stringtranslate.com

Hamza

The hamza (Arabic: هَمْزَة hamza) (ء‎) is an Arabic script character that, in the Arabic alphabet, denotes a glottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates a diphthong, vowel, or other features, depending on the language. Derived from the letter ʿAyn (ع‎),[1] the hamza is written in initial, medial and final positions as an unlinked letter or placed above or under a carrier character. Despite its common usage as a letter in Modern Standard Arabic, it is generally not considered to be one of its letters, although some argue that it should be considered a letter.

The hamza is often romanized as a typewriter apostophe ('), a modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ), a modifier letter right half ring (ʾ), or as the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol ʔ. In Arabizi, it is either written as "2" or not written at all.

In the Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed by alif (𐤀), continued by Alif (ا) in the Arabic alphabet. However, Alif was used to express both a glottal stop and a long vowel /aː/. In order to indicate that a glottal stop is used and not a mere vowel, it was added to Alif diacritically. In modern orthography, hamza may also appear on the line, under certain circumstances as though it were a full letter, independent of an alif.

Etymology

Hamza is derived from the verb hamaza (هَمَزَ) meaning 'to prick, goad, drive' or 'to provide (a letter or word) with hamzah'.[2][citation needed]

Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ)

The hamza (ء) on its own is hamzat al-qaṭ‘ (هَمْزَة الْقَطْع, "the hamzah which breaks, ceases or halts", i.e. the broken, cessation, halting"), otherwise referred to as qaṭ‘at (قَطْعَة), that is, a phonemic glottal stop unlike the hamzat al-waṣl (هَمْزَة الوَصْل, "the hamzah which attaches, connects or joins", i.e. the attachment, connection, joining"), a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically only if at the beginning of an utterance, otherwise assimilated. Although the hamzat al-waṣl can be written as an alif carrying a waṣlah sign ٱ (only in the Quran), it is normally indicated by a plain alif without a hamza.[3]

ٱ occurs in:

It is not pronounced following a vowel (البَيْتُ الكَبِير, al-baytu l-kabīru). This event occurs in the definite article or at the beginning of a noun following a preposition or a verb following a relative pronoun. If the definite article al- is followed by a sun letter, -l- also gives way for the next letter for lām is assimilated.

Orthography

The hamza can be written either alone, as if it were a letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a diacritic:

This form has been proposed for the inclusion to the Unicode Standard,[4][5] but the Unicode Script Ad Hoc Group stated that it can be unified with the existing U+0674 ٴ ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA.[6] The form above currently being displayed using a standard Arabic Hamza with an altered vertical position.

Arabic "seat" rules

The rules for writing hamza differ somewhat between languages even if the writing is based on the Arabic abjad. The following addresses Arabic specifically.

Summary

Detailed description

I. If the hamza is initial:

II. If the hamza is final:

III. If the hamza is medial:

  • If i or u follows, the hamza is written over yāʾ or wāw, accordingly.
  • Otherwise, the hamza would be written on the line. If a yāʾ precedes, however, that would conflict with the stroke joining the yāʾ to the following letter, so the hamza is written over yāʾ. (as in بطِيئَة)
  • If there is only one vowel (or two of the same kind), that vowel determines the seat (alif, wāw, or yāʾ).
  • If there are two conflicting vowels, i takes precedence over u, u over a so miʾah 'hundred' is written مِئَة, with hamza over the yāʾ.
  • Alif-maddah occurs if appropriate.

Not surprisingly, the complexity of the rules causes some disagreement.

  • In the sequence ūʾū (yasūʾūna, verb: sā'a سَاءَ "to act badly, be bad") the alternatives are hamza on the line يَسُوءُونَ, or hamza over yāʾ يَسُوئُونَ, when the rules here would call for hamza over wāw. Perhaps, the resulting sequence of three wāws would be especially repugnant.
  • In the sequence yaqraʾūna (يَقْرَأُونَ, verb: qaraʾa قَرَأَ "to read, to recite, to review/ study") the alternative form has hamza over alif, not yāʾ.
  • The forms yabṭuʾūna (يَبْطُؤُونَ, verb: baṭuʾa بَطُؤَ "to be or become slow, late or backward, "to come late", "to move slowly") and yaʾūbu (يَؤُوبُ, verb: آبَ "move to the back", "to return to come back", "to repent") have no alternative form. (Note yaqraʾūna with the same sequence of vowels.)

Overview tables

The letter ط ‎ () stands here for any consonant.

Note: The table shows only potential combinations and their graphic representations according to the spelling rules; not every possible combination exists in Arabic.

Colours:

  The hamza is written over yāʾ ئ
  The hamza is written over wāw ؤ
  The hamza is written over or under alif أ , آ , إ
  The hamza is written on the line ء

Notes:

  1. ^ a b Arabic writing has tried to avoid two consecutive wāws, however, in Modern Arabic this rule is less applicable, thus modern رُؤُوس ruʾūs "heads" corresponds to رُءُوس in the Quran.

Hamza in other Arabic-script alphabets

Jawi alphabet

In the Jawi alphabet (Arabic script used to write Malay), hamza is used for various purposes, but is rarely used to denote a glottal stop except in certain Arabic loanwords. The default isolated hamza form (Malay: hamzah setara) is the second least common form of hamza,[5] whereas another form unique to the Jawi script, the three-quarter high hamza (Malay: hamzah tiga suku) is most commonly used in daily Jawi writing. The three-quarter high hamza itself is used in many cases:[7]

This exact form is not available in Unicode Standard, as it is unified with ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA, but the common way of writing this form is by using a normal hamza and altering its vertical position.

Hamza above alif أ‎⟩ is used for prefixed words using the prefixes ک‎⟩, د‎⟩, or س‎⟩, where its root word starts with a vowel (such as د+امبيل (di+ambil), becomes دأمبيل (diambil)). This form as well as hamza below alif إ‎⟩ are both also in Arabic loanwords where the original spelling has been retained.

The hamza above ya ئ‎⟩ is known as a "housed hamzah" (Malay: hamzah berumah), and is most commonly used in Arabic loanwords. It is also used for words which repeat or combine "i" and "é" vowels like چميئيه (cemeeh meaning "taunt") and for denoting a glottal stop in the middle of a word after a consonant such as سوبئيديتور (subeditor). More commonly, however, it is used for denoting a schwa after the vowels "i", "é", "o", and "u" such as چندليئر (chandelier).

Hamza above waw ؤ‎⟩ is completely removed from the Jawi alphabet, and for Arabic loanwords using the letter, it is replaced with a normal waw followed by a three-quarter high hamza instead.[8]

Urdu (Shahmukhi) alphabet

In the Urdu alphabet, hamza does not occur at the initial position over alif since alif is not used as a glottal stop in Urdu. In the middle position, if hamza is surrounded by vowels, it indicates a diphthong or syllable break between the two vowels. In the middle position, if hamza is surrounded by only one vowel, it takes the sound of that vowel. In the final position hamza is silent or produces a glottal sound, as in Arabic.

In Urdu, hamza usually represents a diphthong between two vowels. It rarely acts like the Arabic hamza except in a few loanwords from Arabic.

Hamza is also added at the last letter of the first word of ezāfe compound to represent -e- if the first word ends with yeh or with he or over bari yeh if it is added at the end of the first word of the ezāfe compound.

Hamza is always written on the line in the middle position unless in waw if that letter is preceded by a non-joiner letter; then, it is seated above waw. Hamza is also seated when written above baṛi yeh. In the final form, Hamza is written in its full form. In ezāfe, hamza is seated above choṭi he, yeh or baṛi yeh of the first word to represent the -e- of ezāfe compound.

Uyghur alphabet

In the Uyghur Arabic alphabet, the hamza is not a distinct letter and is not generally used to denote the glottal stop, but rather to indicate vowels. The hamza is only depicted with vowels in their initial or isolated forms, and only then when the vowel starts a word. It is also occasionally used when a word has two vowels in a row.[9]

Kazakh alphabet

In the Kazakh Arabic alphabet, the hamza is used only at the beginning of words, and the only form is high hamza. It is not used to denote any sound, but to indicate that the vowels in the word will be the four front vowels: ٵ‎⟩ (ä), ٸ‎⟩ (ı), ٶ‎⟩ (ö), ٷ‎⟩ (ü). However, it is not used for words containing another front vowel ە‎⟩ (e) or words containing four consonants گ‎⟩ (g), غ‎⟩ (ğ), ك‎⟩ (k), ق‎⟩ (q).[10]

Wavy hamza in Kashmiri

ٲ
اٟ

The Kashmiri language written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza". In Kashmiri the diacritic is called āmālü mad when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel /əː/.[11] Kashmiri calls the wavy hamza sāȳ when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound /ɨː/.[12]

Latin representations

There are different ways to represent hamza in Latin transliteration:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hamza In Arabic And It's Different Forms - Full Guide". 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  2. ^ Wehr, Hans (1994). "همز hamaza". In Cowan, J. M. (ed.). The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Arabic (4th ed.). Otto Harrassowitz KG. ISBN 978-0-87950-003-0.
  3. ^ Wright, W.; Robertson Smith, W.; de Goeje, M. J. (1996). A grammar of the Arabic language. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 484549376.
  4. ^ Shariya Haniz Zulkifli (2009-07-09). "Submit Jawi character to IANA - final" (PDF). Malaysia Network Information Center.
  5. ^ a b Ahmad Ali A. Karim; (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman; Dr. Hasanuddin Yusof (2022-01-11). "Proposal to Encode ARABIC LETTER THREE QUARTER HIGH HAMZA for Jawi" (PDF). Unicode Technical Committee.
  6. ^ Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Constable, Peter (2022-04-15), "4c High Hamza", Recommendations to UTC #171 April 2022 on Script Proposals (PDF)
  7. ^ Dahaman, Ismail bin; Ahmad, Manshoor bin Haji (2001). Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi (Jilid 1) [Malay Language Word Directory: Rumi-Pronunciation-Jawi (Book 1)] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 129. ISBN 9789836246721.
  8. ^ Haris bin Kasim, Haji (2019). بوکو تيک‌س جاءيس جاوي تاهون 4 [Year 4 Jawi JAIS Text Book] (in Malay). Seri Kembangan (Malaysia): Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor. ISBN 9789671650004.
  9. ^ Nazarova, Gulnisa; Niyaz, Kurban (December 2013). Uyghur: An Elementary Textbook (Bilingual ed.). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 5–8. ISBN 9781589016842.
  10. ^ Nayman, S (1985), Kazakh-Chinese Concise Dictionary (哈汉辞典. قازاقشا - حانزۋشا سوزدىك) (in Chinese and Kazakh), Ūlttar Baspasy (ۇلتتار باسپاسى), ISBN 9787105053520
  11. ^ "Vowel 04: ٲ / ä – (aae)". Kashmiri Dictionary. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Vowel07: اٟ / ü ( ι )". Kashmiri Dictionary. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

External links