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Lista de dominios de nivel superior de Internet

Esta lista de dominios de nivel superior de Internet ( TLD ) contiene dominios de nivel superior , que son aquellos dominios en la zona raíz del DNS del Sistema de nombres de dominio de Internet . Una lista de los dominios de nivel superior de la Autoridad de Números Asignados de Internet (IANA) se mantiene en la Base de datos de la Zona Raíz. [1] La IANA también supervisa el proceso de aprobación de nuevos dominios de nivel superior propuestos para la ICANN . A partir de abril de 2021 , su dominio raíz contiene 1502 dominios de nivel superior. [2] [3] A partir de marzo de 2021 , la base de datos raíz de la IANA incluye 1589 TLD. Eso también incluye 68 que no están asignados (revocados), 8 que están retirados y 11 dominios de prueba . [1] Esos no están representados en la lista de la IANA [2] y no están en el archivo root.zone (el archivo root.zone también incluye un dominio raíz ). [4]

Tipos

La IANA distingue los siguientes grupos de dominios de nivel superior: [5]

Dominios originales de nivel superior

Se crearon siete dominios genéricos de nivel superior al comienzo del desarrollo de Internet y son anteriores a la creación de la ICANN en 1998.

Dominios de nivel superior de infraestructura

Dominios de nivel superior con código de país

Al 20 de mayo de 2017, había 255 dominios de nivel superior con código de país , puramente en alfabeto latino, utilizando códigos de dos caracteres. En junio de 2022 , la cifra era de 316, con la incorporación de los dominios internacionalizados. [1]

Propuestas de ccTLD internacionalizados

Se han propuesto nombres de dominio internacionalizados para Japón y Libia .

Dominios genéricos de nivel superior de la era ICANN

Inglés

A

B

do

D

mi

F

GRAMO

yo

I

Yo

K

yo

METRO

norte

Oh

PAG

Q

R

S

yo

tú

V

Yo

incógnita

Y

O

Chino

Francés

Alemán

hindi

italiano

portugués

Español

Dominios genéricos de nivel superior internacionalizados

Todos estos TLD son nombres de dominio internacionalizados (IDN) y admiten IDN de segundo nivel.

Escritura árabe

Caracteres chinos

Cyrillic script

Japanese characters

Other script

Geographic top-level domains

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

Brand and corporate top-level domains

Internationalized brand top-level domains

Special-use domains

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[244]

Non-IANA domains

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Blockchain-registered

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[250] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Alternate roots

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)

Internet Domain Notes

  1. ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
  2. ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
  3. ^ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
  4. ^ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
  5. ^ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
  6. ^ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
  7. ^ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
  8. ^ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
  9. ^ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
  10. ^ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
  11. ^ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
  12. ^ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
  13. ^ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
  14. ^ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
  15. ^ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
  16. ^ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
  17. ^ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
  18. ^ Operating as New Falls, LLC
  19. ^ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
  20. ^ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
  21. ^ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
  22. ^ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
  23. ^ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
  24. ^ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
  25. ^ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
  26. ^ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
  27. ^ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
  28. ^ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
  29. ^ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
  30. ^ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
  31. ^ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
  32. ^ Operating as Pine House, LLC
  33. ^ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
  34. ^ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
  35. ^ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
  36. ^ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
  37. ^ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
  38. ^ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
  39. ^ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
  40. ^ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
  41. ^ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
  42. ^ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
  43. ^ Operating as John Edge, LLC
  44. ^ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
  45. ^ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
  46. ^ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
  47. ^ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
  48. ^ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
  49. ^ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
  50. ^ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
  51. ^ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
  52. ^ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
  53. ^ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
  54. ^ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
  55. ^ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
  56. ^ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
  57. ^ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
  58. ^ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
  59. ^ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
  60. ^ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
  61. ^ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
  62. ^ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
  63. ^ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
  64. ^ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
  65. ^ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
  66. ^ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
  67. ^ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
  68. ^ Operating as John Dale, LLC
  69. ^ Operating as John Castle, LLC
  70. ^ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
  71. ^ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
  72. ^ Operating as Top Level Design
  73. ^ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
  74. ^ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
  75. ^ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
  76. ^ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
  77. ^ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
  78. ^ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
  79. ^ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
  80. ^ Operating as John Madison, LLC
  81. ^ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
  82. ^ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
  83. ^ Operating as Outer House, LLC
  84. ^ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
  85. ^ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
  86. ^ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
  87. ^ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
  88. ^ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
  89. ^ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
  90. ^ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
  91. ^ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
  92. ^ Operating as John McCook, LLC
  93. ^ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
  94. ^ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
  95. ^ Operating as June Woods, LLC
  96. ^ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
  97. ^ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
  98. ^ a b Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
  99. ^ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
  100. ^ Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
  101. ^ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
  102. ^ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
  103. ^ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
  104. ^ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
  105. ^ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
  106. ^ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
  107. ^ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
  108. ^ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
  109. ^ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
  110. ^ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
  111. ^ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
  112. ^ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
  113. ^ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
  114. ^ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
  115. ^ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
  116. ^ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
  117. ^ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
  118. ^ Operating as Little Galley, LLC
  119. ^ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
  120. ^ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
  121. ^ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
  122. ^ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
  123. ^ Operating as Silver Cover, LLC
  124. ^ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
  125. ^ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
  126. ^ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
  127. ^ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
  128. ^ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
  129. ^ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
  130. ^ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
  131. ^ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
  132. ^ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
  133. ^ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
  134. ^ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

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  136. ^ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  137. ^ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  138. ^ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  139. ^ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  140. ^ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
  141. ^ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  142. ^ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  143. ^ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  144. ^ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  145. ^ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  146. ^ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  147. ^ "Register domain in .su zone". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  148. ^ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  149. ^ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  150. ^ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  151. ^ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  152. ^ "About". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  153. ^ Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  154. ^ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  155. ^ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  156. ^ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  157. ^ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  158. ^ IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  159. ^ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  160. ^ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  161. ^ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  162. ^ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  163. ^ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  164. ^ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  165. ^ a b "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  166. ^ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  167. ^ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  168. ^ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  169. ^ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
  170. ^ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  171. ^ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  172. ^ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  173. ^ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  174. ^ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  175. ^ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  176. ^ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  177. ^ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  178. ^ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  179. ^ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  180. ^ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  181. ^ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  182. ^ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  183. ^ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  184. ^ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  185. ^ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  186. ^ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  187. ^ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  188. ^ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  189. ^ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  190. ^ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  191. ^ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  192. ^ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  193. ^ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  194. ^ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  195. ^ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  196. ^ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  197. ^ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  198. ^ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  199. ^ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  200. ^ a b This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  201. ^ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  202. ^ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  203. ^ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  204. ^ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  205. ^ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  206. ^ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  207. ^ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  208. ^ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  209. ^ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  210. ^ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  211. ^ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  212. ^ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  213. ^ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  214. ^ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  215. ^ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  216. ^ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  217. ^ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  218. ^ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  219. ^ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  220. ^ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  221. ^ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  222. ^ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  223. ^ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  224. ^ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  225. ^ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  226. ^ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  227. ^ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  228. ^ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  229. ^ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  230. ^ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  231. ^ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  232. ^ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  233. ^ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  234. ^ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  235. ^ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  236. ^ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  237. ^ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  238. ^ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  239. ^ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  240. ^ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  241. ^ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  242. ^ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  243. ^ "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  244. ^ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
  245. ^ Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  246. ^ Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  247. ^ "Resoluciones Aprobadas | Reunión Especial de la Junta Directiva de la ICANN | 29 de julio de 2024". ICANN . 31 de julio de 2024 . Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2024 .
  248. ^ "Colisión de nombres de la ICANN". Wiki de la ICANN . Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2024 .
  249. ^ Werbach, Kevin (11 de diciembre de 2018). La cadena de bloques y la nueva arquitectura de la confianza. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  250. ^ "Ya está en marcha un proyecto de cifrado para hacer que los nombres de Internet sean a prueba de censura". MIT Technology Review . Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2021 .
  251. ^ "La fiebre del oro está en marcha para los nombres de dominio de Ethereum". www.vice.com . 11 de mayo de 2017 . Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2021 .
  252. ^ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy en San Francisco. "Qué lástima, ICANN. Podemos seguir nuestro propio camino: Opera dará soporte a sitios que utilicen el dominio de nivel superior renegado .crypto". www.theregister.com . Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2021 .
  253. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC deja de ofrecer soporte para nombres de dominio .bit tras un abuso desenfrenado de malware". ZDNet . Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2021 .
  254. ^ Tupui, Tupui. "Dominios Soroban".

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