Voiced labiodental approximant

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.^[1]^[2]^{[failed verification]}

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.^[3]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

References

^ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.
^ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
^ a b Mesthrie (2004:960)
^ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
^ a b Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
^ Basbøll (2005:62)
^ Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
^ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
^ a b Árnason (2011:115)
^ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
^ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
^ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
^ Morén (2005:5–6)
^ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
^ Priestley (2002:394)
^ Greenberg (2006:18)
^ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)

Bibliography

Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162.
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015
Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8.
Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–139. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874. ISBN 0-521-65236-7. S2CID 249404451.
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola

External links