El doblaje (también conocido como regrabación y mezcla ) es un proceso de posproducción utilizado en la realización de películas y la producción de videos donde las grabaciones adicionales o suplementarias (conocidas como dobles ) se sincronizan con los labios y se "mezclan" con el audio de producción original, con el fin de lograr el producto final.
El proceso, que suele realizarse en conjunto con el diseño de sonido , se lleva a cabo en un estudio de doblaje. Después de que los editores de sonido editan y preparan todas las pistas necesarias (diálogos, reemplazo automático de diálogos, efectos, Foley y música), los mezcladores de doblaje proceden a equilibrar todos los elementos y grabar la banda sonora terminada.
El doblaje a veces se confunde con el ADR, [ se necesita más explicación ] también conocido como "reemplazo de diálogo adicional", [ se necesita aclaración ] [1] [2] [3] "grabación de diálogo automatizada" y "bucle"; [4] [5] en el que los actores originales vuelven a grabar y sincronizan segmentos de audio.
Entre los espectadores ocasionales, el término "doblaje" se refiere comúnmente al reemplazo de las voces de los actores por las de otros intérpretes que recitan su diálogo para audiencias internacionales. [1] [ se necesita más explicación ]
El término "doblaje" solo se utiliza cuando se reemplaza una voz anterior, generalmente en otro idioma. Cuando se crea una voz desde cero para animaciones, siempre se utiliza el término "voz original" porque, en algunos casos, estos medios están parcialmente terminados antes de que se implemente la voz. El trabajo de voz seguiría siendo parte del proceso de creación, por lo que se consideraría la voz oficial. [ cita requerida ]
Las películas, los vídeos y, a veces, los videojuegos suelen doblarse al idioma local de un mercado extranjero. En la distribución extranjera, el doblaje es común en películas estrenadas en salas de cine, películas de televisión , series de televisión , dibujos animados , anime y telenovelas . [6]
En muchos países, el doblaje se adoptó, al menos en parte, por razones políticas. En estados autoritarios como la Italia fascista y la España franquista , el doblaje podía utilizarse para imponer agendas ideológicas particulares, eliminando referencias negativas a la nación y sus líderes y promoviendo idiomas nacionales estandarizados a expensas de los dialectos locales y las lenguas minoritarias. En la Alemania posnazi , el doblaje se utilizó para restar importancia a los acontecimientos del pasado reciente del país, como en el caso del doblaje de Notorious de Alfred Hitchcock , donde la organización nazi en la que se centra la trama de la película se cambió a una empresa de tráfico de drogas. [7] El primer doblaje de una película posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) doblada del ruso al checo . [8]
En Europa occidental , después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , el doblaje resultó atractivo para muchos productores cinematográficos, ya que contribuía a posibilitar la coproducción entre empresas de distintos países, lo que a su vez les permitía aunar recursos y beneficiarse del apoyo financiero de varios gobiernos. El uso del doblaje permitió reunir elencos multinacionales que podían utilizar su idioma preferido para sus actuaciones, y se realizaron los doblajes de posproducción adecuados antes de distribuir las versiones de la película. [7]
El reemplazo automático de diálogo ( ADR ) es el proceso de regrabar el diálogo por parte del actor original (o un actor sustituto) después del proceso de filmación para mejorar la calidad del audio o realizar cambios en el diálogo inicialmente escrito. En los primeros días del cine sonoro , se cortaba y empalmaba un bucle de película para cada una de las escenas que debían volver a grabarse, y luego los bucles se cargaban en un proyector uno por uno. Para cada escena, el bucle se reproducía repetidamente mientras el actor de voz interpretaba las líneas, tratando de sincronizarlas con la actuación filmada. Esto se conocía como "bucle" o "sesión de bucle". Cargar y volver a cargar los bucles de película mientras el talento y el equipo de grabación estaban de pie era tedioso. Más tarde, la cinta de vídeo y luego la tecnología digital reemplazaron los bucles de película, y el proceso se conoció como reemplazo automático de diálogo (ADR). [10] [11]
En la producción cinematográfica convencional, un mezclador de sonido de producción graba el diálogo durante la filmación. Durante la posproducción, un editor de sonido supervisor , o supervisor de ADR, revisa todo el diálogo de la película y decide qué líneas deben volver a grabarse. El ADR se graba durante una sesión de ADR, que se lleva a cabo en un estudio de sonido especializado . Se graban múltiples tomas y la toma más adecuada se convierte en la versión final, o se pueden editar partes de varias tomas juntas. [12] El proceso de ADR no siempre se lleva a cabo en un estudio de posproducción. El proceso puede grabarse en el lugar con equipo móvil. El ADR también se puede grabar sin mostrarle al actor la imagen que debe imitar, pero haciéndole escuchar la actuación, ya que algunos actores [ ¿quiénes? ] creen que verse actuar puede degradar las actuaciones posteriores. El director puede estar presente durante el ADR; alternativamente, pueden dejarlo en manos de un editor de sonido de confianza, un especialista en ADR y los intérpretes.
A partir de 2020, [update]el proceso automatizado incluye técnicas sofisticadas, como la visualización automática de líneas en pantalla para el talento, señales automatizadas, cambio de la pista de audio para una sincronización precisa y algoritmos de ajuste temporal para estirar o comprimir partes de una línea hablada. Incluso hay software que puede separar las palabras habladas de los sonidos ambientales en la banda sonora filmada original, detectar los picos del diálogo y ajustar automáticamente el tiempo de la nueva interpretación doblada al original para crear una sincronización perfecta. [13]
A veces, durante la ADR se utiliza un actor distinto al actor original. Un ejemplo famoso es el personaje de Star Wars Darth Vader , interpretado por David Prowse ; en la postproducción, James Earl Jones dobló la voz de Vader. [14] En la India , el proceso se conoce simplemente como "doblaje", mientras que en el Reino Unido , también se denomina "postsincronización" o "postsincronización". La inserción de interpretaciones de actores de voz para animación , como imágenes generadas por computadora o dibujos animados , a menudo se denomina ADR, aunque generalmente no reemplaza el diálogo existente.
El proceso ADR puede utilizarse para:
Otros ejemplos incluyen:
En Canadá y Francia se ha utilizado históricamente un método alternativo al doblaje, denominado "banda rítmica" (o " banda de sincronización de labios ") . [ cita requerida ] Proporciona una guía más precisa [ se necesita más explicación ] para los actores, directores y técnicos, y se puede utilizar para complementar el método ADR tradicional. La "banda" es en realidad una guía de película de 35 mm transparente en la que se escribe a mano el diálogo con tinta china , junto con numerosas indicaciones adicionales para el actor, incluidas risas, gritos, longitud de sílabas, sonidos de la boca, respiraciones y aperturas y cierres de la boca. La banda rítmica se proyecta en el estudio y se desplaza en perfecta sincronización con la imagen. [ cita requerida ]
El tiempo de estudio se utiliza de forma más eficiente, ya que con la ayuda de textos, imágenes y pistas de audio que se desplazan por el texto, los actores pueden leer más líneas por hora que con ADR solo (solo imágenes y audio). Con ADR, los actores pueden leer un promedio de 10 a 12 líneas por hora, mientras que la banda rítmica puede facilitar la lectura de 35 a 50 líneas por hora. [15]
Sin embargo, la preparación de una banda rítmica es un proceso que requiere mucho tiempo y que involucra a una serie de especialistas organizados en una línea de producción. Esto ha impedido que la técnica se adopte más ampliamente, pero las emulaciones de software de la tecnología de bandas rítmicas superan las desventajas del proceso tradicional de bandas rítmicas y reducen significativamente el tiempo necesario para preparar una sesión de doblaje. [ cita requerida ]
Para los doblajes a un idioma distinto al original, el proceso de doblaje incluye las siguientes tareas:
A veces, el traductor realiza las cinco tareas. En otros casos, el traductor solo presenta un borrador de traducción y un redactor de diálogos hace el resto. Sin embargo, la experiencia lingüística del traductor y la de redactor de diálogos es diferente: los traductores deben dominar el idioma de origen, mientras que los redactores de diálogos deben dominar el idioma de destino.
El papel del dialoguista es hacer que la traducción suene natural en el idioma de destino y que la traducción suene como un diálogo creíble en lugar de simplemente un texto traducido. [16]
Otra tarea de los guionistas es comprobar si una traducción coincide o no con los movimientos de la boca de un personaje en pantalla, leyendo en voz alta simultáneamente con el personaje. El guionista de diálogos suele permanecer en el entorno de grabación con los actores o los locutores, para asegurarse de que el diálogo se recita de la forma en que fue escrito y para evitar cualquier ambigüedad en la forma en que se debe leer el diálogo (centrándose en el énfasis, la entonación, la pronunciación, la articulación, la pronunciación correcta de palabras extranjeras, etc.). El objetivo general es asegurarse de que el guion cree la ilusión de autenticidad del idioma hablado. Un producto de localización exitoso es aquel que da la sensación de que el personaje original está hablando en el idioma de destino. Por lo tanto, en el proceso de localización, la posición de la escritura del diálogo o de la canción es extremadamente importante.
La localización es la práctica de adaptar una película o serie de televisión de una región del mundo a otra. A diferencia de la traducción pura, la localización implica adaptar el contenido para que se ajuste al público de destino. Por ejemplo, se pueden reemplazar referencias culturales específicas y se pueden eliminar o agregar imágenes. [17]
La localización del doblaje es un tema polémico en la cinefilia entre los aficionados a las producciones cinematográficas y los programas de televisión extranjeros , en particular los fanáticos del anime . Si bien es cierto que en las traducciones es prácticamente inevitable que se realice cierta localización, en estas comunidades suele discutirse la controversia en torno a qué nivel de localización es "excesivo", especialmente cuando el producto doblado final es significativamente diferente del original. Algunos fanáticos desaprueban cualquier localización extensa, mientras que otros la esperan y, en distintos grados, la aprecian.
La nueva pista de voz suele estar a cargo de un actor de doblaje . En muchos países, los actores que desempeñan regularmente esta función siguen siendo poco conocidos, con la excepción de círculos particulares (como el fandom del anime ) o cuando sus voces se han convertido en sinónimo de roles o actores cuyas voces suelen doblar. En los Estados Unidos, muchos de estos artistas de doblaje pueden emplear seudónimos o no aparecer en los créditos debido a las regulaciones del Screen Actors Guild o al deseo de desvincularse del rol. [18]
En Argelia , Marruecos y Túnez, la mayoría de las películas extranjeras (especialmente las producciones de Hollywood) se proyectan dobladas al francés. Estas películas suelen importarse directamente de los distribuidores de películas franceses. La elección de películas dobladas al francés se puede explicar por el uso generalizado de la lengua francesa. Otro factor importante es que los cines locales y las empresas de medios privados no doblan en los idiomas locales para evitar los altos costos, pero también por la falta de experiencia y demanda. [ cita requerida ]
A partir de la década de 1980, las series y películas dobladas para niños en árabe estándar moderno se convirtieron en una opción popular entre la mayoría de los canales de televisión, cines y tiendas de VHS/DVD. Sin embargo, las películas dobladas todavía se importan, y el doblaje se realiza en los países del Levante con una fuerte tradición de doblaje (principalmente Siria , Líbano y Jordania ). Egipto fue el primer país árabe encargado de doblar las películas de Disney en 1975 y solía hacerlo exclusivamente en árabe egipcio en lugar de árabe estándar moderno hasta 2011, y desde entonces muchas otras compañías comenzaron a doblar sus producciones en este dialecto. A partir de Encanto , las películas de Disney ahora se doblan en ambos dialectos. [19]
En los países de habla árabe, los programas infantiles (principalmente dibujos animados y comedias infantiles) se doblan al árabe o se utilizan subtítulos en árabe. La única excepción fueron las telenovelas dobladas al árabe estándar o dialectos, pero también las series turcas, en particular Gümüş , en árabe sirio. [20]
Un ejemplo de actores de doblaje árabes que doblan para ciertos artistas es Safi Mohammed para Elijah Wood . [ cita requerida ]
En Túnez , la Televisión Nacional de Túnez (TNT), la emisora pública de Túnez, no puede emitir ningún contenido en otro idioma que no sea el árabe, lo que la obliga a emitir únicamente contenido doblado (esta restricción se eliminó recientemente para los anuncios comerciales). Durante los años 1970 y 1980, TNT (conocida como ERTT en ese momento) comenzó a doblar dibujos animados famosos en tunecino y árabe estándar. Sin embargo, en el sector privado, los canales de televisión no están sujetos a la regla del idioma. [ cita requerida ]
En Sudáfrica , muchos programas de televisión fueron doblados al afrikáans , con la banda sonora original (generalmente en inglés, pero a veces en holandés o alemán ) " transmitida simultáneamente " en estéreo FM en Radio 2000. [ 21] Estos incluyeron series estadounidenses como The Six Million Dollar Man (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal) , [22] [23] Miami Vice (Misdaad in Miami) , [24] Beverly Hills 90210 , [25] y la serie de detectives alemana Derrick . [26]
Como resultado del boicot del sindicato de actores británico Equity , que prohibió la venta de la mayoría de los programas de televisión británicos, la serie de marionetas Las aventuras de Rupert Bear fue doblada al inglés sudafricano , ya que las voces originales habían sido grabadas por artistas de doblaje de Equity. [27]
Esta práctica ha disminuido como resultado de la reducción del tiempo de emisión para el idioma en SABC TV y el aumento de material producido localmente en afrikáans en otros canales como KykNet . De manera similar, muchos programas, como The Jeffersons , fueron doblados al zulú , [28] pero esto también ha disminuido a medida que la producción de dramas locales ha aumentado. Sin embargo, algunas películas animadas, como Maya the Bee , han sido dobladas tanto al afrikáans como al zulú por artistas locales. [29] En 2018, eExtra comenzó a mostrar la serie dramática turca Paramparça doblada al afrikáans como Gebroke Harte o "Corazones rotos", el primer drama extranjero en ser doblado al idioma en veinte años. [30]
La industria cinematográfica de Uganda es bastante pequeña y es habitual ver películas extranjeras. La banda sonora en inglés suele ir acompañada de la traducción al luganda y de comentarios, a cargo de un "video jockey" (VJ) ugandés. La interpretación y narración del VJ puede estar disponible en formato grabado o en directo. [31]
En Azerbaiyán , las películas extranjeras se estrenan en su idioma original con subtítulos en azerbaiyano en los cines. Además, algunos cines ofrecen versiones en ruso y turco. Según la ley, las películas destinadas a estrenarse en salas deben estar dobladas o subtituladas. Todos los canales de televisión están obligados a emitir películas y programas de televisión con audio doblado. En el pasado, era habitual utilizar la voz en off, pero en la última década, los canales han mejorado la calidad adoptando el doblaje completo.
Los lanzamientos en DVD suelen importarse de Rusia o Turquía. La ausencia de leyes detalladas, las regulaciones limitadas, la supervisión y el interés de la industria contribuyen a que se sigan debatiendo sobre cómo deben estrenarse las películas y las series. [32] Sin embargo, ciertas series y películas (El reino de Salomón, Mokhtarnameh y El profeta José, etc.) han sido dobladas y estrenadas en su totalidad, incluida la disponibilidad en formatos de medios domésticos.
China tiene una larga tradición de doblaje de películas extranjeras al chino mandarín , que comenzó en la década de 1930. Si bien durante la era de la República de China se pudieron importar y doblar películas occidentales al chino, desde 1950 las películas soviéticas se convirtieron en la principal importación, [33] a veces incluso superando la producción local. [34] En la China comunista, la mayoría de las películas europeas se doblaban en Shanghái, mientras que las películas asiáticas y soviéticas generalmente se doblaban en Changchun . [35] Durante la Revolución Cultural, las películas norcoreanas, rumanas y albanesas se hicieron populares. [36] A partir de fines de la década de 1970, además de películas, también se doblaron series de televisión populares de Estados Unidos, Japón, Brasil y México. [34] El Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio ha sido el estudio más conocido en la industria del doblaje de películas en China. Para generar productos de alta calidad, dividen cada película en segmentos cortos, cada uno de los cuales dura solo unos minutos, y luego trabajan en los segmentos uno por uno. Además de traducir correctamente el significado, se esfuerzan muchísimo para que los labios de los actores coincidan con el diálogo. Como resultado, el doblaje de estas películas no suele detectarse fácilmente. Al final de la película doblada se reconoce al elenco de dobladores. Varios actores y actrices de doblaje del Estudio de doblaje de Shanghai se han convertido en celebridades muy conocidas, como Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi y Liu Guangning. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, especialmente en las ciudades más grandes de las costas este y sur, se ha vuelto cada vez más común que los cines proyecten versiones subtituladas con las bandas sonoras originales intactas.
Las películas también se doblan a los idiomas de algunas regiones autónomas de China . Cabe destacar que el Departamento de Traducción de la Compañía Cinematográfica de la Región Autónoma del Tíbet (西藏自治区电影公司译制科) [37] ha estado doblando películas al idioma tibetano desde la década de 1960. En las primeras décadas, doblaba entre 25 y 30 películas cada año, y la cifra aumentó a 60-75 a principios de la década de 2010. [37] [38] También se doblan películas para los mercados de habla mongol y uigur de China. [39]
Los dramas televisivos chinos suelen ser doblados al mandarín estándar por actores de voz profesionales para eliminar acentos, mejorar actuaciones deficientes o cambiar líneas para cumplir con las leyes de censura locales. [40]
En Hong Kong , los programas de televisión extranjeros, excepto los programas de televisión en inglés y mandarín, se doblan al cantonés . Los programas en inglés y mandarín generalmente se muestran en su versión original con subtítulos. Las películas extranjeras, como la mayoría de las películas de acción real y animadas (como anime y Disney), generalmente se doblan al cantonés. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los cines también ofrecen versiones subtituladas de películas en inglés.
En su mayor parte, las películas y programas de televisión extranjeros, tanto de acción real como animados, suelen estar doblados tanto al mandarín como al cantonés. Por ejemplo, en la serie de películas de El Señor de los Anillos , el personaje de Elijah Wood, Frodo Baggins, fue doblado al mandarín por Jiang Guangtao para China y Taiwán. Para la localización al cantonés, en realidad hubo dos doblajes para Hong Kong y Macao . En el primer doblaje al cantonés, la voz fue de Leung Wai Tak, mientras que en el segundo doblaje al cantonés, la voz fue de Bosco Tang.
Taiwán dobla algunas películas y series de televisión extranjeras al chino mandarín. Hasta mediados de los años 90, los principales canales terrestres nacionales doblaban y subtitulaban todos los programas y películas extranjeros y, en el caso de algunos programas populares, las voces originales se ofrecían en un segundo programa de audio . Sin embargo, poco a poco, tanto los canales terrestres como los de cable dejaron de doblar los programas y películas estadounidenses en horario de máxima audiencia , mientras que los subtítulos continuaron.
En la década de 2000, la práctica del doblaje ha variado según la naturaleza y el origen del programa. Las animaciones, los programas infantiles y algunos programas educativos de PTS se doblan en su mayoría. Las películas y los programas de acción en vivo en inglés no se doblan en los cines ni en la televisión. Los dramas televisivos japoneses ya no se doblan, mientras que los dramas coreanos , los dramas de Hong Kong y los dramas de otros países asiáticos todavía se doblan a menudo. Los programas de variedades coreanos no se doblan. Las películas japonesas y coreanas en los canales de películas asiáticos todavía se doblan. En los cines, la mayoría de las películas extranjeras no se doblan, mientras que las películas de animación y algunas películas destinadas a los niños ofrecen una versión doblada. Las películas de acción en vivo de Hong Kong tienen una larga tradición de doblarse al mandarín, mientras que las películas más famosas ofrecen una versión cantonesa .
En Georgia , las bandas sonoras originales se conservan en las películas y series de televisión, pero con traducción en off. Hay excepciones, como en algunos dibujos animados infantiles.
En la India , donde las "películas extranjeras" son sinónimo de " películas de Hollywood ", el doblaje se realiza principalmente en hindi , tamil y telugu . El doblaje rara vez se realiza con los otros idiomas indios principales, a saber , bengalí , gujarati , kannada , malabar , maratí y odia , debido a la falta de un tamaño de mercado significativo. A pesar de esto, algunos doblajes en kannada y malabar de programas de televisión infantiles se pueden ver en el canal Sun TV . Las versiones dobladas se lanzan en las ciudades y asentamientos de nivel inferior de los respectivos estados (donde la penetración del inglés es baja), a menudo con los originales en idioma inglés lanzados en las áreas metropolitanas. En todos los demás estados, los originales en inglés se lanzan junto con las versiones dobladas, donde a menudo las colecciones de versiones dobladas son más destacadas que las originales. Spider-Man 3 también se hizo en el idioma bhojpuri , un idioma popular en el este de la India además del hindi, el tamil y el telugu. Un buen día para morir , la entrega más reciente de la franquicia Duro de matar , fue la primera película de Hollywood en recibir también un doblaje en idioma punjabi .
La mayoría de los canales de televisión no mencionan ni los créditos de doblaje en idioma indio, ni a su personal, al final de los créditos finales originales, ya que cambiar el reparto de créditos para los actores originales o actores de voz implica un gran presupuesto para la modificación, lo que hace que sea algo difícil encontrar información para las versiones dobladas. La misma situación se encuentra con las películas. A veces, los programas y películas extranjeros reciben más de un doblaje, como por ejemplo, Jumanji , Dragonheart y Van Helsing que tienen dos doblajes en hindi. La información sobre los actores de doblaje en hindi, tamil y telugu que han hecho las voces de actores específicos y de sus papeles en películas y programas de televisión extranjeros se publica en revistas de datos indias locales, para aquellos que están involucrados en la industria del doblaje en India. Pero en algunas ocasiones, hay algunas producciones extranjeras que sí acreditan al elenco de doblaje, como películas animadas como las películas de Barbie y algunas películas de Disney. Las series originales de Disney Channel lanzadas en DVD con sus doblajes en hindi muestran una lista de los artistas en los créditos de doblaje en hindi, después de los créditos finales originales. Los estrenos en salas de cine y en VCD de películas extranjeras no incluyen el crédito del reparto ni del personal de doblaje. Sin embargo, los lanzamientos en DVD sí incluyen el crédito del personal de doblaje, si se lanzan en varios idiomas. Recientemente, la información sobre el personal de doblaje de producciones extranjeras se ha ampliado debido a la gran demanda de personas que desean conocer a los actores de doblaje detrás de los personajes de las obras extranjeras.
A diferencia de los cines de la mayoría de los países asiáticos, los de Indonesia proyectan películas extranjeras con subtítulos. Luego, unos meses o años después, esas películas aparecen en la televisión dobladas al indonesio o subtituladas. Los programas infantiles suelen estar doblados, aunque incluso en las series de dibujos animados, las canciones normalmente no están dobladas, pero en las grandes películas, como las de Disney, tanto las voces habladas como las cantadas se utilizan para el doblaje en indonesio. Las películas para adultos suelen estar subtituladas, pero a veces también se pueden doblar y, como no hay muchos actores de doblaje indonesios, varios personajes pueden tener exactamente la misma voz.
En el caso de los reality shows, el hecho de que el programa esté doblado o no es diferente. Por ejemplo, el programa de competición japonés TV Champion Japan está completamente doblado, mientras que otros reality shows se emiten con subtítulos en indonesio. Todos los programas de televisión en idioma malayo , incluidos los animados , están subtitulados, probablemente debido a la mutua inteligibilidad del idioma con el indonesio.
En Irán , las películas y programas de televisión extranjeros internacionales se doblan al persa . El doblaje comenzó en 1946 con la llegada de las películas y los cines al país. Desde entonces, las películas extranjeras siempre se han doblado para el cine y la televisión. Las películas y programas de televisión extranjeros se subtitulan en persa . Utilizando varios actores de voz y añadiendo pistas y ocurrencias locales a los contenidos originales, el doblaje jugó un papel importante en atraer a la gente a los cines y desarrollar un interés por otras culturas. El arte del doblaje en Irán alcanzó su apogeo durante los años 1960 y 1970 con la afluencia de películas estadounidenses, europeas e hindi.
Los musicales más famosos de la época, como My Fair Lady y The Sound of Music , fueron traducidos, adaptados e interpretados en persa por los artistas de doblaje. Desde la década de 1990, por razones políticas y bajo la presión del estado, la industria del doblaje ha declinado, y las películas se doblan solo para los canales de televisión estatales. Durante los últimos años, los DVD con subtítulos en persa han encontrado un mercado entre los espectadores por la misma razón, pero la mayoría de la gente todavía prefiere las versiones dobladas en persa. Recientemente, las empresas privadas comenzaron a doblar series de televisión contratando a dobladores famosos. Sin embargo, los doblajes que hacen estas empresas a menudo no están autorizados y varían mucho en términos de calidad.
Aquí se incluye una lista de actores de doblaje persas que se asocian con sus homólogos actores.
En Israel , solo las películas y programas de televisión para niños están doblados al hebreo . En los programas dirigidos a adolescentes y adultos, nunca se considera el doblaje para la traducción, no solo por sus altos costos, sino también porque la audiencia es principalmente multilingüe. La mayoría de los espectadores en Israel hablan al menos un idioma europeo además del hebreo, y una gran parte de la audiencia también habla árabe . Por lo tanto, la mayoría de los espectadores prefieren escuchar la banda sonora original, ayudada por subtítulos en hebreo. Otro problema es que el doblaje no permite la traducción a dos idiomas diferentes simultáneamente, como suele ser el caso de los canales de televisión israelíes que utilizan subtítulos en hebreo y otro idioma (como el ruso ) simultáneamente.
En Japón, muchos programas de televisión aparecen subtitulados o doblados en la televisión japonesa si están destinados a niños. Cuando se estrenó en Japón la película estadounidense Morocco en 1931, los subtítulos se convirtieron en el método principal de traducción de programas de televisión y películas en Japón. Más tarde, alrededor de la década de 1950, comenzaron a mostrarse programas de televisión y películas extranjeras dobladas al japonés en la televisión. Los primeros que se doblaron al japonés fueron los dibujos animados de Superman de la década de 1940 en 1955.
Debido a la falta de software de vídeo para la televisión nacional, el software de vídeo se importaba del extranjero. Cuando el programa de televisión se mostraba en televisión, en su mayoría estaba doblado. Había un límite de caracteres para una pantalla de televisión pequeña con una resolución más baja, y este método no era adecuado para los ojos de los ancianos y los analfabetos, al igual que el doblaje de audio. En la actualidad, los programas de televisión y las películas (tanto los destinados a todas las edades como los destinados solo para adultos) se muestran doblados con el idioma original y subtítulos en japonés, mientras que se ofrece la opción del idioma original cuando la misma película se lanza en VHS , DVD y Blu-ray . Los lanzamientos en laserdisc de las películas de Hollywood casi siempre estaban subtitulados, películas como Godzilla: King of the Monsters .
Los dibujos animados para adultos como South Park y Los Simpson se muestran doblados al japonés en el canal de televisión WOWOW . South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut fue doblada al japonés por diferentes actores en lugar de los mismos actores de doblaje japoneses de la caricatura porque fue manejada por un estudio de doblaje japonés diferente y fue comercializada para el mercado de Kansai . En los cines japoneses, las películas en idioma extranjero, excepto aquellas destinadas a niños, generalmente se muestran en su versión original con subtítulos en japonés. Las películas extranjeras generalmente contienen múltiples versiones dobladas al japonés, pero con varios actores de voz originales doblados al japonés diferentes, dependiendo de la cadena de televisión en la que se transmitan. NHK , Nippon TV , Fuji TV , TV Asahi y TBS generalmente siguen esta práctica, al igual que los lanzamientos de software en VHS , Laserdisc , DVD y Blu-ray . En cuanto a las películas extranjeras que se lanzaron recientemente, ahora hay algunas salas de cine en Japón que muestran ediciones dobladas y subtituladas.
El 22 de junio de 2009, la división japonesa de 20th Century Fox abrió una línea de Blu-ray conocida como "Emperor of Dubbing", dedicada a tener múltiples doblajes japoneses de películas populares en inglés (en su mayoría películas de Hollywood), así como a conservar los guiones originales, lanzándolos todos juntos en lanzamientos especiales en Blu-ray. Estos también incluyen un nuevo doblaje creado exclusivamente para ese lanzamiento como un corte del director, o un nuevo doblaje hecho con una mejor mezcla de sonido envolvente para que coincida con la mezcla original en inglés (ya que la mayoría de los doblajes japoneses más antiguos se hicieron en mezclas mono para ser emitidos por televisión). Otras compañías han seguido la práctica, como la división japonesa de Universal Pictures, NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan , que abrió "Reprint of Memories", junto con Warner Bros Japan con "Power of Dubbing", que actúa de manera similar al volver a empaquetar todos los múltiples doblajes japoneses de películas populares y lanzarlos como lanzamientos especiales en Blu-ray.
Los "artistas de doblaje japoneses" proporcionan las voces de ciertos intérpretes, como los que se enumeran en la siguiente tabla:
Los programas y películas en idioma extranjero que se emiten en TV2 se muestran en su idioma original pero tienen subtítulos en malayo.
En Pakistán, las "películas extranjeras" y los dibujos animados normalmente no se doblan localmente. En cambio, las películas, el anime y los dibujos animados extranjeros, como los que se muestran en Nickelodeon Pakistan y Cartoon Network Pakistan , se doblan al hindi en la India, ya que el hindi y el urdu , el idioma nacional de Pakistán, son mutuamente inteligibles . Sin embargo, las telenovelas de Turquía ahora se doblan al urdu y han ganado una mayor popularidad a expensas de las telenovelas indias en hindi. [54] Esto ha llevado a protestas de los productores locales que afirman que son una amenaza para la industria televisiva de Pakistán, y las producciones locales se trasladan fuera del horario de máxima audiencia o se eliminan por completo. [55] De manera similar, los líderes políticos han expresado preocupaciones sobre su contenido, dada la cultura menos conservadora de Turquía. [56]
En Filipinas, la industria de los medios de comunicación generalmente tiene prácticas mixtas en cuanto a doblar programas de televisión o películas, incluso dentro del mismo tipo de medio. En general, la decisión de doblar una producción de video depende de una variedad de factores, como el público objetivo del canal o bloque de programación en el que se emitirá el largometraje, su género y/o el medio de transmisión (por ejemplo, televisión o cine, televisión abierta o de pago).
La prevalencia de los medios que necesitan ser doblados ha dado lugar a un grupo de talentos que es muy capaz de sincronizar la voz con los labios, especialmente para los programas emitidos por las tres cadenas más grandes del país. No es raro en la industria del doblaje filipino que la mayoría de las voces de una serie sean dobladas por solo un puñado de talentos de doblaje. Los programas originalmente en inglés solían emitirse normalmente en su idioma original en la televisión abierta.
Since the late 1990s/early 2000s, however, more originally English-language programs that air on major free-to-air networks or their affiliates (e.g. TV5, GMA, GTV, the defunct ABS-CBN) have been dubbed into Filipino. Even the former Studio 23 (now S+A), once known for its airing programs in English, had later adopted Filipino language dubbing for some of its foreign programs. Children's programs from cable networks Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the former Disney Channel shown on TV5 and GMA have long been dubbed into Filipino or another Philippine regional language. Animated Disney films are often dubbed in Filipino except for the singing scenes, which are shown in their original language (though in recent years, there has been an increase in number of Disney musicals having their songs also translated such as Frozen).
Dubbing has also been less common in smaller free-to-air networks such as the former RPN 9 (now CNN Philippines) whereby the original-language version of the program is aired. Dramas from Asia and Latin America have always been dubbed into Filipino, and each program from these genres feature their unique set of Filipino-speaking voice actors.
The original language-version of TV programs is also usually available on cable/satellite channels such as AXN, HBO, and Warner TV Philippines. However, some pay-TV channels do specialize in showing foreign shows and films dubbed into Filipino. Cinema One, ABS-CBN's cable movie channel, shows some films originally in languages other than English dubbed into Filipino. ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Channel also dubs its foreign language programmes. Nat Geo Wild airs most programs dubbed into Filipino for Philippine audiences, being one of the few cable channels to do so. Tagalized Movie Channel and Tag airs Hollywood and Asian movies dubbed in Filipino. The former Fox Filipino aired some English, Latin, and Asian series dubbed in Filipino such as The Walking Dead, Devious Maids, La Teniente, Kdabra, and some selected programs from Channel M. The defunct channel HERO TV, which focused on anime series, dubbed all its foreign programs into Filipino. This was in contrast to Animax, where their anime programs are dubbed in English.
Foreign films, especially English films shown in local cinemas, are almost always shown in their original language. Non-English foreign films make use of English subtitles. Unlike other countries, children's films originally in English are not dubbed in cinemas.
A list of voice actors with their associates that they dub into Filipino are listed here.
In multilingual Singapore, dubbing is rare for western programs. English-language programs on the free-to-air terrestrial channels are usually subtitled in Chinese or Malay. Chinese, Malay and Tamil programs (except for news bulletins and other live shows), usually have subtitles in English and the original language during the prime time hours. Dual sound programs, such as Korean and Japanese dramas, offer sound in the original languages with subtitles, Mandarin-dubbed and subtitled, or English-dubbed. The deliberate policy to encourage Mandarin among citizens made it required by law for programs in other Chinese dialects (Hokkien, Cantonese and Teochew) to be dubbed into Mandarin, with the exception of traditional operas. Cantonese and Hokkien shows from Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively, are available on VCD and DVD. In a recent development, news bulletins are subtitled into the language of the channel they air on.
In South Korea, anime that are imported from Japan are generally shown dubbed in Korean on television. However, some anime is censored, such as Japanese letters or content being edited for a suitable Korean audience. Western cartoons are dubbed in Korean as well, such as Nickelodeon cartoons like SpongeBob SquarePants and Danny Phantom. Several English-language (mostly American) live-action films are dubbed in Korean, but they are not shown in theaters. Instead they are only broadcast on South Korean television networks (KBS, MBC, SBS, EBS), while DVD import releases of these films are shown with Korean subtitles, such as The Wizard of Oz, Mary Poppins, the Star Wars films, and Avatar. This may be due to the fact that the six American major film studios may not own any rights to the Korean dubs of their live-action films that the Korean television networks have dubbed and aired. Even if they do not own the rights, Korean or non-Korean viewers can record from Korean-dubbed live-action films from television broadcasting onto DVDs with DVRs.
Sometimes, video games are dubbed in Korean. Examples would be the Halo series, the Jak & Daxter series, and the God of War series. For the Halo games, Lee Jeong Gu provides his Korean voice to the main protagonist Master Chief (replacing Steve Downes's voice), while Kim So Hyeong voices Chieftain Tartarus, one of the main antagonists (replacing Kevin Michael Richardson's voice).
The following South Korean voice-over artists are usually identified with the following actors:
In Thailand, foreign television programs are dubbed in Thai, but the original soundtrack is often simultaneously carried on a NICAM audio track on terrestrial broadcast, and alternate audio tracks on satellite broadcast. Previously, terrestrial stations simulcasted the original soundtrack on the radio.[57] On pay-TV, many channels carry foreign-language movies and television programs with subtitles. Movie theaters in Bangkok and some larger cities show both the subtitled version and the dubbed version of English-language movies. In big cities like Bangkok, Thai-language movies have English subtitles.
This list features a collection of Thai voice actors and actresses that have dubbed for these featured performers.
In Vietnam, foreign-language films and programs are often subtitled or voice-overed on television in Vietnamese. They were not dubbed until 1985. Rio was considered to be the very first American Hollywood film to be entirely dubbed in Vietnamese. Since then, children's films that came out afterwards have been released dubbed in theaters. HTV3 has dubbed television programs for children, including Ben 10, and Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, by using various voice actors to dub over the character roles.[58][59]
Sooner afterwards, more programs started to get dubbed. Also dubbed into Vietnamese are most films and TV series produced in Asia-Pacific countries such as China and Japan, most notably HTV3 offers anime dubbed into Vietnamese. Pokémon got a Vietnamese dub in early 2014 on HTV3 starting with the Best Wishes series. While characters kept their original names, due to a controversy regarding Pokémon's cries being re-dubbed, it was switched to VTV2 in September 2015 when the XY series debuted. Sailor Moon also has been dubbed for HTV3 in early 2015.
In North-West Europe, Poland, Portugal, Balkan, Baltic and Nordic countries, generally only movies and TV shows intended for children are dubbed, while TV shows and movies for older audiences are subtitled (although animated productions have a tradition of being dubbed). For movies in cinemas with clear target audiences (both below and above 10–11 years of age), both a dubbed and a subtitled version are usually available.
In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium (Flanders), movies and TV series are shown in their original language with subtitles, with the exception of most movies made for a young audience. In the latter case, sometimes separate versions are recorded in the Netherlands and in Flanders (for instance, several Walt Disney films and Harry Potter films). These dubbed versions only differ from each other in their use of different voice actors and different pronunciation, while the text is almost the same.
In the French-speaking part of Belgium (Wallonia), the movies shown in theaters and on TV are the French dubbed version (dubbed by French voice actors). Except for a few words, the French language spoken in France and in Belgium are similar. The amount of movies in original language with subtitles in theaters is extremely limited and most theaters only show movies dubbed in French.
Bosnia and Herzegovina usually uses Serbian and Croatian dubs (due to their mutual intelligibility), but they have dubbed some cartoons in Bosnian by themselves, for example My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. Children's programs (both animated and live-action) are airing dubbed (in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian), while every other program is subtitled (in Bosnian).
After November 10, 1991, there was a large-scale influx of American animation production in Bulgaria, which can be classified as follows: A/ Films that in the years of the Iron Curtain either did not reach Bulgaria or were not dubbed according to the generally accepted world standard. For example: Sleeping Beauty /1959/, One Hundred and One Dalmatians /1961/, Jungle Book /1967/, The Aristocats /1970/, Robin Hood /1973/ and many others entered the Bulgarian market after 1991. B/ New first-run films created after 1991: Ice Age, Toy Story, Tangled, The Lion King, Mulan, etc.
After 1991, BNT was the first to obtain the rights to voice and broadcast Disney series - 101 Dalmatians, Woody Woodpecker, Mickey Mouse, Tom and Jerry, etc. The first full-length animated films were dubbed at Boyana Film Studio, Dolly Media Studio (1992) and Ars Digital Studio (1994). In 1999, Alexandra Audio Studio took over the Disney production from BNT, which lost the rights to do the voice-overs due to a highly outdated technology park. In 2019 Andarta Studio joined the sound business, and in 2005 Profilms Studio, which are still working. In Bulgaria, there are two forms of Bulgarian dubbing. The first is the so-called "voiceover" dubbing, typical of the Bulgarian television market, in which the voice-over is based on the back-camera technology of the 1970s, with the voice superimposed on the original phonogram. This inexpensive way of voice-over is preferred only because of its low cost. But unfortunately it is a rather outdated technological form that does not meet the technical requirements of the new times. The second, considered basic in many European countries and the only one acceptable today, is synchronous dubbing, a radically different technology with much higher sound quality and speech synchronisation capabilities. This new method is defined as post-synchronous /non-synchronous/ dubbing of the product, in which the dialogue component of the phonogram is completely produced in Bulgarian, similar to the process in film production, in order for it to completely replace the original. In this sense, dubbing is considered by the production companies as one of the final elements of the overall post-production process of their films, and therefore their control over all the activities performed is complete.
In Croatia, foreign live-action films and television series are always subtitled, while most children's programs and animated movies are dubbed into Croatian. The practice of dubbing began in the 1980s in some animated shows and continued in 90's, 00's and forward in other shows and films, the latter ones being released in home media. Recently, more efforts have been made to introduce dubbing, but public reception has been poor in some exceptions. Regardless of language, Croatian audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing; however, dubbing is still popular in animated series and films. Some previously popular animated shows (such as Sailor Moon) lost their appeal completely after the practice of dubbing began, and the dubbing was eventually removed from the programs, even though most animated shows shown on television and some on home media have been well received by people watching dubbed versions of them. This situation is similar with theater movies, with only those intended for children being dubbed. Also, there has been an effort to impose dubbing by Nova TV, with La Fea Más Bella (2006–2007) translated as Ružna ljepotica (literally, "The Ugly Beauty"), a Mexican telenovela, but it failed.
On 1 October 2008, Nova TV launched its sister channel Mini TV, the first Croatian television channel for children with programming entirely dubbed into Croatian.[60] RTL followed suit with the launch of RTL Kockica in 2014.[61]
Since the 2010s, the dubbing of live-action television series and films aimed at children, teenagers and young adults has been on the rise. With the launch of Nickelodeon's Croatian audio track in 2011, Studio NET was the first in Croatia to focus on "serious production of live-action dubbing,"[62] with most of Nickelodeon's major teen live-action titles such as iCarly (2007–2012), Sam & Cat (2013–2014), The Thundermans (2013–2018) and Victorious (2010–2013) receiving a Croatian dub. With the rise of streaming television in the 2020s, NET and various other studios also began producing Croatian dubs for Netflix; although the focus is still on dubbing animated series and films, a notable amount of live-action programming aimed at younger audiences has also been dubbed for Netflix, such as Chupa (2023), Geek Girl (2024), Heartstopper (2022–2024), I Woke Up a Vampire (2023), Matilda the Musical (2022) and Spy Kids: Armageddon (2023).[63] However, to this day, all television programming and theatre releases aimed at adult audiences are still released with subtitles.
Some of Croatian dubbing is also broadcast in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In Estonia, only foreign children's films are dubbed in cinemas and on Estonian broadcast TV channels. As a rule, all other foreign films are shown with their original "pure" language soundtrack along with subtitles. On TV, the subtitles are almost always available in the Estonian language by default settings, and sometimes also in Russian and English upon request. In the cinemas, the subtitles are usually presented in Estonian and Russian languages. Cartoons and animated series are voiced by dubbing or voiceover. Estonian-language television channels use subtitles for English, Russian, and other foreign language audio. However, Russian-language TV channels tend to use dubbing more often, since most of them are produced and broadcast from Russia (as opposed to the few Russian-language channels broadcast from Estonia).
In Greece, most cartoon films have dubs. Usually when a movie has a Greek dub the dub is shown in cinemas but subtitled versions are shown as well. Foreign TV shows for adults are shown in their original versions with subtitles. Some Japanese anime series and telenovelas are usually dubbed in Greek. However, when Skai TV was re-launched in April 2006, the network opted for dubbing almost all foreign shows in Greek, but eventually switched to subtitling after receiving criticism by the viewers. There has been an effort to revive Greek dubbing by streaming services. Regardless of language, Greek audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing; however, dubbing is still popular in animated series and films.
Ireland usually receives the same film versions as the UK. However, some films have been dubbed into Irish by TG4. Children's cartoons on TV are also occasionally dubbed into Irish.
In the Netherlands, for the most part, Dutch versions are only made for children's and family films. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Dutch subtitles or dubbing, but usually those cinemas with more screening rooms also provide the original subtitled version.
In the Nordic countries, dubbing is used only in animated features (except adult animated features which only use subtitles) and other films for younger audiences. Some cinemas in the major cities may also screen the original version, usually as the last showing of the day, or in a smaller auditorium in a multiplex.
In television programs with off-screen narration, both the original audio and on-screen voices are usually subtitled in their native languages.
The Nordic countries are often treated as a common market issuing DVD and Blu-ray releases with original audio and user choosable subtitle options in Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish. The covers often have text in all four languages as well, but are sometimes unique for each country. Some releases may include other European language audio and/or subtitles (i.e. German, Greek, Hungarian or Italian). as well as original audio in most cases.
In Finland, the dubbed version from Sweden may also be available at certain cinemas for children of the 5% Swedish-speaking minority, but only in cities or towns with a significant percentage of Swedish speakers. Most DVD and Blu-ray releases usually only have the original audio, except for animated television series telenovelas, which have both Finnish and Swedish language tracks, in addition to the original audio and subtitles in both languages.
In Finnish movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish subtitles, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, Finnish subtitles became a practice on Finnish television. As in many other countries, dubbing is not preferred outside of children's programs. A good example of this is The Simpsons Movie. While the original version was well-received, the Finnish-dubbed version received poor reviews, with some critics even calling it a disaster.[citation needed] On the other hand, many dubs of Disney's animated television series and movies have been well-received, both critically and by the public.
In Iceland, the dubbed version of film and TV was originally Danish with some translated into Icelandic but Icelandic has taken over. LazyTown, an Icelandic TV show originally filmed in English, was dubbed into Icelandic, amongst thirty-two other languages.
North Macedonia dubbed many cartoons in Macedonian, but they also air some Serbian dubs. Children's programs are airing dubbed (in Macedonian or Serbian), while every other program is subtitled (in Macedonian). They use Serbian dubs for Disney movies, because there are no Macedonian Disney dubs.
In Portugal, dubbing was banned under a 1948 law as a way of protecting the domestic film industry and reducing access to culture as most of the population was illiterate.[64] Until 1994, animated movies, as well as other TV series for children, were shown subtitled in Portugal along with imported Brazilian Portuguese dubs due to the lack of interest from Portuguese companies in the dubbing industry. This lack of interest was justified, since there were already quality dubbed copies of shows and movies in Portuguese made by Brazilians. The Lion King was the first feature film to be dubbed in European Portuguese.[65] Currently, all movies for children are dubbed. Subtitles are preferred in Portugal, used in every foreign-language documentary, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.[66]
While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for versão portuguesa - "Portuguese version") and another subtitled version (V.O. for versão original - "original version"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes),[citation needed] original versions with subtitles are usually preferred by the adults. Presently, live action series and movies are always shown in their original language format with Portuguese subtitles. Streaming services also offer some content for adults dubbed in Portuguese, although there they provide an option to select the original language. There are also a few examples of Anime which were dubbed into European Portuguese (i.e. Dragon Ball and Naruto) Netflix is now offering foreign language films aimed at older audiences and TV series (M/12, M/14 and M/16) dubbed into Portuguese in addition to offering the original version with subtitles.
In Romania, virtually all programs intended for children are dubbed in Romanian. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the original subtitled version. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the original language with Romanian subtitles. Subtitles are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to "Special Eurobarometer 243" (graph QA11.8) of the European Commission (research carried out in November and December 2005), 62% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programs with subtitles (rather than dubbed), 22% prefer dubbing, and 16% declined to answer.[67] This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their original versions is very useful for learning foreign languages. However, according to the same Eurobarometer, virtually no Romanian found this method—watching movies in their original version—to be the most efficient way to learn foreign languages, compared to 53 percent who preferred language lessons at school.[67]
Some programmes that are broadcast on The Fishing & Hunting Channel are subtitled. TV Paprika used to broadcast voice-overed programmes, but it was replaced with subtitles. Some promos for films shown on TV1000 use voice-overs; but the films are subtitled. Examples shown here, at 2:11, 4:25, 5:09 and 7:15. Kanal D tried in March 2023 to introduce the first Turkish series dubbed in Romanian, Kirmizi Oda, but it failed after the criticism received on social media from viewers and low ratings. As result, the series went on a subtitled version after two episodes.
Serbian language dubs are made mainly for Serbia, but they also broadcast in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Children's animated movies and some live-action movies and TV series are dubbed into Serbian, while live-action films and TV series for adults are always airing subtitled, because in the region of former Yugoslavia people prefer subtitling for live-action formats. An exception to this is the Turkish soap opera Lale Devri that was dubbed in 2011, and aired on RTV Pink, but because of negative reception, the rest of the TV series was aired subtitled.
The dubbing of cartoon series in former Yugoslavia during the 1980s had a twist of its own: famous Serbian actors, such as Nikola Simić, Mića Tatić, Nada Blam and others provided the voices for characters of Disney, Warner Bros., MGM and other companies, frequently using region-specific phrases and sentences and, thus, adding a dose of local humor to the translation of the original lines. These phrases became immensely popular and are still being used for tongue-in-cheek comments in specific situations. These dubs are today considered cult dubs. The only dub made after 1980s and 1990s ones that has a cult following is the SpongeBob SquarePants dub, broadcast by B92 between 2002–2017, because of the memorable translation with regional humor, akin to the translations seen in 1980s Yugoslavian dubs.
Some Serbian dubs are also broadcast in North Macedonia, while cult dubs made during Yugoslavia were aired all over the country (today's Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia and Serbia).
In the 21st-century, prominent dubbing/voice actors in Serbia include actors Marko Marković, Vladislava Đorđević, Jelena Gavrilović, Dragan Vujić, Milan Antonić, Boris Milivojević, Radovan Vujović, Goran Jevtić, Ivan Bosiljčić, Gordan Kičić, Slobodan Stefanović, Dubravko Jovanović, Dragan Mićanović, Slobodan Ninković, Branislav Lečić, Jakov Jevtović, Ivan Jevtović, Katarina Žutić, Anica Dobra, Voja Brajović, Nebojša Glogovac and Dejan Lutkić.[68][69][70][71]
In Slovenia, all foreign films and television programs are subtitled with the exception of children's movies and TV shows (both animated or live-action). While dubbed versions are always shown in cinemas and later on TV channels, cinemas will sometimes play subtitled versions of children's movies as well.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of foreign language films are subtitled, although mostly animated films are dubbed in English. These usually originate from North America, as opposed to being dubbed locally. Foreign language serials shown on BBC Four are subtitled into English (although open subtitles are dropped during dialogues with English language segments already). There have, however, been notable examples of films and TV programs successfully dubbed in the UK, such as the Japanese Monkey and French Magic Roundabout series. When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also a fairly common practice for animation aimed at preschool children to be re-dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original voices, such as Spin Master Entertainment's PAW Patrol series, although this is not done with shows aimed at older audiences. The off-screen narrated portions of some programs and reality shows that originate from North America are also redone with British English voices. The 2020 Bavarian show on Netflix, Freud, has also been dubbed to English.
Some animated films and TV programs are also dubbed into Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.
Hinterland displays a not so common example of a bilingual production. Each scene is filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.[72]
In the French-, Italian-, Spanish-, German-, Russian-, Polish-, Czech-, Slovak- and Hungarian-speaking markets of Europe, almost all foreign films and television shows are dubbed (with the main exception being the majority of theatrical releases of adult-audience movies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia). There are few opportunities to watch foreign movies in their original versions. In Spain, Italy, Germany and Austria, even in the largest cities, there are few cinemas that screen original versions with subtitles, or without any translation. However, digital pay-TV programming is often available in the original language, including the latest movies. Prior to the rise of DVDs (and later Video on Demand and Streaming), which in these countries are mostly issued with multi-language audio tracks, original-language films (those in languages other than the country's official language) were rare, whether in theaters, on TV, or on home video, and subtitled versions were considered a product for small niche markets such as intellectual or art films.
The first movie dubbed in Albanian was The Great Warrior Skanderbeg in 1954 and since then, there have been thousands of popular titles dubbed in Albanian by different dubbing studios. All animated movies and children's programs are dubbed into Albanian (though typically, songs are left in English or the original language of the program with Albanian subtitles). Many live-action movies are dubbed as well. TV series nevertheless are usually not dubbed, they are subtitled except for a few Mexican, Brazilian and Turkish soap operas, like: Por Ti, Celebridade, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, Paramparça, etc. As for documentaries, Albania usually uses voice-over.
In France, dubbing is the norm. Most movies with a theatrical release, including all those from major distributors, are dubbed. Those that are not, are foreign independent films whose budget for international distribution is limited, or foreign art films with a niche audience.
Almost all theaters show movies with their French dubbing ("VF", short for version française). Some of them also offer screenings in the original language ("VO", short for version originale), generally accompanied with French subtitles ("VOST", short for version originale sous-titrée). A minority of theaters (usually small ones) screen exclusively in the original language. According to the CNC (National Centre for Cinematography), VOST screenings accounted for 16.9% of tickets sold in France.[73]In addition, dubbing is required for home entertainment and television screenings. However, since the advent of digital television, foreign programs are broadcast to television viewers in both languages (sometimes, French with audio description is also aired); while the French-language track is selected by default, viewers can switch to the original-language track and enable French subtitles. As a special case, the binational television channel Arte broadcasts both the French and German dubbing, in addition to the original-language version.
Some voice actors that have dubbed for celebrities in the European French language are listed below.
The Germanophone dubbing market is the largest in Europe. Germany has the most foreign-movie-dubbing studios per capita and per given area in the world and according to the German newspaper Die Welt 52% of all voice actors currently work in the German dubbing industry. In Germany and Austria, practically all films, shows, television series and foreign soap operas are shown in dubbed versions created for the German market. Dubbing films is a traditional and common practice in German-speaking Europe, since subtitles are not accepted and used as much as in other European countries. According to a European study, Austria is the country with the highest rejection rate (more than 70 percent) of subtitles, followed by Italy, Spain and Germany.[citation needed]In German-speaking markets, computer and video games feature German text menus and are generally dubbed into the German language if speaking parts exist.
Unlike in Austria and Germany, cinemas in German-speaking Switzerland historically strongly preferred subtitled versions of foreign-language films. Swiss film distributors commissioned dual-language prints with both German and French subtitles as the primary version, with the dubbed version also shown. In recent years, however, there has been a shift towards dubbed versions, which now account for the majority of showings.[74] Television broadcasts of foreign films and programming have historically been dubbed.
Swiss and Austrian television stations have increasingly been broadcasting foreign-language movies and TV programs with multiple soundtracks, allowing the viewer to choose between the original language (e.g. English) and the channel's local language (German, French, or Italian, according to the location).
Although German-speaking voice actors play only a secondary role, they are still notable for providing familiar voices to well-known actors. Famous foreign actors are known and recognized for their German voice, and the German audience is used to them, so dubbing is also a matter of authenticity. However, in larger cities, there are theaters where movies can be seen in their original versions, as English has become somewhat more popular among young educated viewers. On German mainstream television, films are never broadcast with subtitles, but pay-per-view programming is often available in the original language. Subtitled niche and art films are sometimes aired on smaller networks.
German-dubbed versions sometimes diverge greatly from the original, especially in adding humorous elements absent from the original. In extreme cases, such as The Persuaders! or Erik the Viking, the German-dubbed version was more successful than the English original. Often, translation adds sexually explicit gags the U.S. versions might not be allowed to use. For example, in Bewitched, the translators changed "The Do Not Disturb sign will hang on the door tonight" to "The only hanging thing tonight will be the Do Not Disturb sign". This practice was the most prevalent from the 1960s to 80s, from the 1990s onwards it became much less common.
Some movies dubbed in Austria diverge from the German Standard version in addressing other people but only when the movies are dubbed into certain Austrian dialect versions. (Mr. and Mrs. are translated into Herr and Frau which is usually not translated in order to be in lip-sync). Sometimes even English pronounced first names are translated and are pronounced into the correct German equivalent (English name "Bert" became Southern German pronounced name "Bertl" which is an abbreviation for any name either beginning or even ending with "bert", e.g. "Berthold" or "Albert".)
Some movies dubbed before reunification exist in different versions for the east and the west. They use different translations, and often differ in the style of dubbing.
Some of the well-known German dubbing voice artists are listed below.
In Hungary, dubbing is almost universally common. Almost every foreign movie or TV show released in Hungary is dubbed into Hungarian.[75] The history of dubbing dates back to the 1950s, when the country was still under communist rule.[76] One of the most iconic Hungarian dubs was of the American cartoon The Flintstones, with a local translation by József Romhányi.[77] The Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis (ISzDB) is the largest Hungarian database for film dubs, with information for many live action and animated films.[78] On page 59 of the Eurobarometer, 84% of Hungarians said that they prefer dubbing over subtitles.[67]
In the socialist era, every film was dubbed with professional and mostly popular actors. Care was taken to make sure the same voice actor would lend their voice to the same original actor. In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly-released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities.
However, in Hungary, most documentary films and series (for example, those on Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel) are made with voiceovers, as is the case with most other countries that favor dubbing. Some old movies and series, or ones that provide non-translatable jokes and conversations (for example, the Mr. Bean television series), are shown only with subtitles.
There is a more recent problem arising from dubbing included on DVD releases. Many generations have grown up with an original (and, by current technological standards, outdated) soundtrack, which is either technologically (mono or bad quality stereo sound) or legally (expired soundtrack license) unsuitable for a DVD release. Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian voicetrack is left out altogether. This happened notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian voicetracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the voicetracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling.
Dubbing is systematic in Italy, with a tradition going back to 1930. In Mussolini's fascist Italy, the release of movies in foreign languages was banned in 1938 for political reasons. Rome is the main base of the dubbing industry, where major productions, such as movies, dramas, documentaries, and some animation films are dubbed. However, many animated works (especially anime products) are dubbed in Milan, as well as other minor productions. Virtually every foreign film of every genre and target audience—as well as TV shows—are dubbed into Italian. Some theatres in the bigger cities include original language shows in their schedules, even if this is an uncommon practice. Subtitles may be available on late-night programs on mainstream TV channels. Pay-TV and streaming services provide films in the dubbed version as well as in their original language.
Early in their careers, actors such as Alberto Sordi or Nino Manfredi worked extensively as dubbing actors. At a certain point, shooting scenes in MOS (motor-only sync or motor-only shot) was a common practice in Italian cinema; all dialogue was dubbed in post-production. A notable instance is The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, in which all actors had to dub in their own voices.
Because many films would feature multinational casts, dubbing became necessary to ensure dialogue would be comprehensible regardless of the dub language. The presence of foreign actors also meant that some directors would have actors recite gibberish or otherwise unrelated words since the end goal was simply to have general lip movements over which to add dialogue.
A typical example of this practice was La Strada, which starred two Americans; Anthony Quinn and Richard Basehart, in leading roles. Rather than have dialogue spoken phonetically or have multiple languages at the same time (which would require lines to be translated multiple times), actors would instead count numbers corresponding to the number of lines. Liliana Betti, assistant to director Federico Fellini, described the system as such: "Instead of lines, the actor has to count off numbers in their normal order. For instance, a line of fifteen words equals an enumeration of up to thirty. The actor merely counts till thirty: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7. etc." Fellini used this system, which he coined "numerological diction," in many of his films. Other directors adopted similar systems.
Dubbing may also be used for artistic purposes. It was common for even Italian-speaking performers to have their dialogue dubbed by separate voice actors if their actual voice is thought to be unfitting or some otherwise unsuitable. Fellini, who was particularly fond of the dubbing process, heavily relied on dubbing Italian actors, whom he often chose among non-professionals based just on their appearance, employing voice actors to entirely dub and sometimes improvise the dialogue. Some voice actors, such as Carlo Croccolo, Oreste Lionello or Elio Pandolfi, were even cast to dub over the voices of multiple characters in the same film. A similar process was sometimes applied with professional actors: for example, in Django, lead actor Franco Nero was dubbed by Nando Gazzolo because he was thought to sound too youthful for the grizzled character he portrayed. Claudia Cardinale, one of the major actresses of the 1960s and 70s, had a heavy accent from her Tunisian background, and was likewise dubbed for the first decade of her career. This practice was generally phased out in the 1990s, with the widespread adoption of sync sound.
Video games are generally either dubbed into Italian (for instance, the Assassin's Creed, Halo, Batman: Arkham, and Harry Potter series) or released with the original audio tracks providing Italian subtitles.
As for documentaries, Italy usually uses voice-over.
The most important Italian voice actors and actresses, as well as the main celebrities dubbed in their careers, are listed below.
In Latvia and Lithuania, only children's movies get dubbed in the cinema, while many live-action movies for an older audience use voice-over. Most children's TV shows, like SpongeBob SquarePants, use voice-overs, but in recent years, a few of them, mainly aimed at preschoolers, have been dubbed into Latvian and Lithuanian.
In the past, foreign movies were all subtitled in Polish.[81] Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were Dangerous Curves (1929), The Dance of Life (1929), Paramount on Parade (1930), and Darling of the Gods (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in Łódź. The first film dubbed that year was Russkiy Vopros (filmed 1948).[citation needed] Although quality was poor at first, the number of dubbed movies and the quality of dubbing improved, and between the 1960s and the 1980s around a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz.Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as Rich Man, Poor Man; Fawlty Towers, Forsyte Saga, Elizabeth R, I, Claudius, I'll Take Manhattan, and Peter the Great.[citation needed]
In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission. Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.[citation needed] In 1995, Canal+ was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 30% of its schedule, including popular films and TV series such as Friends, but this proved unsuccessful.[82] It stopped dubbing films in 1999. From the 1990s until its closure in 2001, dubbing was done by Wizja Jeden TV channel, which mainly dubbed BBC Television productions such as The League of Gentlemen, Absolutely Fabulous, and Men Behaving Badly.
Currently,[when?] dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is done by Nickelodeon and Disney Channel. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of Shrek (2001), which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. However live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice.[citation needed] Since the theatrical release of The Avengers in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska has dubbed all films for cinema releases. However, when a dub is produced but the film's target audience is not exclusively children, both dubbed and subtitled versions are usually available in movie theaters at different times.[citation needed] Cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, home media releases, television screenings of movies, and made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over translation, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack, similar to the Gavrilov translation used in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader.
Russian television is generally dubbed, but often uses the voice-over translation method with only a couple of voice actors, with the original speech still audible underneath. In the Soviet Union, most foreign movies to be officially released were dubbed. Voice-over dub was invented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s when with the fall of the regime, many popular foreign movies, previously forbidden, or at least questionable under communist rule, started to flood in, in the form of low-quality home-copied videos. Being unofficial releases, they were dubbed in a very primitive way. For example, the translator spoke the text directly over the audio of a video being copied, using primitive equipment. The quality of the resulting dub was very low: The translated phrases were off-sync (interfering with the original voices), background sounds leaked into the track, the translation was inaccurate, and, most importantly, all dub voices were made by a single person who usually lacked the intonation of the original, making comprehension of some scenes quite difficult. This method of translation exerted a strong influence on Russian pop culture. Voices of translators became recognizable for generations.
In modern Russia, the overdubbing technique is still used in many cases, although with vastly improved quality, and now with multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices. Video games are generally either dubbed into Russian (such as the Legend of Spyro trilogy, the Skylanders series, the Assassin's Creed saga, the Halo series, the Harry Potter series, etc.) or released with original-speaking tracks but with all the texts translated into Russian language. The technique of non-voiceover dubbing, without the original speech still audible underneath, has also gained traction in Russia in the 21st century.
Releases of films in cinemas are almost always dubbed in the Russian language. Television series are typically shown as a dubbed or voiceovered translation. Subtitles are rarely used.
Some of the well-known Russian dubbing voice artists are listed below.
In Slovakia, home media market, Czech dubbed versions are widely used, with only children's films and some few exceptions (for example Independence Day) that have been dubbed for cinema being released with Slovak dubbing. Czech dubbing was also extensively used in the broadcast of Slovak television channels, but since 2008 Slovak language laws require any newer shows (understood as the first television broadcast in Slovakia) to be provided with Slovak localization (dubbing or subtitles); since then, television broadcasts of films, TV series and cartoons have been dubbed into Slovak.
Theatrical releases are generally subtitled, except for films with a young target audience.
In Spain, dubbing has been more widespread since 1932, when the Second Republic decided to introduce it in Madrid and Barcelona. The first film dubbed into Spanish to be known was Devil and the Deep, in 1932.[83][84] Dubbing, after the Spanish Civil War, was reinforced by the regulations promulgated by the Government of Francisco Franco on April 23, 1941, at its time based on Mussolini's Language Defense Law of 1938.[84] This law had two political purposes: Nationalism through linguistic identity and, more subtly, control through censorship of foreign ideas that could be alien to national interests.[85]
In Spain, practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in European Spanish, as are most films. Some dubbing actors have achieved popularity for their voices, such as Constantino Romero (who dubs Clint Eastwood, Darth Vader and Arnold Schwarzenegger's Terminator, among others) and Óscar Muñoz (the official European Spanish dub-over voice artist for Elijah Wood and Hayden Christensen). Currently, with the spread of digital terrestrial television, viewers can choose between the original and the dubbed soundtracks for most movies and television.
In some regions such as Catalonia, Galicia and Basque Country, some foreign programs are also often dubbed into Catalan, Galician, or Basque.
In Ukraine, since 2006 cinema releases are almost always dubbed into Ukrainian with the overdubbing technique and multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices with a small percent of art-house/documentaries shown in the original language with Ukrainian subtitles. For television, TV channels usually release movies and TV-shows with a Ukrainian voiceover, although certain high-profile films and TV shows are dubbed rather than voice-overed.
In the past Russian-language films, TV series, cartoons, animated series and TV programs were usually not dubbed but were shown with the original audio with Ukrainian subtitles. However, this practice has been slowly abandoned since the late 2010s: all children's films and cartoons regardless of the original language (including Russian) are always dubbed into Ukrainian; example of the first Russian cartoons dubbed into Ukrainian for the cinematic-release is The Snow Queen 2 (2015), A Warrior's Tail (2015), Volki i Ovtsy: Be-e-e-zumnoe prevrashenie (2016), Ivan Tsarevich i Seryy Volk 3 (2016), Bremenskie razboyniki (2016), The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2017), Fantastic Journey to OZ (2017), Fixies: Top Secret (2017) etc.; the same trend is seen among Russian language feature films for adults, with the first such films dubbed into Ukrainian including Battle for Sevastopol (2015), Hardcore Henry (2016), The Duelist (2016).
In Brazil, foreign programs are invariably dubbed into Brazilian Portuguese on free-to-air TV, with only a few exceptions. Films shown at cinemas are generally offered with both subtitled and dubbed versions, with dubbing frequently being the only choice for children's movies. Subtitling was primarily for adult audience movies until 2012. Since then, dubbed versions also became available for all ages. As a result, in recent years, more cinemas have opened in Brazil, attracting new audiences to the cinema who prefer dubbing. According to a Datafolha survey, 56% of Brazilian movie theaters' audience prefer to watch dubbed movies.[86] Most of the dubbing studios in Brazil are in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[87]
The first film to be dubbed in Brazil was the Disney animation "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1938. By the end of the 1950s, most of the movies, TV series and cartoons on television in Brazil were shown in its original sound and subtitles. However, in 1961, a decree of President Jânio Quadros ruled that all foreign productions on television should be dubbed. This measure boosted the growth of dubbing in Brazil, and has led to several dubbing studios since then.[88] The biggest dubbing studio in Brazil was Herbert Richers, headquartered in Rio de Janeiro and closed in 2009. At its peak in the 80s and 90s, the Herbert Richers studios dubbed about 70% of the productions shown in Brazilian cinemas.[89]
In the 90s, with Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and other anime shows becoming popular in Brazilian TVs, the voice actors and the dubbing career gained a higher space in Brazilian culture. Actors like Hermes Baroli (Brazilian dubber of Pegasus Seiya, in Saint Seiya and actors like Ashton Kutcher), Marco Ribeiro (Brazilian dubber of many actors like Tom Hanks, Jim Carrey and Robert Downey Jr., and Yusuke Urameshi from the anime Yu Yu Hakusho) and Wendel Bezerra (Brazilian dubber of Goku in Dragon Ball Z and SpongeBob in SpongeBob SquarePants) are recognized for their most notable roles.
Pay TV commonly offers both dubbed and subtitled movies, with statistics showing that dubbed versions are becoming predominant.[90] Most DVD and Blu-ray releases usually feature Portuguese, Spanish, and the original audio along with subtitles in native languages. Most video games are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese rather than having European Portuguese dubs alone. Games such as Halo 3, God of War: Ascension, inFamous 2, Assassin's Creed III, Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, World of Warcraft and others are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese. This is because despite the dropping of the dubbing law in Portugal in 1994, most companies in that country use the Brazilian Portuguese because of traditional usage during the days of the dubbing rule, along with these dubbings being more marketable than European Portuguese.
A list that showcases Brazilian Portuguese voice artists that dub for actors and actresses are displayed here. However, there can also be different official dub artists for certain regions within Brazil.
Apparently, for unknown reasons (probably technical), the Brazilian Portuguese dub credits from some shows or cartoons from channels from Viacom or Turner/Time Warner, are shown on Latin America (on Spanish-dubbed series).
In Mexico, by law, films shown in theaters must be shown in their original version. Films in languages other than Spanish are usually subtitled. Only educational documentaries and movies rated for children (some shows aired on PBS or PBS Kids), as well as some movies that are expected to have a wide audience (for example, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King or The Avengers) may be dubbed, but this is not compulsory, and some animated films are shown in theaters in both dubbed and subtitled versions (for instance, some DreamWorks productions). Nonetheless, a recent trend in several cinemas is to offer the dubbed versions only, with a stark decrease in the showing of the original ones.
Dubbing must be made in Mexico by Mexican nationals or foreigners residing in Mexico.[91] Still, several programs that are shown on pay TV are dubbed in other countries like Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.
Most movies released on DVD feature neutral Spanish as a language option, and sometimes feature a specific dub for Mexican audiences (for example, Rio). Foreign programs are dubbed on broadcast TV, while on pay TV most shows and movies are subtitled. In a similar way to cinemas, in the last few years many channels on pay TV have begun to broadcast programs and films only in their dubbed version.
Dubbing became very popular in the 1990s with the rise in popularity of anime in Mexico. Some voice actors have become celebrities and are always identified with specific characters, such as Mario Castañeda (who became popular by dubbing Goku in Dragon Ball Z) or Humberto Vélez (who dubbed Homer Simpson in the first 15 seasons of The Simpsons).
The popularity of pay TV has allowed people to view several series in their original language rather than dubbed. Dubbing has been criticized for the use of TV or movie stars as voice actors (such as Ricky Martin in Disney's Hercules, or Eugenio Derbez in DreamWorks' Shrek), or for the incorrect use of local popular culture that sometimes creates unintentional jokes or breaks the feeling of the original work (such as translating Sheldon Cooper's "Bazinga!" to "¡Vacilón!").
Several video games have been dubbed into neutral Spanish, rather than European Spanish, in Mexico (such as the Gears of War series, Halo 3, Infamous 2 and others). Sony recently announced that more games (such as God of War: Ascension) will be dubbed into neutral Spanish.
In Peru, all foreign series, movies, and animated programming are shown dubbed in Latin American Spanish, with dubs imported from Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela on terrestrial and pay-television. Most movies intended for kids are being offered as dub-only movies, while most films aimed at older audiences are being offered dubbed and subtitled in Spanish. Most subtitled Pay-TV channels show both dubbed and subtitled version of every film they broadcast, being offered with a separate subtitle track and a second audio track in English. There is an increase of people preferring subtitle films and series rather than dubbed starting the late-2000s, as Peruvians viewers tend to get used to their original version.
Peru used to not produce their own dubs since dubbing studios never existed in that country until 2016, when the company "Big Bang Films" started to dub movies and series; however since 2014, a group of dubbing actors created a group called "Torre A Doblaje", which is a group of actors that gives dubbing and localization services.
For Latin American Spanish-speaking countries, all foreign-language programs, films, cartoons and documentaries shown on free-to-air TV networks are dubbed into Standard Spanish, (mainly in Mexico, Venezuela or Argentina) while broadcasts on cable and satellite pan-regional channels (i.e. Discovery Kids) are either dubbed or subtitled. In theaters, children's movies and most blockbuster films are dubbed into Standard Spanish, and are sometimes further dubbed into regional dialects of Spanish where they are released.
In Quebec, Canada, most films and TV programs in English are dubbed into Standard French, occasionally with Quebec French idiosyncrasies. They speak with a mixed accent, they pronounce /ɛ̃/ with a Parisian accent, but they pronounce "â" and "ê" with a Quebec accent: grâce [ɡʁɑːs] and être [ɛːtʁ̥]. Occasionally, the dubbing of a series or a movie, such as The Simpsons, is made using the more widely spoken joual variety of Quebec French. Dubbing has the advantage of making children's films and TV series more comprehensible to younger audiences. However, many bilingual Québécois prefer subtitling, since they would understand some or all of the original audio. In addition, all films are shown in English, as well in certain theaters (especially in major cities and English-speaking areas such as the West Island), and some theatres, such as the Scotiabank Cinema Montreal, show only movies in English. Most American television series are only available in English on DVD, or on English-language channels, but some of the more popular ones have French dubs shown on mainstream networks, and are released in French on DVD as well, sometimes separately from an English-only version.
Formerly, all French-language dubbed films in Quebec were imported from France and some still are. Such a practice was criticized by former politician Mario Dumont after he took his children to see the Parisian French dub of Shrek the Third, which Dumont found incomprehensible.[92] After his complaints and a proposed bill, Bee Movie, the film from DreamWorks Animation, was dubbed in Quebec, making it the studio's first animated film to have a Quebec French dub, as all DreamWorks Animation films had previously been dubbed in France.[93] In terms of Disney, the first Disney animated movie to be dubbed in Quebec French was Oliver and Company. Afterwards, all the other Disney animated movies onward after Oliver and Company including the Pixar animated movies have also been dubbed in Quebec French except for DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, The Rescuers Down Under, Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, A Goofy Movie, and Luca.
In addition, because Canadian viewers usually find Quebec French more comprehensible than other dialects of the language, some older film series that had the French-language versions of previous installments dubbed in France have had later ones dubbed in Quebec, often creating inconsistencies within the French version of the series' canon. Lucasfilm's Star Wars and Indiana Jones series are examples. Both series had films released in the 1970s and 1980s, with no Québécois French dubbed versions; instead, the Parisian French versions, with altered character and object names and terms, were distributed in the province. However, later films in both series released 1999 and later were dubbed in Quebec, using different voice actors and "reversing" name changes made in France's dubbings due to the change in studio.
In the United States and English-speaking Canada, live-action foreign films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Petersen's Das Boot was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version.[94][95] Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like Un indien dans la ville, Godzilla 2000, Anatomy, Pinocchio, The Return of Godzilla and High Tension flopped at United States box offices.[96][97][98][99] When Miramax planned to release the English-dubbed versions of Shaolin Soccer and Hero in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.[99][100]Still, English-dubbed movies have much better commercial potential in ancillary markets; therefore, more distributors would release live-action foreign films in theaters with their original languages (with English subtitles), then release both original versions and English-dubbed versions in ancillary markets.[101]
On the other hand, anime is almost always released in English-dubbed format, regardless of its content or target age group. The exceptions to this practice are either when an English dub has not been produced for the program (usually in the case of feature films) or when the program is being presented by a network that places importance on presenting it in its original format (as was the case when Turner Classic Movies aired several of Hayao Miyazaki's works, which were presented both dubbed and subtitled). Most anime DVDs contain options for original Japanese, Japanese with subtitles, and English-dubbed, except for a handful of series that have been heavily edited or Americanized. In addition, Disney has a policy that makes its directors undergo stages to perfect alignment of certain lip movements so the movie looks believable.
In addition, a small number of British films have been re-dubbed when released in the United States, due to the usage of dialects which Americans are not familiar with (for example, Kes and Trainspotting). However, British children's shows (such as Thomas and Friends and Bob the Builder) have historically always been re-dubbed with American voice actors in order to make the series more understandable for American children. This slowly fell out of practice since the late 2000s. With the rising popularity of British children's shows such as Peppa Pig, which airs undubbed on Nick Jr. Channel, fewer and fewer British children's shows have been broadcast with American re-dubs. Conversely, British programs shown in Canada are typically not re-dubbed.
Some live-action television shows shown in the US have Spanish dubs. These are accessible though the SAP (secondary audio program) function of the television unit.
Many films have also been dubbed into indigenous languages of the United States and Canada. Disney's Moana, set in Hawaii, was dubbed into the Hawaiian language in 2018.[102] The Navajo language has also received dubs of many films, the first three being Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (Navajo: Sǫʼtah Anah),[103] Finding Nemo (Navajo: Nemo Hádéést'į́į́)[104] and Fistful of Dollars (Navajo: Béeso Dah Yiníłjaa').[105] The Navajo dubs of Star Wars and Finding Nemo are also available on Disney Plus.[106]
In common with other English-speaking countries, there has traditionally been little dubbing in Australia, with foreign language television programs and films being shown (usually on SBS) with subtitles or English dubs produced in other countries.
Because over 25% of Australians speak a language other than English at home, some cinemas show foreign-language films, for example in Chinese (the most spoken language in Australia other than English). There are also Chinese-language cinemas in Australia, such as the Hoyts Mandarin cinema in Chatswood, Sydney.[107]
However, some TV commercials from foreign countries are dubbed, even if the original commercial came from another English-speaking country. Moreover, the off-screen narration portions of some non-fiction programs originating from the UK or North America are re-dubbed by Australian voice talents to relay information in expressions that Australians can understand more easily.
The first film to be dubbed into an Australian Aboriginal language was Fists of Fury, a Hong Kong martial arts film, which was dubbed into the Nyungar language of the Perth region in 2021.[108] The first Indigenous Australian cartoon, Little J & Big Cuz, is available in English and several indigenous languages, including Gija, Nyungar, Torres Strait Creole, Palawa Kani, Warlpiri, Yolŋu, Arrernte, Pitjantjatjara and Kriol.[109][110]
French Polynesia almost exclusively shows films and television programs in either French or English. However, in 2016, Disney's Moana became the first film to be dubbed into the Tahitian language.[111] However, the dub was only released in French Polynesia and is not available on any streaming services.
While New Zealand is an English-speaking country, a growing number of television programs and films have also been dubbed into the Māori language.
Many episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants (Māori: SpongeBob Tarau Porowhā) and Dora the Explorer (Māori: Dora Mātātoa) were dubbed into Māori and shown on Māori Television to promote the Māori language among children.[112]
Disney has also started dubbing films into Māori. These films are shown in cinemas in New Zealand and some parts of Australia and then released globally on Disney Plus. In 2019, the film Moana was dubbed into Māori.[113] In 2022, The Lion King (Māori: Te Kīngi Raiona) and Frozen were dubbed into Māori.[114][115]
In Tuvalu, generally movies and TV shows intended for children (e.g. the Harry Potter series, Finding Nemo, Shrek, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory etc) usually only exist in dubbed versions in Tuvaluan (though songs are almost always left in English or the original language of the movie or TV show with Tuvaluan subtitles with the subtitles usually in the Birch font, and cinemas in Tuvalu would sometimes also screen the original language version of the film, usually as the last showing of the day or at a smaller auditorium in a multiplex), As for movies and TV shows intended for teenagers and/or adults (e.g. Game of Thrones), there is typically a subtitled version and a dubbed version available, though the subtitled versions are always cheaper and easier to make, As for documentaries and speaking parts of direct-to-video children's musical videos (e.g. The Wiggles and Hi-5 DVDs), Tuvalu usually uses voice-over.
The first film to be dubbed in Tuvaluan and/or see a release in Tuvalu was Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in January 1976 (38 years and a month after the film first premiered in 1937 and a few months after Tuvalu was formed), Since then, thousands and thousands and upon thousands of movies (animated or live action), TV programs (animated or live action), cartoons and children's programs (animated or live action) have been dubbed in Tuvaluan and/or seen a release in Tuvalu.
Subtitles can be used instead of dubbing, as different countries have different traditions regarding the choice between dubbing and subtitling. On DVDs with higher translation budgets, the option for both types will often be provided to account for individual preferences; purists often demand subtitles. For small markets (small language area or films for a select audience), subtitling is more suitable, because it is cheaper. In the case of films for small children who cannot yet read, or do not read fast enough, dubbing is necessary.
In most English-speaking countries, dubbing is comparatively rare. In Israel, some programs need to be comprehensible to speakers of both Russian and Hebrew. This cannot be accomplished with dubbing, so subtitling is much more commonplace—sometimes even with subtitles in multiple languages, with the soundtrack remaining in the original language, usually English. The same applies to certain television shows in Finland, where Swedish and Finnish are both official languages.
In the Netherlands, Flanders, Nordic countries, Estonia and Portugal, films and television programs are shown in the original language (usually English) with subtitles, and only cartoons and children's movies and programs are dubbed. Cinemas usually show both a dubbed version and one with subtitles for this kind of movie, with the subtitled version shown later in the evening.
In Portugal, one terrestrial channel, TVI, dubbed U.S. series like Dawson's Creek into Portuguese.[116] RTP also transmitted Friends in a dubbed version, but it was poorly received and later re-aired in a subtitled version. Cartoons, on the other hand, are usually dubbed, sometimes by well-known actors, even on TV. Animated movies are usually released to the cinemas in both subtitled and dubbed versions.
In Argentina and Venezuela, terrestrial channels air films and TV series in a dubbed version, as demanded by law. However, those same series can be seen on cable channels at more accessible time-slots in their subtitled version and usually before they are shown on open TV. In contrast, the series The Simpsons is aired in its Mexican Spanish-dubbed version both on terrestrial television and on the cable station Fox, which broadcasts the series for the area. Although the first season of the series appeared with subtitles, this was not continued for the following seasons.
In Bulgaria, television series are dubbed, but most television channels use subtitles for action and drama movies. AXN uses subtitles for its series, but as of 2008 emphasizes dubbing. Only Diema channels dub all programs. Movies in theaters, with the exception of films for children, use dubbing and subtitles. Dubbing of television programs is usually done using voiceovers, but usually, voices professional actors, while trying to give each character a different voice by using appropriate intonations. Dubbing with synchronized voices is rarely used, mostly for animated films. Mrs. Doubtfire is a rare example of a feature film dubbed this way on BNT Channel 1, though a subtitled version is currently shown on other channels.
Walt Disney Television's animated series (such as DuckTales, Darkwing Duck, and Timon & Pumbaa) were only aired with synchronized Bulgarian voices on BNT Channel 1 until 2005, but then the Disney shows were canceled. When airing of Disney series resumed on Nova Television and Jetix in 2008, voiceovers were used, but Disney animated-movie translations still use synchronized voices. Voiceover dubbing is not used in theatrical releases. The Bulgarian film industry law requires all children's films to be dubbed, not subtitled. Nova Television dubbed and aired the Pokémon anime with synchronized voices. Now, the show is airing on Disney Channel, also in a synchronized form.
Netflix provides both subtitles and dubbed audio with its foreign language shows, including Brazil's dystopian "3%" and the German thriller "Dark". Viewer testing indicates that its audience is more likely to finish watching a series if they select to view it with dubbed audio rather than translated subtitles. Netflix now streams its foreign language content with dubbed audio as default in an effort to increase viewer retention.[117]
Dubbing is also used in applications and genres other than traditional film, including video games, television, and pornographic films.
Many video games originally produced in North America, Japan, and Europe or Australia countries are dubbed into foreign languages for international release, especially for video games that place a heavy emphasis on dialogue. Because characters' mouth movements can be part of the game's code, lip sync is sometimes achieved by re-coding the mouth movements to match the dialogue in the new language. The Source engine automatically generates lip-sync data, making it easier for games to be localized.
To achieve synchronization when animations are intended only for the source language, localized content is mostly recorded using techniques borrowed from movie dubbing (such as rythmo band) or, when images are not available, localized dubbing is done using source audios as a reference. Sound-synch is a method where localized audios are recorded matching the length and internal pauses of the source content.
For the European version of a video game, the on-screen text of the game is available in various languages and, in many cases, the dialogue is dubbed into each respective language, as well.
The North American version of any game is always available in English, with translated text and dubbed dialogue, if necessary, in other languages, especially if the North American version of the game contains the same data as the European version. Several Japanese games, such as those in the Dynasty Warriors and Soulcalibur series, are released with both the original Japanese audio and the English dub included.
Dubbing is occasionally used on network television broadcasts of films that contain dialogue that the network executives or censors have decided to replace. This is usually done to remove profanity. In most cases, the original actor does not perform this duty, but an actor with a similar voice reads the changes. The results are sometimes seamless, but, in many cases, the voice of the replacement actor sounds nothing like the original performer, which becomes particularly noticeable when extensive dialogue must be replaced. Also, often easy to notice, is the sudden absence of background sounds in the movie during the dubbed dialogue. Among the films considered notorious for using substitute actors that sound very different from their theatrical counterparts are the Smokey and the Bandit and the Die Hard film series, as shown on broadcasters such as TBS. In the case of Smokey and the Bandit, extensive dubbing was done for the first network airing on ABC Television in 1978, especially for Jackie Gleason's character, Buford T. Justice. The dubbing of his phrase "sombitch" (son of a bitch) became "scum bum," which became a catchphrase of the time.
Dubbing is commonly used in science fiction television, as well. Sound generated by effects equipment such as animatronic puppets or by actors' movements on elaborate multi-level plywood sets (for example, starship bridges or other command centers) will quite often make the original character dialogue unusable. Stargate and Farscape are two prime examples where ADR is used heavily to produce usable audio.
Since some anime series contain profanity, the studios recording the English dubs often re-record certain lines if a series or movie is going to be broadcast on Cartoon Network, removing references to death and hell as well. Some companies will offer both an edited and an uncut version of the series on DVD, so that there is an edited script available in case the series is broadcast. Other companies also edit the full-length version of a series, meaning that even on the uncut DVD characters say things like "Blast!" and "Darn!" in place of the original dialogue's profanity. Bandai Entertainment's English dub of G Gundam is infamous for this, among many other things, with such lines as "Bartender, more milk".
Dubbing has also been used for comedic purposes, replacing lines of dialogue to create comedies from footage that was originally another genre. Examples include the American television show Kung Faux, comedically re-dubbed from 1970s kung fu films originally produced in Hong Kong, the Australian television shows The Olden Days and Bargearse, re-dubbed from 1970s Australian drama and action series, respectively, the Irish show Soupy Norman, re-dubbed from Pierwsza miłość, a Polish soap opera, and Most Extreme Elimination Challenge, a comedic dub of the Japanese game show Takeshi's Castle.
Dubbing into a foreign language does not always entail the deletion of the original language. In some countries, a performer may read the translated dialogue as a voice-over. This often occurs in Russia and Poland, where "lektories" or "lektors" read the translated dialogue into Russian and Polish. In Poland, one announcer read all text. However, this is done almost exclusively for the television and home video markets, while theatrical releases are usually subtitled. Recently, however, the number of high-quality, fully dubbed films has increased, especially for children's movies. If a quality dubbed version exists for a film, it is shown in theaters. However, some films, such as Harry Potter or Star Wars, are shown in both dubbed and subtitled versions, varying with the time of the show. Such films are also shown on TV (although some channels drop them and do standard one-narrator translation) and VHS/DVD.
In Russia, the reading of all lines by a single person is referred to as a Gavrilov translation, and is generally found only in illegal copies of films and on cable television. Professional copies always include at least two actors of opposite gender translating the dialogue. Some titles in Poland have been dubbed this way, too, but this method lacks public appeal, so it is very rare now.
On special occasions, such as film festivals, live interpreting is often done by professionals.
As budgets for pornographic films are often small, compared to films made by major studios, and there is an inherent need to film without interrupting filming, it is common for sex scenes to be over-dubbed. The audio for such over-dubbing is generally referred to as the Ms and Gs, or the moans and groans.
In the case of languages with large communities (such as English, Chinese, Hindi, Portuguese, Italian, German, Spanish, or French), a single translation may sound foreign to native speakers in a given region. Therefore, a film may be translated into a certain variety of a certain language.
Hispanic America and Spain use different versions of dubbed films and series.[118] Due to the variety of Spanish accents in Latin America, the dubbing for this region is made in Standard Spanish, which avoids colloquialisms and whose pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical features are not recognizable as belonging to any particular Latin American country.[119] For this reason, it is made in different countries, mainly in Mexico, Argentina and Colombia, for the entire continent.[120] In addition, some films have been dubbed to the accent of a certain region of Spanish-speaking Latin America, such as the animated movie The Incredibles, which in addition to being dubbed into European and Standard Spanish, was dubbed into the Rioplatense and Mexican varieties.[121]
Another example is the French dubbing of The Simpsons, which has two entirely different versions for Quebec and for France. The humor is very different for each audience (see Non-English versions of The Simpsons). Audiences in Quebec are generally critical of France's dubbing of The Simpsons, which they often do not find amusing.
Quebec-French dubbing of films is generally made in accent-free Standard French, but may sound peculiar to audiences in France because of the persistence of some regionally-neutral expressions and because Quebec-French performers pronounce Anglo-Saxon names with an American accent, unlike French performers. Occasionally, budget restraints cause American direct-to-video films, such as the 1995 film When the Bullet Hits the Bone, to be released in France with a Quebec-French dubbing, sometimes resulting in what some members of French audiences perceive as unintentional humor.
Portugal and Brazil also use different versions of dubbed films and series. Because dubbing has never been very popular in Portugal, for decades, children's films were distributed using the higher-quality Brazilian dub (unlike children's TV series, which are traditionally dubbed in European Portuguese). Only in the 1990s did dubbing begin to gain popularity in Portugal. The Lion King became the first Disney feature film to be completely dubbed into European Portuguese, and subsequently all major animation films gained European-Portuguese versions. In recent DVD releases, most Brazilian-Portuguese-dubbed classics were released with new European-Portuguese dubs, eliminating the predominance of Brazilian-Portuguese dubs in Portugal.
Similarly, in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium, cartoons are often dubbed locally by Flemish artists[122] rather than using soundtracks produced in the Netherlands.
The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country (except for Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.
Sometimes, films are also dubbed into several German dialects[citation needed] (Berlinerisch, Kölsch, Saxonian, Austro-Bavarian or Swiss German), especially animated films and Disney films. They are as an additional "special feature" to entice the audience into buying it. Popular animated films dubbed into German variety include Asterix films (in addition to its Standard German version, every film has a particular variety version), The Little Mermaid,[citation needed] Shrek 2,[citation needed] Cars, (+ Austrian German)[citation needed] and Up[123] (+ Austrian German).
Some live-action films or TV series have an additional German variety dubbing: Babe and its sequel, Babe: Pig in the City (German German, Austrian German, Swiss German); and Rehearsal for Murder, Framed[124] (+ Austrian German); The Munsters, Serpico, Rumpole (+ Austrian German), and The Thorn Birds[125](only Austrian German dubbing).
Before German reunification, East Germany also made its own particular German version. For example, Olsen Gang and the Hungarian animated series The Mézga Family were dubbed in West Germany as well as East Germany.
Usually, there are two dubbings produced in Serbo-Croatian: Serbian and Croatian. Serbian for Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian for Croatia and parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The task - to increase the capacity to 5 audio studios, to dub over 700 episodes and, for the first time in Croatia, to make a serious production of live-action dubbing - both TV series and films.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Ao contrário de alguns mercados como o espanhol e brasileiro, o público português não se mostra recetivo a esta opção.
