Bud oil is derived from the flower-buds of S. aromaticum. It consists of 60–90% eugenol, eugenol acetate, caryophyllene and other minor constituents.
Leaf oil is derived from the leaves of S. aromaticum. It consists of 70–82% eugenol, and some amounts of beta Caryophyllene and alpha Humulene.
Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 85–92% eugenol, with other minor constituents. Stem oil is closer in olfactive and flavor profile to bud oil.
Clove oil is toxic in anything other than small therapeutic doses,[1] and several cases of acute liver and kidney damage have been reported, principally in children.[2] In foods, the level of clove oil used as a flavor ingredient does not exceed 0.06%, and is considered safe.[1]
Toothache
Particularly in South Korea and India, eugenol, an aromatic compound extracted from clove oil, is used in alternative medicine to relieve toothache.[6] Applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth or tooth socket remaining after extraction, eugenol or clove oil may relieve toothache temporarily.[6] There is insufficient scientific evidence that eugenol is effective for treating dental pain.[2][3]
Other uses
Eugenol is a reliable source for producing natural vanillin (by the US definition). It is a versatile molecule, which can be converted to vanillin with a few simple steps of conversion through the use of naturally available phytochemicals.[citation needed]
Clove oil is commonly used to anesthetize or euthanize laboratory or pet fish.[7][8]
Clove oil is a component of choji oil (Japanese: 丁子油), which was traditionally used for the maintenance of Japanese swords.[9][10]
Regulation
In Germany, Commission E permits the sale and administration of clove oil for use in alternative medicine.[11]
^ a b c d e f"Clove". Drugs.com. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ a b c d"Eugenol (clove oil)". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 28 October 2019. PMID 31869191.
^ a b c d"Clove". MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^"Clove Oil BP". medicines.org.uk. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ a bLawless, J. (1995). "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Oils in Aromatherapy and Herbalism". The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Essential Oils. ISBN 978-1-85230-661-8.
^ a bChung G, Oh SB (2013). "Eugenol as Local Anesthetic". Natural Products. Springer-Verlag Berlin; In: Natural Products - Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes; Part XIV. pp. 4001–4015. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_171. ISBN 978-3-642-22144-6.
^Gary Kent Ostrander (2000). The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. pp. 508–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.
^Gary West; Darryl Heard; Nigel Caulkett (21 July 2014). Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. Wiley. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1-118-79286-5.
^Nagayama, Kōkan (1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4-7700-2071-0.
^Rister, R.; Klein, S.; Riggins, C. (1998-08-15). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines (1st ed.). American Botanical Council. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-9655555-0-0.