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Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide

An exhibition dedicated to the witnesses of the genocide at the genocide museum in Yerevan.

"It may look amazing, but the reality that what happened in 1915 was a mass murder was accepted by everybody having lived in that period, and was never the object of an argument."

 Taner Akçam[1]

Witnesses and testimony provide an important and valuable insight into the events which occurred both during and after the Armenian genocide. The Armenian genocide was prepared and carried out by the Ottoman government in 1915 as well as in the following years. As a result of the genocide, as many as 1.5 million Armenians who were living in their ancestral homeland (at that time it was a part of the Ottoman Empire) were deported and murdered.

A number of journalists, diplomats, soldiers, physicians, writers, and missionaries witnessed the Armenian genocide,[2] with hundreds of these witnesses from various European countries (Germany, Austria, Italy) and the United States experiencing the events firsthand. These witnesses have provided testimonies that are highly valued by historians as reliable reports of the tragedy.[3][4][5] The eyewitness accounts of non-Armenian diplomats, missionaries and others provide significant evidence about the events and particularly the systematic nature of the deportations and subsequent massacres.[6]

Overview

Among these, missionaries experienced the events first hand and were instrumental in spreading the news about the massacres worldwide.[7] Some missionaries had also provided detailed information about the events to heads of state such as Woodrow Wilson.[8] Many of the missionaries provided clandestine relief and oftentimes saved the lives of many Armenians.[7]

Reacting to numerous eyewitness accounts, James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee compiled statements from survivors and eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to the systematized massacring of innocent Armenians by Ottoman government forces. In 1916, they published The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916. Although the book has been criticized by Turkish denialists as propaganda to build up support for the war,[9] Bryce had submitted the work to scholars for verification prior to its publication. University of Oxford Regius Professor Gilbert Murray stated of the time, "the evidence of these letters and reports will bear any scrutiny and overpower any skepticism. Their genuineness is established beyond question."[10] Other professors, including Herbert Fisherof Sheffield University and former American Bar Association president Moorfield Storey, affirmed the same conclusion.[11]

Other eyewitness accounts are from survivors of the Armenian genocide themselves.[12] Today, there are only a "handful" of survivors alive.[13][14][needs update] Many of these accounts were recorded on tape decades after the events.[15] Hundreds of these testimonies and eyewitness accounts will be incorporated into the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education as part of archival research project for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide.[16][17]

As asserted by Armenian historian Richard G. Hovannisian, "eyewitness accounts of decisive events may be as valuable as official dispatches and reports. It is in such version especially that the human element becomes manifest, affording insights not to be found in documents."[15] Some survivor accounts have been turned into films such as Aurora Mardiganians' survivor story in the film Ravished Armenia.[18]

In regards to the significance of eyewitness testimony, Genocide scholar Samuel Totten stated:

First-person accounts by victims and others are capable of breaking through the numbing mass of numbers in that they provide the thoughts, the passions and the voices of those who experienced and/or witnessed the terrible calamity now referred to as genocide. And while first-person accounts serve many purposes among the most significant is the fact that authentic accounts constitute valuable testimony as to what it means to be caught up in the maelstrom of hatred and savagery that is genocide.[15]

The report of the US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Henry Morgenthau, Sr. is recognized to be one of the main eyewitness accounts of the genocide. Morgenthau published his memoirs about the Armenian massacres in a 1918 book Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. The book gives detailed documentation of the events and describes his appeals to stop the massacres.[19]

Morgenthau's account and other books that provide testimonies to the events have been showcased around the world by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute of Yerevan, Armenia through temporary exhibitions.[20][21]

Notable witnesses and testimonies

In respect, the witnesses and testimonies will reflect the nationalities of the nations at the time of the genocide.

Turkish

German

Other

Christian missionaries

See also

Notes

References

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  2. ^ Winter 2003, p. 2.
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  160. ^ Matsdorf, W. S. (24 January 1989). "The Armenian Genocide". The Jerusalem Post. p. 4. Hitler will have heard the details from his close collaborator Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, who was the German Vice-Consul in Erzerum in 1915 and filed numerous reports about the terrible misery, senseless expulsion and the anti-Armenian outrages.
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  173. ^ Confidential telegram, Ambassador Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Constantinople, 16 July 1915, United States Official records on the Armenian Genocide 1915–1917, pp. 55, document NA/RG59/867.4016/76
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  188. ^ a b Mann, Michael (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. I was thoroughly disgusted and disheartened by the numerous and utterly unjustified massacres of the Christians, committed, if not at the direct instance, at least through the complaisance of the Commander-in-Chief of our Expeditionary Army, Khalil Bey.
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  192. ^ Olaf Farschid, ed. (2006). The first world war as remembered in the countries of the eastern mediterranean. Würzburg: Ergon-Verl. p. 52. ISBN 3899135148. Later, Reshid became infamous for organizing the extermination of the Armenians in the province of Diarbekir, receiving the nickname "kasap" (the butcher)
  193. ^ Gaunt 2006, p. 157.
  194. ^ a b c d "Armenian Cultural Foundation to celebrate the legacy of Swiss humanitarian Jakob Künzler". Armenian Reporter. 24 November 2007.
  195. ^ a b "Jakob Künzler – 140". Armenian Genocide Museum.
  196. ^ "The book by Jakob Küntzler "In the Country of Blood and Tears" in Armenian". Armenian Genocide Museum.
  197. ^ Jakob Kunzler, Dreissig, Jahre Dienst am Orient, (Basel: Emil Birkhauser and Cie, 1933), p.53
  198. ^ Conditions in the Near East: Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia
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  201. ^ Hovannisian 2008, p. 123.
  202. ^ Stanton, Gregory. "The Cost of Denial". Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  203. ^ Winter 2003, p. 162.
  204. ^ Pryce-Jones, D. (2003). Remembering Genocide. National Review, 55(23), 47–48.
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  206. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L. (2010). Jihad and genocide. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6203-5.
  207. ^ Aya, Şükrü Server (2008). The genocide of truth. Eminönü, Istanbul: Istanbul Commerce University Publications. ISBN 978-975-6516-24-9.
  208. ^ 11 April 1919 report. U.S. National Archives. R.G. 59. 867. 4016/411.
  209. ^ Kiernan 2008, p. 412.
  210. ^ Bartov, Omer; Mack, Phyllis, eds. (2001). In God's name: genocide and religion in the twentieth century. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 220. ISBN 1-57181-302-0.
  211. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (2003b). Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Confronting the Armenian Genocide. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-2767-1.[page needed]
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  214. ^ a b Winter 2003, p. 152.
  215. ^ Payaslian 2005, p. 112.
  216. ^ Barrett, Sebrina A. "Abram Elkus". New York State Government Website.
  217. ^ Elkus, Abram I. (2004). Hilmar Keiser (ed.). The memoirs of Abram Elkus: lawyer, ambassador, statesman. Princeton, NJ [u.a.]: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 1-903656-37-0.
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  220. ^ Winter 2003, p. 84.
  221. ^ Forsythe 2009, p. 98.
  222. ^ "SAVED BY AMERICAN CONSUL. Armenian Refugees Hope Others Will Be Saved from Slavery". New York Times. 18 January 1916. p. 4. The Armenians say that it was solely owing to the energetic action of the American Consul at Aleppo, who adopted a strong attitude with the Turkish military authorities, that thousands of Armenian lives at Aleppo and in the surrounding regions were saved.
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  248. ^ a b Auron 2000, p. 183.
  249. ^ Much of what is known about Fred Shepard is through the book Shepard of Aintab written by his daughter Alice Shepard Riggs. He also wrote about his personal experiences during the Adana massacre in a pamphlet entitled, Personal Experience in Turkish Massacres and Relief Work
  250. ^ Kaiser 2002, p. 80.
  251. ^ a b Kaiser 2002, p. 36.
  252. ^ a b Riggs 1920, p. 194.
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  255. ^ Riggs 1920, p. 191.
  256. ^ Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 125. While Wangenheim issued notes of diplomatic protest, and his successor Paul Wolff-Metternich, backed by the Foreign Office, made enough noise about the killings on Germany's behalf for the CUP to demand his removal from office, Pallavicini remained in situ throughout the war, preferring instead to have periodic 'friendly words' with the CUP leaders.
  257. ^ Vahakn N. Dadrian (1995). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 424.
     • For excerpts of Marquis von Pallavicini's reports, see Charny 1994, pp. 102f.
  258. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1990). Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 232f. By the end of June Wangenheim and his Austro-Hungarian colleague, Count Johann Pallavicini, decided to act together. On 1 July Pallavicini told Talaat that the mass deportations 'seemed hardly justified'. ... The Porte, however, typically for a government in the grip of a racial frenzy, did nothing to either Austrian or German requests. Pallavicini noted, 'Evidently there is a determination to render the Armenian element, which has become so suspect here, harmless once and for all'.
  259. ^ Charny 1994, p. 103.
  260. ^ "Diplomatic Appointments – Lewis Einstein of This City Gets a Secretaryship in the Embassy at Paris", The New York Times, 20 May 1903, page 3.
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  266. ^ Einstein 1918, p. 126.
  267. ^ Inside Constantinople: A Diplomatist's Diary During the Dardanelles Expedition
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  270. ^ Einstein 1918, p. 258.
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  273. ^ Michael Schwartz: Ethnische "Säuberungen" in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 3-486-70425-7, S. 92.
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  276. ^ a b "Stanley George Savige diary, 2 January 1918-27 January 1919".
  277. ^ Nersesian, M. C. The Genocide of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (In Armenian). p. 527.
  278. ^ a b Õde Hedwig Büll Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11-25-2010. (in Estonian)
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  281. ^ "The Story of Anna Hedwig Bull, an Estonian Missionary of the Armenian genocide". Armenian Genocide Research Museum Institute.
  282. ^ "Rev. Dr. Frederick G. Coan". New York Times. 24 March 1943. p. 23.
  283. ^ a b "Frederick G. Coan Lectures Tomorrow" (PDF). Rogue River Courier. 26 March 1918.
  284. ^ "Commencement". Stevens Indicator. 35 (1). Stevens Alumni Association: 142. 1918.
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  286. ^ Archibald, Andrew (1921). A cruise to the Orient: the world's greatest centers of interest. The Stratford Co. p. 240.
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  296. ^ Riggs 1996, p. 176.
  297. ^ a b "Bodil Biørn (1871–1960)". Armenian Genocide Museum.
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  303. ^ Dressler 2013, p. 47.
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  317. ^ The diary entries, along with a description of the events, were then republished by her father John Otis Barrows in 1916. (Barrows 1916)
  318. ^ Barrows 1916, p. 128.
  319. ^ Balakian 2009, p. 128.
  320. ^ Barrows 1916, pp. 128–129.
  321. ^ Balakian 2009, p. 205.
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  325. ^ Barrows 1916, pp. 129–130.
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  334. ^ Ussher 1917, pp. 328–129.
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  339. ^ Sarafian, Gomidas Institute. James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee. Ed. and with an introd. by Ara (2000). The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce (Uncensored ed.). Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Inst. ISBN 0-9535191-5-5.
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  341. ^ The mission at Van in Turkey in war time
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  351. ^ "Letter from Turkey". Cengage. Summer 1915. Retrieved 12 March 2013. The hills on each side were white with Kurds, who were throwing stones on the Armenians, who were slowly wending their way to the bridge.
  352. ^ "Letter from Turkey". Cengage. Summer 1915. Retrieved 12 March 2013. They said that a valley near there was full of corpses.
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  354. ^ Winter 2003, p. 230.
  355. ^ Tatoulian, Lory (29 March 2008). "In their own words". Armenian Reporter. pp. C12–C13.
  356. ^ a b Fisk, Robert (28 August 2007). "The forgotten holocaust". The Independent.
  357. ^ Winter 2003, p. 192.
  358. ^ Kieser 2010, p. 87.
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  360. ^ a b Atkinson 2000, p. 98.
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  362. ^ Atkinson 2000, p. 52.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links