunos también pidieron comprensión y que los shanghaianos no discriminaran regionalmente. [33] [34]

En marzo y abril de 2020, los medios de comunicación informaron sobre casos de xenofobia hacia extranjeros, [35] aunque según The Globe and Mail del 10 de abril, los funcionarios chinos negaron la existencia de tal discriminación dentro de China. [36] Se ha atribuido a los temores de una segunda ola del coronavirus, aunque el viceministro de Asuntos Exteriores chino señaló que el noventa por ciento de los casos importados de COVID-19 eran ciudadanos de la República Popular China que regresaban del extranjero. [37] [38] Según The Telegraph , a los extranjeros se les prohíbe el acceso a hoteles, supermercados y restaurantes, mientras que a otros se les han cancelado las visas y se les ha prohibido el reingreso a China. [39] The Guardian informó el 29 de marzo de que los residentes locales gritaban a los extranjeros, los evitaban en lugares públicos y, a veces, los regañaban como "basura extranjera". [40] Shanghaiist ha hecho referencia a historias de mala conducta de extranjeros que circulan en Internet en China como un factor en el aumento de la xenofobia. [41] Un cómic publicado en Weibo muestra a personas con trajes de protección desinfectando a extranjeros y arrojándolos a contenedores de basura. [42]

En abril de 2020, surgieron varios informes en Guangzhou sobre ciudadanos africanos que fueron desalojados de sus hogares por la policía local y se les dijo que se fueran, sin lugar para dormir, en medio de algunos artículos de noticias chinos recientes que informaban negativamente sobre los nigerianos en la ciudad. [43] [44] Los informes de discriminación crearon controversia en África dañando las relaciones chino-africanas , [45] [46] [47] y provocaron una crisis diplomática, con gobiernos y diplomáticos africanos hablando en contra de los incidentes en Guangzhou. [48] El legislador nigeriano Oloye Akin Alabi publicó un video de él confrontando al embajador de la República Popular de China, Zhou Pingjian, por el presunto maltrato a los nigerianos en la ciudad. Los gobiernos de Ghana, Kenia y Uganda también han pedido explicaciones al gobierno de la República Popular de China, y la Comisión de la Unión Africana invitó al embajador de la República Popular de China ante la Unión Africana para discutir las acusaciones de maltrato. [49] Los embajadores africanos resumieron las quejas en una carta de protesta oficial en la que exigían el cese de las denuncias de expulsión de hoteles o apartamentos, las pruebas y cuarentenas forzadas, la confiscación de pasaportes y las amenazas de revocación de visados, detención o deportación de africanos, especialmente en la provincia de Guangdong. [50] En respuesta, las autoridades chinas emitieron medidas para disuadir a los negocios y casas de alquiler de Guangzhou de rechazar a personas por motivos de raza o nacionalidad y alentaron a los extranjeros a denunciar la discriminación a una línea directa que funcionaba las 24 horas. [51] [52] Algunos lugareños coordinaron donaciones de alimentos y pusieron en línea listas de hoteles disponibles para los residentes africanos. [53]

En un principio, China colocó minas terrestres en determinadas regiones de su frontera con Myanmar , que luego fueron reemplazadas por una cerca de alambre de púas a lo largo de 1.000 kilómetros de la frontera birmana, con el objetivo declarado de reducir las infecciones transfronterizas por COVID-19. Otras fuentes gubernamentales sugirieron que las restricciones pandémicas eran secundarias a un deseo de bloquear la transmisión de ideas extranjeras a través de la región fronteriza, que alguna vez fue porosa, y citaron el deseo de restringir específicamente el flujo del cristianismo y el budismo hacia China. [54]

Hong Kong

Más de cien restaurantes en Hong Kong rechazaron a los clientes de China continental , y un restaurante exigió que el cliente presentara una tarjeta de identidad de Hong Kong para demostrar que no era del continente. [55] Tenno Ramen, un restaurante de fideos japoneses en Hung Hom , se negó a atender a los clientes de China continental. El restaurante dijo en Facebook: "Queremos vivir más tiempo. Queremos proteger a los clientes locales. Por favor, discúlpennos". [56] Otro ejemplo es Kwong Wing Catering, una cadena de restaurantes a favor de las protestas de Hong Kong de 2019-20 , que anunció en Facebook el 28 de enero de 2020 que solo atendería a clientes de habla inglesa o cantonés (no se permitirían clientes de habla mandarín) ya que el gobierno no implementó un cierre fronterizo contra China continental. Sin embargo, el mandarín también es la lengua común en Taiwán , por lo que la publicación de Facebook mencionada se actualizó un día después para aclarar que dan la bienvenida a los clientes taiwaneses. [57] [58]

Según se informa, muchos manifestantes en Hong Kong han insistido en llamar al COVID-19 el "virus chino" o "coronavirus chino". [59] Los expatriados y las minorías del sur de Asia también han enfrentado una mayor xenofobia, con narrativas de los medios que los culpan de ser más propensos a propagar el virus. [60] [61]

Indonesia

La revista Foreign Policy informó que "en las redes sociales, Twitter, Facebook e Instagram , las publicaciones alientan a las personas a mantenerse alejadas de los lugares donde viven y trabajan ciudadanos chinos o indonesios de ascendencia china  ... Los principales medios de comunicación también son cómplices de la difusión de conspiraciones antichinas". [62] Varios musulmanes indonesios en línea también han vinculado el virus con el maltrato de China a los musulmanes uigures , y que es "un azab (castigo) de Alá ". [63]

Se organizó una manifestación frente a un hotel en Bukittinggi , rechazando la visita de turistas del sur de China que se hospedaron allí por temor al coronavirus. Los manifestantes exigieron que los turistas fueran aislados en un aeropuerto y mostraron desconfianza sobre las herramientas de control en los aeropuertos. La manifestación terminó después de que la policía garantizara que los turistas se quedarían en el hotel hasta el día siguiente, cuando salieran de la ciudad. [64] [65]

En un comunicado de prensa, la embajada de Japón en Indonesia dijo que los incidentes de discriminación y acoso hacia los japoneses habían aumentado en medio de la pandemia, y anunció que había establecido un centro de ayuda para ayudar a los residentes japoneses a lidiar con estos incidentes. [66] En general, ha habido informes de discriminación y acoso antijaponeses generalizados en el país, con hoteles, tiendas, restaurantes, servicios de taxi y más que rechazan a los clientes japoneses, y a muchos japoneses ya no se les permite asistir a reuniones y conferencias. La embajada de Japón también ha recibido al menos una docena de informes de acoso hacia los japoneses en solo unos días. [67] [68] El Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Japón) dijo que la discriminación antijaponesa estaba aumentando en el país. [69]

India

Un cartel de la India para crear conciencia sobre el racismo y la xenofobia relacionados con la COVID-19

Según se informa, las personas del noreste de la India se han enfrentado a una mayor discriminación y acoso debido a su apariencia "china". [70] Los estudiantes del noreste de la India en Kirori Mal College , Delhi, han presentado una queja a las autoridades de la universidad sobre el acoso a manos de otros estudiantes por temor al coronavirus. [71] Ocho estudiantes del noreste de la India en el Instituto Tata de Ciencias Sociales en Mumbai también denunciaron que fueron sometidos a racismo y acoso. [72]

Una encuesta realizada por la Institución Takshashila reveló que el 52,8% de los encuestados indios consideraban que términos como "virus chino" y "pandemia fabricada en China" no eran racistas ni estigmatizantes para el país. [73] El presidente de la unidad estatal del Partido Bharatiya Janata en Bengala Occidental, Dilip Ghosh, dijo que los chinos habían "destruido la naturaleza" y "por eso Dios se vengó de ellos". Los comentarios fueron posteriormente condenados por el consulado chino en Calcuta , calificándolos de "erróneos". [74]

En marzo de 2020, los extranjeros procedentes de Europa, Estados Unidos e Israel comenzaron a enfrentarse a la xenofobia y la discriminación, incluidos los desalojos de viviendas alquiladas. [75]

Las reuniones musulmanas organizadas por Tablighi Jamaat han dado lugar a un gran aumento de casos en la India, [76] lo que ha desencadenado reacciones islamófobas y ha aumentado la tensión comunitaria . [77] [78] Los hashtags islamófobos comenzaron a circular poco después de que se conociera la noticia a fines de marzo, [79] y se informó de una ola de violencia antimusulmana en abril. [80] En Jharkhand , los hospitales que se niegan a tratar a pacientes musulmanes debido a la islamofobia relacionada con el coronavirus han provocado la muerte de al menos dos bebés recién nacidos. [81]

Se han recibido algunos informes sobre un aumento de la violencia y la discriminación contra los cristianos en medio del confinamiento por el coronavirus. [82] [83] [84]

Irán

El gobierno iraní culpó a los " sionistas " del brote en el país , y el Cuerpo de la Guardia Revolucionaria Islámica (CGRI) de Irán afirmó que Israel liberó el virus como una forma de guerra biológica . Estas afirmaciones fueron consideradas antisemitas por el académico estadounidense Walter Russell Mead [85] y algunas organizaciones judías , incluida la Liga Antidifamación (ADL). [86]

Según el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Japón , a los japoneses se les ha negado la entrada a los restaurantes y han sufrido un aumento de los abusos desde la pandemia. [87]

Israel

Más de 1.000 turistas surcoreanos recibieron instrucciones de evitar los lugares públicos y permanecer aislados en sus hoteles. [88] El ejército israelí anunció su intención de poner en cuarentena a unos 200 ciudadanos surcoreanos en una base militar. [89] Muchos de los surcoreanos restantes fueron rechazados por los hoteles y se vieron obligados a pasar noches en el aeropuerto Ben Gurion . [90] Un periódico israelí publicó posteriormente una queja coreana de que "Israel está tratando a los turistas [coreanos y otros asiáticos] como si fueran coronavirus". [91] El experto en salud pública Dr. Hagai Levine dijo que los políticos israelíes pueden estar exagerando para impresionar a los votantes. [92]

El 14 de marzo de 2020, un hombre indio de la comunidad Bnei Menashe fue atacado y golpeado por dos hombres israelíes en Tiberíades, quienes lo llamaron “chino” y gritaron “corona” durante el ataque. [93] El hombre fue hospitalizado en el Centro Médico Baruch Padeh en Tiberíades. [93]

Japón

En Japón, el hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan ha sido tendencia en Twitter; [94] además, en Twitter, los japoneses han llamado a los turistas chinos "sucios", "insensibles" y " bioterroristas ". [95]

Un camarero de un restaurante de Ito , una ciudad japonesa situada en la península de Izu, al sur de Tokio, fue grabado gritándole a un turista: "¡China! ¡Fuera!". Una mujer china, que fue el objetivo del arrebato, abandonó inmediatamente el restaurante. [96]

Una confitería en Hakone , Prefectura de Kanagawa , colocó un cartel que decía "¡No se permiten chinos!", lo que provocó que los ciudadanos chinos boicotearan la tienda. [97]

Según una encuesta de Ipsos MORI realizada en febrero de 2020, el 28% de los encuestados japoneses dijeron que considerarían evitar a personas de origen chino en el futuro para protegerse del coronavirus. [98]

Ueno Sanji, un restaurante de ramen en Tokio, ha prohibido a los extranjeros comer allí, y el propietario afirma que lo hace para proteger a su familia, sus empleados y sus clientes habituales. [99]

Kimi Onoda , concejal del Partido Liberal Democrático de la prefectura de Okayama , tuiteó, en referencia al estímulo del Gobierno de Japón , que solo los adultos con ciudadanía japonesa deberían ser elegibles, y no los no ciudadanos que pagaron impuestos en Japón. En respuesta al tuit, las personas que lo percibieron como racismo lanzaron una petición para exigir la renuncia de Onoda a la Dieta en Change.org . [100]

Jordán

En marzo de 2020, un coreano que trabajaba en Jordania desde 2014 denunció ante la policía que lo habían golpeado y se habían burlado de él porque sospechaban que tenía el virus COVID-19. [101] También se denunció el incidente de un coreano que trabajaba en Jordania a quien no se le permitió subir a un taxi por razones similares. [102]

Según el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Japón , desde que comenzó la pandemia se han producido incidentes en los que japoneses en Jordania han sido perseguidos por lugareños. [87]

Kazajstán

En febrero de 2020, estalló un conflicto entre kazajos étnicos y musulmanes chinos . Según The Diplomat , "en las horas posteriores al incidente, circularon en las redes sociales noticias falsas sobre ' pogromos despiadados en Kazajstán en torno a la propagación del coronavirus', lo que avivó la histeria en otras partes del país". [103] [104]

Kuwait

Para abordar el déficit de capacidad de los hospitales kuwaitíes para ayudar en el brote de COVID-19, la actriz kuwaití Hayat Al-Fahad pidió la deportación de los trabajadores migrantes o "arrojarlos al desierto". [105] [10] Sus comentarios generaron tanto indignación como apoyo en las redes sociales en Kuwait. [105]

Malasia

En una petición en Malasia que pedía que se prohibiera la entrada al país a los ciudadanos de China se afirmaba que "el nuevo virus se ha propagado ampliamente por todo el mundo debido a su estilo de vida antihigiénico ". [106] Según se informa, la petición fue firmada por poco más de 250.000 personas en una semana. [107]

La islamofobia también ocurre desde marzo, cuando los usuarios de las redes sociales insultan a grupos de personas de Tabligh , ya que el grupo relacionado con la reunión de Sri Petaling Tabligh provocó un aumento repentino en el número de casos en Malasia. [108]

Según Human Rights Watch y la Red de Derechos de los Refugiados de Asia y el Pacífico, la policía de Malasia ha detenido a más de 700 trabajadores migrantes extranjeros y refugiados, incluidos refugiados rohingya apátridas, durante la pandemia de coronavirus. [109] La policía ha afirmado que las detenciones tenían por objeto impedir que los migrantes indocumentados viajaran a otras zonas como parte de las restricciones de movimiento impuestas por el confinamiento. [110] En respuesta a las detenciones, las Naciones Unidas en Malasia han pedido al jefe de comunicaciones y promoción, Ahmad Hafiz Osman, que evite detener a los refugiados y no les impida buscar tratamiento médico. El ministro del Interior, Hamzah Zainuddin , había descrito anteriormente a los rohingya como "inmigrantes ilegales", que "no tienen estatus, derecho ni base para presentar ninguna demanda al gobierno". [111] [110]

Además, ha habido incidentes de xenofobia contra los refugiados rohingya en Malasia, como políticos malasios y lugareños expresando discursos de odio violentos en línea, [112] [113] acusando a los rohingya de cometer crímenes y dominar partes de la capital, Kuala Lumpur . Se han circulado nombres y fotos de activistas en las redes sociales, y ha habido varias peticiones en línea pidiendo la deportación de los rohingya en Change.org . Este aumento de la hostilidad ha sido alimentado por percepciones negativas sobre los refugiados rohingya y noticias incendiarias en las redes sociales. [110] [114] Según el periódico The Star , también hubo informes de individuos rohingya haciendo comentarios con tintes raciales y provocadores en videos de las redes sociales dirigidos a la comunidad étnica malaya , que han tensado las relaciones entre las dos comunidades étnicas. [115] Los portavoces de la comunidad rohingya han dicho que la comunidad vive en un estado de miedo, mientras que las ONG Mercy Malaysia y la Agencia de Ayuda de Malasia instaron al público a mostrar empatía y misericordia hacia los refugiados durante el Ramadán. [114] El 11 de mayo de 1983, organizaciones de derechos humanos y de la sociedad civil, entre ellas Human Rights Watch, Amnistía Internacional , Article 19 y el Comité Internacional de Juristas, pidieron al Primer Ministro Muhyiddin Yassin que abordara el discurso de odio en línea y las amenazas violentas contra los refugiados rohingya. [116]

El 21 de junio, la ONG malasia de derechos humanos Aliran expresó su preocupación por las condiciones de vida y de trabajo de los trabajadores migrantes extranjeros, muchos de los cuales se habían contagiado de COVID-19. Aliran también criticó la cobertura mediática "incendiaria" por alimentar la xenofobia y la hostilidad contra los trabajadores migrantes. [117]

El 25 de junio, el Ayuntamiento de Kuala Lumpur restringió el acceso de los refugiados al mercado mayorista de la ciudad, permitiéndoles entrar sólo si tenían permisos válidos y estaban acompañados por malasios. El Ayuntamiento no reconoce los documentos de identidad emitidos por el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados . Esta decisión fue criticada por el representante de la Unión de Refugiados del Yemen, Dr. Mohammed Al Radhi, y el coordinador de la Alianza de Refugiados Chin, James Bawi Thang Bik, por considerarla discriminatoria e inhumana hacia las comunidades de refugiados. [118]

El 27 de junio, el Primer Ministro Muhyiddin Yassin dijo que Malasia no podía acoger a más refugiados rohingya debido a una economía en crisis y a la disminución de los recursos. Malasia no reconoce su condición de refugiados y ha rechazado barcos que llegan y detenido a cientos de refugiados. El Primer Ministro también pidió al Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados que acelere el reasentamiento de los refugiados rohingya en terceros países. [119] [120]

A principios de julio de 2020, un documental de Al Jazeera titulado "Locked Up in Malaysia's Lockdown" ( Encerrados en el confinamiento de Malasia) afirmaba que los inmigrantes ilegales y los trabajadores extranjeros habían sido objeto de racismo y malos tratos por parte de las autoridades malasias durante el confinamiento del país . El Gobierno de Malasia criticó el documental por ser "engañoso" e "inexacto", y el ministro principal Ismail Sabri Yaakob exigió una disculpa de la cadena de noticias. La Real Policía de Malasia ha iniciado una investigación sobre el documental, mientras que el Departamento de Inmigración de Malasia ha intentado interrogar a un migrante bangladesí entrevistado en el documental. [121] [122] [123] En respuesta, varias organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluido el Centro de Periodismo Independiente, emitieron una declaración en la que pedían al Gobierno de Malasia que dejara de intimidar a los medios de comunicación y protegiera los derechos de los trabajadores migrantes. [124] El migrante bangladesí, identificado como Mohammad Rayhan Kaybir, fue posteriormente deportado a Bangladesh el 22 de agosto. [125]

Palestina

El 1 de marzo de 2020, una madre palestina con su hija gritó "corona, corona" a las dos mujeres japonesas que estaban en Ramallah en una misión de ayuda no gubernamental. [126] [127] La ​​madre atacó y tiró del pelo a una de las mujeres japonesas que intentó grabar el incidente. [128] Según la Embajada del Japón, a principios de marzo se han recibido al menos otros diez informes de incidentes antijaponeses relacionados con la pandemia. [87]

Filipinas

Varios grupos de defensa filipino-chinos han advertido que el racismo contra la comunidad china ha aumentado después de que comenzó el brote. [129] La Federación de Cámaras de Comercio e Industria Filipino-Chinas, Inc. y el Sindicato del Congreso de Filipinas han condenado la propaganda antichina con vínculos al virus. [129] La Universidad Adamson , una destacada escuela católica en Manila , recibió una reacción negativa en línea por ordenar a todos sus estudiantes chinos que se pusieran en cuarentena en medio del nuevo brote de coronavirus. [130] Un crematorio se negó a manipular el cadáver de un ciudadano chino que murió a causa del virus. [131]

El presidente Rodrigo Duterte ha hecho llamamientos al público para que deje de discriminar a cualquiera que tenga ascendencia china. [132]

Arabia Saudita

Las imágenes de un trabajador migrante del sur de Asia que vestía un desinfectante de manos humano mientras llevaba una mascarilla para Saudi Aramco se hicieron virales en Internet y provocaron indignación mundial y fueron citadas como otro ejemplo de "racismo por coronavirus". [133] [134] La empresa se disculpó más tarde por el incidente. [135]

Singapur

Una petición en línea instando al gobierno de Singapur a prohibir el ingreso de ciudadanos chinos y viajeros procedentes de China al país insular fue firmada por 125.000 personas. [136]

El Ministerio del Interior ha ordenado una investigación contra un profesor islámico, Abdul Halim bin Abdul Karim, después de que publicara en Facebook que la pandemia de coronavirus era "una retribución de Alá contra los chinos por su trato opresivo a los uigures musulmanes en Xinjiang". En una publicación separada, Abdul Halim afirmó que los chinos no se lavan adecuadamente después de defecar y no son tan higiénicos como los musulmanes , lo que provoca la propagación del virus. El Ministro de Asuntos Internos y Justicia, K. Shanmugam, criticó los comentarios como "tontos", "xenófobos" y "totalmente racistas" y es "bastante inaceptable de cualquiera, y mucho menos de alguien que se supone que es un maestro religioso". [137] El Consejo Religioso Islámico de Singapur dijo que está al tanto de la publicación, que "expresa puntos de vista que no representan a la comunidad musulmana" y estaba investigando el asunto. [138] En respuesta, Abdul Halim dijo que su publicación de Facebook, escrita en malayo , no tenía la intención de ser racista y no apuntaba a "ninguna raza en particular". [139]

Debido a la variante india, una mujer india de Singapur de 55 años fue atacada por no llevar correctamente una mascarilla. Esto ha sido condenado por varios políticos locales, incluido el primer ministro Lee Hsien Loong . [140] Según se informa, los sentimientos xenófobos hacia los inmigrantes indios en el país aumentaron a partir de mayo de 2021, [141] y el Ministro de Justicia K. Shanmugam condenó en línea a una minoría de singapurenses por describir a los indios como "cucarachas" y "violadores". [142]

Corea del Sur

Más de 760.000 ciudadanos surcoreanos han firmado una petición para presionar al gobierno a fin de prohibir la entrada de turistas chinos al país. [143] [144] El Festival de los Faroles de Daegu publicó un aviso en inglés que indica que no se permite la visita de extranjeros a su festival. [145]

En febrero de 2020, en la entrada de un restaurante surcoreano en el centro de Seúl, al parecer había un cartel en caracteres chinos rojos que decía: "No se permiten chinos". [146] Han ido apareciendo carteles de "No se permiten chinos" y algunos negocios están prohibiendo la entrada a todos los extranjeros. [147]

Sri Lanka

Se informó que a un grupo de turistas chinos de Singapur se les negó el permiso para escalar la atracción turística Ella Rock debido a su apariencia. [148]

Taiwán

Ya en mayo de 2020, una alianza de grupos de trabajadores migrantes llamada Red de Empoderamiento de Migrantes en Taiwán (MENT) protestó porque algunos empleadores locales habían prohibido a sus trabajadores salir debido a la pandemia. [149]

Después de que el condado de Miaoli registrara 300 casos de COVID-19 en un período de una semana que involucraban a trabajadores migrantes de fábricas de tecnología, el magistrado local Hsu Yao-chang anunció el 7 de junio de 2021 que a los trabajadores migrantes del condado no se les permitía salir de sus viviendas por ningún motivo. [150] Posteriormente, se acusó a las autoridades locales de imponer restricciones discriminatorias a los trabajadores del sudeste asiático, como confinarlos en sus dormitorios, interrogarlos y amenazarlos con multas si los encontraban en la calle y, en algunos casos, obligarlos a firmar documentos en los que declaraban que, si contraían COVID-19, ellos solos correrían con los gastos del tratamiento. El 9 de junio de 2021, el condado de Miaoli también extendió la orden general de quedarse en casa a los cuidadores, después de que los lugareños se quejaran de que los cuidadores estaban "charlando en grupos" mientras llevaban a sus ancianos a la calle. [151] El magistrado levantó la prohibición el 29 de junio, el mismo día en que el Ministerio de Asuntos Laborales publicó una declaración en la que advertía de que esas restricciones arbitrarias serían tratadas como "un delito penal".

Según una encuesta realizada por un grupo de defensa de los derechos de los inmigrantes citada por The Straits Times en julio de 2021, más del 60 por ciento de los trabajadores inmigrantes filipinos dijeron que ya no se les permitía salir de sus dormitorios fuera del horario laboral. [150] Algunos taiwaneses habrían comentado que los trabajadores indonesios "son todos peligrosos" y "tienen un mayor riesgo de infectarse y transmitir el virus que los taiwaneses". [152]

Tailandia

En un restaurante de Chiang Mai había un cartel que decía: "Pedimos disculpas, no aceptamos clientes CHINOS. Gracias", después de que un cliente abandonara el restaurante al notar que había un grupo de chinos en el interior. La policía exigió que se retirara el cartel, pero sugirió que se podía reescribir en chino como "Nos quedamos sin comida". [153] Se vio un cartel similar en el exterior de un restaurante en la playa de Ao Sane en Phuket . [154]

El artista de graffitis Headache Stencil tuiteó: "¡Hola, chinos ! Por favor, regresa a tu país de mierda. Nuestro gobierno necesita tu dinero para mantener su poder, pero ahora no sois bienvenidos. #NoSomosBienvenidosATailandia #VuelvanATierraChinkaPorFavor". [153]

El ministro de Salud, Anutin Charnvirakul, hizo comentarios negativos sobre los occidentales “sucios”, diciendo que “nunca se duchan” y que tienen más probabilidades de propagar el virus que los asiáticos. [155] [156] Más tarde se disculpó por los comentarios. [157]

En diciembre de 2020, el primer ministro tailandés, Prayuth Chan-ocha, dijo que la inmigración ilegal estaba detrás de una nueva ola de infecciones por COVID-19 en el país. Los trabajadores migrantes del vecino Myanmar fueron los más culpables, incluidas las publicaciones incendiarias en las redes sociales que incitaban a la violencia, como "dondequiera que veas a gente de Myanmar, dispárales", y la negativa de servicio en toda la sociedad tailandesa, ya que a los ciudadanos birmanos se les negó el acceso a autobuses, mototaxis y oficinas. La xenofobia por el COVID-19 también provocó un resurgimiento de la ira relacionada con la destrucción del siglo XVIII por parte de las fuerzas birmanas de Ayutthaya , capital de lo que entonces se conocía como Siam, ahora Tailandia. El jefe del grupo de trabajo COVID-19 de Tailandia abogó por la tolerancia en una transmisión televisada, apelando a los valores religiosos comunes: "Hoy son nuestra familia  ... Tanto los birmanos como los tailandeses son budistas". [158] Sin embargo, en enero de 2021, 19 migrantes de Myanmar, todos ellos musulmanes rohingya , fueron arrestados en una casa abarrotada cerca del Aeropuerto Internacional Don Mueang en Bangkok. Las autoridades afirmaron que siete de los migrantes presuntamente no autorizados habían dado positivo en las pruebas de detección del coronavirus. [159]

Pavo

En 2019, una encuesta estimó que el 83,2% de los turcos querían que todos los refugiados sirios regresaran, pero la pandemia provocó un nuevo aumento de la xenofobia y el sentimiento antirrefugiados en Turquía. [160] Un par de medios de comunicación religiosos han informado de un aumento de los ataques a las iglesias turcas, y algunos han culpado a los cristianos de la crisis del coronavirus en Turquía. [161] [162] Algunos investigadores israelíes y turcos judíos informaron en 2020 de que en las redes sociales turcas se estaban difundiendo teorías conspirativas antisemitas que culpaban a los judíos de la COVID-19. [163] [164]

Emiratos Árabes Unidos

Tras los comentarios de la actriz kuwaití Hayat Al-Fahad sobre la deportación de trabajadores migrantes al desierto o a sus países de origen debido al COVID-19, [105] el poeta emiratí Tariq Al-Mehyas aclaró los comentarios de Al-Fahad al afirmar: "Cuando decimos "migrantes" nos referimos a los asiáticos [no a los árabes]". [165] Continuó diciendo que los trabajadores árabes de países como Egipto y Sudán eran mejores que los trabajadores asiáticos (indios y bengalíes ) y dijo que los asiáticos en el Golfo nunca son tratados de manera igualitaria con los árabes. [165] Cuando sus comentarios generaron una indignación generalizada en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, dijo que no era racista porque tenía una empleada doméstica asiática. [166] [167] Al-Mehyas fue arrestado más tarde por las autoridades emiratíes por incitar al odio. [166]

Vietnam

Asia Times informó que "varios hoteles y pensiones vietnamitas habrían colgado carteles en sus puertas diciendo que los huéspedes chinos no son bienvenidos, mientras que muchos vietnamitas han recurrido a Internet para exigir el cierre de todos los cruces fronterizos con China ". [168] Se vieron carteles que sugerían que los clientes chinos no son aceptados frente a una tienda en Phu Quoc y un restaurante en Da Nang . [169]

También se informó de enojo debido al creciente número de casos infectados provenientes de la comunidad musulmana que regresaba de Malasia después de su asistencia al festival Tablighi Jamaat en la mezquita Sri Petaling, y dos o tres pacientes no obedecieron la ley de autocuarentena en Vietnam y aun así asistieron a eventos islámicos en la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh, lo que provocó furia y demandas de encarcelamiento de la población musulmana, incluso entre celebridades vietnamitas. [170]

Europa

Grafiti que dice "Chinos comeperros" en Can Picafort, Mallorca , España

Bélgica

Algunos asiáticos han denunciado un aumento del racismo en Bélgica debido a la pandemia. [171]

Una mujer belga de origen chino fue llamada "coronavirus", amenazada y escupida por cinco jóvenes en Schaerbeek. [172]

En marzo de 2020, se publicó en el Facebook e Instagram oficiales de Sint-Paulusschool Campus College Waregem, una escuela secundaria, una fotografía que mostraba a estudiantes de secundaria con trajes chinos mientras sostenían un cartel que decía "Corona Time". [173] [174] [175] Uno de los estudiantes agregó guantes de látex y una máscara médica a su atuendo en referencia al brote, [173] [175] mientras que otra estudiante estiró los ojos en un gesto racista. [173] [174] La fotografía fue eliminada después de una reacción negativa en línea. [173] [174] La escuela emitió un comunicado, afirmando que el equipo escolar y los estudiantes de último grado no tenían intención de ser condescendientes u ofensivos. [174]

En Bruselas, un hombre de 22 años golpeó a un hombre asiático de 24 años y lo acusó de ser "la causa" del coronavirus en Bélgica. [176]

Croacia

El 15 de febrero de 2020, durante un partido de la Superliga croata de tenis de mesa que se disputó en Dubrovnik entre el equipo local Libertas Marinkolora y el equipo invitado STK Starr de Varaždin , se publicaron varios comentarios insultantes en la página oficial de Facebook de Libertas Marinkolora hacia un jugador croata de origen chino, Tan Ruiwu del STK Starr, que hacían referencia al coronavirus. Esto incluía un comentario del entrenador de Libertas Marinkolor, Marko Habijanec, en el que instruía a uno de sus jugadores (que se enfrentaría a Tan en el siguiente partido) a "vencer a este virus". Los comentarios fueron posteriormente eliminados. [177] Libertas Marinkolor finalmente emitió una disculpa y condenó el incidente. [178]

Dinamarca

En enero de 2020, el Jyllands-Posten recibió atención internacional cuando publicó una caricatura que mostraba la bandera china con figuras amarillas similares a virus en lugar de las estrellas amarillas habituales. La embajada china en Dinamarca exigió una disculpa oficial del periódico. [179] Sin embargo, la primera ministra danesa, Mette Frederiksen , se negó a disculparse oficialmente en nombre del gobierno danés, declarando que hay libertad de expresión en Dinamarca. [180]

Finlandia

Los asiáticos en Finlandia han denunciado casos de discriminación provocados por el brote del nuevo coronavirus en China. Varias personas con antecedentes en China, Vietnam y Japón dijeron a Yle que sienten que han sido objeto de un trato racista desde que se conoció la noticia del virus. [181] El 23 de febrero, Helsinki Times informó que al menos un restaurante chino en Helsinki había experimentado una caída en las reservas desde el comienzo del brote de coronavirus. Un supermercado chino informó de una caída drástica de la cantidad de personas que acudían a la tienda, pero de un repunte de las ventas en línea, ya que los clientes optaban por recibir los productos en sus casas. [182]

Francia

Los asiáticos en París denunciaron un aumento del racismo y el acoso. [183] ​​[184]

El periódico francés Le Courrier Picard presentó a una mujer asiática con una máscara en su portada el 26 de enero de 2020 con un titular "Alerta amarilla". [185] El periódico también tituló un editorial "Un nuevo peligro amarillo ". [186] La publicación provocó la condena de los asiáticos franceses que comenzaron el hashtag #JeNeSuisPasUnVirus (que se traduce como "No soy un virus"). [187] Otros periódicos franceses llamaron al COVID-19 el "virus chino" al comienzo del brote, lo que podría estigmatizar a las personas de ascendencia china. [188] [189] Numerosos informes indican un aumento significativo del acoso y los ataques violentos hacia personas de ciertos orígenes asiáticos. [190] [191] Algunos niños de ascendencia asiática fueron condenados al ostracismo y se burlaron de ellos por sus orígenes en las escuelas secundarias cerca de París. [192] [193]

Los restaurantes no occidentales, incluidos los chinos, tailandeses, camboyanos y japoneses, han informado de una disminución de la clientela, que oscila entre el treinta y el cincuenta por ciento. [194]

Muchos francovietnamitas denunciaron haber sido objeto de acoso desde que comenzó la pandemia en Wuhan. [195] [191]

Los medios de comunicación surcoreanos informaron de una creciente animosidad hacia sus ciudadanos. [196] [197]

La emisora ​​de servicio público de Japón, NHK , que proporciona una lista de información de seguridad en el extranjero para viajeros, incluyó la discriminación antijaponesa en febrero de 2020 como una preocupación al viajar a Francia y otros países europeos. [198] Algunos ciudadanos japoneses informaron de un aumento de los incidentes antijaponeses , como ser objeto de burlas en la calle, que se les negara el servicio de taxi y al menos un restaurante japonés fue vandalizado. [199] [200] [201] Una actriz japonesa que trabajaba para la empresa francesa Louis Vuitton recibió una serie de comentarios relacionados con el coronavirus en la página de Instagram de la empresa, que la empresa eliminó posteriormente. [202] Un grupo de estudiantes japoneses en un viaje de estudios en París recibió abusos por parte de los lugareños. [16] Un grupo de ciudadanos japoneses también fue objeto de ataques con ácido , lo que llevó a la embajada japonesa y al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores a emitir una advertencia a los ciudadanos japoneses en Francia, instando a la precaución. [203] [204] Debido a tales incidentes, un locutor de televisión japonés en París dijo que era mejor no hablar japonés en público. [205]

Alemania

Los medios de comunicación han informado sobre numerosos incidentes raciales y discriminación contra personas de ascendencia asiática en Alemania. [206] [207] Según una encuesta de Ipsos MORI de principios de febrero, el 28% de los encuestados alemanes consideraría evitar a personas de origen chino en el futuro para protegerse del coronavirus. [208]

La revista semanal Der Spiegel ha publicado una portada controvertida que algunos consideran que culpa a China por el brote y alimenta la xenofobia. [209] [210] [211]

La Embajada de China en Berlín ha reconocido que desde el inicio del brote se ha producido un aumento de los casos hostiles contra sus ciudadanos. [212] El 1 de febrero de 2020, un ciudadano chino de 23 años de edad recibió insultos racistas y posteriormente fue golpeado por dos agresores desconocidos en Berlín, en un incidente clasificado por la policía como "xenófobo". [213]

Una estudiante china de Chengdu que vivía en Berlín recibió un aviso de dos semanas por parte de su casera, la actriz alemana Gabrielle Scharnitzky, para que abandonara su apartamento subarrendado. [214] Scharnitzky defendió sus acciones, afirmando que "tenía que protegerme contra un posible peligro real de infección por una persona que regresaba de una zona contaminada por el virus, que entraba y salía de mi casa y ponía así en peligro mi salud y la de mis visitantes". [215] Según se informa, la estudiante informó a Scharnitzky en enero de sus intenciones de visitar China, aunque este viaje nunca se llevó a cabo. [216]

El 5 de febrero de 2020, una mujer china en Berlín, que no había visitado China en tres meses, fue rechazada por su ginecólogo, alegando que el coronavirus podría infectar a las mujeres embarazadas en la clínica. [217] Ese mismo mes, un médico general le negó una cita a una estudiante china en Essen que tenía dolor de garganta por temor al coronavirus, a pesar de que no había estado en China desde septiembre de 2019. [218] En cambio, le dijeron que fuera a urgencias, donde le diagnosticaron bronquitis.

En Múnich , una mujer alemana de ascendencia china fue atacada por un vecino, que la roció con desinfectante, le gritó "Corona" y amenazó con cortarle la cabeza. El hombre se enfrenta a cargos de agresión y amenaza; el departamento de protección del estado está investigando un posible motivo racista para el crimen. [219] Un restaurante dirigido por un conocido chef anunció la prohibición de entrada a personas de ascendencia china. [220]

El club de fútbol alemán RB Leipzig negó la entrada a un grupo de veinte aficionados japoneses por temor al coronavirus. [221] En Núremberg , los lugareños arrojaron huevos crudos a las casas de residentes japoneses. [222] Según el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Japón) , la discriminación antijaponesa ha ido aumentando en Alemania. [69]

La embajada de Corea del Sur en Alemania advirtió a sus ciudadanos sobre la creciente violencia anticoreana. [223] En febrero de 2021, un presentador de radio de Bayern3 se disculpó por comparar la popularidad mundial del grupo de K-pop surcoreano BTS con "un virus de mierda para el que esperemos que pronto también haya una vacuna". [224] El incidente provocó que muchos surcoreanos que viven en el extranjero expresaran su preocupación de que tales comentarios incitaran aún más a la violencia racista contra ellos. [225]

En Hamburgo , una familia alemana de ascendencia turca había recibido una carta amenazante que supuestamente contenía el coronavirus. [226]

Un informe de 2021 del Instituto para el Diálogo Estratégico para la Comisión Europea encontró un aumento de publicaciones antisemitas en la versión alemana de Telegram , con narrativas que retratan al COVID-19 como un "arma biológica sionista". [227] [228]

Hungría

Las empresas de propiedad china, incluidas las del mercado Józsefváros de Budapest, predominantemente asiático, han informado de una importante caída de las ventas, que los propietarios han atribuido al coronavirus. Algunas empresas han optado por señalar a los clientes potenciales que son de otro país asiático. [229] [230]

En las redes sociales húngaras se han documentado comentarios antisemitas que afirman que el coronavirus fue creado por judíos en Estados Unidos o sionistas en Israel para gobernar el mundo. En menor medida, algunos comentarios también culparon a los chinos por el virus, llamándolos "judíos amarillos" o "los judíos del Este". [231]

Irlanda

El 8 de agosto de 2020, dos hombres de origen chino, Martin Hong y Arthur Ma, fueron atacados física y verbalmente mientras hacían compras en un supermercado en el condado de Cork . La agresión ocurrió después de que Martin y Arthur fueran insultados racialmente por un grupo de adolescentes que gritaban "virus chino". Hong y Ma pidieron a los adolescentes que repitieran lo que dijeron después de quitarles los teléfonos. A lo que los adolescentes respondieron golpeándolos violentamente. Una anciana dio la alarma contactando con la Gardaí . Hong y Ma pasaron seis horas recibiendo atención médica después de que la pareja fuera ingresada en el Hospital Universitario de Cork . La Gardaí luego emitió una declaración sobre el incidente que fue confirmada y dijeron que estaban siguiendo una "línea de investigación definida". [232]

El 14 de agosto de 2020, la Gardaí Síochána está investigando una agresión verbal y física racista en el condado de Dublín , después de que se publicara un vídeo en dos cuentas de TikTok independientes en el que se ve a una mujer asiática, Xuedan (Shelley) Xiong, siendo empujada al Canal Real entre Castleknock y Ashtown por un grupo de chicos que corrieron hacia ella en bicicleta, como si quisieran empujarla al canal después de que ella los confrontara por hacer insultos raciales gritando " Coronavirus " [233] hacia ella. El vídeo fue eliminado junto con las cuentas, que fueron suspendidas. Xiong ahora tiene miedo de salir de su casa. Se escuchó a Xiong decirle al grupo "no discriminar racialmente, eso es criminal" antes de que algunos de los chicos la empujaran al canal; se escuchó a algunos de los chicos burlándose de sus gritos y risas mientras se alejaban en bicicleta. La Gardaí Síochána dijo que es poco probable que los chicos sean acusados ​​o amonestados. [234]

El 4 de noviembre de 2020, una cuenta que supuestamente pertenecía a Rebecca Barrett, esposa del líder del Partido Nacional, Justin Barrett , tuiteó comentarios racistas hacia la alcaldesa de Dublín, Hazel Chu . En respuesta a un tuit en el que Chu dijo que estaba despierta viendo los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2020 , la cuenta respondió: "Como de todos modos estás despierta, tomaremos un pollo agridulce, una carne de res de Sichuan y dos arroces fritos, por favor. Sin murciélago". El tuit fue eliminado posteriormente por Twitter. [235]

En marzo de 2021, una mujer asiática de 51 años fue atacada por una docena de adolescentes varones en Henry Street , en Dublín, que la rodearon, la golpearon, le arrojaron una bolsa de basura a la cara, la filmaron con sus teléfonos y le profirieron un insulto racista. Ella declaró que "este es solo el último de la cadena de violencia y crímenes de odio que he presenciado y a los que he sido sometida en las calles de Dublín". [236]

Italia

La Repubblica informó que el director del prestigioso conservatorio de música Santa Cecilia de Roma , Roberto Giuliani, suspendió las clases para todos los estudiantes de origen asiático oriental (chinos, japoneses y coreanos, siendo los chinos el grupo más afectado) debido a la epidemia. Aunque se señaló que muchos de los estudiantes eran inmigrantes de segunda generación. [237] [238]

Según The Washington Post , las personas, especialmente de Corea del Sur y China, experimentaron un aumento de burlas y discriminación. [239]

En las redes sociales se publicó que en un bar de la Fontana di Trevi había un cartel que prohibía la entrada a personas procedentes de China debido a "medidas de seguridad internacionales". Posteriormente, la policía lo retiró. [240]

Decenas de tiendas chinas fueron vandalizadas en las ciudades norteñas de Como , Brescia y Varese . Muchas tiendas chinas informaron de una caída en sus ventas. [241]

Las personas de ascendencia china, así como las de origen filipino que eran percibidas como "chinas", denunciaron agresiones (algunas lo suficientemente graves como para requerir hospitalización), acoso y negación de servicios. Algunos funcionarios públicos pidieron a los estudiantes de origen chino o del este de Asia que se quedaran en casa. [241]

El 24 de febrero de 2020, a un hombre chino se le prohibió entrar en una gasolinera en Cassola , en Vicenza, Véneto, y le dijeron: "Tienes coronavirus, ¡no puedes entrar!", momento en el que alguien le rompió una botella en la cabeza, causándole graves heridas. [242] El mismo día, un jubilado filipino de edad avanzada fue atacado y golpeado con un puñetazo en un supermercado de la ciudad de Mariano Comense, en Como, Lombardía. Se vio al cantante y personalidad de la televisión Francesco Facchinetti interviniendo y defendiendo a la víctima. [243]

El gobernador regional del Véneto, Luca Zaia, se disculpó después de afirmar que los chinos comen ratones vivos. [244]

El 8 de marzo de 2020, un restaurante japonés en Rivoli, en Turín, Piamonte, fue objeto de un ataque incendiario por parte de un grupo de adolescentes que se burlaron de los propietarios, llamándolos portadores de la epidemia. [245]

Países Bajos

La cadena de noticias pública holandesa NOS ha informado de que en muchas de sus publicaciones en Facebook e Instagram sobre el coronavirus ha habido una gran cantidad de "comentarios racistas, discriminatorios y antichinos". Los residentes holandeses de ascendencia asiática denuncian haber sido señalados como portadores del coronavirus durante sus desplazamientos al trabajo, en el supermercado, en la escuela y en las redes sociales. [246]

El 6 de febrero de 2020, el DJ de radio Lex Gaarthuis presentó su canción de Carnaval "Voorkomen is beter dan Chinezen" (un juego de palabras con el proverbio Voorkomen is beter dan genezen  - "más vale prevenir que curar" - con Chinezen refiriéndose tanto a los chinos como a comer comida china) en la estación de radio nacional Radio 10 bajo su alter ego Toon, que incluye la letra "no podemos tener el virus en nuestro país, todo es causado por estos apestosos chinos" y "no coman comida china". Después de que se emitieran muchas quejas contra Radio 10 y Gaarthuis, principalmente por parte de la comunidad china en los Países Bajos , tanto la estación como el artista se disculparon formalmente, y Gaarthuis dijo que la canción pretendía ser satírica pero que había excedido su objetivo. [247] Irónicamente, el virus se propagó significativamente durante el período de Carnaval. [248] [249]

El 8 de febrero de 2020, un grupo de estudiantes chinos que vivían en una residencia de estudiantes de la Universidad de Wageningen descubrió que habían vandalizado el piso. Entre los daños se encontraban una bandera china arrancada de la puerta de una habitación de estudiantes y hecha trizas, y las paredes estaban profanadas con insultos en inglés como "Muere, chino" y "Corona china". [250] La policía holandesa investigó el incidente, pero no se ha identificado a ningún sospechoso. [251]

El 10 de febrero de 2020, un holandés de 65 años de ascendencia china fue expulsado de su bicicleta en Ámsterdam por dos jóvenes que iban en moto . Uno de los culpables filmó el incidente y lo subió a su historia de Snapchat . Más tarde restó importancia a las críticas diciendo "no se preocupen, muchachos, era un hombre chino" [252] y se entregó a la policía solo después de convertirse en el objetivo de un vigilantismo generalizado en Internet . [253]

En un vuelo de KLM de Ámsterdam a Seúl el 11 de febrero de 2020, los auxiliares de vuelo colocaron un cartel en coreano que disuadía a los pasajeros de usar un baño en el avión supuestamente reservado para la tripulación de vuelo, aparentemente por miedo al coronavirus. [254] Un portavoz de la aerolínea ha emitido desde entonces una disculpa, afirmando que "lamentamos profundamente que esto se haya considerado una discriminación, lo cual no era en absoluto la intención de la tripulación" y que no es política de la empresa reservar baños específicos para la tripulación de vuelo. [255] Muchos coreanos y holandeses de ascendencia coreana han denunciado una serie de incidentes anticoreanos, desde vandalismo en sus hogares hasta agresiones violentas y acoso, y más de 150 expatriados coreanos que respondieron a una encuesta en línea indicaron que habían experimentado un incidente xenófobo. [256] [223]

El 22 de febrero de 2020 por la noche, una estudiante holandesa de 24 años de ascendencia china fue agredida por un grupo de estudiantes en su dormitorio en Tilburg , sufriendo una conmoción cerebral y heridas de cuchillo, después de que les pidiera que dejaran de cantar la canción de Carnaval de Gaarthuis. [257]

A fines de febrero de 2020, la Escuela Japonesa de Ámsterdam advirtió a los padres que no llevaran a sus hijos a los parques infantiles y otros lugares frecuentados por niños locales, en medio de una serie de incidentes de acoso violento contra niños japoneses. [256]

El 16 de marzo de 2020, una residencia en Diemen fue manchada con palabras que decían "Kankerchinees corona" ("corona china cancerosa" en español), lo que fue denunciado públicamente por el alcalde Erik Boog. [258]

El 21 de junio de 2020, un adolescente de ascendencia coreana fue víctima de una agresión en grupo en un parque de Zaandam . El adolescente recibió una patada en la cabeza, a la que se atribuyó el coronavirus, y uno de sus agresores intentó robarle un teléfono móvil. [259] [260] El 4 de julio, un joven de 16 años fue detenido bajo sospecha de intento de homicidio . [261] La policía interrogó a un joven de 13 años que filmó el incidente y el Ministerio Público no descartó más detenciones. [261]

Polonia

En mayo de 2020, la asociación polaca NUNCA MÁS publicó un informe titulado “El virus del odio: el libro marrón de la epidemia”, en el que se documentan los actos de racismo, xenofobia y discriminación que se produjeron a raíz del coronavirus en Polonia. El informe, de 40 páginas, registra numerosos ataques a representantes de minorías en el contexto de las acusaciones de propagación del virus, así como casos de difusión de discursos de odio y teorías conspirativas sobre la epidemia por parte de la extrema derecha. [262] [263]

Rusia

En Moscú y Ekaterimburgo , los ciudadanos chinos son objeto de campañas de cuarentena, así como de redadas policiales que fueron condenadas como discriminación racial. [264]

En Blagoveshchensk , al menos un hotel ha prohibido a los ciudadanos chinos reservar habitaciones, y los mercados operados por personas de origen chino han visto caer sus ventas. [265]

Según una encuesta de Ipsos MORI realizada en febrero de 2020, el 37% de los encuestados rusos considerarían evitar a las personas de origen chino, el porcentaje más alto de los ocho países encuestados. [98] Por otro lado, una encuesta de octubre de 2020 del Instituto Centroeuropeo de Estudios Asiáticos [266] encontró que los encuestados rusos eran los menos propensos a culpar a China por COVID-19 de los 13 países europeos encuestados. [267]

Suecia

El 20 de mayo de 2020 se informó de que un estudiante chino y su novia habían sido objeto de acoso racial y agresión en Estocolmo por llevar mascarillas. Un hombre golpeó a la pareja en la cara y la cabeza, lo que provocó lesiones a ambas víctimas, incluida una conmoción cerebral a la víctima femenina. [268] Algunas personas han sido objeto de acoso, [269] obligadas a abandonar el transporte público [270] y abusadas físicamente. [271]

Según una encuesta de octubre de 2020 del Instituto Centroeuropeo de Estudios Asiáticos [266], más de la mitad de los encuestados suecos estaban de acuerdo en que la COVID-19 se propagó debido a que los chinos comían murciélagos y otros animales salvajes, un porcentaje más alto que en los otros 12 países europeos encuestados. [272]

Reino Unido

El 12 de febrero de 2020, Sky News informó que algunos chinos británicos dijeron que se enfrentaban a niveles cada vez mayores de abuso racista. [273] Se registró que los crímenes de odio contra los chinos británicos entre enero y marzo de 2020 han triplicado la cantidad de crímenes de odio en los últimos dos años en el Reino Unido. [274] Según la Policía Metropolitana de Londres , entre enero y junio de 2020, se cometieron 457 delitos relacionados con la raza contra los asiáticos orientales y sudorientales británicos . [275]

El abuso verbal ha sido una de las formas más comunes de racismo que han experimentado los chinos británicos. Justo antes del confinamiento en febrero de 2020, los niños chinos británicos recordaban experiencias de miedo y frustración debido al acoso y los insultos en sus escuelas. [276] Según una encuesta de junio de 2020, el 76% de los chinos británicos habían recibido insultos raciales al menos una vez, y el 50% recibía insultos raciales con regularidad, una frecuencia significativamente mayor que la experimentada por cualquier otra minoría racial. [277]

El racismo antichino también ha tenido efectos en los negocios de propiedad china. Muchos, incluido el concurrido segmento de comida china para llevar y los negocios en Chinatown , Londres, registraron una reducción significativa de clientes como consecuencia del brote de coronavirus en comparación con las ventas elevadas habituales relacionadas con las celebraciones del Año Nuevo chino , debido al temor a la propagación del coronavirus a través de los alimentos o las prácticas laborales antihigiénicas. [278] [279]

En Londres, un estudiante de la Royal Holloway University fue abusado verbalmente por pasajeros del tren en la estación Clapham Junction , mientras que un incidente similar fue reportado por pasajeros del metro de Londres . [279] [280] El 30 de enero de 2020, un estudiante de posgrado que caminaba solo mientras usaba una mascarilla en West Street en el centro de la ciudad de Sheffield , hacia la Universidad de Sheffield , fue abusado verbalmente y empujado por tres personas. [281]

El futbolista del Tottenham Hotspur, Dele Alli, publicó un vídeo en Snapchat en el que llevaba una mascarilla y parecía burlarse de un hombre asiático sentado cerca de él en Dubái sobre el brote de coronavirus. Más tarde se disculpó y borró el vídeo. [282]

Un asesor fiscal tailandés de 24 años fue violentamente asaltado y robado en Londres por dos adolescentes que le gritaban "coronavirus". [283] En Solihull , una mujer de origen chino fue supuestamente llamada " china sucia " y le dijeron "¡Llévate tu maldito coronavirus a casa!". Una mujer de origen indio que intentó intervenir fue golpeada y luego hospitalizada. [284]

El 24 de febrero de 2020, un estudiante chino singapurense del University College de Londres fue golpeado cuando pasaba por delante de un grupo que gritaba "No quiero vuestro coronavirus en mi país". Sufrió fracturas en la cara y hematomas en el ojo. [285] Dos adolescentes han sido detenidos en relación con el incidente. [286] Uno de los adolescentes fue condenado a cumplir una pena de rehabilitación juvenil de 18 meses el 28 de enero de 2021. [287]

En marzo de 2020, en Exeter, hubo seis agresiones físicas por motivos raciales contra personas asiáticas, incluidas tres agresiones contra adolescentes chinos denunciadas en un período de 24 horas. [288]

Una curadora de arte vietnamita fue despedida como asistente de una exposición de bellas artes vietnamitas contemporáneas en la Affordable Art Fair . Raquelle Azran, la comerciante a cargo de la exposición, explicó en un correo electrónico que ya no podía participar porque "se está considerando a los asiáticos como portadores del virus" y que la presencia de una curadora vietnamita "desafortunadamente crearía dudas por parte del público a la hora de entrar al espacio de exposición". [289]

Una enfermera del NHS de ascendencia asiática afirmó que una pareja la agredió y la insultó racialmente en una estación de tren durante su viaje al trabajo para un turno de noche en un hospital. [290] En febrero de 2021, un profesor de la Universidad de Southampton de ascendencia china fue golpeado por un grupo de hombres y le gritaron varios insultos racistas. [291]

Algunos usuarios de las redes sociales de derecha han difundido teorías conspirativas islamófobas y vídeos falsos de musulmanes que violan las medidas de distanciamiento social y son propensos a propagar el virus. [292]

Romaníes

Eslovaquia , Rumania y Bulgaria supuestamente han tomado "medidas desproporcionadas o militarizadas" contra las comunidades de personas romaníes durante la pandemia, atacando sus ciudades y pueblos como parte de una narrativa con carga racial de que los romaníes son sucios y están enfermos. Las organizaciones de medios de comunicación en estas naciones también han adoptado a veces posturas discriminatorias, y un medio de comunicación rumano afirmó que los romaníes eran reservorios de enfermedades, que tenían resistencia genética al COVID-19, pero que podían transmitirlo a otros. [293] Mientras tanto, en Hungría , los líderes romaníes han afirmado que se les ha dejado fuera de la agresiva campaña de inmunización contra el COVID-19 del país y, por lo tanto, se vieron obligados a organizar sus propias iniciativas comunitarias para estimular las tasas de vacunación rezagadas. [294]

América del norte

Canadá

Un informe nacional, financiado por el Gobierno de Canadá y realizado en colaboración con el Capítulo de Toronto del Consejo Nacional Chino Canadiense  , el Proyecto 107, el Festival de Cine Asiático de Vancouver y el Consejo Nacional Chino Canadiense para la Justicia Social, reveló que se habían documentado 600 incidentes antiasiáticos en el país desde el inicio de la pandemia. [295] Reveló que los asiáticos orientales sufrieron la mayor cantidad de ataques (83 %), seguidos por los asiáticos del sudeste (7 %), los asiáticos del sur (2 %), los canadienses mestizos o birraciales (1,5 %) y los canadienses indígenas (1 %). [295]

El 26 de enero de 2020, Peter Akman, un reportero que trabajaba para CTV News , tuiteó una imagen de su peluquero asiático con una máscara y dijo: "Con suerte, todo lo que conseguí hoy fue un corte de pelo". [296] Fue despedido después de que se informara sobre el tuit. [297]

El 29 de enero de 2020, Theresa Tam , directora de Salud Pública de Canadá y jefa de la Agencia de Salud Pública de Canadá , expresó su preocupación. Tam, que es originaria de Hong Kong, tuiteó que "me preocupa el creciente número de informes sobre racismo y comentarios estigmatizantes en las redes sociales dirigidos a personas de ascendencia china y asiática relacionados con el coronavirus 2019-nCoV". [298]

El 7 de febrero de 2020, The Nation  informó que algunas personas de Hong Kong y de otras diásporas asiáticas en Canadá habían estado difundiendo historias y retórica xenófoba en línea contra el pueblo de China continental. [299]

Se han denunciado varios incidentes de agresiones violentas contra mujeres de ascendencia asiática. [300]

Según una encuesta del Instituto Angus Reid / Universidad de Alberta del 22 de junio de 2020, el 64% de los encuestados chino-canadienses informaron algún nivel de falta de respeto durante la COVID-19, [301] el 50% de ellos había sufrido abuso verbal y el 29% había sufrido ataques físicos. El 64% de los encuestados también sintió que la cobertura de los medios de comunicación norteamericanos había generado opiniones negativas sobre las personas étnicamente chinas en Canadá. [302] [303]

En Vancouver, los delitos de odio contra los asiáticos aumentaron un 717% entre 2019 y 2020. [304]

Alberta

En Calgary, un hombre fue arrestado por escupir a una mujer asiática que iba en una patineta en un parque y llamarla " china estúpida ". El hombre también escupió a una pareja blanca que estaba detrás de la mujer asiática. [305]

También en Calgary, un hombre fue acusado de crímenes de odio por atacar verbalmente a un hombre chino-canadiense con insultos raciales. [306]

El 23 de diciembre de 2021, el primer ministro de Alberta, Jason Kenney, comparó los orígenes del COVID-19 con una "sopa de murciélago surgida de Wuhan". [307] Tras las críticas posteriores por sus comentarios, Kenney supuestamente se disculpó, supuestamente declarando "... si alguien se ofendió, le pido disculpas, si se ofendió, ciertamente no fue mi intención". [308]

Columbia Británica

Las empresas chino-canadienses en Vancouver han informado de una caída de sus actividades entre el cincuenta y el setenta por ciento. [309]

El 13 de marzo de 2020, un hombre blanco de unos 50 años gritó comentarios racistas sobre la COVID-19 a un hombre asiático de 92 años con demencia en una tienda de conveniencia en Vancouver. El sospechoso también agredió al anciano, lo que provocó que la víctima cayera y se golpeara la cabeza contra el suelo. [310]

El Centro Cultural Chino de Vancouver fue blanco de vandalismo, en particular de grafitis que pedían la muerte de chinos. [311]

El 1 de noviembre de 2020, un hombre fue filmado amenazando a un hombre filipino en un autobús en Vancouver. El hombre se refirió al hombre filipino como un "espía chino" y amenazó con agredir sexualmente a su hija. [312]

Según el Departamento de Policía de Vancouver, el número de delitos de odio contra los asiáticos denunciados en los meses de marzo y abril de 2020 superó el total de 2019. [300] Durante los primeros nueve meses de 2020, el número de delitos de odio contra los asiáticos aumentó un 878% en comparación con el mismo período de 2019, pasando de nueve a ochenta y ocho. [313]

Una encuesta realizada por ResearchCo a 1.600 adultos y obtenida por la Agence France-Presse reveló que uno de cada cuatro canadienses de ascendencia asiática (el 70% de los cuales eran de ascendencia china) que vivían en Columbia Británica conocían a alguien en su hogar que había sufrido discriminación. [314] La encuesta también reveló que el 24 por ciento de los canadienses de ascendencia del sur de Asia denunciaron insultos racistas. [314] Los canadienses de origen indígena también habían denunciado discriminación. [314]

El 1 de mayo de 2021, a las 15  h en el Burger King de Ironwood Plaza en Richmond , un hombre que estaba al lado de una familia china gritó: "¡Virus de China! ¡Por culpa de ustedes el mundo es así! ¡Regresen a su país!", lo que provocó que un transeúnte gritara "¡Lárguense de aquí!", a lo que el atacante respondió con más insultos racistas. [315]

Ontario

En el área metropolitana de Toronto , los restaurantes chinos han informado de una caída de las ventas del treinta al ochenta por ciento. [316]

El 28 de enero de 2020, nueve mil padres de un distrito escolar de la región de York , al norte de Toronto, firmaron una petición en la que solicitaban al Consejo Escolar del Distrito de la Región de York que mantuviera en casa a los estudiantes cuyas familias habían visitado China durante diecisiete días, y que las escuelas hicieran un seguimiento de los viajes de estos estudiantes e informaran a otros padres para que pudieran decidir si sacaban a sus hijos de clase. El Consejo Escolar de la Región de York rechazó la petición, diciendo que podría potencialmente avivar el racismo. [317] [318]

En abril de 2020, Dipanjan Basu, profesor de ingeniería de la Universidad de Waterloo , publicó mensajes antichinos en su cuenta personal de Facebook, por lo que luego se disculpó. [319]

En Markham, Ontario , la policía arrestó a un individuo y acusó a otra persona implicada en seis agresiones contra mujeres asiáticas. [320]

En otro incidente ocurrido en Scarborough , un hombre fue agredido mientras pedía comida. El agresor profirió comentarios antiasiáticos. La policía investigó el incidente como una agresión motivada por el odio. [321]

Québec

En Montreal, los vándalos atacaron templos budistas vietnamitas destrozando estatuas y artefactos religiosos. [322] [323]

El 17 de marzo de 2020, dos hombres coreanos fueron apuñalados en Montreal , lo que llevó al Consulado de Corea a emitir una advertencia a las personas de ascendencia coreana en la ciudad para que fueran cautelosos y denunciaran cualquier incidente al consulado. [324]

En abril de 2020, hubo informes de que los inuit habían sido acosados ​​y confundidos con asiáticos en Montreal. Les escupieron y les dijeron que "volvieran a China" o "a su país de origen". [325]

La SVPM observó un aumento en el número de crímenes de odio e incidentes contra la comunidad asiática en Montreal en 2020. [326]

Huteritas

A fines de junio de 2020, comenzó a surgir una gran cantidad de casos que involucraban a los huteritas , un grupo etnoreligioso  comunitario y autosuficiente con una gran población en Alberta , Saskatchewan y Manitoba . Si bien muchas colonias cooperaron con los funcionarios de salud provinciales para controlar estos brotes, algunas mostraron resistencia, lo que llevó a que el grupo en su conjunto fuera estigmatizado por la población en general y enfrentara discriminación. [327]

Después de enfrentarse a la amenaza de una denuncia por violación de derechos humanos por parte de un miembro de la comunidad, [328] Manitoba anunció que ya no vincularía los casos de COVID-19 con las colonias huteritas a menos que existiera un riesgo para el público en general. [327] Por razones similares, el Consejo de Seguridad Hutteriana (HSC) criticó a Saskatchewan por vincular los brotes con las colonias huteritas donde no hay riesgo para el público, incluso después de que comenzara a utilizar el eufemismo "entorno de vida comunitaria" para identificarlas, considerándolo una forma de " perfil cultural " ya que ningún otro grupo había sido señalado de esta manera. El oficial médico de la provincia, Saqib Shahab, dijo que era "muy importante reconocer que habrá diferentes entornos de transmisión", y que el público necesitaba saber dónde se ubicaban los nuevos casos. [329] [330]

Estados Unidos

According to a June 2020 Pew Research study 58% of Asian Americans and 45% of African Americans believe that racist views toward them had increased since the pandemic.[331] A study by the New York University College of Arts & Science found that there was no overall increase of Anti-Asian sentiment among the American population, instead it suggested that "already prejudiced persons" had felt authorized by the pandemic to act openly on their prejudices.[332]

Early calls for blaming China for the pandemic outbreak included derogatory use of the phrases "Chinese flu", "China flu", or "Wuhan flu", phrases embraced and widely used by then-President Donald Trump and his supporters.[333] There were several thousand incidences of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans between 28 January and 24 February 2020, according to a tally compiled by Russell Jeung, professor of Asian American Studies at San Francisco State University.[334] An online reporting forum called "Stop AAPI Hate" recorded "650 direct reports of discrimination against primarily Asian Americans" between 18 and 26 March 2020,[334] this later increased to 1,497 reports by 15 April 2020, and most targets were of Chinese (40%) and Korean (16%) descent.[335] By 28 February 2021, it had risen to 3,795.[336] According to a report by Philadelphia radio station WHYY-FM (21 April 2020), incidents of anti-Asian racism in Philadelphia during the pandemic, including discrimination, racial slurs and a violent attack, especially targeted Chinese Americans, and went mostly unreported to the authorities. The article detailed a number of incidents which were caused both by white Americans and African Americans.[337]

Media critique organisation FAIR has documented instances of anti-Asian racism on the street, and reports that many media outlets such as CNN, The Wall Street Journal, and Fox News capitalise on Sinophobia and "Orientalist tropes that the Chinese are inherently sneaky and untrustworthy, and are ruled by an incompetent, authoritarian government that is the 'sick man of Asia'".[338] An article on The Conversation has also noted anti-Chinese sentiments from similar media outlets on their coverage of Chinese wet markets.[339]

The University of California, Berkeley's University Health Services posted an infographic on common reactions to the novel coronavirus epidemic that said "Xenophobia: fears about interacting with those who might be from Asia and guilt about these feelings" is normal. The university was criticized for "normalizing racism".[340]

Former presidential candidate Andrew Yang spoke of an uptick in anti-Asian racism surrounding the coronavirus.[341] In February 2021, Asian American basketball player Jeremy Lin said he had been called "coronavirus" on the court.[342]

Several lawmakers, including members of Congress, denounced xenophobia related to the coronavirus in a press conference. They said Asian American businesses across the country from grocery stores to nail salons and restaurants had been forced into financial crises due to a reduction in customers.[343]Additionally, Asian American businesses have reported coronavirus-related harassment and acts of vandalism.[344][345]

President Trump frequently referred to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus", "China Virus" and "Kung Flu" (from Kung Fu, Chinese martial arts) in an attempt to point to its origin, a term considered by some to be anti-Chinese and racist.[346][347] He later argued this was "not racist at all" after lawmakers including Elizabeth Warren raised objections about the statement.[348] Trump also tweeted, on 23 March 2020, that the coronavirus was not Asian Americans' fault and their communities should be protected.[349] CNN commentators Chris Cuomo and Jim Acosta also criticized the use of the term "Wuhan Virus" and "Chinese Virus",[350][351] although other CNN anchors had used those terms in the past.[352][353] Trump also brushed off the alleged use of the derogatory term "Kung Flu" by a White House official to refer to COVID-19 when asked by a reporter during a media session on 18 March 2020.[354][355] Eventually he pulled back on the "Chinese Virus" name due to Asian communities facing increased number of racist taunts and incidents as the illness spread across the U.S.[356] However, at his Tulsa, Oklahoma, rally on 20 June, Trump referred to the virus as "Kung Flu".[357]

Then-U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo referred to the virus as the "Wuhan Virus" and said that there was "a significant amount of evidence" it emerged from the Wuhan Institute of Virology and blamed the Chinese Communist Party for posing "a substantial threat to our health and way of life."[358][359][360]

In response to the growing anti-Chinese sentiment, several media outlets and individuals began suggesting that it was not useful to blame Chinese people for the pandemic, and that there was a distinction between the people of China and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), accused by some of covering up and mishandling the pandemic.[361][362] A petition to use the name 'CCP virus' was launched with the White House on 20 March 2020.

On 23 March 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) New York City office issued an alert reporting that extremists were encouraging one another to intentionally spread the coronavirus to police officers and members of the Jewish community, if they contracted it.[363][364] That same day, the FBI foiled a terrorist plot by a white supremacist to use a car bomb to blow up a Missouri hospital overflowing with COVID-19 patients, with the man having referenced far-right conspiracy theories that the virus was "engineered by Jews" online before he was shot and killed in an altercation with FBI agents.[365][366] The next day, the Department of Homeland Security released a memo to law enforcement officials warning of the possibility of violent extremists taking advantage of the pandemic to commit terrorist attacks. The memo cites calls by far-right extremists to commit attacks on Asian Americans and other targets, as well as spread the virus in diverse neighborhoods and places of worship.[363][367][368] On 28 March, the FBI warned again that white supremacist groups were plotting to "expose Jewish people to coronavirus" by having members use themselves as bio-weapons" to infect areas Jewish people are deemed likely to visit.[366][369]

The Anti-Defamation League[370] and Life After Hate[371] observed that in addition to the wave of anti-Asian xenophobia online, there was a white nationalist and white supremacist[370][372]-fueled wave of antisemitic and anti-Zionism, including but not limited to claims that Jews and/or Israelis were spreading the virus, but also an online campaign to infect Jews with the virus as a means of murder.[370] The ADL was especially concerned with the prevalence of antisemitic messaging on Steam, Discord and TikTok combined with the increased internet usage by children after school closings.[372]

Restaurants in Chinatown in Boston have also lost customers due to fears of coronavirus.[373] The government of New York City cited a report which estimated a forty percent sales drop for Chinese businesses in Flushing, Queens, while other reports suggested the drop ranged from thirty to eighty percent.[374][375] It has been reported that the number of restaurants in Chinatown in New York, that remained open decreased from 270 to 40.[376]

According to a March 2020 article in The Korea Times, Asians in the U.S. were being attacked both for wearing face-masks and for not wearing them, creating a dilemma for some Koreans as to which was safer, a choice made even more difficult by conflicting mask guidance from the CDC.[377]

At a White House press conference on 10 April 2020, Surgeon General Jerome Adams claimed that people of color were "socially predisposed" to coronavirus exposure.[378] He was also criticized for calling on minority communities to abstain from drugs and alcohol with condescending language: "Do it for your abuela. Do it for your granddaddy, do it for your Big Mama, do it for your pop-pop."[379] Others questioned the validity of the criticism, including Columbia professor John McWhorter, who challenged the ideology demanding that root-cause arguments always be included in statements addressing black Americans, and compared outrage at the Surgeon General's statement to that directed at Barack Obama when he admonished absentee black fathers.[380]

Testifying before a House Energy and Commerce Committee hearing on 23 June 2020, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said he believes institutional racism is a contributing factor to the disproportionate effect that the virus has had on African American and other minority communities.[381]

On 17 September 2020, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution 243–164 condemning racism tied to the pandemic against Asian Americans.[382] On 14 April 2021, the US Senate voted 92–6 to advance the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act, which would allow the US Justice Department to review hate crimes related to COVID-19 and establish an online database.[383][384] On 22 April 2021, the Senate voted 94–1 to pass the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act with bipartisan changes.[385] It then passed the House of Representatives by a 364–62 vote on 18 May[386] and was signed into law by Biden on 20 May.[387]

U.S. Olympians Sakura Kokumai and Yul Moldauer said they had been targets of hate crimes as of early 2021.[388]

On 28 December 2022, following the abrupt end of China's Zero-COVID policy and subsequent surge of cases, the U.S. instituted a pre-departure testing requirement for all air passengers arriving from China.[389] Since the U.S. had previously abandoned testing of all other foreign arrivals, it was feared that Asians may again become scapegoated in the midst of a pre-existing wintertime surge of cases in the United States.[390]

Arizona

A man in Page was arrested in April and accused of inciting terrorism. The man is accused of making a social media post that calls for the killing of Navajo people due to COVID-19. The Navajo Nation has been dealing with a COVID-19 outbreak.[391]

In March, Scottsdale city council member Guy Phillips made a private Facebook post claiming COVID stands for "Chinese Originated Viral Infectious Disease", prompting criticism and allegations of racism.[392] Phillips later issued an apology in a letter to the Arizona Republic.[393]

Asian American students at Arizona State University have also reported incidents of racism and xenophobia.[394]

Arkansas

On 13 March 2021, a Bentonville Fire Department captain confronted a Vietnamese American man outside Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort in Hot Springs, asked him if he knew this was America, made threats, and fought. A security guard separated them but the fire captain ran back to the man, threatened to kill "you and your kind of people", grabbed him by his shirt, pushed him backwards, and punched him. Garland County charged him with public intoxication and third-degree assault. Arkansas has no hate crime statute.[395][396]

California

On 13 February 2020, Los Angeles County authorities spoke out against a number of bullying incidents and assaults against the Asian American community, including a middle-schooler being beaten and hospitalized.[397][398]

On 14 February 2020, bullies physically attacked an Asian American boy, 16, in San Fernando Valley and accused him of having the coronavirus only because he is Asian American.[399] Robin Toma of the Los Angeles County Human Relations Commission stated, "Many may be quick to assume that just because someone is Asian or from China that somehow they are more likely to be carriers of the virus. We need to speak out against this when we see it. We need to speak up, not be bystanders, be upstanders."[399] Other forms of harassment in Los Angeles included fake World Health Organization flyers advising people to avoid Asian American restaurants.[400]

Chinatowns across the state have seen a significant drop in business since the beginning of the pandemic, in particular around the San Francisco Bay Area.[401]

In November 2021, Olympic gold medalist Suni Lee was pepper-sprayed while several people shouted racial slurs at her and a group of other Asian-Americans.[402]

Colorado

In July 2020, a group of Colorado State University students set up an Instagram account and listings for a fake Chinese restaurant in Fort Collins called "Ching Chong House" with a description playing into various anti-Chinese stereotypes, including a menu with items such as "mouse tail salad" and "marinated ostrich foreheads" that appears to specifically reference the COVID-19 pandemic allegedly originating in a wet market in Wuhan.[403]

Connecticut

On 3 April 2020, a Chinese restaurant in Seymour received racist phone calls blaming the COVID-19 pandemic on people of Chinese descent and threatening to shoot the owners.[404][405]

In Stamford, an Asian American woman claimed a cashier sprayed her with Lysol at a supermarket.[406]

A man was arrested for yelling "Go back to China" at a man wearing a mask in Milford. The man then allegedly pointed his vehicle at the other man.[407]

Delaware

In June 2020, flyers described as "racist and xenophobic" by the University of Delaware were found on vehicles and apartments doors of Asian American students.[408]

Florida

In mid-March 2020, in Miami Beach, Florida, a rapper named 1KJohnny posted an Instagram video of himself bullying an elderly Asian woman by chasing her with hand sanitizer while shouting, "Sanitize your ass!"[409][410]

Georgia

In April 2020, "Wuhan plague" stickers depicting Winnie the Pooh eating a bat were posted on several businesses in Atlanta.[411]

On 16 March 2021, a series of mass shootings occurred at three massage parlors in the metropolitan area of Atlanta. Eight people were killed, six of whom were women of Asian descent, and one person was wounded. The South Korean Foreign Affairs Ministry reported that four of the dead were of Korean ethnicity.[412] According to The Chosun Ilbo, an eyewitness said the shooter said he would "kill all Asians",[413] and some lawmakers and commentators argued that the shootings constituted a hate crime.[414][415][412] Various public officials have condemned the shootings and expressed their condolences with the Asian American community, including the president, vice president, several lawmakers, and South Korea's foreign minister.[416][417][412][418]

Illinois

A 60-year-old Chinese American man was attacked by two women while jogging in Naperville, Illinois. According to his daughter, they allegedly threw a log at him, accused him of having the virus, spat at him, and told him to "go back to China."[419][420]

Indiana

Two Hmong men were rejected from two hotels in Indiana because hotel staff thought they might have the virus.[421]

A Korean American doctor born in Louisville, Kentucky, was kicked out of a Marathon Petroleum gas station in Martinsville. The clerk told him he was not allowed to buy anything or use the bathroom, and to never come back.[422]

On 27 February 2021, Ardahbek Amantur, 29, told his passengers while at College Mall in Bloomington that only four people could legally ride in his car and canceled the Uber ride request. A man in the passenger seat refused to leave his car and asked him repeatedly, "Do you eat bats?", got out of the car, tried to tackle him, knocked the victim to the concrete, took Amantur's glasses, which had fallen to the ground, and purposefully smashed them.[423]

On 3 March, Jason Nguyen, a sophomore at Indiana University from Fishers, was at IU's Willkie Campus Store when store workers were debating whether they would vote for one of the workers if he ran for president. Nguyen said, "I'd vote for you" and a worker said, "Oh no, no, no you wouldn't vote for him, because people of your kind ..." then caught himself.[423]

On 11 January 2023, an 18-year-old IU student was stabbed multiple times in a Bloomington Transit bus by a 56-year-old woman, who admitted to attacking Asian Americans intentionally, stating "It would be one less person to blow up our country."[424]

Kansas

On 19 March 2020, in Overland Park, Kansas, an Asian American worker was told to move six feet away from her white co-workers at Taben Group. She was the only person in the office asked to distance herself from others due to safety concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. When the woman filed a complaint of discriminatory treatment, she was fired from the Taben Group.[425][426]

On 19 March 2021, in Russell, an out-of-state bar patron shouted, "I'm going to kick his ass" and aggressively confronted State Representative Rui Xu, questioning the use of a face mask and asking if he had COVID-19 while accompanied by the owner of the business.[427]

Louisiana

A police officer in Kaplan, Louisiana, was fired for allegedly making comments on social media about it being "unfortunate" that more black people do not die from COVID-19.[428]

CNN reporter Amara Walker, a Korean American, described three racist incidents that happened to her at the New Orleans International Airport. According to Walker, a man at the airport said "Ni hao, ching chong" to her. She says that when she was at the terminal, a different man asked her if she spoke English and mocked Asian languages. When an airport officer came to the terminal, Walker says that the officer stated that asking someone if they speak English is not racist.[429]

Maine

A homeless man in Portland was arrested in March 2021 for harassing an Asian woman and her daughter and damaging the woman's car. Police say they are investigating the incident as a hate crime.[430]

Maryland

In Howard County, six restaurants, four of which were Asian-owned, were burglarized on Lunar New Year 2021.[431]

In May 2021 in Baltimore, two women who were closing shop were reportedly assaulted by a 50-year-old man with a cinder block. The women were elderly, in their late sixties. One got 25 stitches to her head. The man faces assault charges, but hate crime charges were not yet filed.[432]

Massachusetts

After a Chinese American anesthesiology resident left work from Massachusetts General Hospital, a man followed her and yelled profanities and racial verbal abuse, saying, "Why are you Chinese people killing everyone?" and "What is wrong with you? Why the fuck are you killing us?" Another anesthesiology resident who is of Chinese and Filipino descent was yelled at by a man on the subway, "Fuck China! Fuck the Chinese!"

An internal medicine resident at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston said a frustrated patient at another hospital repeatedly told her to "go back to your country."[433]

Michigan

In Lansing, a child at the Reopen Michigan protest danced in blackface resembling former President Barack Obama on the steps of the Michigan State Capitol building.[434]

Minnesota

In Woodbury in March 2020, a threatening racist note was left on the home of an Asian American couple with statements such as "we're watching you" and "take the Chinese virus back to China".[435][436]

In Moorhead in April 2020, a man was arrested for coughing on two grocery store employees while blaming racial minorities for COVID-19.[437]

In September 2020, the words "China virus" were burned onto the front yard of an Austin man of Chinese heritage.[438]

Missouri

In Eureka, Missouri, a restaurant displayed a racist coronavirus-shaped piñata, which featured an Asian caricature wearing a conical hat and Fu Manchu mustache.[439] These piñatas circulated in parts of Mexico and the U.S. in March 2020.[440]

Nebraska

Leirion Gaylor Baird, the Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, said there are racial and ethnic disparities in the city.[441] There were also an increase of hateful and racist incidents toward Asian Americans. This also includes outright racist acts, very aggressive behavior, a lot of staring and remarks to neighbors about staying away from people. One staff member of the Asian Community and Cultural center of Lincoln recalled that a random person came up to sneeze in her face and went away to laugh with their family.[442]

New Jersey

On 26 March 2020, Governor Phil Murphy acknowledged reports of bias incidents against Jewish Americans and Korean Americans in Bergen County, which experienced the worst outbreak in New Jersey.[443]

On 4 April 2020, a group of teens in Edison, New Jersey, surrounded a 55-year-old Asian woman and yelled racial slurs about the coronavirus. One of the teenage girls then punched the woman in the back of the head.[444]

In August 2020, a man pleaded guilty to threatening Jews during the pandemic.[445]

New Mexico

Racist incidents have occurred in New Mexico.[446][447]

In March 2020, an international student at the University of New Mexico was targeted with a racist prank outside his dormitory room covered in plastic with the sign "CAUTION – KEEP OUT – QUARANTINE". An Asian American advocacy group was also harassed and was told to "go back where you came from."[448] Vandals spray-painted "Trucha with the coronavirus" at the Asian Noodle Bar restaurant in Albuquerque.[449] It was reported on April that a Vietnamese community member was attacked at Costco in Albuquerque. An Asian American woman said people harass and use racial slurs at her whenever she goes out and claimed another woman even tried to run her over with a car. She said, "I've been told I don't belong here, I've been told I should go back to China and die there and leave Americans alone."[450]

On 29 April 2021, a Florida resident walked into a massage therapy establishment without a mask on in violation of both state and business requirements, yelled racial slurs at the Asian American female employee, refused to wear a mask when ask by staff to put on a mask, assaulted her while calling her the "Chinese virus" and used other racial slurs, and continued until police arrived. Police charged the attacker with misdemeanor counts of aggravated battery and leaving painful temporary disfigurement while investigating felony crime and hate crime charges.[451]

New York

An unofficial[452] anti-xenophobia poster at a New York City Subway station amid the coronavirus pandemic

Overall during 2020, the NYPD arrested 20 suspects for committing anti-Asian hate crimes. Of the perpetrators, 55% were non-Hispanic Black, 35% were Hispanic and 10% were non-Hispanic White. 60% of the accused were male and 40% were female.[453][454][455] The overall number of anti-Asian hate crimes registered with police had risen from three in 2019 to 28 in 2020.[456] There were 129 reported hate crimes against Asian-Americans in 2021 as of 5 December, up 361% from 28 in 2020, and more than a fortyfold increase since 2019.[457]

In March 2020, as New York became a global hotspot, prejudicial sentiment against New Yorkers began to be reported as several states put into place regulations banning, blocking or imposing quarantines on them.[458][459][460] New York state governor Andrew Cuomo proclaimed "We will not let New Yorkers be discriminated against" as he reprimanded Rhode Island for initiating xenophobic procedures targeting New Yorkers.[461]

In February 2022 a South Korean diplomat was physically attacked, prompting city councilman Keith Powers to issue a statement on the increase in hate crimes against the AAPI over the past year.[462]

North Carolina

A poster for a Chinese American real estate agent was vandalized with racial slurs near Pineville, North Carolina. The real estate agent believes she was targeted because of the coronavirus.[463]

Ohio

It was reported in February that there was suspicion and mistreatment of Asian Americans and specifically Chinese Americans in Northeast Ohio. There has been a decrease of customers of Chinese owned and/or operated businesses.[464] In April 2020, a Thai American woman was yelled at with racist insults from a driver in a red pickup truck as they both drove through Lakewood, Ohio. The driver also said, "You're a virus and get out of America. And that's an order." Another woman reported that two young men on bikes spit on her and told her to go home and chanted "Corona, corona" in downtown Columbus.[465]

Oklahoma

On 20 June 2020, in a speech in Tulsa, Oklahoma, former President of the United States Donald Trump used language widely considered racist when he referred to COVID-19 as "Kung Flu",[466] a phrase Senior Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway had previously described as "wrong", "highly offensive"[467][468] and "very hurtful".[469] On 22 June 2020, the White House defended Trump's use of the term.[468]

Oregon

In Portland, a man was arrested after allegedly kicking an Asian woman who was with her son on a bus on 22 January 2021. Prosecutors say the man yelled racial slurs related to the coronavirus during the attack.[470]

A bar in Medford drew backlash after the electronic billboard displayed the words "CHINA VIRUS HOURS". In response, the bar was review bombed on Yelp, leading the site to disable reviews for it.[471]

Vandalism targeting a Portland district of Asian-owned businesses has been suggested as being related to racism related to COVID-19.[472]

A college student in Salem was assaulted by two men while walking to a store. Police are investigating the incident as a possible hate crime.[473]

Pennsylvania

In a Philadelphia SEPTA subway station in March 2020, an Asian couple was surrounded by a group and attacked.[474] Harassment and attacks on Asians have included a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer who was verbally harassed several times during the same month.[475]

In August 2020, a woman shouted expletives at a nine-month-pregnant[476] Jing Chen, 38, and her daughter, 12; sprayed water on her; then punched her in the face in Philadelphia at 13th Street and Walnut Street.[477][478]

On 3 September 2020, Philadelphia's Chinese business community organized two meetings of a panel of Asian-American community leaders and organizers to emphasize how enforcing hate crime laws and constitutional rights education reduces hate crimes against Asian Americans.[477]

The Lower Moreland High School received criticism from students and parents after racist texts surfaced among several of its students. Among the messages was one calling for Asians to be stoned and lynched.[479]

In February 2021, a restaurant in Philadelphia received complaints after naming a macaroni and cheese dish "COVID Mac". The dish in question was made with Chinese chili.[480]

On 4 April 2021, at 2:00 pm a homeless man approached two women and struck one, age 27, unprovoked in Philadelphia at 11th Street and Filbert Street.[481]

On 6 April 2021, at 7:40 pm a man shouted, "You gave me coronavirus" at an Asian American man, 64, repeatedly bumped him then assaulted him in Philadelphia on North 10th Street. The Philadelphia District Attorney charged the man with ethnic intimidation, terroristic threats, assault, and other related charges.[482][483][484]

On 15 April 2021, Philadelphia City Council passed a resolution to have the School District of Philadelphia teach Asian American history during Asian Pacific American Heritage Month (May) to help combat anti-Asian hate.[485]

South Carolina

While a Taiwanese American CNN reporter, Natasha Chen, was working on a Memorial Day weekend story in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, a man racially harassed the reporter about her mask, told her to "get out of his country" with an expletive and that she was responsible for the pandemic.[486][487][488]

Texas

At a Sam's Club in Midland, Jose Gomez, 19, stabbed two adults and two children,[489] including a Sam's Club employee who attempted to stop the attack.[490] The targeted victims were identified as an Asian family, specifically a Burmese father[491] with a two-year-old and six-year-old. The FBI lists the case as a hate crime as the suspected indicated he stabbed the Asian family because he thought they were Chinese spreading the coronavirus.[492][493]

An Austin Police Department officer was suspended for text messages, which according to a disciplinary memo, suggested that the recipients, who were former APD officers, would get COVID-19 from a homeless Asian man. One recipient responded with several racial slurs against Asians.[494]

On April Fools' Day 2020, two students from Angelo State University, Michael Luna and Shane Stumpf, placed several coronavirus warning posters on an international Korean student's dormitory door as a racist prank. When confronted, they fought and then Stumpf pulled out his gun on the Korean student. According to a reporter for the Korean newspaper Joins.com, Stumpf runs a country music YouTube channel where he plays in front of a background with the Confederate battle flag.[495]

Chinatown in Houston faced a drop in customers after people falsely and maliciously spread rumors online of an outbreak of the coronavirus.[496]

On 14 March 2021, a ramen restaurant in San Antonio was covered in racist graffiti after its owner spoke out against Governor Abbot's lifting of the state mask mandate.[497]

Utah

In March 2021, several Asian Americans in Salt Lake County received threatening messages. One restaurant was sent a letter blaming Asians for the pandemic.[498]

Washington

In Seattle and elsewhere in Washington State, a rise in anti-Asian racism has been blamed on coronavirus.[499]

On 26 March 2020, windows were shattered at Jade Garden restaurant in Seattle's Chinatown–International District. Total damages were estimated to be around $1,500. The business was already down 80% at beginning of March, which forced the owner to temporarily lay off 33 employees. With this addition of damages, the owner said they did not have enough money for the repairs. The owner said that the damages "weren't just a simple rock being thrown, but a deliberate attack where 'someone took the time in the middle of the night to smash the windows in hard, very forcefully, five times.'"[500] In late March in Yakima, Minado Buffet had broken windows and the building was spray-painted with hate speech saying, "Take the corona back you chink." Damages would cost $1,000 according to restaurant's owner.[500]

On 16 May, a man attacked and spat on an Asian couple in downtown Seattle, blaming them for the coronavirus pandemic.[501]

In February 2021 in Renton, a woman was recorded calling an Asian man a chink and throwing a snowball at him.[502]

On 3 April 2021, a 15-year-old was arrested in Tacoma after a video surfaced of the juvenile attacking an Asian couple. The attack took place on 19 November 2020.[503]

On 26 April 2021, a Caucasian man, 25, encountered two Asian American men in Bothell (the attacker and the other men were previously unknown to each other), and unprovokedly gave the middle finger to them as they exited their apartment, lunged with a hunting knife, stabbed the victim, also 25, in the heart, and lunged for the other victim who escaped. He was arrested that hour, while the first victim later died.[504]

Wisconsin

On 24 March 2020, a student from the University of Wisconsin saw chalk graffiti across the street from the campus saying, "It's from China #chinesevirus".[500] The university later released a statement acknowledging that racism had increased towards students of East Asian and South Asian descent.[505]

On 12 May 2020, a 57-year-old white man was arrested at a grocery store in Stevens Point for harassing, with racial slurs, Hmong shoppers wearing masks.[506]

Oceania

Australia

On 26 January 2020, two Murdoch News Corp tabloids ran controversial headlines, the Melbourne Herald Sun's headline read, "Chinese virus pandamonium", a misspelling of "pandemonium" and alluding to China's native pandas, while Sydney's The Daily Telegraph headline read "China kids stay home". One of the outcomes of these headlines was a petition of over 51,000 signatures in 24 hours demanding an apology and stating that these tabloids were not representative of Australians.[56][507] In response, the Sydney Morning Herald ran a counter-piece titled "This virus is not 'Chinese' – don't racialise it because we all have to be prepared".[508]

Several isolated incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic were also reported in the media. On 28 January 2020, a man collapsed and died of a suspected cardiac arrest outside of a restaurant in Sydney's Chinatown. Unconfirmed viral videos circulating on social media suggest that bystanders refused to perform CPR out of fear of the coronavirus.[509] In February, it was reported that a supermarket employee had refused entry to customers of Asian appearance, claiming it was to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. A witness made a complaint that was upheld by Woolworths, which confirmed that the employee had been in the wrong, apologised, and said that it was conducting a full investigation into the incident.[510][511] Ravenswood School for Girls, a private school on Sydney's North Shore reportedly asked a South Korean student to leave her dormitory – even though she had not been to China since visiting Shanghai in October 2019.[512] Similarly, a Chinese-Malaysian student in Perth found herself evicted from her shared home upon returning to Australia after visiting her home country for Lunar New Year.[513]

One news agency reported in February 2020 that Chinese restaurants and establishments in Sydney and Melbourne had seen a dramatic drop in business, with trade declining by more than seventy percent.[514] According to an online Ipsos MORI poll conducted in February 2020, 23% of Australian respondents would consider in the future avoiding people of Chinese origin to protect themselves from coronavirus.[98]

During the early months of the pandemic there was an increased number of isolated reports where members of the Chinese-Australian and Asian-Australian communities were subjected to verbal vitriol and racist slurs.[515][516] On 20 March 2020, a student wearing a mask in Hobart, Tasmania was told, "you've got the virus" and "go back to your country" before being punched, leaving him with a bruised eye and broken glasses. The motivation for the attack was partly attributed to the cultural differences between Eastern and Western cultures in wearing masks. However, the attacker was already known to police and was jailed after pleading guilty to common assault.[517]

In October 2020, a Chinese restaurant in Victoria reportedly received a letter telling the owners to "go back to Wuhan" and calling Chinese people "bloody bird and animal shit eating".[518] 84.5% of Asian-Australians experienced at least one instance of discrimination between January and October 2020, according to a survey.[519]

In March 2021, it was reported that a pregnant Asian-Australian couple, while waiting for a pregnancy scan in south Perth, was at the receiving end of racial slurs and abuse. A woman allegedly told the couple to "piss off back to China" as well as other slurs. The Asian-Australian man responded by saying, "Don't tell me to get out of my own country ... You just told me to get out of my own country, go back to where I come from ... I was born here, mate." The incident was recorded on camera and posted online. The couple said they were "heartened" by the supportive responses they had received after the video was posted and had over 250,000 views.[520]

The COVID-19 Racism Incident Report Survey 2021, conducted by the Asian Australian Alliance revealed that 52% of those who had faced COVID-19-related racism were of Chinese descent, followed by Vietnamese (8%), Malaysian (8%), Korean (7%), Singaporean (3%), Filipino (3%) and Indian (2%) descent. The survey noted that COVID-19-related racism had affected those of East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian descent and other migrant backgrounds, with blame being pushed on different communities as times goes on.[521]

Fiji

On 5 February 2020, Fiji's state-owned broadcaster Fijian Broadcasting Corporation (FBC) reported that a local Chinese resident had been berated publicly at a bus station by a man claiming that the victim had COVID-19.[522]

An opposition Fijian member of parliament Mitieli Bulanauca mentioned that COVID-19 has been spread by evil forces to assist China and they were responsible for the crisis, which is being assisted by satanic forces. Bulanauca also claimed that the World Health Organization (WHO) had sided with China over the poor handling of the COVID-19 outbreak. The Chinese Embassy in Fiji condemned claims made by Bulanauca saying that it is shocked and disappointed as his remarks are not factual and were taken from fake social media pages.[523]

New Zealand

MP Raymond Huo said there were racial abuse incidents in the country's Chinese community. An online petition to prevent people from China from entering the country was signed by more than 18,000 people.[524] In Canterbury, an email was sent to a Chinese-origin student's parent, which reportedly said, "our Kiwi kids don't want to be in the same class with your disgusting virus spreaders."[525]

Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff said he was "sickened" by the reports of Asian-origin people being racially targeted at swimming pools, public transport and restaurants.[526]

There were reports of incidents of violent assaults against New Zealanders of Korean descent. In February 2021, the Chinese consulate in Auckland was affected by a phony bomb threat made on an events website Aucklife that was hacked. The motive was reportedly a punitive response against China for allegedly causing the pandemic.[527][528]

Indigenous Māori reported high levels of discrimination throughout the pandemic, potentially due to "iwi checkpoints" in which tribal authorities set up COVID-19 safety checkpoints to discourage non-essential travelers from visiting predominantly Māori lands.[529][530]

Following a Delta variant community outbreak in mid–August 2021, several congregants of the predominantly Samoan "Samoan Assemblies of God Mangere" church received racist abuse after their church was linked to 58 cases in the outbreak. Auckland councillor Efeso Collins claimed there was a racist double standard towards the Pasifika community. Many[who?] pointed to the irony that Pasifika people have extremely high vaccination rates, but were portrayed as "virus-spreaders".[531][532] The Ministry of Health condemned racism against the Pasifika community.[533]

South America

Argentina

On 26 February 2020, an incident involving a fight was reported in La Plata between a Chinese supermarket owner and an Argentine delivery man. The fight was triggered because the delivery man said "¿Qué hacés, coronavirus?" ("What's up, coronavirus?"), making a joke about Chinese people and the coronavirus. Both men ended up injured and the police later had to intervene.[534]

Bolivia

Local authorities quarantined three Japanese nationals despite them having no coronavirus-related symptoms.[16]

Brazil

Brazil's Education Minister, Abraham Weintraub, tweeted an anti-Chinese slur on 4 April 2020. He insinuated that China was responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and that it was part of its "plan for world domination". In the original Portuguese, his tweet substituted the letter "r" with capital "L" – "BLazil" instead of "Brazil", for example – in a style commonly used to mock a Chinese accent.[535]

On 16 April 2020, a judge ruled in favor of tribes in the Javari Valley and barred the evangelical Christian group New Tribes Mission of Brazil from entering the area. The group UNIVAJA, which unites some of these tribes, released a statement identifying themselves as "survivors of previous genocidal plagues" and accusing the missionaries of "physically expos[ing] us to a lethal virus". Two months earlier, President Bolsonaro had selected a former missionary from New Tribes to head the government agency responsible for protecting these tribes.[536]

According to Brazilian journalist Gabriel Leão, Asian Brazilians have not been impacted as much by racism and discrimination as other Asian communities in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly those in the United States, United Kingdom, and other European countries. However, Leão expressed concern that anti-Asian sentiment will increase in Brazil as well, because of how Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro tried to use the pandemic as an opportunity to attack China, similar to Donald Trump. In early 2020, Bolsonaro reportedly became convinced that COVID-19 was "part of a Chinese government scheme to expand its global power".

According to Leão, there have already been reports of Brazilians of Asian descent suffering from pandemic-related harassment, for example, being told to "go back to their country" or being accused of "spreading the virus". He himself has heard strangers in Brazil casually curse the "Chinese virus".[537] Chinese Brazilians in particular have been dealing with increased occurrences of discrimination in 2020, for example being told to "go back to China", "watch out for sellers", or to "get out, Chinese". One Chinese Brazilian in particular was told "Put the fucking mask on, you piece of shit. These pests come to our country to kill us. Go back to your country, you animal" when he tried to take off his mask to drink water at a clinic in Rio de Janeiro at the end of 2020.[538]

Responses

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemned racism against Chinese Canadians while attending a Lunar New Year festival in Toronto on 29 January 2020.[539] Likewise, John Tory, the Mayor of Toronto, denounced xenophobia toward Chinese Canadians, amid reports of increasing stigma facing that community.[540][541]

On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization's Emergency Committee issued a statement advising all countries to be mindful of the "principles of Article 3 of the IHR (the International Health Regulations)", which the WHO says is a caution against "actions that promote stigma or discrimination", when conducting national response measures to the outbreak.[542]

In response to the heightened outbreak of the virus in Italy, which caused the Chinese community to shut down businesses due to racist attacks, President Sergio Mattarella made a surprise visit on 6 February 2020 to a primary school in Rome where nearly half the pupils are Chinese, saying "Friendship and peace are fundamental and you know it."[543][544]

An online petition titled "We zijn geen virussen!" ("We are not viruses!" in English) was started in the Netherlands on 8 February 2020 in protest of racism against Dutch Chinese and others of Asian descent, which garnered over 13,600 signatures on its first day and had been signed more than 57,600 times by the end of the month.[545]

On 27 February 2020, the High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet called for solidarity with people of ethnic Asian origin subject to such discrimination.[546]

On 14 March 2020, more than two hundred civil rights groups in the United States demanded that the House of Representatives and Senate leadership publicly denounce the growing amount of anti-Asian racism related to the pandemic and take "tangible steps to counter the hysteria" around the coronavirus, offering the passage of a joint resolution denouncing the racism and xenophobia as one solution.[547]

Stop AAPI Hate, a joint project of Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council, Chinese for Affirmative Action, San Francisco State University's Asian American Studies Department, launched a website on 20 March 2020, encouraging the reporting of coronavirus-related harassment, discrimination, and bigotry.[548][398][549]

In the United States, The Anti-Defamation League, the FBI and former 2020 U.S. Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang have also pointed out that the virus has led to increased incidents of antisemitism.[550][551]

New York Attorney General Letitia James launched a hotline for New Yorkers to report hate crimes and discrimination amid the coronavirus outbreak.[552]

In response to the scandal surrounding anti-African discrimination, provincial authorities in the Chinese province of Guangdong set up a hotline for foreign nationals and laid out measures discouraging businesses and rental houses in Guangzhou from refusing people based on race or nationality.[553][554]

In response to the rising discrimination against Asian Americans, the Black Lives Matter movement condemned the racism against Asian-Americans via Twitter.[555]

In 2020, Red Hong Yi (also referred to as 'Red'), a Malaysian artist, created and released a series of 10 artworks via her Instagram page titled "#IAMNOTAVIRUS" that depicted portraits of numerous Asian personalities out of foodstuff such as matcha leaves that she found in her house during lockdown.[556] Acting as a response to anti-Asian hate crimes that heightened during the Coronavirus pandemic, she described the importance of "standing up for everyone no matter their skin colour."[557]

In June 2021, the City Council of Aurora, Colorado, agreed to utilize city funds to supply Asian residents with safety kits and provide AAPI (Asian American Pacific Islander) training for Aurora police officers. This comes amidst a recent city council decision to reject a Statue of Peace proposal in Aurora. In response to the statue proposal being defeated, city staff wrote in a letter that "The memorials have attracted a wide-range of community response including peaceful and antagonistic free speech events, vandalism, Asian hate, and legal action requesting removal," and that "based on this information the Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Department believes the memorial placement on city-owned property is not a compatible use."[558]

On 8 September 2021, research published by Mandiant and Google found that a network of thousands of fake social media accounts across dozens of social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, were linked to the Chinese government and were attempting to draw protests in the United States against anti-Asian-American sentiment and against allegations that China engineered SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[559]

See also

References

  1. ^ Reny TT, Barreto MA (28 May 2020). "Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19". Politics, Groups, and Identities. 10 (2): 209–232. doi:10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693. ISSN 2156-5503. S2CID 219749159.
  2. ^ White AI (18 April 2020). "Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia". The Lancet. 395 (10232): 1250–1251. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7154503. PMID 32224298.
  3. ^ Devakumar D, Shannon G, Bhopal SS, Abubakar I (April 2020). "Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses". The Lancet. 395 (10231): 1194. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7146645. PMID 32246915.
  4. ^ a b c "Stop the coronavirus stigma now". Nature. 580 (7802): 165. 7 April 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..165.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01009-0. PMID 32265571. S2CID 214809950.
  5. ^ "Scientific journal admits error in linking coronavirus with China". South China Morning Post. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Italy Shows Just How Crazy Coronavirus Panic Can Get". The Daily Beast. 29 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Italians Are Being Treated as a Risk Abroad Over Coronavirus". The Wall Street Journal. 28 February 2020.
  8. ^ Kolachalam N (9 April 2020). "Indian Muslims Are Being Scapegoated for the Coronavirus". Slate. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  9. ^ "Violence flares in tense Paris suburbs as heavy-handed lockdown stirs 'explosive cocktail'". France 24. 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  10. ^ a b Hubbard B (13 April 2020). "Coronavirus Fears Terrify and Impoverish Migrants in the Persian Gulf". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide". Human Rights Watch. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  12. ^ "Gulf coronavirus racism scandals shine light on conditions for migrants". TRT World. 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  13. ^ Asiedu KG. "After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments". Quartz. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  14. ^ Marsh J. "Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  15. ^ "Coronavirus: Expats fear abuse in Africa". Deutsche Welle. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "Coronavirus outbreak stokes anti-Asian bigotry worldwide". The Japan Times. 18 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  17. ^ Al Sherbini R (13 March 2020). "Driver jailed for dumping Chinese man on highway over virus fears in Egypt". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  18. ^ Shalaby K, Fayyad H (10 March 2020). "'Racist': Outrage after Egyptian driver kicks out Asian passenger over corona panic". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  19. ^ "Coronavirus triggers xenophobia in some African countries". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Coronavirus Brings 'Sinophobia' to Africa". Voice of America. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  21. ^ Geoffrey York (March 2020). "Coronavirus triggers xenophobia in some African countries". Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  22. ^ "Where coronavirus prejudice spreads before the disease". BBC News. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Is China's global development drive a 'win-win' or colonialism?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  24. ^ Eguegu O (6 April 2020). "Why Are so Many Nigerian Doctors and Journalists Upset About a Chinese Medical Team Coming to Advise on COVID-19?". The China Africa Project. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  25. ^ Coronavirus fuels anti-Chinese discrimination in Africa (1:17 minutes in), archived from the original on 1 March 2020, retrieved 12 April 2020
  26. ^ Moyo K, Zanker F (9 April 2020). "South Africa's xenophobic agenda is impeding its coronavirus response". African Arguments. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  27. ^ Bordoni L (8 February 2021). "South Africa: Xenophobia and corruption threaten fair and effective distribution of covid vaccine". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  28. ^ Ratcliffe R (3 May 2020). "Rohingya refugees sent to remote Bangladeshi island after weeks at sea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  29. ^ a b 恐慌擴散!機上有武漢人 ... 上海旅客拒登機. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  30. ^ Gan N (2 February 2020). "Wuhan people outcasts in their own country amid coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  31. ^ a b 疫情嚴峻 多省圍堵驅趕武漢人 武漢網民投訴上海人拒同機 央視籲勿歧視 – 20200129 – 中國. Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  32. ^ 鼓勵舉報湖北人 廣東這個鎮懸賞30個口罩. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  33. ^ 上海人拒與發燒武漢人同機 旅客怒: 不是同胞嗎?. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  34. ^ 武漢肺炎》上海人拒同機 武漢人嗆「沒同胞愛」反遭中網友罵爆. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  35. ^ "Sheffield teacher faces xenophobia in China over coronavirus". thestar.co.uk. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  36. ^ "'Stay away from here': In China, foreigners have become a target for coronavirus discrimination". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  37. ^ "Expats face hostility after second wave of virus cases hits China and Hong Kong". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  38. ^ "Fearing Next Wave, China Doesn't Want Its Diaspora Coming Back". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  39. ^ Yan S (27 March 2020). "Foreigners face discrimination in China over coronavirus fears as visas cancelled for non-Chinese". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  40. ^ "'They see my blue eyes then jump back' – China sees a new wave of xenophobia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  41. ^ "Foreigners cut in line for coronavirus test, act like total assholes". Shanghaiist. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  42. ^ Walden M, Yang S (14 April 2020). "Print Email Facebook Twitter More As coronavirus sparks anti-Chinese racism, xenophobia rises in China itself". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  43. ^ Orecchio-Egresitz H. "McDonald's apologized after a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, refused to service black customers". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  44. ^ Asiedu KG (11 April 2020). "After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments". Quartz Africa. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  45. ^ Soko M, Qobo M (14 April 2020). "Op-Ed: Victimisation of Africans in China threatens Afro-Sino relations". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  46. ^ Pilling D, Wong SL (13 April 2020). "China-Africa relations rocked by alleged racism over Covid-19". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  47. ^ "China denies city discriminating against 'African brothers'". Reuters. 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  48. ^ Marsh J. "Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  49. ^ Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury (13 April 2020). "China faces backlash for treatment of African nationals over Covid-19". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  50. ^ "African Ambassadors Complain to China Over 'Discrimination' in Guangzhou". The New York Times. Reuters. 12 April 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  51. ^ Kirton D (26 June 2020). "In China's 'Little Africa,' a struggle to get back to business after lockdown". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  52. ^ Asiedu KG (5 May 2020). "After its racism to Africans goes global, a Chinese province is taking anti-discrimination steps". Quartz Africa. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  53. ^ Hillary Leung (April 2020). "Africans in One of China's Major Cities Say They Are Targets After a Spike in COVID-19". Time. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  54. ^ Long Q (13 September 2021). "China Begins Landmine Removal Operation Along Border With Myanmar". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  55. ^ "Scores of Hong Kong restaurants 'refuse to serve mainlanders' amid coronavirus". South China Morning Post. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  56. ^ a b "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". ABC News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  57. ^ Rich M (30 January 2020). "As coronavirus spreads, so does anti-Chinese sentiment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  58. ^ Chung RY, Li MM (12 February 2020). "Anti-Chinese sentiment during the 2019-nCoV outbreak". The Lancet. 395 (10225): 686–687. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30358-5. PMC 7133618. PMID 32122469.
  59. ^ "In Hong Kong, protesters embrace "Chinese virus" to snub Communist Party censors, not stir racism". Newsweek, Hong Kong Free Press. 3 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  60. ^ Lau J (22 January 2022). "In Hong Kong, COVID-19 and Racism Make an Ugly Mix". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  61. ^ Patrick Blennerhassett (15 March 2021). "Covid-19 shaming and racism in Hong Kong needs to stop as gyms find themselves unfairly in the crosshairs". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021.
  62. ^ "Wuhan Virus Boosts Indonesian Anti-Chinese Conspiracies". Foreign Policy. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  63. ^ "[Fakta atau Hoaks] Benarkah Munculnya Virus Corona Terkait dengan Perlakuan Cina pada Muslim Uighur?". Tempo (in Indonesian). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  64. ^ Mandhana J (2 February 2020). "Chinese Abroad Become Targets of Suspicion Over Coronavirus". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  65. ^ "VIDEO: Takut Corona, Warga Sumbar Demo Hotel Turis China Menginap". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  66. ^ "新型肺炎に関するセミナーの実施". id.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  67. ^ "「感染源」日本人に冷視線 入店や乗車拒否 インドネシア(時事通信)". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  68. ^ "「日本人が感染源」 インドネシアで邦人にハラスメント: 朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  69. ^ a b "「複数国で日本人差別」 外務省、新型コロナ巡り". 日本経済新聞 電子版 (in Japanese). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  70. ^ Murali Krishnan (30 March 2020). "Coronavirus: 'Chinese-looking' Indians targeted in racist attacks". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  71. ^ "Students from Northeast complain of racism at Kirori Mal College". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  72. ^ "Coronavirus outbreak: NE students at TISS report incidents of 'racism, harassment'". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  73. ^ Manoj Kewalramani (6 April 2020). "Survey Findings: Perceptions of PRC amid Covid-19 pandemic". The Takshashila Institution. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  74. ^ "Chinese government condemns BJP Bengal president's comment on Coronavirus'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  75. ^ "Foreign tourists face hostility in India amid coronavirus panic". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  76. ^ Ghoshal D, Ahmed A, Pal A. "The religious retreat that sparked India's major coronavirus manhunt". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  77. ^ "Coronavirus: Islamophobia concerns after India mosque outbreak". BBC. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  78. ^ Kazmin A, White E, Palma S (3 March 2020). "Muslims fear backlash of India's coronavirus fury". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  79. ^ Perrigo B (3 April 2020). "It Was Already Dangerous to Be Muslim in India. Then Came the Coronavirus". Time. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  80. ^ Gettleman J, Schultz K, Raj S (12 April 2020). "In India, Coronavirus Fans Religious Hatred". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  81. ^ Wallen J (19 April 2020). "Indian hospitals refuse to admit Muslims as coronavirus causes Islamophobia surge". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  82. ^ "Covid-crisis spike in anti-Christian violence, discrimination in India reports regional watchdog". Barnabas Fund. 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  83. ^ "Two Christian Pastors Attacked in Northeast India Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic". International Christian Concern. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  84. ^ Salam ZU (28 August 2020). "Christians as target during the lockdown". Frontline. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  85. ^ Mead WR (15 April 2020). "Amid the Pandemic, Anti-Semitism Flares Up". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  86. ^ FRANTZMAN S (8 March 2020). "Iran's regime pushes antisemitic conspiracies about coronavirus". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  87. ^ a b c "海外安全情報 – ラジオ日本 – NHKワールド – 日本語". NHK WORLD (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  88. ^ "South Korean gov't summons Israeli diplomat following Israel travel ban". The Jerusalem Post. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  89. ^ "IDF to quarantine 200 Koreans in Jerusalem facility over coronavirus fears". i24news.tv. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  90. ^ "South Koreans being shipped out of Israel on special flights amid virus fears". The Times of Israel. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  91. ^ "Israel is Treating Tourists Like Coronavirus". Israel Today. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  92. ^ "Israel Takes Strict Approach To Control The Spread Of Coronavirus". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  93. ^ a b "Indian immigrant beaten in Tiberias in apparent coronavirus-linked hate crime". The Times of Israel. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  94. ^ Kim S. "As The Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Racism – Both Against And Within Asian Communities". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  95. ^ Rich M (30 January 2020). "As Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Anti-Chinese Sentiment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020. Cited in Shimizu K (February 2020). "2019-nCoV, fake news, and racism". The Lancet. 395 (10225): 685–686. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30357-3. PMC 7133552. PMID 32059801.
  96. ^ "Fear in the age of coronavirus: Chinese no longer welcome". The Straits Times. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  97. ^ "Wuhan virus: Japanese shop's 'No Chinese allowed' sign provokes netizens to call for boycott". The Straits Times. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  98. ^ a b c "Covid-19 – One in seven people would avoid people of Chinese origin or appearance". Ipsos MORI. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  99. ^ "Tokyo Ramen Restaurant Won't Allow Foreigners Because Of Coronavirus". Kotaku.com. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  100. ^ 小高麻衣子 (13 April 2020). "無差別のコロナと差別的な人間、新型コロナ経済対策に垣間見える国家主義の台頭". HARBOR BUSINESS Online [ja] (in Japanese). Fusosha Publishing. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  101. ^ كوري يقول إنه تعرض للضرب في الأردن بسبب كورونا والأمن يحقق. alghad.com (in Arabic). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  102. ^ كوري في الأردن يشكو العنصرية بسبب كورونا. Sky News Arabia (in Arabic). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  103. ^ "Violence in Kazakhstan Turns Deadly for Dungans". The Diplomat. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  104. ^ "Ten killed, dozens wounded in southern Kazakhstan clashes". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  105. ^ a b c Marie M (2 April 2020). "Kuwaiti actress Hayat al-Fahd sparks controversy over COVID-19 crisis". Egypt Today. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  106. ^ Solhi F (26 January 2020). "Some Malaysians calling for ban on Chinese tourists". NST Online. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  107. ^ "Fear and racism spread worldwide along with coronavirus". National Herald India. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  108. ^ Maria Chin ES (4 April 2020). "Think tank: Xenophobia, racism rampant on social media amid global Covid-19 lockdowns, Malaysia included". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  109. ^ "Malaysia 'detains migrants, refugees' amid coronavirus lockdown". Al Jazeera. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  110. ^ a b c Ahmed K (2 May 2020). "Malaysia cites Covid-19 for rounding up hundreds of migrants". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  111. ^ Nur A (2 May 2020). "UN Malaysia voices concern over large-scale arrests of undocumented migrants in KL". The Sun. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  112. ^ Latiff R, Ananthalakshmi A (14 October 2020). "Anti-Rohingya hate spreads unchecked on Facebook in Malaysia". The Japan Times, Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  113. ^ "Joint Letter Re: End Violent Threats and Anti-Rohingya Campaign". Human Rights Watch. 11 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  114. ^ a b Sukumara T (28 April 2020). "As Malaysia battles the coronavirus, its Rohingya refugees face a torrent of hate". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  115. ^ Chun Wai W (2 May 2020). "The anger against the Rohingya has roots". The Star. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  116. ^ "Malaysia urged to end violent threats against Rohingya refugees". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2020. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  117. ^ McIntyre I (21 June 2020). "Human rights NGO calls out 'xenophobia' towards foreign workers". The Sun Daily. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  118. ^ Loo C (25 June 2020). "Refugees cry foul over ban". The Sun Daily. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  119. ^ Latiff R (26 June 2020). "Malaysia can't take any more Rohingya refugees, PM says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  120. ^ "Can't take any more Rohingya refugees: Malaysia PM at ASEAN meet". Al Jazeera. 27 June 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  121. ^ Timboung J (7 July 2020). "Bukit Aman to call up Al Jazeera reporter, anyone linked to lockdown documentary". The Star. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  122. ^ "Immigration Dept seeking Bangladesh national who appeared in Al Jazeera's documentary". The Malay Mail. 7 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  123. ^ "Malaysia opens probe into Al Jazeera report on migrant arrests". Jakarta Post. Reuters. 7 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  124. ^ "Civil society organisations stand in solidarity with Al Jazeera, media freedom". The Sun Daily. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  125. ^ "Malaysia deports Bangladeshi man who criticised treatment of migrants in documentary". Channel NewsAsia. 22 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  126. ^ "As coronavirus spreads, fear of discrimination rises". NHK. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  127. ^ "Coronavirus confrontation: Palestinian woman accused of assaulting female Japanese aid worker". Tokyo Reporter. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  128. ^ "Palestinian governor meets harassed Japanese women". NHK. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  129. ^ a b "Groups decry racism against Chinese amid coronavirus outbreak". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  130. ^ "Adamson apologizes, revises 'racist' memo after online backlash". ABS-CBN News. February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  131. ^ "Coronavirus, South China Sea politics fuel anti-Chinese sentiment in the Philippines". 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  132. ^ "Philippine leader Duterte says xenophobia against Chinese must stop". The Japan Times. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  133. ^ Rajagopalan M (11 March 2020). "The World's Most Valuable Company Used A Migrant Worker As A Human Hand Sanitizer". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  134. ^ Al Sherbini R (11 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Saudi Aramco says it's dismayed with 'human sanitiser'". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  135. ^ Pietsch B (11 March 2020). "'Shocking contempt for human dignity': Saudi Aramco dressed up a migrant worker as a human hand sanitizer dispenser, and outraged people are calling the stunt racist and shameful". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  136. ^ Lam Md. "Coronavirus is spreading. And so is anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  137. ^ Kurohi R (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus: MHA investigating religious teacher for 'xenophobic, racist' posts". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  138. ^ Kurohi R (7 February 2020). "MHA, Muis investigating religious teacher's posts". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  139. ^ "MHA to look into 'racist, xenophobic' remarks by religious teacher over coronavirus: Shanmugam". Channel NewsAsia. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  140. ^ "Singapore PM condemns alleged attack on woman of Indian descent over mask". Reuters. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  141. ^ Mathew Mathews, Shamil Zainuddin (May 2021). "Commentary: Worries over rising COVID-19 cases are fuelling racially charged comments". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  142. ^ "Singapore will fail if it allows racism, xenophobia: Senior minister K Shanmugam warns". The New Indian Express. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  143. ^ "Not Enough Doctors in Daegu: As Virus Cases Rise, South Korea's Response Is Criticized". The Wall Street Journal. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  144. ^ Shin H, Cha S (28 January 2020). "South Koreans call in petition for Chinese to be barred over virus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  145. ^ "Foreigners accuse Daegu of scapegoating them for virus spread". 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  146. ^ Fottrell Q. "'No Chinese allowed': Racism and fear are now spreading along with the coronavirus". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  147. ^ "Coronavirus brings out anti-Chinese sentiment in South Korea". Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  148. ^ "Chinese no longer welcome as coronavirus fear grips world". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  149. ^ "Protests on migrant worker conditions and discrimination against indigenous people in Taiwan". CIVICUS. 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  150. ^ a b Katherine Wei (6 July 2021). "Migrant workers in Taiwan allege discrimination as Covid-19 hits tech industry". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  151. ^ Henley J (10 June 2021). "The Miaoli Lockdown and Taiwan's Migrant Worker Apartheid". The News Lens. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  152. ^ Randy Mulyanto (20 March 2022). "Indonesian migrant workers in Taiwan face struggles, discrimination". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  153. ^ a b "Anti-China racism rears its ugly head in Thailand". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  154. ^ "Asians worldwide share examples of coronavirus-related xenophobia on social media". NBC News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  155. ^ "Health Minister: 'Dirty' Europeans Pose Virus Risks to Thailand". Khaosod English. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  156. ^ "The Other Problematic Outbreak". The Atlantic. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  157. ^ "Health minister apologises for anti-Western slurs". Bangkok Post. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  158. ^ Thepgumpanat P, Naing S, Tostevin M (7 January 2021). "Anti-Myanmar hate speech flares in Thailand over virus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  159. ^ Paddock RC, Suhartono M (7 January 2021). "The Thai police hunt a couple accused of smuggling illegal immigrants who tested positive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  160. ^ Kemal Kirişci, M. Murat Erdoğan (20 April 2020). "Turkey and COVID-19: Don't forget refugees". Brookings. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  161. ^ "Turkey: Attacks on churches spike as some blame Christians for COVID-19". Religion News Service. 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  162. ^ "Turkish churches vandalized, Christians becoming 'scapegoat' amid pandemic woes: SAT-7". The Christian Post, SAT-7. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  163. ^ KRISTINA JOVANOVSKI (25 May 2020). "Antisemitism spreads amid coronavirus pandemic in Turkey, group warns". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  164. ^ "New Report Notes Rise In Coronavirus-Linked Anti-Semitic Hate Speech". NPR. 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  165. ^ a b "UAE media personality called out for racism". TRT World. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  166. ^ a b "UAE arrests Emirati influencer for 'racist speech', as coronavirus epidemic sparks foreign workers' debate". The New Arab. 16 April 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  167. ^ "UAE poet Tariq Al-Mehyas draws fire for 'racist' comment against Indians, Bengalis". The Print. 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  168. ^ "Vietnam walls off viral China at its peril". Asia Times. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  169. ^ "Anti-China sentiments, racism spreading along with coronavirus". New York Post. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  170. ^ "Nguyễn Sin tức giận đòi bỏ tù bệnh nhân thứ 100 – Netizen – Tin trong ngày". Việt Giải Trí. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  171. ^ "Belgians with Asian roots report increased racism amid coronavirus fears". 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  172. ^ "'They spat on me': Chinese-Belgian targeted by coronavirus harassment in Brussels". 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  173. ^ a b c d Burke C (11 March 2020). "Racist 'Corona Time' Photo of Students in Asian Costumes Prompts Outcry". Heavy. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
  174. ^ a b c d Wray M (12 March 2020). "'Corona time': Belgian school under fire for racist class photo". Global News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020.
  175. ^ a b Neirynck P (11 March 2020). "Controverse over coronaverkleedpartij op middelbare school: "Nooit de bedoeling gehad om te kwetsen"". Het Laatste Nieuws. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  176. ^ "Man attacked, accused of causing coronavirus in Belgium". 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  177. ^ "Shameful Incident in Dubrovnik". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  178. ^ "DUBROVAČKI STOLNOTENISKI KLUB LIBERTAS MARINKOLOR 'Najžešće osuđujemo svaki neprimjeren komentar kojim se Tan Ruiwua povezuje s koronavirusom'". Jutarnji Vijesti. 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  179. ^ zaobao.com (28 January 2020). "丹麦报刊登"五星病毒旗"讽刺漫画 中国要求公开道歉" [Danish newspaper publishes "five-star virus flag" satirical cartoon, China demands public apology]. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  180. ^ 小山 (28 January 2020). "中國痛批"五星病毒旗" 丹麥總理稱言論自由是傳統" [Xiaoshan (2020-01-28). "China Criticizes "Five-Star Virus Flag" Danish Prime Minister Says Freedom of Speech Is Tradition".]. RFI France (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  181. ^ "Coronavirus discrimination targets Asians in Finland". Yle News. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  182. ^ "Chinese businesses in Helsinki count the cost of the Coronavirus". Helsinki Times. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  183. ^ "En France, le racisme plus contagieux que le coronavirus". Courrier international. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  184. ^ "Coronavirus: Asians in Paris rattled by racist abuse". Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  185. ^ Lam Md. "Coronavirus is spreading. And so is anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  186. ^ "France's Ethnic Chinese Community, Other Asians Complain of Coronavirus-Linked Discrimination". Voice of America. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  187. ^ Paris AG (31 January 2020). "Outbreaks of xenophobia in west as coronavirus spreads". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  188. ^ Hillard H (28 January 2020). "Virus chinois. Ce que l'on sait de l'épidémie qui se propage en Chine et à l'étranger". Ouest-France (in French). Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  189. ^ "Virus chinois: cinq minutes pour comprendre l'épidémie". Le Parisien (in French). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  190. ^ "Coronavirus: les Asiatiques victimes de discrimination en France". France Inter (in French). 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  191. ^ a b "France In Grips Of Racism Epidemic, As Coronavirus Fans Anti-Asian Hysteria". Forbes. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  192. ^ Cassard J (22 January 2020). "Coronavirus: de jeunes Français d'origine asiatique pris à partie en Seine-et-Marne". Le Parisien (in French). Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  193. ^ Boissais V (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus: en France, la stigmatisation anti-chinoise s'invite dans les cours d'école". Radio France (in French). France Inter. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  194. ^ Laemle B (7 February 2020). "A Paris, les rues du quartier de Belleville se vident avec la peur du coronavirus". Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  195. ^ "Người Á không lạ chuyện bị kỳ thị, virus corona còn làm mọi thứ tệ hơn". Zing.vn (in Vietnamese). 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  196. ^ "Global coronavirus scare sparks racist sentiment toward people of Asian descent". english.hani.co.kr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  197. ^ "中혐오의 부메랑? 해외선 한국인도 '한묶음'". nocutnews.co.kr. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  198. ^ "海外安全情報 – ラジオ日本". NHK. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  199. ^ "日本人女性に「ウイルス!」と暴言 志らくが不快感「どこの国でもこういうのが出てくる」(ENCOUNT)". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  200. ^ "「マスクをしたアジア人は恐怖」新型ウィルスに対するフランス人の対応は差別か自己防衛か". FNN.jpプライムオンライン (in Japanese). 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  201. ^ "'Coronavirus' sprayed on Japanese restaurant in Paris". The Straits Times. 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  202. ^ "Anti-Asian hate, the new outbreak threatening the world". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  203. ^ "Japanese Man Attacked With Acid in Paris, Sparks Warning to Japanese Community". Yahoo! News. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  204. ^ "Japanese citizen injured in Paris acid attack". Japan Today. 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  205. ^ "パリ在住の中村江里子、長女も電話で「日本語で話さないで」コロナ禍アジア人差別実感(デイリースポーツ)". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  206. ^ Plaga C, Büchenbacher K (3 March 2020). ""Es bricht mir das Herz, dass ich als Schweizerin aufgrund meines asiatischen Aussehens beleidigt werde"—wie Menschen in Zeiten des Coronavirus Diskriminierung erfahren" ["It breaks my heart that as a Swiss I am being insulted because of my Asian appearance"—How people experience discrimination in times of the Coronavirus]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  207. ^ "Backlash against Asians could hinder efforts to contain coronavirus, expert says". ABC News. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  208. ^ Ipsos. "CORONAVIRUS: OPINION AND REACTION" (PDF). Ipsos MORI. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  209. ^ "DER SPIEGEL 6/2020 – Inhaltsverzeichnis". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  210. ^ "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  211. ^ Ziener M (5 February 2020). "German and other European media fan coronavirus fears and sinophobia". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  212. ^ "Chinesische Botschaft sorgt sich um zunehmende Anfeindungen". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  213. ^ "Zwei Frauen gehen auf 23-Jährige an S-Bahnhof Beusselstraße los". Der Tagesspiel. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  214. ^ "Ex-"Sturm der Liebe"-Schauspielerin kündigt Untermieterin – weil sie aus China kommt". Rheinische Post. No. RP Online. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  215. ^ "Angst vor Coronavirus: TV-Star Gabrielle Scharnitzky kündigt chinesischer Mieterin". Redaktionsnetzwerk Deutschland. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  216. ^ "Sturm der Liebe: Rassismus-Skandal um SdL-Star". TVMovie (in German). 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  217. ^ Beitzer H (5 February 2020). "Ich war seit drei Monaten nicht in China". Sueddeutsche Zeitung. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  218. ^ Fischer A (15 February 2020). "Angst vor Corona: Arzt weist erkältete Chinesin ab". Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  219. ^ "Frau in München mit Desinfektionsmittel attackiert". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  220. ^ "Controversy erupts after restaurant's 'racist' coronavirus reopening post". Deutsche Welle. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  221. ^ Christenson M (2 March 2020). "RB Leipzig apologise to Japanese fans for coronavirus 'error'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  222. ^ "いよいよドイツもパニックか 買い占めにアジア人差別 日本人も被害に". Newsweek日本版 (in Japanese). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  223. ^ a b "Men Yelling "Chinese" Tried To Punch Her Off Her Bike. She's The Latest Victim Of Racist Attacks Linked To Coronavirus". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  224. ^ "BTS: Radio host apologises for comparing band to covid". BBC News. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  225. ^ "German radio station apologizes for comment on K-pop's BTS". AP NEWS. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  226. ^ "Turkish family receives racist 'coronavirus-infected' letter as Islamophobia grows in Germany". Daily Sabah. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  227. ^ Andreas Kluth (9 September 2021). "The European Disease That's Mutated Through the Black Death and Covid". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  228. ^ "Anti-Semitism surged online during pandemic". POLITICO Europe. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  229. ^ Vass Á (5 February 2020). "Coronavirus Still Not Present but Anxiety Felt in Hungary". Hungary Today. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  230. ^ Ede Z (3 February 2020). "Kerülik a magyarok a kínai negyedet, világszerte fellángolt az előítélet". index.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  231. ^ Barna I, Knap Á (29 December 2021). "An exploration of coronavirus-related online antisemitism in Hungary using quantitative topic model and qualitative discourse analysis". Intersections. 7 (3). Eötvös Loránd University: 88. doi:10.17356/ieejsp.v7i3.801. hdl:10831/109625. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  232. ^ O'Callaghan G (17 August 2020). "Two Chinese men assaulted in violent racist attack in Cork". Irish Mirror. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  233. ^ Lyne L (17 August 2020). "Asian woman pushed into Dublin canal by teens in allegedly racist attack says she is afraid to leave her home". Irish Mirror. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  234. ^ O'Brien S (17 August 2020). "Gardaí investigating racist incident as Asian woman pushed into Dublin canal". Irish Central. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  235. ^ O'Connor R. "Mayor of Dublin Hazel Chu hits back at racist harassment on social media". The Irish Post. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  236. ^ O'Riordan E. "Asian woman says she does not feel safe after attack by teenagers in central Dublin". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  237. ^ "Roma, psicosi coronavirus. Il Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia impone: "Visita obbligatoria per tutti gli allievi orientali"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  238. ^ "'한국인 등 동양 학생 전원 출석 금지' ... 伊 음악학교 대응 논란". 연합뉴스. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  239. ^ Pitrelli S, Noack R (31 January 2020). "A top European music school suspended students from East Asia over coronavirus concerns, amid rising discrimination". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  240. ^ "Asians worldwide share examples of coronavirus-related xenophobia on social media". NBC News. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  241. ^ a b "Coronavirus prompts 'hysterical, shameful' Sinophobia in Italy". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  242. ^ "L'incubo di essere cinesi in Italia con il coronavirus: Un ragazzo preso a bottigliate in Veneto". Open online. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  243. ^ "Has coronavirus prompted rise in racist incidents across Europe?". South China Morning Post. 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  244. ^ "Italian Regional Chief Sorry for Saying Chinese Eat 'Live Mice'". Japan Times. March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  245. ^ "Incendio doloso al ristorante giapponese: "Ci hanno minacciati dicendoci che portiamo il virus". Torino Today. 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  246. ^ "Nageroepen vanwege het coronavirus: 'Dit is geen excuus om racistisch te zijn'". nos.nl (in Dutch). February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  247. ^ "Chinezen woest om corona-carnavalslied 'Voorkomen is beter dan Chinezen'". Hartvannederland (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  248. ^ "First Dutch coronavirus victim was in Italy and celebrated Carnaval". Dutchnews. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  249. ^ van Duin J (28 March 2020). "Carnaval was waarschijnlijk katalysator van verspreiding coronavirus in Brabant". Omroep Brabant. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  250. ^ "Chinese studenten in Wageningen opgeschrikt door doodsverwensingen". Hartvannederland (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  251. ^ "Studentenflat Bornsesteeg niet direct op slot na anti-Chinese uitlatingen". gelderlander.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  252. ^ "Onderzoek naar 'racistische' fietsschopper". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  253. ^ "Heksenjacht op jongens na mishandelen oudere fietser: 'Speel niet voor eigen rechter'". Het Parool (in Dutch). 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  254. ^ Kim DS (14 February 2020). "KLM apologizes after being accused of coronavirus racism". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  255. ^ Smith J, Cha S (14 February 2020). "KLM apologizes after airliner crew's coronavirus toilet note sparks outrage in South Korea". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  256. ^ a b Misérus M (11 March 2020). "Uitgescholden en bedreigd, want 'alle Chinezen hebben corona'". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  257. ^ "Chinees-Nederlandse Cindy (24) mishandeld na opmerking over coronalied". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  258. ^ "Huis in Diemen beklad met racistische leus vanwege coronavirus". Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  259. ^ "Aziatische jongen slachtoffer racistisch geweld in Zaandam". Joop.nl (in Dutch). 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  260. ^ Quekel S, Koenes R (23 June 2020). "Yanii (16) moet onder dwang sorry zeggen en krijgt trap in gezicht: 'Wie is de baas?'". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  261. ^ a b "Verdachte aangehouden voor schoppen Aziatische Yanii (16) tegen hoofd". NH Nieuws (in Dutch). Zaandam. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  262. ^ "The Virus of Hate: Brown Book of the Epidemic" (PDF). NEVER AGAIN Association. May 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  263. ^ Żytnicki P, Sałwacka S (13 May 2020). "They beat, cough and spit. Racist incidents are on the rise during the epidemic". wyborcza.pl. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  264. ^ "Chinese targeted in Russia raids as coronavirus fears spread". 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  265. ^ Higgins A (24 February 2020). "Businesses 'Getting Killed' on Russian Border as Coronavirus Fears Rise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  266. ^ a b "Poll: The EU Has Solid Common Ground When It Comes To China". The Diplomat. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  267. ^ "Russian public opinion on China in the age of COVID-19 (page 5)" (PDF). Central European Institute of Asian Studies. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  268. ^ "'We experienced a racist assault for wearing face masks in Stockholm'". The Local Sweden. 20 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  269. ^ "Mamman: De kallade min son för smittspridare". HD. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  270. ^ Olsson C (March 2020). "Dottern ombads kliva av spårvagnen – på grund av coronaoro". Aftonbladet. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  271. ^ Bergsten S (8 April 2020). "Attackerad och avskydd – Att vara av asiatiskt påbrå i Sverige under COVID-19". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  272. ^ "European public opinion on China in the age of COVID-19 (pages 9 and 24)" (PDF). Central European Institute of Asian Studies. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  273. ^ Whitehead D. "'You deserve the coronavirus': Chinese people in UK abused over outbreak". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  274. ^ Mercer D. "Coronavirus: Hate crimes against Chinese people soar in UK during COVID-19 crisis". Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  275. ^ "How British east and southeast Asians are fighting racism during the pandemic". The Independent. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  276. ^ Burrows T (14 April 2021). "British Chinese children talk about racism and the impact on their lives – CBBC Newsround". BBC Newsround. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  277. ^ "YouGov Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  278. ^ Iqbal N (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus fears fuel racism and hostility, say British-Chinese". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  279. ^ a b "Is xenophobia spreading with the coronavirus?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  280. ^ "Coronavirus panic is making the UK more racist, argues British-Chinese journalist". LBC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  281. ^ Jones S (31 January 2020). "Chinese student attacked in Sheffield over coronavirus". The Star. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  282. ^ "Dele Alli apologizes for coronavirus video". CNN. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  283. ^ "D'They yelled Coronavirus' – East Asian attack victim speaks of fear". The Guardian. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  284. ^ "Indian-origin woman in UK beaten for trying to save Chinese from racist attack over coronavirus". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  285. ^ Iau J (3 March 2020). "Coronavirus: UK police investigating 'racially motivated' attack on Singaporean student in London". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  286. ^ "Teens arrested over racist coronavirus attack". BBC News. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  287. ^ "Teen handed 18-month rehabilitation order for racially motivated attack on Singapore student in London". The Straits Times (Singapore). 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  288. ^ Preston-Ellis R (6 March 2020). "Asian teens punched, kicked and spat at in three separate racist coronavirus attacks in Exeter in just one day". Devon Live. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  289. ^ Busby M (6 March 2020). "Vietnamese curator dropped because of 'coronavirus prejudice'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  290. ^ Coates M (6 April 2020). "Covid-19 and the rise of racism" (PDF). BMJ. 369: m1384. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1384. PMID 32253178. S2CID 214798131. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  291. ^ "University of Southampton lecturer 'beaten up in racist attack'". BBC News. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  292. ^ Awan I (24 April 2020). "Coronavirus: conspiracy theories and fake videos fuel rise in Islamophobia". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  293. ^ Matache M, Bhabha J (7 April 2020). "Anti-Roma Racism is Spiraling During COVID-19 Pandemic". Health and Human Rights. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  294. ^ "Hungary's Roma battle Covid on their own". Agence France-Presse. 22 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  295. ^ a b "More Anti-Asian Racist Incidents Reported Per Capita in Canada than US According to First National Report". CCNC-SJ. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  296. ^ Smith C (30 January 2020). "Journalist Peter Akman no longer works for CTV after infamous coronavirus tweet". The Georgia Straight. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  297. ^ "CTV fires journalist after outrage over coronavirus tweet". freshdaily.ca. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  298. ^ Flanagan R (30 January 2020). "Canada's top doctor calls out 'racism and stigmatizing comments' over coronavirus". CTVNews. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  299. ^ Chien JN (7 February 2020). "Discrimination Isn't Helping to Contain the Coronavirus". The Nation: A Weekly Journal Devoted to Politics, Literature, Science, Drama, Music, Art, and Finance. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  300. ^ a b "Asian Canadian women abused, punched, spat on. Is it racist maskaphobia?". South China Morning Post. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  301. ^ Mcmaster G (7 July 2020). "Majority of Chinese-Canadians say they've experienced discrimination because of COVID-19: study". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  302. ^ "Blame, bullying and disrespect: Chinese Canadians reveal their experiences with racism during COVID-19". Angus Reid Institute. 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  303. ^ "Almost One Third Of Chinese Canadians Report Being Physically Attacked During COVID-19". Canadian Anti-Hate Network. 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  304. ^ "Hate crimes up 97% overall in Vancouver last year, anti-Asian hate crimes up 717%". British Columbia. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  305. ^ "Man arrested for alleged racial attack on Calgary woman". National Post. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  306. ^ Sidhu I (29 September 2020). "Man arrested for alleged racial attack on Calgary woman". CTV News. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  307. ^ White R (23 December 2021). "Kenney's Wuhan bat soup comment draws criticism, premier's office claims 'scientific theory' far from racist". CTV News Calgary. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  308. ^ Wakefield J (2 January 2022). "Amid protests, Kenney walks back 'bat soup thing out of Wuhan' comment". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  309. ^ "Vancouver's Chinese-Canadian businesses report up to 70% business drop amid virus fears". Global News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  310. ^ "Vancouver police investigate alleged racially motivated attack against elderly Asian man with dementia". Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  311. ^ Woodward J (30 April 2020). "'It has escalated': Chinese Cultural Centre targeted with vandalism, hateful graffiti". British Columbia. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  312. ^ Little S. "Video captures Burnaby man threatened in racist tirade on TransLink bus". Global News. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  313. ^ Kotyk A (29 October 2020). "Anti-Asian hate crime incidents rose by 878% compared to last year, Vancouver police report says". British Columbia. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  314. ^ a b c "Chinese in Canada a target of increased hate during pandemic". Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  315. ^ Shen N (4 May 2021). "Richmondite speaks up during a racist encounter in Richmond". Vancouver, British Columbia: Glacier Media Group. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  316. ^ "Chinese restaurants in GTA see large drop in sales in weeks after coronavirus outbreak". Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  317. ^ Cecco L (28 January 2020). "Canada's Chinese community faces racist abuse in wake of coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  318. ^ Brown D (28 January 2020). "Ontario school board concerned parents' petition prompted by coronavirus fears could stoke racism". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  319. ^ D'Amato L (1 April 2020). "UW professor apologizes for anti-Chinese posts on social media". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  320. ^ Wilson K (24 March 2021). "Man charged after hate-motivated attacks against Asian victims in Markham". CP24. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  321. ^ Aguilar B (8 April 2021). "Police seek help identifying suspect in hate-motivated assault in Scarborough". CP24. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  322. ^ "Montreal police suspect hate-crimes after vandals hit Buddhist temples, Chinatown". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  323. ^ "Dozens of statues and religious artifacts vandalized – Video – CityNews Montreal". Montreal.citynews.ca. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  324. ^ Rowe DJ (17 March 2020). "COVID-19: Korean consulate issues warning after violent attacks in Montreal". CTV. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  325. ^ Richardson L (14 April 2020). "Inuit getting caught up in anti-Asian hate crimes in Montreal, advocates". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  326. ^ Grillo M, Rowe DJ (4 March 2021). "Anti-Asian racism in Montreal rose dramatically in 2020; worrying trend, says City Hall". CTV News.
  327. ^ a b "Hutterites face COVID-19 stigma across the Prairies, says author who grew up on Manitoba colony". CBC News. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  328. ^ "'It's not an idle threat': Hutterite colony considers filing human rights complaint against Manitoba government". CTV News Winnipeg. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  329. ^ "Coronavirus: Hutterian Safety Council asks province to stop 'outing' infected colonies". Global News. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  330. ^ "Hutterites debate whether Sask. should link outbreaks to colonies". Regina Leader Post. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  331. ^ "Many Black, Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid Coronavirus". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  332. ^ Daniels C, DiMaggio P, Mora GC, Shepherd H. "Does Pandemic Threat Stoke Xenophobia?" (PDF). New York University College of Arts & Science. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  333. ^ Kim JY, Block CJ, Yu H (1 December 2021). "Debunking the 'model minority' myth: How positive attitudes toward Asian Americans influence perceptions of racial microaggressions". Journal of Vocational Behavior. 131. Elsevier: 103648. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103648.
  334. ^ a b "Asian Americans report over 650 racist acts over last week, new data says". NBC News. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  335. ^ "INCIDENTS OF CORONAVIRUS-RELATED DISCRIMINATION" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  336. ^ Braun S (14 April 2021). "Stop AAPI Hate: Schools Must Take Action to Ensure Well-Being and Safety of Asian American Students as They Reopen" (PDF). Stop AAPI Hate. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  337. ^ Buscher R (21 April 2020). "'Reality is hitting me in the face': Asian Americans grapple with racism due to COVID-19". WHYY-FM. Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  338. ^ "In Pursuit of Chinese Scapegoats, Media Reject Life-Saving Lessons". FAIR. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  339. ^ Lynteris C, Fearnley L (31 January 2020). "Why shutting down Chinese 'wet markets' could be a terrible mistake". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  340. ^ Asmelash L. "UC Berkeley faces backlash after stating 'xenophobia' is 'common' or 'normal' reaction to coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  341. ^ "Andrew Yang addresses anti-Asian racism surrounding coronavirus". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  342. ^ Acevedo N (27 February 2021). "NBA's G League investigating after Jeremy Lin said he was called 'coronavirus' on the court". NBC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  343. ^ Wu N. "Asian American lawmakers denounce 'rumors' and 'xenophobia' about coronavirus". USA Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  344. ^ "Chinese Businesses Hit By Crime Believe Coronavirus Is to Blame". Bedford + Bowery. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  345. ^ "The Coronavirus Crisis Is Sparking Harassment Of Asian Americans". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  346. ^ "Trump again defends use of the term 'China virus'". CNN. 17 March 2020.
  347. ^ Rogers K, Jakes L, Swanson A (18 March 2020). "Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  348. ^ Forgey Q (18 March 2020). "Trump on 'Chinese virus' label: 'It's not racist at all'". Politico. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  349. ^ "Twitter post". Archived from the original on 12 May 2020.
  350. ^ Zimmer B (12 March 2020). "Why Trump Intentionally Misnames the Coronavirus". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  351. ^ "Chris Cuomo blasts Trump for saying 'Chinese virus': 'It could have come from anywhere'". The Washington Examiner. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  352. ^ Wulfsohn J (12 March 2020). "CNN blasted for now declaring 'Wuhan virus' as 'racist' after weeks of network's 'China's coronavirus' coverage". Fox News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  353. ^ Schwarts I (12 March 2020). "Media Called Coronavirus "Wuhan" Or "Chinese Coronavirus" Dozens Of Times". Real Clear Politics. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  354. ^ Baragona J (18 March 2020). "Trump Addresses 'Kung-Flu' Remark, Says Asian-Americans Agree '100 Percent' With Him Using 'Chinese Virus'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  355. ^ Hains T (18 March 2020). "Reporter to President Trump: Is It Acceptable To Call Coronavirus "Kung Flu"?". realclearpolitics.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  356. ^ "CNN article on Trump pulling back Chinese Virus term". Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.
  357. ^ Moreno JE (20 June 2020). "Trump refers to coronavirus as 'kung flu' during Tulsa rally". The Hill. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  358. ^ "Pompeo blames China for hundreds of thousands of virus deaths, denies inconsistency". Reuters. 6 May 2020.
  359. ^ "Pompeo pushes 'Wuhan virus' label to counter Chinese disinformation". ABC News.
  360. ^ Nicholson H Jr (2021). "When "model minorities" become "yellow peril" – Othering and the racialization of asian Americans in the COVID-19 pandemic". Sociology Compass. 15 (2). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: e12849. doi:10.1111/soc4.12849. PMC 7995194. PMID 33786062.
  361. ^ "Don't blame 'China' for the coronavirus – blame the Chinese Communist Party". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020.
  362. ^ "Blame the Chinese Communist Party for the coronavirus crisis". USA Today. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020.
  363. ^ a b Perez E, Shortell D (25 March 2020). "Man under investigation for plotting an attack at a hospital believed to be treating Covid-19 patients was killed during an FBI investigation". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  364. ^ Margolin J (23 March 2020). "White supremacists encouraging their members to spread coronavirus to cops, Jews, FBI says". ABC News. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  365. ^ "FBI Foils Neo‑Nazi Plot to Blow Up Missouri Hospital". Homeland Security News Wire. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  366. ^ a b "Avi Benlolo: The coronavirus pandemic is bringing with it a new level of anti-Semitism". 28 March 2020.
  367. ^ Mallin A, Margolin J (25 March 2020). "Homeland Security warns terrorists may exploit COVID-19 pandemic". ABC News. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  368. ^ Mallin A (25 March 2020). "DOJ weighs terror charges for those who make threats to spread coronavirus". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  369. ^ "FBI says extremists are urging spread of coronavirus to Jews, police". The Times of Israel. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  370. ^ a b c "Coronavirus Crisis Elevates Antisemitic, Racist Tropes". Anti-Defamation League. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  371. ^ Charlotte McDonald-Gibson (26 March 2020). "'Right Now, People Are Pretty Fragile.' How Coronavirus Creates the Perfect Breeding Ground for Online Extremism". Time. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  372. ^ a b Justin Sherman (26 March 2020). "Extremists are using the coronavirus to radicalize and spread conspiracies online". CBS News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  373. ^ "Chinatown restaurants say the coronavirus is impacting their businesses. Here's what to know". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  374. ^ "Mayor de Blasio Encourages New Yorkers to Visit Asian-American Owned Small Businesses". The official website of the City of New York. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  375. ^ Alcorn C. "Coronavirus anxiety is still devastating Chinese businesses in New York City". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  376. ^ Alcorn C (21 April 2020). "Coronavirus' toll on Chinese restaurants is devastating". CNN Business. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  377. ^ Han J (19 March 2020). "Mask dilemma troubles Koreans in US". The Korea Times.
  378. ^ Summers J (10 April 2020). "U.S. Surgeon General: People Of Color 'Socially Predisposed' To Coronavirus Exposure". NPR. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  379. ^ Barone V (12 April 2020). "Surgeon General criticized for calling on African Americans to take care of "big momma" and "pop pop"". New York Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  380. ^ McWhorter J (12 April 2020). "The Surgeon General Meets the Language Police". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  381. ^ Wise J (23 June 2020). "Fauci: Institutional racism playing role in disproportionate coronavirus impact on Black community". The Hill. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  382. ^ "House Condemns Racism Against Asian Americans Amid Pandemic". NBC 7 San Diego. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  383. ^ Rogers A (14 April 2021). "Senate advances bill to combat surge of anti-Asian hate crimes". CNN. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  384. ^ "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Motion to Proceed to S. 937)". United States Senate. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  385. ^ Kane P (22 April 2021). "Bill to combat hate crimes against Asian Americans passes Senate with bipartisan support". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  386. ^ Sprunt B (18 May 2021). "Congress Passes Bill To Counter The Rise In Anti-Asian Hate Crimes". NPR. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  387. ^ Sprunt B (20 May 2021). "Here's What The New Hate Crimes Law Aims To Do As Attacks On Asian Americans Rise". NPR. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  388. ^ Armour N. "'We need to protect each other.' Olympic hopefuls say they've experienced anti-Asian hate". USA Today. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  389. ^ "CDC Announces Negative COVID-19 Test Requirement from Air Passengers Entering the United States from the People's Republic of China". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  390. ^ Huang F (5 January 2023). "America's Covid Test Requirement for Chinese Travelers Is a Farce". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  391. ^ "Page man arrested for urging killings of Navajo over coronavirus". KSAZ-TV. Associated Press. 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  392. ^ Longhi L (22 March 2020). "Scottsdale councilman shares false info claiming COVID-19 means 'Chinese Originating' virus". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  393. ^ Phillips G (24 March 2020). "Sharing false COVID-19 information was reckless, and I'm sorry. But I've learned a valuable lesson". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  394. ^ Foote H (17 February 2020). "'Othered': Coronavirus fears spur bias against Asian Americans". KAET. Cronkite News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  395. ^ Knowles H (26 April 2021). "An Asian man said a firefighter attacked him. It sparked a reckoning in small-town Arkansas". The Washington Post.
  396. ^ Carroll S, Glisovic M (25 March 2021). "Arkansas fire captain accused of attacking Asian man". Little Rock, AR: KATV-TV. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  397. ^ Hay A, Caspani M (14 February 2020). "OFFICIAL CORRECTED-Fake flyers and face-mask fear: California fights coronavirus discrimination". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  398. ^ a b "Website Launches to Document Anti-Asian Hate Crimes in Wake of COVID-19". NBC Bay Area. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  399. ^ a b Capatides C (14 February 2020). "Bullies attack Asian American teen at school, accusing him of having coronavirus". CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  400. ^ "Fake US coronavirus flyers smear Asian restaurants". BBC News. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  401. ^ "As Coronavirus Spreads, Asian Americans Report Spike in Racism". 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020.
  402. ^ Theresa Waldrop (11 November 2021). "Olympic gold medalist Suni Lee says she was pepper-sprayed in a racist attack". CNN. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  403. ^ Vander A. "Fake restaurant listing perpetuates racism toward Asian communities". The Rocky Mountain Collegian.
  404. ^ Driscoll E (5 April 2020). "Update: Racist Death Threats Lodged Against Seymour Restaurant". Valley Independent Sentinel. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  405. ^ Eng D (11 April 2020). "Seymour rallies behind Asian-American restaurant owners after coronavirus-motivated threat". The Connecticut Post. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  406. ^ Dunne S (26 February 2021). "Senators push to mandate Asian American studies in Connecticut public schools amid surge of racist attacks". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Early in the pandemic we had a complaint from Stamford from an Asian American woman who had been in the country 30 years. She was at a supermarket. A supermarket checkout clerk allegedly sprayed her with Lysol, in front of everybody. It wasn't a subtle act. Not only was that deeply embarrassing, but it was an assault on her. She breathed in these noxious fumes. This person attacked her," Tong said.
  407. ^ Polansky R (2 April 2021). "Suspect arrested after yelling 'Go back to China' at man in Milford". WFSB. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  408. ^ Shannon J (15 June 2020). "UD condemns 'racist and xenophobic' flyers left at apartment complexes where Asian students live". Newark Post. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  409. ^ "Viral video: Man bullies elderly Asian woman and chases her on Florida beach with sanitizer". International Business Times. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  410. ^ "'Sanitize Your A**!': Man Chases Elderly Asian Woman With Purell in Viral Video". Nextshark.com. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  411. ^ Habersham R (24 April 2020). "'Wuhan Plague' plaques found on Atlanta businesses, streets". The Atlanta Journal Courier. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  412. ^ a b c Hanna J, Watts A, Holcombe M (17 March 2021). "Suspect in Atlanta-area spa shootings might have intended more shootings in Florida, mayor says". CNN. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  413. ^ Hwang Jy (17 March 2021). "애틀랜타 총격 범인, 아시아인 다 죽이겠다 말해" [Atlanta shooter tells me I'm going to kill all Asians]. Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  414. ^ Custodio J (17 March 2021). "Yang decries Georgia shooting, calls for more funding for hate-crime task force". Politico. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  415. ^ Fausset R, Vigdor N (16 March 2021). "8 People Killed in Atlanta-Area Massage Parlor Shootings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  416. ^ Neumann S (17 March 2021). "'Hate Is Deadly': Lawmakers Speak Out After Ga. Spree Shooting Kills 6 Asian Women". People. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  417. ^ Montgomery B, Cruz C, Ibrahim N, Olding R (16 March 2021). "Massage Parlor Massacres Suspect Said He Loved Guns & God". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  418. ^ "Atlanta Shootings: South Korea Foreign Minister Responds to Asian Americans Killed". 18 March 2021 – via YouTube.
  419. ^ Kang EY (31 March 2020). "Asian Americans Feel The Bite Of Prejudice During The COVID-19 Pandemic". WBEZ. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  420. ^ "Police seek suspects in Naperville jogger attack". The Chicago Sun-Times. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  421. ^ Nottingham S, Alsup D (15 February 2020). "Hmong men record alleged coronavirus discrimination at Indiana hotels". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  422. ^ D'Angelo B (1 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Indiana gas station owner apologizes after clerk kicks out doctor for being Asian". WHBQ.
  423. ^ a b Cha P (6 April 2021). "'I'm sure I will experience this again': IU students recount experiences of anti-Asian racism". Indiana Daily Student. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  424. ^ "Indiana University student targeted in bus stabbing for being Asian, police say". NBC News. 15 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  425. ^ "Asian woman asked to distance from white coworkers during coronavirus outbreak, lawsuit alleges". 2 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  426. ^ "Asian woman asked to distance from white coworkers during coronavirus outbreak, lawsuit alleges". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  427. ^ Tsubasa Field A (22 March 2021). "Asian American Kansas lawmaker says he was threatened at bar". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  428. ^ Deese K (21 May 2020). "Officer fired for saying it's 'unfortunate' more black people didn't die of coronavirus". The Hill. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  429. ^ "'I'm shaking right now': CNN reporter describes 3 racist attacks within an hour". CNN. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  430. ^ Blanchard Z, Mannino G, Keller E (16 March 2021). "Portland's Asian-American community responds after police charge man in racist attack against woman, children". News Center Maine. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  431. ^ Zumer B (12 February 2021). "Several Asian restaurants in Howard County burglarized, as Lunar New Year starts". Fox Baltimore. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  432. ^ "Two Asian women in Baltimore beaten with cinder block". New York Post.
  433. ^ Jan T (19 May 2020). "Asian American doctors and nurses are fighting racism and the coronavirus". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  434. ^ Gray MJ (1 May 2020). "Video Shows Children Dancing In Racist Obama Mask At Michigan Protest". BET.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  435. ^ Hassanzadeh E (27 March 2020). "Coronavirus In Minnesota: 'We're Watching You': Racist Note Left On Woodbury Home Of Asian American Couple". CBS Minnesota. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  436. ^ Jones H (30 March 2020). "Racist note tells Woodbury couple to 'take the virus back to China'". City Pages. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  437. ^ "Police: Man coughs on Moorhead grocery worker, blames minorities for virus". Star-Tribune. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  438. ^ Bachtle B (17 September 2020). "Austin man of Chinese heritage finds words 'China virus' burned into front yard". ABC 6 News. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  439. ^ "St. Louis County Restaurant Faces Fierce Backlash Over Racist Piñata". Riverfront Times. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  440. ^ "Piñata maker takes a swing at globally feared virus". Mexico News Daily. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  441. ^ "New Data Shows Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Cases". 13 May 2020.
  442. ^ Whitney A (15 May 2020). "COVID pandemic sparks racism towards Asians". KHGI. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  443. ^ Goudsward AJ, Mikle J (26 March 2020). "Murphy calls out Lakewood anti-Semitism driven by coronavirus: 'A special place in hell'". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  444. ^ Sheldon C (16 April 2020). "Girl charged with racially assaulting Asian woman over coronavirus". nj.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  445. ^ "Quick Reads Archive". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  446. ^ Dunlap, Susan (20 March 2020). "Signs of rise in racism against Asians and Asian-Americans". Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  447. ^ Gomez, Adrian (10 May 2020). "Asians in NM face increased racism during coronavirus pandemic". Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  448. ^ Wang, Joy (13 March 2020). "Chinese student at UNM subject of racist prank". Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  449. ^ Wang, Joy (18 March 2020). "Vandals tag downtown Asian restaurant with racist message". Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  450. ^ Wakayama, Brady (6 April 2020). "Asian American community speaking out against racism during coronavirus pandemic". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  451. ^ Wang J (29 April 2021). "Police: Customer attacked massage therapist, hurled racial slurs after refusing to wear a mask". Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  452. ^ O'Hara ME (20 March 2020). "Mock Subway Posters Urge New Yorkers to Curb Anti-Asian Hate". Adweek. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  453. ^ Masood Farivar (24 March 2021). "Anti-Asian Hate Crime Crosses Racial and Ethnic Lines". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  454. ^ "Hate Crimes Reports, Arrest Statistics by Bias Motivation, Annual 2020". New York City Police Department. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  455. ^ "NYC Hate Crime Report, Arrest Statistics involving Hate Crime Incidents by Arrestee Gender, Race, Age and Bias Motivation, CY2020" (XLSX). New York City Police Department. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  456. ^ Kimmy Yam (9 March 2021). "Anti-Asian hate crimes increased by nearly 150% in 2020, mostly in N.Y. and L.A., new report says". NBC News. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  457. ^ "Hate crimes up 100% in New York City this year, driven by crimes against the Asian community, police say". www.cbsnews.com. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  458. ^ "Governors tell outsiders to stay away". The New York Times. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  459. ^ "Rhode Island search for New Yorkers". Bloomberg. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  460. ^ "Vilifying New Yorkers". The Washington Post. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  461. ^ "Gov. Cuomo reprimands discrimination". CBS Boston. 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  462. ^ "South Korean diplomat attacked, nose broken on New York City street". NBC News. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  463. ^ Shabad A (13 November 2020). "Real estate agent's sign spray-painted with ethnic slur aimed at people of Chinese descent". WCNC Charlotte. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  464. ^ "Asian community group, worried by coronavirus-related racism, urges Clevelanders to 'get the facts'". The Plain Dealer. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  465. ^ Kramer G (12 May 2020). "Ohio's Asian-Americans Are Not Immune To Coronavirus-Fueled Racism". Ideastream. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  466. ^ "Donald Trump calls Covid-19 'kung flu' at Tulsa rally". The Guardian. London. 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  467. ^ Riechmann D, Tang T (18 March 2020). "Trump continues to call coronavirus 'Chinese virus' in spite of hate crime risks". Global News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  468. ^ a b Wise A (22 June 2020). "White House Defends Trump's Use Of Racist Term To Describe Coronavirus". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020. The White House on Monday denied any malicious intent behind President Trump's use of the racist term "kung flu" this weekend ...
  469. ^ Benen S (22 June 2020). "On virus, Trump uses phrase even the White House considers offensive". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  470. ^ "Man accused of kicking Asian-American woman, racial slurs while on bus". KATU. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  471. ^ Rodriguez A (1 February 2021). "Yelp forced to turn off local bar reviews after 'China Virus' sign causes uproar". CBS 10. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  472. ^ Jensen L (9 February 2021). "Restaurants in the Jade District Have Windows Smashed as Wave of Vandalism Hits Asian-Owned Businesses". Willamette Week. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  473. ^ Abad J (3 March 2021). "Willamette University student victim of possible hate crime". CBS 6. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  474. ^ "Video allegedly shows group assaulting couple on Philly subway platform". PhillyVoice. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  475. ^ "I didn't want to write about coronavirus and racism. Then I got harassed twice". Philadelphia Inquirer. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  476. ^ Ileto C (6 August 2020). "'She punched me on my face': Asian-American pregnant mother attacked in Philadelphia". Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  477. ^ a b Ileto C (13 April 2020). "Woman arrested following attack on Asian-American pregnant woman in Philadelphia". Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  478. ^ "Philadelphia community holds meeting on anti-Asian hate, violence". 3 September 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  479. ^ Chinn H (12 February 2021). "A crisis of racist anti-Asian speech surfaces at Lower Moreland High School". WHYY. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  480. ^ Brown N (21 February 2021). "Racially Insensitive Menu Item At Lennie's Hoagies Sparking Outrage In Philadelphia's Asian American Community". CBS 3. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  481. ^ Katro K (5 April 2021). "Surveillance video shows man attack woman walking in Center City Philadelphia". Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  482. ^ "Suspect accused of assaulting man, shouting anti-Asian remarks in Chinatown". 7 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  483. ^ "Suspect charged with ethnic intimidation following assault on Asian-American man in Philadelphia's Chinatown". 8 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  484. ^ Hall G (9 April 2021). "Asian-American man attacked in Chinatown wants to see increased police in community". Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  485. ^ Han N, Grubola H (15 April 2021). "Philadelphia City Council passes resolution to help combat anti-Asian hate".
  486. ^ "CNN's Natasha Chen describes beachgoer's racist taunt". CNN. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  487. ^ Fleming, Tyler (24 May 2020). "'Get out of his country': CNN reporter says man yelled racist words at her in Myrtle Beach". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  488. ^ Edwards, David (24 May 2020). "South Carolina beachgoer demands Asian-American CNN reporter 'get out of his country'". Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  489. ^ "Teen charged in 'racially motivated' Sam's club stabbing". newswest9.com. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  490. ^ "Sam's stabbing stopped by employee's heroic act". newswest9.com. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  491. ^ "Man Arrested for Stabbing Burmese Man and His Son in Texas Sam's Club". Nextshark.com. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  492. ^ "FBI calling stabbing at Midland Sam's a hate crime". cbs7.com. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  493. ^ "FIRST ON CBS7: Suspect admits he tried to kill family at Midland Sam's Club". cbs7.com. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  494. ^ "Austin police officer reportedly fired over racist text messages". kvue.com. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  495. ^ "Racist 'Coronavirus' Posters Plastered on Dorm Room Door Led to Angelo State Brawl, Some Say". sanangelolive.com. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  496. ^ Douglas E, Takahashi P (6 February 2020). "'People just disappeared': Coronavirus fears weighing on Houston's economy". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  497. ^ Cotto J, Cody R, King J (14 March 2021). "Ramen shop vandalized with racist messages after owner speaks out against Texas' reopening". KSAT. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  498. ^ Nguyen J (1 April 2021). "Police investigating threatening letters sent to Asian Americans in Utah". ABC 4. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  499. ^ "Coronavirus fears in Pacific NW lead to rise in anti-Asian racism". Crosscut. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  500. ^ a b c Peng S (10 April 2020). "Smashed windows and racist graffiti: Vandals target Asian Americans amid coronavirus". NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  501. ^ Takahama E (21 May 2020). "Seattle police searching for man who attacked, blamed Asian couple for coronavirus pandemic". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  502. ^ Phan S. "Anti-Asian attacks nationwide worry Puget Sound community members". KOMO News. Retrieved 21 February 2020. And, in Renton, police say they are looking into one case this week where a woman allegedly called a young Asian-American man a racial slur and threw a snowball at his car. The man filmed the confrontation and then posted it to YouTube.
  503. ^ Andy Rose and Chris Boyette (3 April 2021). "A juvenile has been arrested following a videotaped attack against an Asian couple in Tacoma, Washington". CNN. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  504. ^ Horcher G (26 April 2021). "Man's stabbing death was 'unprovoked' and 'random' say witnesses". Kiro 7 News Seattle. Bothell, Washington: KIRO 7 News. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  505. ^ "Fighting the Shadow Pandemic". Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  506. ^ Madden, Karen (20 May 2020). "Stevens Point police accuse man of harassing grocery shoppers for wearing masks while Asian". Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  507. ^ Vrajlal A (31 January 2020). "Chinese-Australians Facing Racism After Coronavirus Outbreak". HuffPost. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  508. ^ Kuang W (30 January 2020). "This coronavirus is not 'Chinese'. Don't racialise it, because we all have to be prepared". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  509. ^ Chung F (30 January 2020). "Bystanders 'feared coronavirus' after man collapsed outside Chinatown restaurant". Australian Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  510. ^ "Coronavirus: Chinese Australians report spike in racist incidents". The National. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  511. ^ "Woolworths employee 'kicks out Asian customer' over coronavirus fears". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  512. ^ Chrysanthos N. "South Korean student asked to leave Sydney boarding school over coronavirus risk". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  513. ^ Bell F. "Coronavirus fears see Malaysian student evicted from Perth share house by landlord". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  514. ^ "Australians avoid Chinese food amid coronavirus fears". South China Morning Post. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  515. ^ "'This is racism': Chinese-Australians say they've faced increased hostility since the coronavirus outbreak began". SBS News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  516. ^ Pearlman J (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Chinese community in Australia complain of racism as MPs call for calm". The Straits Times. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  517. ^ "Hong Kong student accused of having coronavirus was 'punched for wearing a face mask'". ABC News. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  518. ^ "'Bird sh*t eating Wuhan Chinese, monkey looking children': Restaurant in Australia receives racist letter". Resonate. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  519. ^ "More than eight in 10 Asian Australians report discrimination during coronavirus pandemic". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 November 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  520. ^ "Perth man's message to woman who told him to 'p*** off back to China'". 7NEWS. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  521. ^ "'He said my face should meet his fist': All Rahul wanted to do was board a bus when he was attacked". ABC News. 23 July 2021.
  522. ^ Tadulala K (5 February 2020). "Fear of Coronavirus fuels racist sentiments". Fijian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  523. ^ "China slams Fiji opposition's Covid-19 claims". Radio NZ. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  524. ^ "Calm urged as anti-Chinese sentiment felt in New Zealand". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  525. ^ "Police investigating 'ignorant, arrogant' coronavirus email". Stuff (company). Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  526. ^ "Coronavirus: Auckland Mayor Phil Goff sickened at reports of racism at pools, buses, restaurants". Stuff (company). Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  527. ^ Neilson M (11 March 2020). "'I don't feel safe in my country': Teenagers bottled in racist attack at North Shore park". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  528. ^ "Police search Chinese Consulate in Auckland after bomb threat". Stuff. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  529. ^ Rolleston TA (17 February 2021). "Covid-19 heightens racism against Māori, Chinese – research". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  530. ^ Nicklin G (2 February 2021). "If we're to defend our borders from the pandemic, what do we mean by borders?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  531. ^ Latif J (19 August 2020). "Amid racism, rumour and fear mongering, South Auckland stands up for affected family". The Spinoff. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  532. ^ Martin H (15 October 2021). "Covid-19: Risk remains for Māori and Pasifika even if Auckland hits 90% first doses". Stuff. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  533. ^ Te Wake W (24 August 2021). "Covid 19 coronavirus Delta outbreak: Abuse aimed at South Auckland church-goers reveals racist double standard – Fa'anana Efeso Collins". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  534. ^ ""Qué hacés, coronavirus": la cargada que desencadenó una violenta pelea entre un supermercadista chino y un repartidor". Clarín. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  535. ^ Brazil minister offends China with 'racist' virus tweet Archived 29 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine AFP, 6 April 2020
  536. ^ Waldron T (20 April 2020). "Amazon Tribes Say Christian Missionaries Threaten 'Genocide' During Pandemic". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  537. ^ Leão G (2 April 2021). "I fear for Asian communities in Brazil". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  538. ^ Fleck G (26 March 2021). "Is Bolsonaro's anti-China rhetoric fueling anti-Asian hate in Brazil?". Global Voices. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  539. ^ "Trudeau condemns racism linked to coronavirus outbreak". Global News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  540. ^ "Toronto mayor denounces xenophobia against Chinese community amid coronavirus fears". NBC News. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  541. ^ Jaynes A (28 January 2020). "Chinese Canadians speak out against racism, misinformation in wake of coronavirus". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  542. ^ "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". WHO. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  543. ^ Borrelli SS (25 February 2020). "Politics goes viral as Italy struggles with outbreak". Politico. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  544. ^ "Coronavirus, Mattarella visita a sorpresa la scuola multietnica all'Esquilino. La preside: "Ha voluto stringere le mani ai bambini"". Il Messaggero (in Italian). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  545. ^ "We zijn geen virussen!". petities.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  546. ^ "U.N. asks world to fight virus-spawned discrimination". Reuters. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  547. ^ "More than 200 civil rights groups demand Congress publicly reject coronavirus racism". NBC. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  548. ^ "Report COVID-19 Related Harassment, Discrimination, and Bigotry". A3PCON. March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  549. ^ "A 'CHINESE CORONAVIRUS'? OFFICIALS ACCUSE TRUMP OF STOKING XENOPHOBIA AND VIOLENCE AGAINST ASIAN-AMERICANS". Newsweek. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  550. ^ "Yang & Anti-Defamation League CEO: Avoid coronavirus racism and scapegoating". Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  551. ^ "Extremists Use Coronavirus to Advance Racist, Conspiratorial Agendas". Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  552. ^ "NY attorney general launches hotline for people to report discrimination related to coronavirus". Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  553. ^ Asiedu KG (5 May 2020). "After its racism to Africans goes global, a Chinese province is taking anti-discrimination steps". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  554. ^ "China province launches anti-racism push after outrage". The Hindu, Agence France-Presse. 4 May 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  555. ^ @Blklivesmatter (17 March 2021). "Read our statement denouncing the white supremacist attacks on our Asian communities" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 March 2021 – via Twitter.
  556. ^ Hong Yi R (2020). "#IAMOTAVIRUS". Red Hong Yi. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  557. ^ Feeldesain (24 April 2020). "#iamnotavirus against racism". feeldesain. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  558. ^ "Korean 'comfort women' memorial a no-go in Aurora". AP NEWS. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  559. ^ Volz D (8 September 2021). "Pro-China Online Network Used Fake Accounts to Urge Asian-Americans to Attend Protests, Researchers Say". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 8 September 2021.

Further reading