Alentados por Trump, [47] [48] el 5 y 6 de enero, miles de sus partidarios se reunieron en Washington, DC, para apoyar sus falsas afirmaciones de que las elecciones de 2020 habían sido "robadas por demócratas de izquierda radical envalentonados ", [49] [50] [51] [52] y para exigir que el entonces vicepresidente Mike Pence y el Congreso rechazaran la victoria de Biden. [53] A partir del mediodía del 6 de enero, [54] en un mitin de "Salvad a Estados Unidos" en la Elipse , Trump pronunció un discurso en el que repitió afirmaciones falsas de irregularidades electorales [55] y dijo: "Si no lucháis como el infierno, ya no tendréis un país". [56] [57] Cuando el Congreso comenzó el recuento de votos electorales, miles de asistentes, algunos armados, caminaron hacia el Capitolio, y cientos de ellos violaron los perímetros policiales. [58] [59] Entre los alborotadores se encontraban líderes de los grupos de milicianos Proud Boys y Oath Keepers , quienes conspiraron para usar la violencia e interferir con la transferencia pacífica del poder. [60]
El FBI estima que entre 2.000 y 2.500 personas entraron en el Capitolio el 6 de enero, [61] [62] [63] con algunos actos de vandalismo y saqueos, [64] [65] incluyendo las oficinas de la entonces presidenta de la Cámara de Representantes Nancy Pelosi y otros miembros del Congreso. [66] Los alborotadores también agredieron a los agentes de la Policía del Capitolio y a los periodistas, e intentaron capturar y dañar a los legisladores. [67] Se erigió una horca al oeste del Capitolio, con alborotadores coreando "Cuelguen a Mike Pence" después de que rechazara las solicitudes, de Trump y otros, de usar la autoridad que creían que tenía para anular los resultados de las elecciones. [68] Con la seguridad del edificio violada, la Policía del Capitolio evacuó y cerró ambas cámaras del Congreso y varios edificios del Complejo. [69] Los alborotadores ocuparon la cámara vacía del Senado mientras los agentes de la ley federales defendían el piso evacuado de la Cámara. [70] [71] Se encontraron bombas caseras tanto en la sede del Comité Nacional Demócrata como en la del Comité Nacional Republicano , y se descubrieron cócteles molotov en un vehículo cerca del Capitolio. [72] [73] Trump se resistió a enviar a la Guardia Nacional para sofocar a la turba. [74] Más tarde esa tarde, en un video de Twitter , reiteró afirmaciones falsas sobre la elección y les dijo a sus partidarios que "se fueran a casa en paz". [75] [76] El Capitolio fue despejado de alborotadores a media tarde, [77] y el recuento de votos electorales se reanudó y completó a primera hora de la mañana del 7 de enero. Pence declaró victoriosos al presidente electo Biden y a la vicepresidenta electa Kamala Harris . Presionado por su gabinete , la amenaza de destitución y muchas renuncias , Trump luego concedió una transición ordenada del poder en una declaración televisada. [78] [79]
Una semana después del ataque, la Cámara de Representantes acusó a Trump de incitación a la insurrección , convirtiéndolo en el único presidente estadounidense en ser acusado dos veces . [80] En febrero, después de que Trump dejara el cargo, el Senado votó 57 a 43 a favor de la condena, pero no alcanzó los dos tercios requeridos, lo que resultó en su absolución. [81] Los republicanos del Senado bloquearon un proyecto de ley para crear una comisión independiente bipartidista para investigar el ataque, [82] [67] por lo que la Cámara aprobó en su lugar un comité de investigación selecto compuesto por siete demócratas y dos republicanos. [d] [83] [84] Celebraron nueve audiencias públicas televisadas sobre el ataque , [85] votaron para citar a Trump, [86] y recomendaron que el Departamento de Justicia (DOJ) lo procesara. El 1 de agosto de 2023, luego de una investigación del fiscal especial , Trump fue acusado de cuatro cargos . [87] [88] Al 6 de mayo de 2024, de las 1.424 personas acusadas de delitos federales relacionados con el evento, [89] 820 se han declarado culpables (255 por delitos graves y 565 por delitos menores), [89] y 884 acusados han sido sentenciados, 541 de los cuales recibieron una pena de cárcel. [89] Algunos participantes en el ataque estaban vinculados a grupos extremistas de extrema derecha o movimientos conspirativos , incluidos los Oath Keepers, Proud Boys y Three Percenters , [90] [91] algunos de los cuales fueron condenados por conspiración sediciosa . [92] Enrique Tarrio , entonces presidente de los Proud Boys, recibió la sentencia más larga, una pena de prisión de 22 años. [93]
El tuit de Trump poco después del cierre de las urnas
A las pocas horas de cerrar las urnas, mientras aún se estaban contando los votos, Trump declaró la victoria y exigió que se detuviera el recuento. [96] Comenzó una campaña para subvertir la elección, mediante impugnaciones legales y un esfuerzo extralegal. Diez días después de la elección, los abogados de Trump llegaron a la conclusión de que no había una base fáctica ni un argumento legal válido para impugnar los resultados de las elecciones. [52] A pesar de esos análisis, Trump intentó anular los resultados presentando al menos sesenta demandas, incluidas dos que llegaron ante la Corte Suprema . Esas acciones buscaban anular las certificaciones electorales y anular los votos que se habían emitido para Biden. Todas esas impugnaciones fueron rechazadas por los tribunales, por falta de pruebas o ausencia de legitimación legal . [95] El equipo legal de Trump, dirigido por Sidney Powell , presentó esas demandas sabiendo que no tenían base fáctica ni mérito legal. [52] En agosto de 2021, Powell y otros abogados de Trump fueron sancionados formalmente por participar en "un abuso histórico y profundo del proceso judicial... al presentar demandas infundadas y frívolas para socavar la confianza pública en el proceso democrático". [97]
Trump montó entonces una campaña para presionar a los gobernadores republicanos, secretarios de estado y legislaturas estatales para que anularan los resultados reemplazando las listas de electores de Biden con listas comprometidas con Trump, o fabricando evidencia de fraude; el papel de Trump en el complot para usar electores falsos llevó a que fuera procesado en Georgia y en un tribunal federal . Además, exigió que los legisladores investigaran las ostensibles "irregularidades" electorales, como la realización de comparaciones de firmas de boletas enviadas por correo , sin tener en cuenta ningún esfuerzo analítico previo. Trump también hizo averiguaciones personales sobre la posibilidad de invocar la ley marcial para "rehacer" o revertir las elecciones [95] [98] y nombrar un fiscal especial para encontrar casos de fraude, a pesar de las conclusiones de los funcionarios federales y estatales de que tales casos eran pocos y aislados o inexistentes. Trump finalmente no emprendió ninguna de las dos medidas. [95] Trump instó repetidamente al vicepresidente Mike Pence a alterar los resultados e impedir que Biden asumiera el cargo. Ninguna de esas acciones habría estado dentro de los poderes constitucionales de Pence como vicepresidente y presidente del Senado . Trump repitió este llamado en su discurso de campaña en la mañana del 6 de enero. [99]
Numerosos académicos, historiadores, politólogos y periodistas han caracterizado estos esfuerzos por revocar las elecciones como un intento de autogolpe de Estado por parte de Trump y una implementación de la " gran mentira ". [100] El 16 de julio de 2023, Donald Trump fue notificado de que era oficialmente un objetivo en la investigación del fiscal especial Smith . [101] El abogado de Trump, Sidney Powell, más tarde se declararía culpable de conspirar para interferir en las elecciones. [102]
Planificación de eventos del 6 de enero
El 18 de diciembre, cuatro días después de que el Colegio Electoral votara, Trump llamó a sus partidarios a asistir a una manifestación antes del recuento de votos del Congreso del 6 de enero, escribiendo en Twitter : "Gran protesta en DC el 6 de enero. ¡Estén allí, será salvaje!". [13] [103] El 28 de diciembre, el activista de extrema derecha Ali Alexander describió la colaboración con los Proud Boys y explicó que el propósito del evento del 6 de enero sería "crear impulso y presión, y luego, ese día, cambiar los corazones y las mentes de los congresistas [ sic ] que aún no estaban decididos o vieron a todos afuera y dijeron: 'No puedo estar del otro lado de esa turba ' ". [104] Alexander nombró a tres miembros republicanos de la Cámara como aliados que estaban planeando "algo grande": Paul Gosar , Andy Biggs y Mo Brooks . [105] "Somos los cuatro tipos que se les ocurrió un evento el 6 de enero", dijo. [106]
El 23 de diciembre de 2020, el grupo Stop the Steal de Roger Stone publicó planes para "ocupar las afueras" del Capitolio con promesas de "escalar" si la policía se oponía. [107] El 1 de enero, Stone grabó un video para su "Proyecto de seguridad Stop The Steal" para recaudar fondos "para la puesta en escena, el transporte y, lo más importante, la seguridad" del evento. [108]
El evento fue financiado en gran parte por la donante de Trump Julie Jenkins Fancelli , la heredera de 72 años de la fortuna del supermercado Publix , que presupuestó $3 millones para el evento y gastó al menos $650,000. [109] La financiación de Fancelli, a través del teórico de la conspiración Alex Jones , se utilizó para reservar la Elipse. Con la financiación de Fancelli, se inició una campaña de llamadas automáticas , instando a la gente a "marchar al edificio del Capitolio y pedir al Congreso que detenga el robo". [110] Charlie Kirk , otro activista financiado por Fancelli, declaró que su grupo había enviado más de ochenta autobuses al Capitolio. [111] Jones afirmó que la Casa Blanca de Trump le pidió que liderara la marcha al Capitolio. [112]
El 2 de enero, Trump anunció sus planes de hablar en la manifestación "Marcha para salvar a Estados Unidos" el 6 de enero. [e] [113] [114] [115] El 4 de enero, Steve Bannon se describió a sí mismo como parte del "golpe incruento". [116] [117]
Conspiración sediciosa de Oath Keepers y Proud Boys
El 5 de noviembre de 2020, dos días después de las elecciones presidenciales, los líderes de los Oath Keepers comenzaron a comunicarse sobre una "guerra civil". El 9 de noviembre, los líderes celebraron una videoconferencia en línea solo para miembros en la que el líder Stewart Rhodes esbozó un plan para detener la transferencia de poder, incluidos los preparativos para el uso de la fuerza. Los Oath Keepers planeaban almacenar "un arsenal" con una "Fuerza de Reacción Rápida" (QRF) en la cercana Alexandria, Virginia. Los líderes planeaban conseguir transporte en barco para que los cierres de puentes no impidieran su entrada a DC [118] [119] [120] [121]
El 12 de diciembre, unos 200 miembros de los Proud Boys se unieron a una marcha cerca de Freedom Plaza y el Trump International Hotel vestidos con uniformes de combate y chalecos antibalas y, al parecer, portando cascos. [122] En enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y contramanifestantes, cuatro personas fueron apuñaladas y al menos 23 fueron arrestadas. [123]
El 15 de diciembre de 2020, se difundió en línea una fotografía de un Proud Boy que lucía una variedad de lenguaje e imágenes antisemitas y neofascistas.
El 15 de diciembre, los miembros de Proud Boys fueron fotografiados con prendas que mostraban el lema antisemita y neonazi "6MWE". [124] El acrónimo significa "6 millones no fueron suficientes", en referencia al número de víctimas judías del Holocausto . El lema estaba acompañado por un águila y el símbolo de las fasces utilizado por los fascistas italianos . [124] La imagen, que se difundió en Twitter, impulsó a la Liga Antidifamación a declarar que "la intolerancia de los Proud Boys está en plena exhibición". [125]
El 19 de diciembre, el líder de los Oath Keepers, Kelly Meggs, hizo una llamada al líder de los Proud Boys, Enrique Tarrio . [126] El 20 de diciembre, el liderazgo de los Proud Boys seleccionó a los miembros para formar un nuevo capítulo llamado "Ministerio de Autodefensa", que estaría a cargo de la "planificación de la manifestación nacional". [127] [128] [129] Ese día, un líder publicó un mensaje que decía: "Supongo que la mayor parte de la protesta será en el edificio del capitolio [ sic ] dado lo que está sucediendo adentro". [130] El liderazgo de los Proud Boys comenzó a alentar a los miembros a asistir al evento del 6 de enero. Los líderes utilizaron un sitio web de financiación colectiva para recaudar dinero y comprar equipo paramilitar como chalecos tácticos ocultos y equipo de radio en preparación para el ataque. El liderazgo del capítulo pasó los días previos y la mañana del 6 de enero planeando el ataque. [128] El 29 de diciembre, los líderes anunciaron planes de estar "de incógnito" el 6 de enero, al no usar su tradicional atuendo negro y amarillo. [128] [131] El 30 de diciembre, el liderazgo recibió un documento titulado " 1776 Returns ", que llamaba a la ocupación de "edificios cruciales" el 6 de enero y abogaba por que los partidarios "asaltaran el Palacio de Invierno " en una aparente referencia a un ataque al Capitolio. [132] El 3 y 4 de enero, el liderazgo de los Proud Boys discutió explícitamente "asaltar" el Capitolio. [128]
El 3 de enero, Rhodes salió de su casa en Texas, después de haber gastado $6,000 en un rifle y otros equipos de armas de fuego en Texas, y gastado $4,500 adicionales en Mississippi, en ruta a DC. El 5 de enero, los líderes comenzaron a descargar armas para el "QRF" en Alexandria. Los líderes condujeron hasta DC en una "misión de reconocimiento" antes de regresar a su hotel en Virginia. [118] El 4 de enero, Tarrio fue arrestado por la policía de DC en relación con un cargo previo de destrucción de propiedad. Temiendo que la policía accediera a las aplicaciones de mensajería de Tarrio, el liderazgo eliminó el antiguo chat grupal y creó uno nuevo, y un líder opinó: "Bueno, al menos no nos pondrán las botas en los planos del terreno porque estamos un paso por delante de ellos". Tarrio fue liberado el 5 de enero y se le ordenó abandonar la ciudad. En lugar de cumplir de inmediato, viajó a un estacionamiento subterráneo para reunirse con el líder de Oath Keepers, Stewart Rhodes. [128] [133]
Enrique Tarrio (centro) y Stewart Rhodes (extremo derecho) participaron en una reunión el 5 de enero entre los líderes de los Oath Keepers y los Proud Boys, celebrada en un estacionamiento subterráneo.
La noche del 5 de enero, los líderes de los Proud Boys dividieron a los miembros en equipos, repartieron radios y programaron las radios en canales específicos como preparación. Se dieron órdenes de reunirse a las 10 a. m. en el Monumento a Washington . Los líderes advirtieron a los miembros que evitaran a la policía y que no bebieran en público. [134] El 6 de enero, alrededor de 100 miembros vestidos de civil se reunieron en el Monumento a Washington y fueron llevados al Capitolio para participar en el ataque. [128]
Predicciones de violencia
Las semanas previas al 6 de enero estuvieron llenas de predicciones de violencia por parte de los partidarios de Trump. Más tarde se dijo que el ataque había sido "planeado a plena vista", con numerosas publicaciones en las redes sociales que pedían e incluso planificaban la violencia el 6 de enero. En respuesta a las predicciones generalizadas de posible violencia, los establecimientos de comida y alojamiento de DC con un historial de ser frecuentados por los Proud Boys anunciaron cierres temporales en un intento de proteger la seguridad pública, y el alcalde aconsejó a los residentes que se mantuvieran alejados de las áreas cercanas al Mall donde podría haber violencia. Los miembros del Congreso interactuaron con las fuerzas del orden para asegurarse de que se estuvieran haciendo preparativos para cualquier violencia futura.
Los comentaristas habían temido durante mucho tiempo que Trump pudiera provocar violencia después de una derrota electoral. [f] [135] Durante varias semanas antes del 6 de enero, hubo más de un millón de menciones de asalto al Capitolio en las redes sociales, incluidos llamados a la violencia contra el Congreso, Pence y la policía. [136] [137] [107] Muchos de los carteles planearon la violencia antes del evento: algunos discutían cómo evitar a la policía en las calles, qué herramientas llevar para ayudar a abrir puertas y cómo contrabandear armas a la ciudad. [137] Hablaron de su necesidad percibida de atacar a la policía. [136] [138] [139]
El 28 de diciembre de 2020, se publicó un mapa que mostraba las entradas y salidas del Capitolio y los túneles que lo conectan con los edificios de oficinas de la Cámara de Representantes y el Senado cercanos. Los perímetros se dibujaron en rojo, naranja y amarillo para reflejar su importancia relativa, mientras que las X negras representaban las fuerzas que estarían "listas para la acción" si el Congreso intentara certificar las elecciones presidenciales de 2020. [139] El 1 de enero, el operador de un oscuro sitio web sobre túneles bajo el Capitolio notó un gran aumento en el tráfico hacia el sitio, lo que lo impulsó a notificar al FBI sobre un probable ataque próximo al edificio. [142]
Del 29 de diciembre al 5 de enero, el FBI y sus oficinas de campo advirtieron sobre protestas armadas en todos los capitolios estatales e informaron sobre planes de los partidarios de Trump que incluían violencia. [143] El 30 de diciembre de 2020, se publicó un comentario popular que decía: "Creo que será una guerra literal ese día. Donde asaltaremos oficinas y eliminaremos físicamente e incluso mataremos a todos los traidores de DC y recuperaremos el país". [135] Ese comentario fue destacado en un artículo del 2 de enero de The Daily Beast que informó que los manifestantes estaban discutiendo traer armas al Distrito, irrumpir en edificios federales y atacar a las fuerzas del orden. [135] [144] En los días previos al ataque, varias organizaciones, incluidas las que monitorean el extremismo en línea , emitieron advertencias sobre el evento. [145]
El 5 de enero, los medios de comunicación publicaron historias sobre predicciones generalizadas de violencia, y la alcaldesa de DC, Bowser, pidió a los residentes que evitaran el área del centro de la ciudad donde marcharían los manifestantes. [146] Ese día, los miembros del Congreso se comunicaron con las fuerzas del orden encargadas de proteger el Capitolio contra una posible violencia futura y se les aseguró que la Policía del Capitolio estaba preparada. [147]
Tres días antes del ataque al Capitolio, la unidad de inteligencia de la Policía del Capitolio hizo circular un memorando interno de 12 páginas advirtiendo que los partidarios de Trump ven el día del recuento de votos del Colegio Electoral "como la última oportunidad para anular los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales" y podrían usar la violencia contra "el propio Congreso" en esa fecha. [148]
Preparativos de las fuerzas del orden y de la Guardia Nacional
La cadena de mando de la Guardia Nacional de DC en el momento del ataque; desde el comandante en jefe Donald Trump hasta el recientemente nombrado secretario interino de Defensa Christopher Miller, el secretario interino del Ejército Ryan McCarthy hasta el general William Walker, comandante de la Guardia Nacional del Distrito de Columbia.
El 2 de enero, el senador Mitt Romney se puso en contacto con el líder de la mayoría del Senado, Mitch McConnell, y predijo que se negarían los refuerzos. Romney escribió: "... un alto funcionario del Pentágono... informa de que están viendo un tráfico muy inquietante en las redes sociales en relación con las protestas previstas para el día 6. Hay llamamientos a quemar tu casa, Mitch; a introducir armas de contrabando en DC y a asaltar el Capitolio. Espero que se hayan puesto en marcha suficientes planes de seguridad, pero me preocupa que el instigador -el presidente- sea quien dirija los refuerzos que la policía de DC y del Capitolio podrían necesitar". [156]
El 3 de enero, los diez ex secretarios de defensa vivos publicaron una carta abierta en la que expresaban su preocupación por un posible golpe militar para anular los resultados de las elecciones, mencionando por su nombre al recientemente nombrado secretario de defensa interino Christopher Miller. [157] Ese día, Trump ordenó a Miller que "hiciera lo que fuera necesario para proteger a los manifestantes" el 6 de enero. [158] Al día siguiente, Miller firmó un memorando que limitaba severamente la capacidad de la Guardia Nacional de DC para desplegarse sin su permiso personal. Desde su nombramiento en marzo de 2018, la Guardia Nacional de DC al mando del mayor general William J. Walker tenía órdenes permanentes de responder a los disturbios civiles en el distrito, pero el 5 de enero, Walker recibió nuevas órdenes del secretario del ejército Ryan McCarthy que le prohibían responder a un disturbio civil sin la aprobación previa explícita de McCarthy y Miller. [159] Anteriormente, tenía autoridad para responder sin solicitar primero permiso. [159] [160] Después del ataque, Walter describió la orden como "inusual", señalando: "Me obligó a buscar autorización del secretario del Ejército y del secretario de defensa para proteger esencialmente a mis guardias". [159]
El 4 de enero, la alcaldesa de DC, Bowser, anunció que el Departamento de Policía Metropolitana del Distrito de Columbia (MPD) lideraría la aplicación de la ley en el distrito y se coordinaría con la Policía del Capitolio, la Policía de Parques de EE. UU. y el Servicio Secreto . [161] Jurisdiccionalmente, el Departamento de Policía Metropolitana es responsable de las calles de la ciudad del National Mall y el área del Capitolio, mientras que la Policía de Parques es responsable de la Elipse (el sitio del discurso y mitin de Trump ese día), el Servicio Secreto es responsable de las inmediaciones de la Casa Blanca y la Policía del Capitolio es responsable del complejo del Capitolio en sí. [161] Durante una reunión con un representante de la Policía del Capitolio, el alcalde preguntó: "¿Dónde comienza su perímetro?". En ese momento, el individuo abandonó la sala y dejó de participar en la conferencia. El alcalde recordó más tarde: "Eso debería haber sido como un detonante para mí. Al igual que estas personas, no quieren responder preguntas sobre su preparación". [162]
El 6 de enero, bajo "órdenes de la dirección", la Policía del Capitolio se desplegó sin armas "menos letales", como granadas de aguijón . El arsenal de la Policía del Capitolio no se mantenía adecuadamente. Los escudos antidisturbios del Departamento se habían almacenado de forma incorrecta a una temperatura incorrecta, lo que los hacía ineficaces, mientras que las reservas de munición estaban caducadas. [163]
Partidarios de Trump se reúnen en Washington DC
El 5 de enero, Michael Flynn ( izquierda ) y Roger Stone ( derecha ) hablaron en un mitin de Trump cerca del Capitolio. Ambos habían recibido indultos presidenciales el mes pasado.
El 5 de enero, varios eventos relacionados con la revocación de la elección ocurrieron en o cerca del National Mall en Washington, DC, en lugares como Freedom Plaza , el North Inner Gravel Walkway entre las calles 13 y 14, Area 9 frente al edificio de oficinas del Senado Russell , y cerca de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. [164] [165] En la noche del 5 de enero y en la mañana del 6 de enero, al menos diez personas fueron arrestadas, varias por cargos de armas. [166]
El 5 de enero, Ray Epps , un individuo con antecedentes en los Oath Keepers de Arizona, fue filmado durante dos reuniones callejeras instando a la gente a ir al Capitolio al día siguiente, "pacíficamente", dijo en una de las reuniones. [167] [168] Epps fue filmado el 6 de enero diciéndole a la gente que "fuera al Capitolio". [167] Epps le había enviado un mensaje de texto a su sobrino diciendo que estaba "orquestando" el flujo hacia el edificio del Capitolio. [169] Epps afirmó más tarde que había estado alardeando de "dirigir" a la gente hacia el Capitolio. [170]
El 5 de enero, entre las 13:00 y las 17:00 horas, se celebraron una serie de mítines de Trump en Freedom Plaza. [164] Entre los oradores destacados se encontraban Alex Jones, Michael Flynn , George Papadopoulos y Roger Stone. [171]
Tanto Flynn como Stone habían recibido indultos presidenciales en semanas anteriores. El 8 de diciembre, Trump indultó al teniente general retirado del ejército estadounidense Michael Flynn, quien se había declarado culpable de hacer declaraciones falsas "intencionadamente y a sabiendas" al FBI sobre las comunicaciones con el embajador ruso. Flynn, un destacado defensor de QAnon , participó en los eventos de DC el 5 de enero, mientras que su hermano, el general del ejército estadounidense Charles Flynn , participaría en una conferencia telefónica el 6 de enero en la que rechazaría el permiso para desplegar la Guardia Nacional después de la irrupción en el Capitolio. [172] El 23 de diciembre, Trump indultó a Roger Stone, quien había sido declarado culpable en el juicio de manipulación de testigos , hacer declaraciones falsas al Congreso y obstrucción. Stone, que tenía vínculos de larga data con los Proud Boys y los Oath Keepers, empleó a los Oath Keepers como seguridad el 5 de enero. [173] El conductor de Stone en Oath-Keeper fue posteriormente condenado por conspiración sediciosa por su papel en la planificación y ejecución del ataque del día siguiente. [174]
Reuniones del 5 de enero
En la noche del 5 de enero, los aliados más cercanos de Trump, incluidos Michael Flynn, Corey Lewandowski , el senador de Alabama Tommy Tuberville y los hijos de Trump, Donald Jr. y Eric , se reunieron en el Trump International Hotel en Washington, DC [175] [176] Tuberville ha dicho desde entonces que no asistió a la reunión, [177] a pesar de haber sido fotografiado en el vestíbulo del hotel. [175] [178] Según Charles Herbster , quien dijo que asistió a la reunión él mismo, entre los asistentes se encontraban Tuberville, Adam Piper y Peter Navarro . Daniel Beck escribió que "Quince de nosotros pasamos la velada con Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle , Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lindell , Peter Navarro y Rudy Giuliani ". [179] Herbster afirmó estar de pie "en la residencia privada del presidente en Trump International con los siguientes patriotas que se unen a mí en una batalla por la justicia y la verdad". Añadió a David Bossie a la lista de asistentes. [175]
Bombas colocadas
Recopilación del FBI de bombas colocadas [180]
A las 7:40 p. m. del 5 de enero, alguien que vestía una sudadera con capucha gris, una mascarilla y zapatillas Nike Air Max Speed Turf fue filmado llevando una bolsa por un vecindario residencial en South Capitol Street. A las 7:52 p. m., el individuo fue grabado sentado en un banco afuera del DNC; al día siguiente, se descubrió una bomba de tubo allí, colocada debajo de un arbusto. En las imágenes, el sospechoso parece cerrar una bolsa, ponerse de pie y alejarse. A las 8:14, el sospechoso fue filmado en un callejón cerca del RNC, donde se encontró una segunda bomba de tubo al día siguiente. [181] Ambas bombas fueron colocadas a pocas cuadras del Capitolio. [182] [183] Cerca del segundo aniversario del incidente, se ofrecía una recompensa de $ 500,000, [184] pero a partir del tercer aniversario, no se ha nombrado a ningún sospechoso. [185] [186] [187]
Manifestación de Trump el 6 de enero
El 6 de enero, la manifestación "Salvemos a Estados Unidos" (o "Marcha para salvar a Estados Unidos", promocionada como "Marcha para salvar a Estados Unidos") [188] tuvo lugar en la Elipse , dentro del National Mall, justo al sur de la Casa Blanca. El permiso otorgado a Women for America First programó una manifestación en defensa de la primera enmienda, "Marcha por Trump", con discursos que se desarrollaron desde las 9:00 a. m. hasta las 3:30 p. m., con una hora adicional para la conclusión de la manifestación y la dispersión de los participantes. [164]
Entre los oradores de la manifestación "Salvemos América" se encontraban Rudy Giuliani ( arriba ) y John Eastman ( abajo ).
Los partidarios de Trump se reunieron en la Elipse para escuchar los discursos de Trump, Rudy Giuliani y otros, como el profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Chapman, John Eastman , quien habló, al menos en parte, basándose en sus memorandos , que han sido descritos como un manual de instrucciones para un golpe de estado. [189] [190] En una presentación judicial en febrero, un miembro de los Oath Keepers afirmó que había actuado como "seguridad" en la manifestación y que se le proporcionó un "pase VIP para la manifestación donde se reunió con agentes del Servicio Secreto". El Servicio Secreto de los EE. UU. negó que algún ciudadano privado se hubiera coordinado con él para brindar seguridad el 6 de enero. [191] El 22 de febrero, cambió su historia y dijo que interactuó con el Servicio Secreto solo cuando pasó por el control de seguridad antes de la manifestación. [192]
Mo Brooks fue uno de los oradores destacados de la manifestación y habló alrededor de las 9 de la mañana, donde dijo: "Hoy es el día en que los patriotas estadounidenses comienzan a anotar nombres y a patear traseros". Y luego, "¿Están dispuestos a hacer lo que sea necesario para luchar por Estados Unidos? ¡Más alto! ¿Lucharán por Estados Unidos?" [193] [194]
La representante Madison Cawthorn dijo: "Esta multitud tiene algo de lucha". [195] La fundadora de Women for America First, Amy Kremer, dijo a los asistentes: "Depende de ustedes y de mí salvar esta República" y los llamó a "mantener la lucha". [115] Los hijos de Trump, Donald Jr. y Eric, junto con la esposa de Eric , Lara Trump , también hablaron, nombrando y atacando verbalmente a los congresistas y senadores republicanos que no apoyaban el esfuerzo de desafiar el voto del Colegio Electoral, y prometiendo hacer campaña en su contra en futuras elecciones primarias. [196] Donald Jr. dijo de los legisladores republicanos: "Si van a ser el cero y no el héroe, vamos por ustedes". [197] [198]
Rudy Giuliani repitió teorías conspirativas de que las máquinas de votación utilizadas en las elecciones estaban "corruptas" y a las 10:50 pidió un " juicio por combate ". [199] [200] Eastman afirmó que las máquinas de votación contenían "carpetas secretas" que alteraban los resultados de la votación. [201] [g] A las 10:58, un contingente de Proud Boys abandonó la manifestación y marchó hacia el Capitolio. [54]
El 6 de enero, la "Protesta Salvaje" fue organizada por Stop The Steal y tuvo lugar en el Área 8, frente al Edificio de Oficinas del Senado Russell. [203] El 6 de enero, la "Manifestación por la Libertad" fue organizada por Virginia Freedom Keepers, Latinos for Trump y United Medical Freedom Super PAC en 300 First Street NE, frente al Edificio de Oficinas del Senado Russell. [204]
El discurso de Trump
En esta pantalla se proyectó durante el mitin una imagen de Trump pronunciando su discurso desde detrás de un escudo antibalas.
A partir de las 11:58, desde detrás de un escudo antibalas, el presidente Trump dio un discurso, declarando que "nunca concedería" la elección, criticando a los medios de comunicación y pidiendo a Pence que revocara los resultados electorales. [99] [205] Su discurso contenía muchas falsedades y tergiversaciones que enardecieron a la multitud. [206] Trump no llamó a sus partidarios a usar la violencia o entrar al Capitolio, [207] pero su discurso estuvo lleno de imágenes violentas. [208] En las redes sociales, Trump estaba sugiriendo que sus partidarios tenían el poder de impedir que Biden asumiera el cargo. [207] Uno de sus tuits, publicado el 6 de enero de 2021, a las 5:43 am, fue "Republicanos, sean inteligentes. LUCHEN". [39] Esa misma tarde, Pence publicó una carta al Congreso, en la que decía que no podía desafiar la victoria de Biden. [99] [209]
Aunque el plan inicial para la manifestación era que la gente permaneciera en la Elipse hasta que se completara el recuento de las listas electorales, la Casa Blanca dijo que debían marchar al Capitolio, como Trump instó repetidamente durante su discurso. [52] Trump pidió a sus partidarios que "caminaran hasta el Capitolio" para "animar a nuestros valientes senadores y congresistas y probablemente no vamos a animar tanto a algunos de ellos". Le dijo a la multitud que estaría con ellos, pero finalmente no fue al Capitolio. En cuanto al recuento de los votos electorales de Biden, Trump dijo: "No podemos permitir que eso suceda" y sugirió que Biden sería un "presidente ilegítimo". [207] [208] Refiriéndose al día de las elecciones, Trump dijo: "la mayoría de la gente se pararía allí a las 9:00 de la noche y diría: 'Quiero agradecerles mucho', y se irían a otra vida, pero yo dije: 'Algo está mal aquí. Algo está realmente mal. [Eso] no puede haber sucedido'". Y luchamos. Luchamos como el infierno y si no luchas como el infierno, ya no tendrás un país". [57] : 01:11:44 Dijo que los manifestantes "irían al Capitolio y vamos a tratar de darles [a los republicanos] el tipo de orgullo y audacia que necesitan para recuperar nuestro país". [210] Trump también dijo: "Nunca recuperarán nuestro país con debilidad. Tienen que mostrar fuerza y tienen que ser fuertes. Hemos venido a exigir que el Congreso haga lo correcto y solo cuente a los electores que han sido designados legalmente". [207] [208]
Trump denunció a la representante Liz Cheney , diciendo: "Tenemos que deshacernos de los congresistas débiles, los que no son buenos, las Liz Cheneys del mundo". [211] Hizo un llamado a sus partidarios a "luchar mucho más duro" contra la "gente mala"; dijo a la multitud que "se les permite ir con reglas muy diferentes"; dijo que sus partidarios "no iban a soportarlo más"; enmarcó el momento como la última resistencia ; sugirió que Pence y otros funcionarios republicanos se pusieron en peligro al aceptar la victoria de Biden; y le dijo a la multitud que marcharía con ellos al Capitolio (pero su equipo de seguridad se lo impidió). [207] [208] [212] Además de las veinte veces que usó el término "luchar", Trump usó una vez el término "pacíficamente", diciendo: "Sé que todos aquí pronto marcharán hacia el edificio del Capitolio para hacer oír sus voces de manera pacífica y patriótica". [208]
Durante el discurso de Trump, sus partidarios corearon "Tomen el Capitolio", "Tomen el Capitolio ahora mismo", "Invadan el Capitolio", "Tomen por asalto el Capitolio" y "Luchen por Trump". [213] [214] Antes de que Trump terminara de hablar a la 1:12 p. m., los Proud Boys habían comenzado su ataque al Capitolio y violaron el perímetro exterior de los terrenos del Capitolio; las dos bombas de tubo habían sido descubiertas cerca. [59]
Ataque al Capitolio
Tráfico de radio policial durante el ataque
Justo antes de que los Proud Boys atacaran el Capitolio, se descubrieron bombas caseras cerca del complejo. [215] Los Proud Boys, los Oath Keepers y otros atacantes sitiaron y finalmente violaron el Capitolio. Los miembros del Congreso se atrincheraron en la cámara y un atacante fue asesinado a tiros por la policía mientras intentaba romper una barricada. [216]
Después de que los funcionarios del Pentágono retrasaran el despliegue de la Guardia Nacional, alegando preocupaciones sobre la imagen, la alcaldesa de DC, Muriel Bowser, solicitó la ayuda del gobernador de Virginia . A las 3:15, la Policía Estatal de Virginia comenzó a llegar a DC [217]. Después de que el vicepresidente Pence y el Congreso fueran evacuados a lugares seguros, las fuerzas del orden despejaron y aseguraron el Capitolio.
(1) A partir de las 9 a. m., se realizó una manifestación en la Elipse de la Casa Blanca . (2) Los Proud Boys se reunieron en el Monumento a Washington a las 10 a. m. y partieron hacia el Capitolio alrededor de las 10:30 p. m. (3) Alrededor de las 12:40 p. m., se descubrió una bomba afuera del RNC. (4) Minutos después, a las 12:53 p. m., los Proud Boys cerca del Freedom Memorial rompieron una barricada en el perímetro exterior, logrando ingresar a los terrenos del Capitolio. (5) A la 1:07 p. m., se descubrió una segunda bomba afuera del DNC. (6) A las 2:10 p. m., los Proud Boys irrumpieron en el Capitolio rompiendo una ventana en la terraza oeste con un escudo antidisturbios robado de la policía. (7) Los Oath Keepers marcharon por las escaleras del Capitolio en formación de pila; a las 2:39 p. m., irrumpieron en el Capitolio a través de una puerta hacia la Rotonda.
Los Proud Boys marchan hacia el Capitolio mientras se reúne la multitud
A las 10:30, más de cien Proud Boys abandonaron el Monumento a Washington, liderados por Ethan Nordean y Joe Biggs . A las 11:52, el grupo había llegado al Capitolio y procedió a caminar alrededor del edificio antes de regresar al lado oeste, lo que les permitió evaluar las defensas del edificio y buscar debilidades. [218] [85] [219]
En el camino, los comentarios de uno de los Proud Boys sirvieron como un indicador temprano de un plan para atacar el Capitolio, según un documentalista que estaba en el lugar:
Solo hay un momento en el que esa especie de fachada de marcha y protesta podría haber caído, y es cuando uno de los Proud Boys se llama Milkshake y Eddie Block en su transmisión en vivo capta a Milkshake diciendo, bueno, vamos a asaltar el Capitolio con Nordean, Rufio, uno de los líderes de los Proud Boys diciendo, puedes mantener eso en silencio, por favor, Milkshake. Y luego continuamos marchando. [220]
Alrededor de las 12:30, una multitud de aproximadamente 300 personas se reunió al este del Capitolio. El senador Josh Hawley (republicano por Missouri ), líder del grupo de legisladores que prometió desafiar la votación del Colegio Electoral, saludó a estos manifestantes con el puño en alto mientras pasaba de camino a la sesión conjunta del Congreso a primera hora de la tarde. [221] [222] A las 12:52, un grupo de Oath Keepers, que vestían sudaderas negras con logotipos prominentes, abandonaron la manifestación en la Elipse y se pusieron uniformes de combate del ejército , con cascos, en camino al Capitolio. [54]
Poco antes de las 12:53, Nordean y Biggs hicieron marchar al grupo de 200 a 300 Proud Boys hasta una barricada en el lado oeste de los terrenos del Capitolio, cerca del Monumento a la Paz . Biggs usó un megáfono para dirigir a la multitud en cánticos. [128]
Descubren bombas cerca del Capitolio
Una de las dos bombas caseras descubiertas junto al Capitolio el 6 de enero de 2021
Alrededor de las 12:45 p. m., una mujer descubrió una bomba junto a un edificio que contenía oficinas del Comité Nacional Republicano (RNC) usando el callejón compartido para acceder al lavadero de su edificio de apartamentos. [223] Alertó a la seguridad del RNC, que investigó y convocó a las fuerzas del orden; la policía del Capitolio de los EE. UU., agentes del FBI y la Oficina de Alcohol, Tabaco, Armas de Fuego y Explosivos (ATF) respondieron a la bomba del RNC. [224]
Aproximadamente treinta minutos después, mientras los oficiales todavía estaban respondiendo en el RNC, se les informó que se había descubierto una segunda bomba de tubo debajo de un arbusto en la sede del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC). [225] [226] La vicepresidenta electa Kamala Harris estaba dentro de la sede del DNC en el momento en que se descubrió la bomba de tubo. [227] La policía del Capitolio comenzó a investigar la bomba de tubo del DNC a la 1:07 pm, y Harris fue evacuada aproximadamente a la 1:14 pm [227] Los dispositivos tenían un diseño similar: aproximadamente un pie (30 cm) de largo. [226] [228] Fueron detonados de manera segura por escuadrones de bombas ; [225] la bomba de tubo en el RNC fue neutralizada a las 3:33 pm y la bomba de tubo en el DNC fue neutralizada a las 4:36 pm, según una cronología de la Policía del Capitolio. [227] Las bombas eran completamente funcionales y estaban construidas con tubos de acero galvanizado , pólvora negra casera y temporizadores de cocina. [229] [230] El FBI declaró que las bombas "eran viables y podrían haber sido detonadas, causando lesiones graves o la muerte". [229]
Sund le dijo al Washington Post el 10 de enero que sospechaba que las bombas de tubo fueron colocadas intencionalmente para alejar a la policía del Capitolio; [231] El representante Tim Ryan (demócrata de Ohio) se hizo eco del sentimiento en una conferencia de prensa virtual el 11 de enero, diciendo: "Creemos que hubo cierto nivel de coordinación ... debido a las bombas de tubo ... que inmediatamente desviaron la atención de la violación que estaba ocurriendo". [232] [233] El Inspector General de la Policía del Capitolio concluyó más tarde: "Si esas bombas de tubo tenían la intención de ser una distracción... funcionó". [234] Cuando la turba de partidarios de Trump atacó el Capitolio, el descubrimiento de las bombas de tubo desvió a un gran número de agentes de la ley ya superados en número del Capitolio. [227] El Inspector General de la Policía del Capitolio, Michael Bolton, testificó ante el Congreso que "las bombas atrajeron a tres equipos para investigar" y dejaron solo un escuadrón en el Capitolio. [229]
Ataque comienza cerca del Monumento a la Paz, liderado por Proud Boys
El contingente de los Proud Boys llegó al perímetro oeste del recinto del Capitolio, que estaba protegido solo por una escasa línea de policías frente a una valla temporal. Llegaron otros partidarios de Trump, sumándose a una multitud cada vez mayor. Los Proud Boys coordinaron tácticamente sus ataques "desde el primer momento de violencia hasta múltiples infracciones del Capitolio, dejando la impresión de que eran solo manifestantes comunes los que lideraban la carga". [235] Los Proud Boys apuntaron a un punto de acceso y comenzaron a agitar a la multitud previamente pacífica. [235] En un momento de "punto de inflexión", un hombre identificado más tarde como Ryan Samsel se acercó a Joe Biggs y habló con él, incluso lo abrazó. Samsel le dijo más tarde al FBI que Biggs "lo alentó a empujar las barricadas y que cuando dudó, el líder de los Proud Boys mostró un arma, cuestionó su hombría y repitió su demanda de avanzar y desafiar a la policía", según The New York Times . [236] Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola recordó haber visto a Biggs mostrar una pistola y provocar a Samsel, diciéndole que "defendiera su hombría" atacando la línea policial, pero luego intentó retractarse de esta declaración. [237] Tan pronto como terminó ese intercambio, Samsel se convirtió en el primero en atacar violentamente a la Policía del Capitolio. La oficial de policía del Capitolio Caroline Edwards describió el ataque:
La Sra. Edwards describió cómo un líder de los Proud Boys llamado Joseph Biggs animó a otro hombre a acercarse a la barricada del portabicicletas donde ella estaba apostada. Ese hombre, Ryan Samsel, dijo, empujó el portabicicletas, lo que provocó que ella se golpeara la cabeza y perdiera el conocimiento. Pero antes de desmayarse, la Sra. Edwards recordó haber visto "una escena de guerra" desarrollándose frente a ella. Los agentes de policía sangraban y vomitaban, recordó. "Fue una masacre", dijo. "Fue un caos". [238]
El video muestra a la oficial Edwards siendo empujada detrás de un portabicicletas mientras los Proud Boys empujaban barricadas hacia ella, tirándola al suelo y haciendo que se golpeara la cabeza contra los escalones de concreto. [239]
Vídeo de la cámara corporal tomada en el Capitolio de Estados Unidos, 6 de enero de 2021
Los Proud Boys encabezaron la carga hacia el Capitolio, hasta la siguiente línea policial, [235] repitiendo el mismo conjunto de tácticas: identificando los puntos de acceso al edificio, alborotando a otros manifestantes y, a veces, participando directamente en la violencia. Cuando encontraron resistencia, los líderes del grupo reevaluaron la situación y los equipos de Proud Boys buscaron nuevos puntos de entrada al Capitolio. [240]
Alrededor de la 1:00 p.m., cientos de partidarios de Trump se enfrentaron con una segunda delgada línea de oficiales y atravesaron las barreras erigidas a lo largo del perímetro del Capitolio. [63] [241] La multitud pasó por encima de las barreras y los oficiales, y algunos miembros de la turba rociaron a los oficiales con agentes químicos o los golpearon con tubos de plomo. [3] [7] [242] Muchos alborotadores subieron las escaleras externas, mientras que algunos recurrieron a cuerdas y escaleras improvisadas. [243] La policía bloqueó la entrada a un túnel en la terraza inferior oeste, donde los alborotadores libraron una pelea de tres horas para entrar. [244] Para acceder al Capitolio, varios alborotadores escalaron el muro oeste. [245] La representante Zoe Lofgren (D– CA ), consciente de que los alborotadores habían llegado a las escaleras del Capitolio, no pudo comunicarse con el jefe de policía del Capitolio, Steven Sund , por teléfono; El sargento de armas de la Cámara de Representantes, Paul D. Irving, le dijo a Lofgren que las puertas del Capitolio estaban cerradas y "nadie puede entrar". [246]
Los registros telefónicos publicados por la Policía del Capitolio muestran que Sund había estado coordinando recursos adicionales de varias agencias. La primera llamada de Sund fue a la Policía Metropolitana de DC, que llegó en 15 minutos. [247] Sund llamó a Irving y Stenger a las 12:58 y les pidió una declaración de emergencia necesaria para llamar a la Guardia Nacional ; ambos le dijeron a Sund que "lo harían llegar a los mandos superiores", pero la aprobación formal para solicitar la Guardia se retuvo durante más de una hora. [248]
Según el testimonio de Cassidy Hutchinson , miembro del personal de la Casa Blanca , poco después de que terminara su discurso a la 1:00 p. m., Trump ordenó a su equipo del Servicio Secreto que lo llevara al Capitolio. Cuando se negaron, Trump supuestamente agredió a su chofer del Servicio Secreto y se abalanzó sobre el hombre por la garganta. [249]
El 6 de enero, Joe Biggs y otros Proud Boys encabezaron la "punta de lanza" para irrumpir en el Capitolio. El LA Times señaló que "ya sea por pura suerte, por ensayo y error en tiempo real o por conocimiento previo", los atacantes pasaron corriendo junto a 15 ventanas reforzadas y "en línea recta" hacia la zona hundida cerca del Senado, donde dos ventanas no reforzadas y dos puertas con vidrios no reforzados eran la única protección contra los ataques. [250] [235]
Alrededor de la 1:12 p.m., refuerzos del MPD, equipados con equipo de control de multitudes, llegaron a la terraza inferior oeste. [251] Desde la 1:25 hasta la 1:28, se registró a tres grupos diferentes de líderes de los Proud Boys marchando en formaciones apiladas alejándose de la línea policial recientemente reforzada. [235] Después de unos quince minutos de observación, los Proud Boys volvieron al ataque, apuntando a dos nuevos puntos de acceso que estaban mal defendidos. [235] Ronald Loehrke y otros Proud Boys lideraron un contingente al lado este del Capitolio; una vez allí, los Proud Boys nuevamente utilizaron la distracción y el trabajo en equipo para eliminar las barricadas, lo que provocó que la multitud previamente pacífica en el lado este invadiera las barreras a lo largo de toda la línea policial. [235]
Mientras tanto, en el lado oeste, Joe Biggs lideró un equipo de Proud Boys que atacó las escaleras cubiertas por un andamio temporal. [235] A los dos minutos de la llegada de Bigg, un equipo de más de una docena de Proud Boys se acercó a la entrada del andamio y atacó a la policía. [235] Proud Boy Daniel "Milkshake" Scott lideró la carga y se produjo una batalla de 20 minutos por el andamio. [162] [235]
A la 1:50 p. m., el comandante de incidentes del MPD que se encontraba en el lugar declaró un motín. [247] A la 1:58 p. m., los oficiales de la Policía del Capitolio retiraron una barricada en el lado noreste del Capitolio, lo que permitió que cientos de manifestantes ingresaran al recinto. [252]
Los atacantes en la terraza oeste irrumpen en el pasillo del ala del Senado
El líder de los Proud Boy, Dominic Pezzola ( arriba ), usa un escudo antidisturbios robado por la policía para irrumpir en el Capitolio a las 2:11, lo que permitió que los atacantes, entre ellos Pezzola, Doug Jensen, Joe Biggs y otros, ingresaran al edificio ( centro ). Un oficial de la Policía del Capitolio ( abajo ), Eugene Goodman , al darse cuenta de que estaba a unos pasos de las puertas aún sin sellar de la cámara del Senado, empujó al atacante Doug Jensen, alejando a la multitud del Senado y hacia una fila de refuerzos de la Policía del Capitolio que esperaban.
Poco antes de las 2:00 p.m., los atacantes llegaron a las puertas y ventanas del Capitolio y comenzaron a intentar entrar. El diario Los Angeles Times observó que "ya sea por pura suerte, ensayo y error en tiempo real o conocimiento previo", los primeros atacantes que atravesaron la línea policial hacia la terraza superior oeste pasaron por 15 ventanas reforzadas, "yendo directamente" hacia el área empotrada cerca del Senado donde dos ventanas no reforzadas y dos puertas con vidrio no reforzado eran la única protección contra el ataque. [250] A las 2:11, el líder de los Proud Boy, Dominic Pezzola, utilizó un escudo antidisturbios robado por la policía para romper una de esas ventanas no reforzadas en el lado oeste del Capitolio, violando el edificio en sí. A las 2:13, el Capitolio fue violado oficialmente. [54] [7] [253] [254] Aunque la mayoría de las ventanas del Capitolio habían sido reforzadas, los atacantes apuntaron a las que permanecían como vidrio de un solo panel y podían romperse fácilmente. [250] Joe Biggs y otros líderes de Proud Boy habían ingresado al Capitolio a las 2:14. [128] Un equipo de noticias de la emisora británica ITV siguió a los alborotadores hasta el Capitolio, la única emisora que lo hizo. [255] [256]
A las 2:13, el vicepresidente Pence fue sacado de la cámara del Senado por su principal agente del Servicio Secreto, Tim Giebels, quien lo llevó a una oficina cercana a unos 100 pies (30 m) del rellano. [ cita requerida ] La esposa de Pence , Karen Pence , su hija Charlotte Pence Bond y su hermano, el representante Greg Pence , estaban en el Capitolio en el momento en que fue atacado. [257] Mientras Pence y su familia eran escoltados desde la cámara del Senado a un escondite cercano, estuvieron a un minuto de ser visibles para los alborotadores en una escalera a 100 pies (30 m) de distancia. [258]
Sin la compañía de otros agentes, el agente de policía del Capitolio Eugene Goodman se enfrentó a la multitud. Se le ha citado por heroísmo al provocar y desviar a los alborotadores de la cámara del Senado en los minutos previos a que la cámara pudiera ser evacuada de forma segura. Cuando la multitud de alborotadores llegó a un rellano desde el que había un camino sin obstáculos hacia la cámara, Goodman empujó al atacante principal, Doug Jensen, y luego se retiró deliberadamente de la cámara, incitando a la multitud a perseguirlo en otra dirección. [259] Un informe de los medios de comunicación describió sus acciones de la siguiente manera:
En resumen, los engañó, convirtiéndose voluntariamente en el conejo de su manada de lobos, alejándolos de las cámaras donde los esperaban oficiales armados, evitando la tragedia y salvando vidas. Vidas que incluyen la suya propia. [260]
Los presentes en el momento del evento, incluidos legisladores demócratas y republicanos y miembros de la prensa, elogiaron a Goodman por su rapidez de pensamiento y sus valientes acciones. [261] [262] El senador republicano Ben Sasse atribuyó a Goodman el mérito de haber "evitado por sí solo un derramamiento de sangre incalculable". [262] [263] Las acciones de Goodman fueron capturadas en un video tomado por el reportero del HuffPost Igor Bobic. [264] Las imágenes de Bobic de Goodman se volvieron virales en Internet y recibieron más de 10 millones de visitas. [265] [266] ProPublica publicó un segundo video del enfrentamiento de Goodman con la multitud el 15 de enero. [266] Goodman recibió más tarde la Medalla Presidencial de Ciudadanos . [267]
Evacuación de dirigentes en medio del cierre del Capitolio
A las 2:15, el Senado entró en receso y las puertas se cerraron. Un minuto después, los alborotadores llegaron a las puertas de la galería situada encima de la cámara. [246] [268] Se oían golpes desde el exterior mientras los alborotadores intentaban abrirse paso por las puertas. Mientras tanto, en la Cámara de Representantes, la presidenta Pelosi fue escoltada fuera de la misma. La Cámara entró en receso, pero se reanudaría unos minutos más tarde. [269] [270]
Un oficial de policía que portaba un arma semiautomática apareció en el suelo y se interpuso entre el entonces líder de la mayoría del Senado, Mitch McConnell , y el entonces líder de la minoría del Senado, Chuck Schumer . [271] El senador Mitt Romney levantó las manos exasperado y criticó directamente a varios compañeros republicanos que estaban desafiando los votos electorales del presidente electo Biden, gritándoles: "Esto es lo que han conseguido, muchachos". [272] Varios miembros del personal de la parlamentaria del Senado Elizabeth MacDonough sacaron las cajas de los votos del Colegio Electoral y la documentación de la cámara a habitaciones seguras ocultas dentro del edificio. [273] [274]
Debido a una amenaza a la seguridad en el interior: inmediatamente, muévase dentro de su oficina, tome el equipo de emergencia, cierre las puertas y refúgiese.
—Alerta de la policía del Capitolio [246]
A las 2:26, el equipo del Servicio Secreto de Pence lo evacuó a él y a su familia de su escondite cerca del Senado, en la planta baja, hacia un lugar más seguro. Después de su evacuación, el equipo de Pence quiso alejarlo del edificio del Capitolio, pero Pence se negó a subir al coche. Dirigiéndose al agente a cargo de su equipo, Tim Giebels, Pence dijo: "Confío en ti, Tim, pero no vas a conducir el coche. Si me subo a ese vehículo, ustedes se van a ir. Yo no voy a subir al coche". [275] [276]
Todos los edificios del complejo fueron cerrados y no se permitió la entrada ni la salida. Se pidió al personal del Capitolio que se refugiara en el lugar ; a los que estaban afuera se les aconsejó que "buscaran refugio". [69] Mientras la turba deambulaba por el Capitolio, los legisladores, los ayudantes y el personal se refugiaron en oficinas y armarios. Los ayudantes de Mitch McConnell, atrincherados en una habitación justo al lado de un pasillo, oyeron a un alborotador afuera de la puerta "rezando en voz alta", pidiendo que "el mal del Congreso [se] pusiera fin". [246] Los alborotadores entraron y saquearon la oficina del parlamentario del Senado. [277]
Con los senadores todavía en la cámara, Trump llamó al senador Tommy Tuberville y le dijo que hiciera más para bloquear el recuento de los votos electorales de Biden, pero la llamada tuvo que cortarse cuando la cámara del Senado fue evacuada a las 2:30. [278] [279] [280] [281] Después de la evacuación, la turba tomó brevemente el control de la cámara, con algunos hombres armados que llevaban esposas de plástico y otros posando con los puños en alto en el estrado del Senado que Pence había dejado minutos antes. [7] [282] El personal y los periodistas dentro del edificio fueron llevados en ascensores seguros al sótano y luego a un búnker subterráneo construido después del intento de ataque al Capitolio en 2001. Los evacuados fueron redirigidos mientras estaban en camino después de que el búnker también fuera infiltrado por la turba. [280]
El sargento de armas del Senado, Michael C. Stenger , acompañó a un grupo de senadores, entre ellos Lindsey Graham y Joe Manchin , a un lugar seguro en un edificio de oficinas del Senado. Una vez a salvo, los legisladores estaban "furiosos" con Stenger; Graham le preguntó: "¿Cómo sucede esto? ¿Cómo sucede esto?" y agregó que "no van a ser expulsados por una turba". [246]
Un oficial de policía del Capitolio en el recinto de la Cámara apunta con su arma hacia un atacante.
Mientras tanto, la Cámara entró en receso a las 2:18. En medio de las preocupaciones de seguridad, el representante Dean Phillips gritó: "¡Esto es por ustedes!" a sus colegas republicanos. [283] En este mismo momento, según su libro, Oath and Honor , "[l]as cámaras de C-SPAN capturaron a [la Representante Cheney] cuando [ella] señaló a [el Representante Jason Smith ] y dijo 'Tú hiciste esto'. [Ella] estaba enojada. 'Tú hiciste esto ' " . [284] La Cámara reanudó el debate alrededor de las 2:25. Después de que Gosar terminó de hablar a las 2:30, la Cámara volvió a entrar en receso después de que los alborotadores ingresaran al ala de la Cámara e intentaran ingresar al vestíbulo del Portavoz justo afuera de la cámara. Los legisladores todavía estaban adentro y estaban siendo evacuados, con Pelosi, Kevin McCarthy y algunos otros llevados a un lugar seguro. [285] [286] Con la violencia estallando, la seguridad del Capitolio aconsejó a los miembros del Congreso que se cubrieran. [287] [288] A los miembros del Congreso que se encontraban dentro de la Cámara de Representantes se les ordenó ponerse máscaras de gas cuando las fuerzas del orden comenzaron a usar gases lacrimógenos dentro del edificio. [269] [288] [289] [290] [291]
ABC News informó que se produjeron disparos dentro del Capitolio. [289] [39] Se produjo un enfrentamiento armado en la puerta principal de la cámara de la Cámara de Representantes: cuando la turba intentó entrar, los agentes de la ley federal que se encontraban en el interior sacaron sus armas [7] y las apuntaron hacia las puertas de la cámara, que estaban bloqueadas con muebles. [292] En una escalera, un agente disparó a un hombre que se dirigía hacia él. [293] La fotógrafa Erin Schaff dijo que, desde la Rotonda del Capitolio , corrió escaleras arriba, donde los alborotadores le arrebataron su credencial de prensa. La policía la encontró y, como le habían robado el pase de prensa, la retuvo a punta de pistola antes de que intervinieran sus colegas. [272]
El jefe de gabinete de la representante Ayanna Pressley afirmó que cuando la congresista y su personal se atrincheraron en su oficina e intentaron pedir ayuda con botones de pánico que habían usado previamente durante simulacros de seguridad, "[c]ada botón de pánico en mi oficina había sido arrancado, toda la unidad". [294] Posteriormente, un Comité de Administración de la Cámara envió un correo electrónico a Greg Sargent del Washington Post afirmando que los botones faltantes probablemente se debían a un "error administrativo" resultante del intercambio de oficinas de Pressley. [295] El representante Jamaal Bowman tuiteó que no había botones de pánico en su oficina, pero reconoció que solo llevaba tres días en su mandato y que los botones se instalaron una semana después. [296]
Varios alborotadores, usando las cámaras de sus teléfonos celulares, se documentaron ocupando el Capitolio y las oficinas de varios representantes, [297] vandalizando las oficinas de la presidenta Pelosi, [298] [299] accediendo a computadoras seguras y robando una computadora portátil. [300]
Los Guardianes del Juramento llegan y violan la Rotonda
Los Guardianes del Juramento marchan en formación de pila por los escalones del este del Capitolio en su camino hacia la Rotonda.
Poco después de las 2:00, el líder de los Oath Keepers, Stewart Rhodes, llegó a los terrenos restringidos del Capitolio. A las 2:30, un equipo de Oath Keepers ("Stack One", que incluía a Meggs, Harrelson, Watkins, Hackett y Moerschel), vestidos con ropa paramilitar, marcharon en formación de pila por las escaleras del este del Capitolio para unirse a la turba que ya estaba asediando el Capitolio. A las 2:38, se abrieron brechas en las puertas de la Rotonda del Capitolio y "Stack One" entró al edificio junto con otros atacantes. Un segundo grupo ("Stack Two") entró al Capitolio por esas mismas puertas a las 3:15. [118] Durante todo el ataque, los Oath Keepers mantuvieron una "Fuerza de reacción rápida" lista para entregar un arsenal al grupo si era necesario. [118] [301] [302]
Mientras tanto, también en el minuto 2:38, el fundador de Proud Boy, Enrique Tarrio, hizo una publicación pública en las redes sociales en la que escribió: "No te vayas, carajo". En respuesta a un miembro que preguntó "¿Ya somos una milicia?", Tarrio respondió: "Sí... No te equivoques... Lo hicimos..." [128]
Ashli Babbitt fue asesinada por la policía cuando intentaba entrar en el vestíbulo del presidente de la Cámara de Representantes
A las 14:44 horas, las fuerzas del orden cerca de la Cámara de Representantes estaban tratando de "defender dos frentes", y "muchos miembros [del Congreso] y personal que estaban en peligro en ese momento". [303] [304] Mientras algunos legisladores permanecían atrapados en la galería de la Cámara, [305] los miembros de la Cámara y el personal del recinto estaban siendo evacuados por la Policía del Capitolio, protegidos de los atacantes por una puerta con barricadas y ventanas de vidrio. [285]
Mientras los legisladores evacuaban, un atacante rompió una ventana de vidrio al lado de la puerta con barricadas. [306] [307] El teniente Michael Byrd apuntó con su arma, lo que provocó que los atacantes advirtieran repetidamente "tiene un arma". [308] La policía y el Servicio Secreto advirtieron "¡Retrocedan! ¡Agáchense! ¡Quítense del camino!". [309] Un atacante, que llevaba una bandera de Trump como capa, comenzó a trepar por la ventana rota, lo que provocó que el teniente Byrd disparara un solo tiro, alcanzando al atacante en el hombro. [310] [311]
El oficial Daniel Hodges fue aplastado en la entrada del túnel, alrededor de las 3:15 . [314]
Alrededor de las 3:15, el oficial del MPD Daniel Hodges fue aplastado contra una puerta mientras defendía el túnel del Capitolio de los atacantes. Uno de sus atacantes fue sentenciado a 7,5 años de prisión. [314] [315]
A las 3:21, el oficial del MPD Michael Fanone fue arrastrado hacia la multitud y agredido: arrastrado por las escaleras del Capitolio, golpeado con tubos, aturdido con un Taser , rociado con irritantes químicos y amenazado con su propia arma. [316] Fanone fue llevado inconsciente de regreso al túnel. [317] Sufrió quemaduras, un ataque cardíaco , lesiones cerebrales traumáticas y trastorno de estrés postraumático como resultado. [318] [319] [320] Uno de los hombres que atacó a Fanone con una pistola eléctrica fue sentenciado a 12,5 años de prisión. [321]
A las 3:39 p. m., agentes antidisturbios totalmente equipados de Virginia habían llegado al Capitolio y comenzaron a defender el túnel, [58] utilizando municiones aturdidoras para despejar el área de atacantes.
La policía desaloja el Capitolio y el Congreso vuelve a reunirse
Refuerzos custodian el Capitolio después de que los alborotadores fueron expulsados del edificio.
Una fuerza combinada de la Policía del Capitolio y la Policía Metropolitana inició una operación conjunta para despejar el Capitolio. A las 2:49, la Cripta estaba despejada, y la multitud que se encontraba afuera del Vestíbulo del Presidente fue despejada a las 2:57. A las 3:25, las fuerzas del orden, incluida una fila de oficiales del MPD con equipo antidisturbios completo, procedieron a despejar la Rotonda; y a las 3:40, los alborotadores habían sido expulsados en su mayoría hacia la Plaza Oeste. [162] : cap 8
A las 4:22 pm, Trump emitió un mensaje de video a sus partidarios en las redes sociales, diciéndoles finalmente que "se fueran a casa". [75] [281] A las 5:08, los altos mandos del Ejército transmitieron al mayor general Walker el permiso del secretario de Defensa para desplegar la Guardia Nacional de DC en el Capitolio; el primer contingente de 155 miembros de la Guardia, vestidos con equipo antidisturbios, comenzó a llegar al Capitolio a las 5:20. [304] [159] A las 6 pm, el edificio fue despejado de alborotadores y los escuadrones antibombas barrieron el Capitolio.
A las 8:06 p. m., Pence volvió a convocar al Senado y, a las 9 p. m., Pelosi hizo lo mismo en la Cámara de Representantes. Después de debatir y rechazar dos objeciones, el Congreso votó para confirmar la victoria de Biden en el colegio electoral a las 3:24 a. m. [322]
Conducta de los funcionarios federales
La conducta de Trump
Declaración de Donald Trump durante el conflicto, dos horas después de que el edificio fuera asaltado
Trump se encontraba en el ala oeste de la Casa Blanca en el momento del ataque. [323] "Inicialmente se mostró satisfecho" y se negó a interceder cuando sus partidarios irrumpieron en el Capitolio. [324] Los empleados informaron que había sido "imposible hablar con Trump durante todo el día". [325] Preocupado de que Trump pudiera haber cometido traición a través de sus acciones, el abogado de la Casa Blanca, Pat Cipollone, supuestamente aconsejó a los funcionarios de la administración que evitaran el contacto con Trump e ignoraran cualquier orden ilegal que pudiera incitar aún más el ataque, a fin de limitar su responsabilidad procesal en virtud de la Ley de Sedición de 1918. [ 326]
Poco después de las 2:00 pm EST, mientras el ataque estaba en curso y después de que los senadores habían sido evacuados, Trump hizo llamadas a los senadores republicanos (primero Mike Lee de Utah, luego Tommy Tuberville de Alabama), pidiéndoles que hicieran más objeciones al recuento de los votos electorales. [279] Pence fue evacuado por el Servicio Secreto de la cámara del Senado alrededor de las 2:13. [279] [327] A las 2:47 pm, cuando los partidarios de Trump se enfrentaron violentamente con la policía en el Capitolio, la cuenta de Trump tuiteó: "Por favor, apoye a nuestra Policía del Capitolio y a las Fuerzas del Orden. Están realmente del lado de nuestro país. ¡Manténgase en paz!"; [281] El Washington Post informó más tarde que Trump no quería incluir las palabras "manténgase en paz". [323] Más tarde se supo que este mensaje fue enviado por el subjefe de gabinete Dan Scavino . [328]
Durante el ataque, el jefe de gabinete Mark Meadows recibió mensajes de Donald Trump Jr., así como de los presentadores de Fox News Sean Hannity , Laura Ingraham y Brian Kilmeade , instándolo a decirle a Trump que condenara el caos o se arriesgara a destruir su legado. [329] A las 3:10, la presión estaba aumentando sobre Trump para condenar a los partidarios involucrados en el ataque. A las 3:25, Trump tuiteó: "Estoy pidiendo a todos en el Capitolio de los EE. UU. que permanezcan pacíficos. ¡Sin violencia! Recuerden, NOSOTROS somos el Partido de la Ley y el Orden: respeten la Ley y a nuestros grandes hombres y mujeres de Azul", pero se negó a pedir a la multitud que se dispersara. [281] A las 3:40, varios republicanos del Congreso pidieron a Trump que condenara más específicamente la violencia y que les dijera a sus partidarios que pusieran fin a la ocupación del Capitolio. [330] [331]
En algún momento del 6 de enero, Trump retiró formalmente su nominación del secretario interino del DHS, Chad Wolf , y transmitió su retiro al Senado. [332] [333] [334] [335]
A las 3:50 pm, la secretaria de prensa de la Casa Blanca, Kayleigh McEnany, dijo que se habían desplegado la Guardia Nacional y "otros servicios federales de protección". [281] A las 4:06 pm en la televisión nacional, el presidente electo Biden pidió al presidente Trump que pusiera fin al ataque. A las 4:22 pm, Trump emitió un mensaje de video en las redes sociales que Twitter, Facebook y YouTube luego eliminaron. En él, repitió sus afirmaciones de fraude electoral, elogió a sus partidarios y les dijo que "se fueran a casa". [75] [281] A las 6:25 pm, Trump tuiteó: "Estas son las cosas y los eventos que suceden cuando una victoria electoral aplastante y sagrada es despojada de manera tan poco ceremoniosa y brutal a grandes patriotas que han sido tratados mal e injustamente durante tanto tiempo" y luego emitió un llamado: "Váyanse a casa con amor y en paz. ¡Recuerden este día para siempre!". [76] [281] [336] A las 7:00, Rudy Giuliani hizo una segunda llamada al número de Lee y dejó un mensaje de voz destinado a Tuberville, instándolo a presentar más objeciones a los votos electorales como parte de un intento "para tratar de simplemente frenarlo". [279]
Discurso incendiario sabiendo de armas
Durante el mitin "Save America", Trump pronunció un discurso lleno de imágenes violentas, a pesar de saber que algunos de sus partidarios estaban armados. Exigió que se permitiera a los partidarios armados entrar en la manifestación y luego ordenó a la multitud que marchara hacia el Capitolio de Estados Unidos. [208] [337] En una declaración del 21 de diciembre de 2021, Trump calificó falsamente el ataque como una "protesta completamente desarmada". El Departamento de Justicia dijo en una declaración oficial de enero de 2022 que más de 75 personas habían sido acusadas, en relación con el ataque, de ingresar a un área restringida mientras estaban armadas con "un arma peligrosa o mortal", incluidas algunas armadas con pistolas, pistolas paralizantes, cuchillos, porras, bates de béisbol, hachas y aerosoles químicos. [338] Según el testimonio de la asistente de Trump en la Casa Blanca, Cassidy Hutchinson, un funcionario del Servicio Secreto había advertido a Trump que los manifestantes portaban armas, pero Trump quería que se retiraran los magnetómetros utilizados para detectar armas metálicas para que los partidarios armados pudieran ingresar a la manifestación. [339] Según Hutchinson, cuando se le advirtió, Trump dijo:
No me importa que tengan armas, no están aquí para hacerme daño. No están aquí para hacerme daño. Quítenme los malditos cargadores. Dejen entrar a mi gente. Pueden marchar al Capitolio desde aquí, dejar entrar a la gente y quitarme los cargadores. [337]
Acusación de que agredió a un conductor del Servicio Secreto
En junio de 2022, Cassidy Hutchinson testificó que el entonces subjefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca, Tony Ornato, le dijo que después de que Trump se subiera a la camioneta presidencial después de su mitin, con la esperanza de conducir hasta el Capitolio mientras sus partidarios marchaban allí, su principal agente del Servicio Secreto, Robert Engel, le dijo que era demasiado peligroso y le informó que regresaban a la Casa Blanca. Hutchinson dijo que Ornato le dijo que Trump se enfureció, intentó agarrar el volante del vehículo y se abalanzó sobre la clavícula de Engel . [340] Ella testificó que Engel estaba presente con Ornato cuando relató el incidente, pero nunca contradijo el relato. [341] Tres días después del testimonio de Hutchinson, CNN informó que había hablado con dos agentes del Servicio Secreto que habían escuchado relatos del incidente de varios otros agentes desde febrero de 2021, incluido el conductor de Trump. Aunque los detalles difieren, los agentes confirmaron que hubo una confrontación furiosa, y uno de ellos relató que Trump "trató de abalanzarse sobre el asiento; nadie tenía idea de por qué motivo", pero nadie afirmó que Trump atacara a Engel. Otro funcionario del Servicio Secreto le dijo a CNN que Engel negó que Trump agarrara el volante o se abalanzara sobre un agente de su equipo, y que Ornato negó haberle dicho eso a Hutchinson. [342] El mismo día, Politico informó que durante una declaración a principios de 2022, Engel le dijo al comité que había ocultado a sus colegas del Servicio Secreto su relato completo del incidente durante al menos catorce meses. [343] El 14 de julio de 2022, CNN publicó un relato corroborativo de un oficial de la Policía Metropolitana en la caravana, que contó el "acalorado intercambio" que Trump tuvo con su equipo del Servicio Secreto cuando se negaron a llevarlo al Capitolio después de su mitin el 6 de enero. [344]
Poniendo en peligro a Mike Pence
El 5 de enero, después de que el vicepresidente Mike Pence se negara a participar en la trama de los falsos electores, Trump advirtió que tendría que criticarlo públicamente. Esto llevó al jefe de gabinete de Pence a preocuparse por la seguridad de Pence y a alertar al Servicio Secreto de Pence sobre la amenaza percibida. [88] [345] A las 3:23 a.m. de la mañana del 6 de enero, el líder de QAnon, Ron Watkins, publicó un tuit acusando a Pence de orquestar un golpe de Estado contra Trump y enlazó a una publicación de blog que pedía "el arresto inmediato de [Pence], por traición". [346] [347] [348]
A las 2:24, mientras Pence estaba escondido en el Capitolio, Trump tuiteó que Pence "no tuvo el coraje de hacer lo que se debía haber hecho". [68] [349] Los seguidores de Trump en las redes sociales de extrema derecha pidieron que se persiguiera a Pence, y la turba comenzó a corear: "¿Dónde está Pence?" y "¡Encuentren a Mike Pence!". [350] Afuera, la turba coreaba: "¡Cuelguen a Mike Pence!", que algunas multitudes continuaron coreando mientras asaltaban el Capitolio; [349] un reportero escuchó al menos a tres alborotadores decir que querían encontrar a Pence y ejecutarlo como "traidor" colgándolo de un árbol afuera del edificio. [351] Un funcionario recordó que: "Los miembros del [servicio secreto del vicepresidente] en ese momento estaban empezando a temer por sus propias vidas... estaban gritando y diciendo cosas como 'despídanse de la familia'". [352] Según testigos, el jefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca, Mark Meadows, dijo a sus compañeros de trabajo que Trump se quejó de que Pence fuera escoltado a un lugar seguro y luego dijo algo que sugería que Pence debería ser ahorcado. [353] [354] Pence argumentó más tarde que las "palabras imprudentes" de Trump "pusieron en peligro a mi familia y a todos en el Capitolio ese día". [355]
No se logró poner fin al ataque
En una audiencia televisada en el Congreso sobre el ataque del 6 de enero el 9 de junio de 2022, los congresistas Bennie Thompson y Liz Cheney declararon que Trump no hizo nada para detener el ataque a pesar de numerosas solicitudes urgentes para que interviniera. Describieron la inacción de Trump como un " abandono del deber ". [356] Cheney dijo que Trump había intentado anular una elección democrática libre y justa promoviendo una conspiración de siete partes. [357] [358] Según el representante Thompson, "el 6 de enero fue la culminación de un intento de golpe de Estado, un intento descarado, como lo expresó un alborotador poco después del 6 de enero, de derrocar al gobierno... La violencia no fue un accidente. Representa la última resistencia de Trump, la oportunidad más desesperada de detener la transferencia de poder". Trump, según el comité, "mintió al pueblo estadounidense, ignoró todas las pruebas que refutan sus falsas acusaciones de fraude, presionó a los funcionarios estatales y federales para que desecharan los resultados electorales que favorecían a su rival, alentó a una turba violenta a asaltar el Capitolio e incluso señaló su apoyo a la ejecución de su propio vicepresidente". [357] [358]
After the June 9 hearing, Congressman Tom Rice reiterated his long-held view of Trump's conduct, saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty."[359]
Capitol Police leadership had not planned for a riot or attack,[360] and on January 6, under "orders from leadership", the force deployed without riot gear, shields, batons, or "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.[163] Hundreds more Capitol Police could have been used, but they were not.[253]
Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative Maxine Waters called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on the Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" and then hung up on her.[246][361] It was not until 2:10p.m. that the Capitol Police board granted Chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.[162]: 737
In a February 2021 confidence vote organized by the U.S. Capitol Police Labor Committee, the union representing Capitol Police officers, 92 percent voted that they had no confidence in leadership, writing: "Our leaders did not properly plan for the protest nor prepare officers for what they were about to face. This despite the fact they knew days before that the protest had the potential to turn violent. We still have no answers why leadership failed to inform or equip us for what was coming on January 6th."[362]
Department of Defense leadership's refusal to send Guard
Acting-Secretary Christopher Miller (top left), whose appointment had prompted concerns of a right-wing military coup, failed to authorize the National Guard to deploy until after the Capitol had been secured and Trump had called for supporters to "go home". Walter E. Piatt (top right) and Charles Flynn (bottom left) participated in a 2:26 p.m. call denying deployment of the guard, though the military did not admit Flynn's role for several weeks after the attack. Daniel R. Hokanson (bottom right) placed calls to ensure the Virginia and Maryland National Guard would not move until given explicit permission by the Pentagon.
On January 3, acting defense secretary Miller had been ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.[158] The following day, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor, or riot control agents without his personal approval.[160] Prior to the attack Trump had floated the idea with his staff of deploying 10,000 National Guardsmen, though not to protect the Capitol, but rather "to protect him and his supporters from any supposed threats by left-wing counterprotesters".[363]
At 1:34 p.m., D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser had a telephone call with army secretary Ryan McCarthy in which she requested they deploy the Guard. At 2:10p.m., the Capitol Police board granted chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.[162]: 737
At 2:26p.m., D.C.'s homeland security director Chris Rodriguez coordinated a conference call with Mayor Bowser, the chiefs of the Capitol Police (Sund) and Metropolitan Police (Contee), and D.C. National Guard (DCNG) commander Walker. As the DCNG does not report to a governor, but to the president, Walker patched in the Office of the Secretary of the Army, noting that he would need Pentagon authorization to deploy. Lt. Gen. Walter E. Piatt, director of the Army Staff, noted that the Pentagon needed Capitol Police authorization to step onto Capitol grounds. Metro Police chief Robert Contee asked for clarification from Capitol Police chief Sund: "Steve, are you requesting National Guard assistance at the Capitol?" to which Sund replied, "I am making urgent, urgent, immediate request for National Guard assistance". According to Sund, Piatt stated, "I don't like the visual of the National Guard standing a police line with the Capitol in the background". Sund pleaded with Piatt to send the Guard, but Piatt stated that only Army secretary McCarthy had the authority to approve such a request and he could not recommend that Secretary McCarthy approve the request for assistance directly to the Capitol. The D.C. officials were subsequently described as "flabbergasted" at this message. McCarthy would later state that he was not in this conference call because he was already entering a meeting with senior department leadership.[248] General Charles A. Flynn, brother of General Michael Flynn, participated in the call.[364][365]
By 3:37 p.m., the Pentagon dispatched its own security forces to guard the homes of senior defense leaders, "even though no rioters or criminal attacks are occurring at those locations." Sund later opined, "This demonstrates to me that the Pentagon fully understands the urgency and danger of the situation even as it does nothing to support us on the Hill."[361][304]
In response to the reluctance expressed by Department of Defense leaders during the 2:26 conference call, D.C. officials contacted the State of Virginia. The Public Safety secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, dispatched the Virginia State Police to the U.S. Capitol, as permitted by a mutual aid agreement with D.C.[217] At 3:46 p.m., after leaders of the Department of Defense learned that the Virginia National Guard may have mobilized, the head of the National Guard Bureau, General Hokanson, called the Virginia commander to verify that the Virginia Guard would not move without prior permission from the Pentagon. At 3:55, Hokanson made a similar call to the commander of the Maryland National Guard.[366]
On January 6, Secretary Miller ultimately withheld permission to deploy the National Guard until 4:32 p.m., after assets from Virginia had already entered the district, FBI tactical teams had arrived at the Capitol, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home".[367][368] Miller's permission would not actually be relayed to the commander of the National Guard until 5:08.[369] Sund recalls a comment from the DC National Guard commander General Walker who said:
Steve, I felt so bad. I wanted to help you immediately, but I couldn't. I could hear the desperation in your voice, but they wouldn't let me come. When we arrived, I saw the New Jersey State Police. Imagine how I felt. New Jersey got here before we did![370][361]: Ch. 2
The Army falsely denied for two weeks that Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn – the Army deputy chief of staff for operations, plans and training – was on the conference call requesting the National Guard. Flynn's role drew scrutiny in light of his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and an election do-over that would be overseen by the military.[364] Flynn testified that "he never expressed a concern about the visuals, image, or public perception of" sending the Guard to the Capitol; Col. Earl Matthews, who participated in the call and took contemporaneous notes, called Flynn's denial "outright perjury".[371] Department of Defense leaders claim they called the D.C. National Guard commander at 4:30 to relay permission to deploy—leaders of the Guard deny this call ever took place.[372]
Congressional conduct
During the attack, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.[373][374] Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.[296]
Representative Ayanna Pressley left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".[296]
While sheltering for hours in the "safe room" – a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other – some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.[375]
Deletion of Secret Service and Homeland Security text messages
As part of its investigation into the events of January 6, the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General requested text messages from the Secret Service. In response, the messages were deleted.[376][377] Text messages from Department of Homeland Security leaders Chad Wolf and Ken Cuccinelli "are missing from a key period leading up to the January 6 attack".[378] Wolf's nomination had been withdrawn by the White House sometime on January 6.[379] A criminal investigation was opened into the deletion.[380]
Participants, groups, and criminal charges
By November 2023, over 1,200 defendants had been charged for their role in the attack.[38] The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.[381] The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists,[381] conservative evangelical Christians,[h] and participants of the "Save America" Rally.[382] According to the FBI, dozens of people on its terrorist watchlist were in D.C. for pro-Trump events on the 6th, with the majority being "suspected white supremacists".[383] Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for attempted murder.[381]
Last Sons of Liberty,[384]Rod of Iron Ministries,[385] and Groyper Army[386] were directly involved but non-conspiring groups. NSC-131[387] and Super Happy Fun America[388] both were involved in the attack and allegedly conspired, though SHFA denies this.[389] Multiple factions of the Three Percenters were also involved in the attack, including "DC Brigade", "Patriot Boys of North Texas",[390] and "B Squad". The B Squad and DC Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.[391]
Proud Boys
Proud Boys leaders who were guilty of leading a seditious conspiracy to stop the transfer of power: Chairman Enrique Tarrio of Florida (top left), Ethan "Rufio" Nordean of Washington State (top center), Joe Biggs (top right) of Florida, Zachary Rehl of Pennsylvania (bottom left) and Jeremy Bertino of South Carolina (bottom right). Bertino pleaded guilty, while the other four were found guilty at trial.
The Proud Boys played a much greater role in planning and coordinating the attack than was known in 2021. In 2022, new information appeared in testimony to the January 6th Committee and in a New York Times investigative video.[240] Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:
According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.[392]
On July 7, 2023, Barry Bennet Ramey was sentenced to 5 years in prison. He was connected to the Proud Boys and pepper-sprayed police in the face.[393] Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs and Zachary Rehl were sentenced to 17 and 15 years respectively.[394] Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola, who breached the Capitol with a stolen police riot shield, was sentenced to 10 years.[395] Proud Boys founder Enrique Tarrio, described as the "ultimate leader" of the conspiracy, was sentenced to 22 years in prison.[93]
Oath Keepers
The Oath Keepers are an American far-right[396]anti-government militia[396][397] whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the United States, including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the United States constitution. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy for his role in the attack, and another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12 years for the same crime.[398]
On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.[399] On November 29, a jury convicted Rhodes and Florida chapter Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy. Three other members of the Oath Keepers were found not guilty of seditious conspiracy, but were convicted on other, related charges.[400][401]
On May 23, 2023, Rhodes, age 57, was sentenced to 18 years in prison.[402] The Department of Justice announced plans to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for longer prison terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants.[402] At sentencing, the court described Rhodes as dangerous, noting "The moment you are released, whenever that may be, you will be ready to take up arms against your government."[403] Eight of Rhodes's militiamen were convicted for seditious conspiracy, among other charges. Meggs was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[404]Jessica Watkins was sentenced to 8 years and six months, and Kenneth Harrelson was sentenced to four years in prison. Both convicts were members of the Oath Keepers, with Watkins' crimes including merging her local Ohio armed group with the Oath Keepers in 2020, and Harrelson's as serving as the right-hand man to Kelly Meggs, leader of the Florida chapter.[405]
Prosecution diagram of the Oath Keepers leadership involved in the attack
QAnon
Jake Angeli, the "QAnon Shaman", in the US Senate during the attack. He was later sentenced to 41 months in prison.[406]
QAnon is an American political conspiracy theory and political movement that originated in the American far-right political sphere in 2017.[407] QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Their core belief is that a cabal of Satanic,[408][409][410]cannibalisticchild molesters are operating a global child sex trafficking ring that conspired against Donald Trump.[414] Watchdogs studied QAnon posts and warned of the potential for violence ahead of January 6, 2021.[415][416][417] Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the attack.[418][419] One participant, whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention, was Jake Angeli, a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman".[420] Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.[421][422] The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".[423]
White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates
The anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.[426][427][i] Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".[429] After the attack, two white nationalists known for racist and anti-Semitic rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an Israeli journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.[424]
For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.[430][431]Some of the rioters carried American flags, Confederate battle flags,[7][430][432][433] or Nazi emblems.[434] A group of Indian American Trump supporters held an Indian flag.[435]Varun Gandhi, a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling BJP, expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his tweets; opposition Indian National Congress leader Shashi Tharoor equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters.[436]
The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter Riley Williams, a member of the Atomwaffen Division and the Order of Nine Angles.[437][438][439][440][441] Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.[439][441] Williams was sentenced to 3 years in prison.[442]
The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a fusion center that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division and Stormfront. Despite this information, the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.[443]
Others
Although the anti-government Boogaloo movement mostly were opposed to Donald Trump, a Boogaloo follower said several groups under his command helped attack the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.[444] Also present during the attack were parts of the National Anarchist Movement and the Blue Lives Matter movement, supporters of the America First Movement, the Stop the Steal movement and the Patriot Movement, remnants of the Tea Party movement, the Three Percenters, the Groyper Army, Christian nationalists, and other far-right organizations and groups.[26] Shirts with references to the internet meme Pepe the Frog were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, and the valknut symbol.[445] Rioters were seen using the OK gesture, a gesture that had been famously co-opted as an alt-right symbol. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.[j]
Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.[448] Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots–backed group America's Frontline Doctors, including founder Simone Gold and its communications director, were arrested.[449][450] She was later sentenced to 60 days in prison by a US federal court in Washington, D.C., for illegally entering the Capitol building.[451] West Virginia delegate Derrick Evans, a state lawmaker, filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;[452] he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day and was ultimately sentenced to 90 days in jail.[453]Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event.[454]
Police and military connections
Politico reported that some rioters briefly showed their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told BuzzFeed News that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.[360] One former police officer, Laura Steele, was convicted for breaching the Capitol with fellow Oath Keepers.[455]
A number of U.S. military personnel participated in the attack;[381] the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved.[456][457] Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack, and about 12% of the participants in general, were current or former members of the U.S. military.[458][459] A report from George Washington University and the Combating Terrorism Center said that "if anything... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers".[459] Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the attack.[460] Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a Make America Great Again hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.[461][462]
Analysis
A row of flags lining the Capitol grounds
In February 2021, an academic analysis in The Atlantic found that of the 193 persons so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner". They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".[463]
The Associated Press reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the attack and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election on social media and had also believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Additionally, several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the attack.[381] The event was described as "extremely online", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking selfies.[464][465]
The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas.... at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon....
These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, ... A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number – one that should shake us to our core.[90]
Rioters outside the Capitol shortly after Congress was evacuated
Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,[466] and the Secret Service and FBI have estimated that from 2,000 to 2,500 ultimately entered the building.[61][62][63] As of May 2024, about 1,400 people had been charged with federal crimes relating to the event,[89] and 884 of those defendants had been sentenced,[89] in many cases for nonviolent offenses.[467][468] Those who went inside the Capitol but were peaceful have been called “MAGA tourists”.[469]
More than 800 video and audio files – including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police body-worn camera footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage – were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack. For example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".[470] While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".[471] As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.[470] Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor, and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.[472] Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried plastic handcuffs, which they found on a table inside the Capitol.[473][474] In an analysis of later court documents, it was reported that at least 85 participants in the riot were charged with carrying or using a weapon—such as guns, knives, axes, chemical sprays, police gear, and stun guns—in the riots to assault others or break objects. It is illegal to possess weapons at the Capitol.[475]
Results
Casualties and suicides
Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick died the day after the attack.
Ashli Babbitt, a 35-year-old Air Force veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.[476][k]
Brian Sicknick, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the attack and had two thromboembolic strokes the next day,[481][482] after which he was placed on life support[9] and soon died.[483][484] The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,[485] and commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".[486][482][487] While some accounts maintain he was struck in the head during the riots, he was not found to have died from blunt-force trauma. No visible head injury was found during medical examination.[488]
Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an amphetamine overdose during the attack, rather than, as was initially reported, from injuries sustained from being crushed beneath other rioters.[489] When the crowd of rioters moved from on top of her, she was found dead. Her death was ruled as accidental by the D.C. medical examiner's office.[33] Her mother, Cheryl Boyland, told NBC News: "She was not doing drugs. The only thing they found was her own prescription medicine."[490]
Four officers, from various police departments, who responded to the attack committed suicide in the days and months that followed.[34][491] Capitol Police officer Howard Charles Liebengood died by suicide three days after the attack.[492] D.C. Metropolitan Police officer Jeffrey Smith, who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at George Washington Memorial Parkway on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion;[493] his death was found to be in line of duty.[494] In July, two more officers who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.[495]
Some rioters[l] and 174 police officers were injured, of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.[36] All had been released from the hospital by January 11.[497]
Damage
A damaged window in the Capitol
Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;[298][299] the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;[277] art was looted;[7] and feces was tracked into several hallways.[498][19][499] Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.[7][500] Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.[500] One door had "Murder the Media" scribbled onto it in all-caps.[501] Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.[502] Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis.[503][504] A photo of Representative Andy Kim cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight went viral.[505]
The rioters caused extensive physical damage.[7][19]Architect of the CapitolJ. Brett Blanton, who then lead the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30million and would continue to increase.[21] In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5 million.[506] Interior damage from the attack included broken glass, broken doors, and graffiti; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by pepper spray, tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.[18][21]
The historic bronze Columbus Doors were damaged.[21][507] Items, including portraits of John Quincy Adams and James Madison, as well as a marble statue of Thomas Jefferson, were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the Smithsonian for assessment and restoration.[447] A 19th-century marble bust of President Zachary Taylor was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the John Trumbull paintings, were unharmed.[18][500] On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by Frederick Law Olmsted were damaged.[18] Because the Capitol has no insurance against loss, taxpayers will pay for damage suffered during the siege.[501] Rare old-growth mahogany wood, stored in Wisconsin for more than one hundred years by the Forest Products Laboratory, was used to replace damaged wood fixtures and doors at the Capitol.[508][509]
Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns
A laptop owned by Senator Jeff Merkley was stolen.[510] A laptop taken from Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.[20] Representative Ruben Gallego said, "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of bugs and listening devices".[360] Military news website SOFREP reported that "several" secret‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to SIPRNet, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January7 and leading the United States Army Special Operations Command to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.[511][512]
Representative Anna Eshoo said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the Chief Administrative Officer of the House (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".[513] The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".[20]
Aftermath
Political, legal, and social repercussions
Indictment of Jacob Anthony Chansley (Jake Angeli; QAnon Shaman)Fencing around the Capitol complex in February 2021
The attack was followed by political, legal, and social repercussions. The second impeachment of Donald Trump, who was charged for incitement of insurrection for his conduct, occurred on January 13. At the same time, Cabinet officials were pressured to invoke the 25th Amendment for removing Trump from office.[514] Trump was subsequently acquitted in the Senate trial, which was held in February after Trump had already left office. The result was a 57–43 vote in favor of conviction, with every Democrat and seven Republicans voting to convict, but two-thirds of the Senate (67 votes) are required to convict.[515] Many in the Trump administration resigned. Several large companies[516] announced they were halting all political donations, and others have suspended funding the lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results.[517] A bill was introduced to form an independent commission, similar to the 9/11 Commission, to investigate the events surrounding the attack; it passed the House but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.[518] The House then approved a House "select committee" to investigate the attack.[519] In June, the Senate released the results of its own investigation of the attack. The event led to strong criticism of law enforcement agencies. Leading figures within the United States Capitol Police resigned.[520][521]A large-scale criminal investigation was undertaken, with the FBI opening more than 1,200 case files. Federal law enforcement undertook a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators, with arrests and indictments following within days. Over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes.[522]
Trump was suspended from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then indefinitely. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favor of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site Parler was shut down by its service providers. Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs associated with participating groups also took place.[523][524][525]
In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.[527]
Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated[528] the January 6 Capitol attack and has made it a cornerstone of his 2024 presidential campaign.[529] Trump has promoted a revisionist history of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence and calling those charged for their involvement in the attack "hostages."[528][530][531][532]
On August 1, 2023, Fitch Ratingsdowngraded the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA+, making it the second time in U.S. history the government's credit rating was downgraded since Standard & Poor's downgrade in 2011. Fitch Ratings directly cited the attack as a factor in its decision to downgrade, privately telling Biden officials that the event "indicated an unstable government". It also cited rising debt at the federal, state, and local levels, a "steady deterioration in standards of governance" over the last two decades, worsening political divisions around spending and tax policy, and "repeated debt limit standoffs and last-minute resolutions." Fitch Ratings did note in a previous report that while government stability declined from 2018 to 2021, it had increased since Biden assumed the presidency.[533]
Although a few evangelical leaders supported the attack,[534] most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.[535] This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the Red-Letter Christians, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.[534][536] This criticism did not noticeably affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist Sarah Posner, author of Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an echo chamber whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the mainstream media, the last of which is viewed as especially untrustworthy.[537]
Domestic reactions
In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the U.S. Congress, members of his administration, and the media, 45th U.S. PresidentDonald Trump released a video-taped statement on January7 to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the U.S. Capitol, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the Joe Biden administration.[538][539]Vanity Fair reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded.[540]Kayleigh McEnany, the White House Press Secretary, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day.[541] On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump had told White House aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office.[542] In a March 25 interview on Fox News, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.[543]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a statement on January 12 condemning the attack and reminding military personnel everywhere that incoming President Joe Biden was about to become their commander-in-chief, saying "...the rights of freedom of speech and assembly do not give anyone the right to resort to violence, sedition, and insurrection".[544] The statement also said, "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".[545][546] U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell (R–KY), then the Senate Majority Leader, called it a "failed insurrection",[547][548] that "the mob was fed lies", and "they were provoked by the president and other powerful people".[547]Christopher Wray, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2017, later characterized the incident as domestic terrorism.[549][550] President Biden, who described the rioters as "terrorists" aimed at "overturning the will of the American people" later shared this opinion.[551] In early 2021, the RAND Corporation released a framework to reduce the risk of extremist activity in the U.S. military.[552]
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had the flags at the Capitol lowered to half-staff in honor of Brian Sicknick, a United States Capitol Police officer who died following the attacks.[553][554] Trump initially declined to lower flags at the White House or other federal buildings under his control, before changing his mind four days later.[555][556][557] Biden, Mike Pence, and Pelosi offered condolences to Sicknick's family; Trump did not.[553][558] After Sicknick's death, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) received backlash for previous speeches that were perceived as calls for violence.[559]
A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.[560] In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "falling apart".[561][562] In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".[563]
The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the Smithsonian Museum enacted its "rapid-response protocol" to gather rally signs, posters, flags, and weapons abandoned on the National Mall and began work on a digital arts exhibit.[564] Visual artist Paul Chan created his "A drawing as a recording of an insurrection", a 163-inch (4.1 m) double-sided drawing[565] exhibited at the Greene Naftali Gallery in New York.[566] In December 2022, literary press Whiskey Tit released Tell Me What You See, the first fiction published about the attack.[567] At the one-year anniversary, One Six Comics published graphic novel series 1/6[568] with an accompanying education and action guide by the Western States Center.[569]The Society of Classical Poets website posted various poems about the day,[570] including one glorifying deceased rioter Ashli Babbitt.[571]
Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, civil rights groups and celebrities immediately criticized the Capitol Police for a perceived "double standard" in the treatment of the protesters and rioters, who were mostly white. Joe Biden stated, "No one can tell me that if it had been a group of Black Lives Matter protesting yesterday they wouldn't have been treated very, very differently than the mob of thugs that stormed the Capitol. We all know that's true and it is unacceptable." Kamala Harris stated, "We witnessed two systems of justice when we saw one that let extremists storm the United States Capitol and another that released tear gas on peaceful protestors (Black Lives Matter) last summer."[572]Michelle Obama wrote, "Yesterday made it painfully clear that certain Americans are, in fact, allowed to denigrate the flag and symbols of our nation. They've just got to look the right way."[573][574] Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, who later resigned, explained they had prepared for a peaceful protest but were overwhelmed by an "angry, violent mob".[575] Later in the year, at a White House ceremony to thank officers who responded to the attack that day, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris congratulated the police on their response, calling them "heroes".[576][577]
International reactions
More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack.[578][579] Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.[580][581] Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".[582] The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.[583]
As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.[584]
Other public officials involved in the January 6 attack have also faced disqualification under the Fourteenth Amendment. Otero County, New Mexico, commissioner Couy Griffin was disqualified and removed from office while Congressional representative Marjorie Taylor Greene survived a similar challenge.[586]
Sarbanes–Oxley Act prosecutions ruling and impact
On June 28, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6–3 ruling, ruled in favor of defendant Joseph Fischer and found that a provision the 2002 Sarbanes–Oxley Act could not be used to bring obstruction charges against January 6 defendants.[587] Soon after the ruling, more January 6 prosecution cases would be reopened.[588]
Analysis and terminology
A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.[589] According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a coup attempt".[590] It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".[590][591] According to NPR, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."[592]The New York Times assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".[593]Brian Stelter in CNN Business wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".[594]
The attack was widely described as an attempted coup d'état[595][596][597] or self-coup.[598][599][600] Federal judge David Carter described Trump's actions as "a coup in search of a legal theory".[601]Naunihal Singh of the U.S. Naval War College, and author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups, wrote that the attack on the Capitol was "an insurrection, a violent uprising against the government" and "sedition", but not a coup because Trump did not order the military "to seize power on his behalf".[602][603] The Coup D'état Project of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the University of Illinois, which tracks coups and coup attempts globally, classified the attack as an "attempted dissident coup", defined as an unsuccessful coup attempt "initiated by a small group of discontents" such as "ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of a legislature/parliament, and civilians [but not police or the military]". The Cline Center said the "organized, illegal attempt to intervene in the presidential transition" by displacing Congress met this definition.[604][605] Some political scientists identified the attack as an attempted self-coup, in which the head of government attempts to strong-arm the other branches of government to entrench power.[606] Academic Fiona Hill, a former member of Trump's National Security Council, described the attack, and Trump's actions in the months leading up to it, as an attempted self-coup.[607]
The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.[608][609] At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:
I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.[610][611]
The Congressional Research Service also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.[612][613] Republican senator Ted Cruz characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan January 6 commission to investigate it.[614][615]
On January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".[116][117]
A March 2023 poll found that 20.5 percent of respondents believed that violence to achieve a political goal is sometimes justified. Nearly 12 percent expressed their willingness to use force to restore Trump to power.[616] A June 2023 poll found that about 12 million American adults, or 4.4 percent of the adult population, believed violence is justified in returning Trump to the White House.[617]
Historians' perspectives
Tear gas deployed outside the Capitol
While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 burning of Washington by British forces during the War of 1812. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against Thomas Marshall in July 1915.[618] For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate States Army had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than 6 miles (10 km) from the Capitol at the Battle of Fort Stevens, during the American Civil War.[431][m]
Douglas Brinkley, a historian at Rice University,[621] remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in American history: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time". He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on Jan. 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on".[622]
Speaking on January 6, 2022, historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Jon Meacham warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage". Goodwin added, "We've come through these really tough times before. We've had lots of people who were willing to step up and put their public lives against their private lives. And that's what we've got to depend on today. That's what we need in these years and months ahead."[623]
Robert Paxton considered the attack to be evidence that Trump's movement was an example of fascism, a characterization that Paxton had resisted up to that point. Paxton compared the event to the French 6 February 1934 crisis.[624]
Richard J. Evans said that it was not a coup, but that it did represent a danger to democracy in the United States.[625]
Other scholars expressed concern about how history would portray the attack and its aftermath.[626]Larry Sabato, director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, stated that reframing the insurrection as a "sightseeing tour" by the GOP has given "the far-right extremists, the neo-Nazi white supremacists who are obsessed with January 6, the counter reality they've been looking for of a bunch of patriots taking a tour in the Capitol."[627]
^Including two people involved in the attack by direct causes, and four Capitol police officers directly involved in the attack by suicides. Two other people died from natural causes and one from a drug overdose. See Casualties and suicides section.
^5 deaths from the attack: (1 from gunshot, 1 from natural causes with one stated that "all that transpired played a role in his condition")[31][32][33] Two people also died from natural causes and one from a drug overdose that day. 4 officer deaths by suicide within seven months of the attack[34]
^The coroner stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition".
^Pelosi offered a committee makeup of seven Democrats and six Republicans; however House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy refused to appoint any Republicans unless they included some who had voted to overturn Electoral College results.
Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, Turning Point Action, Tea Party Patriots, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.
^In 2019, Kara Swisher speculated Trump might encourage supporters to "rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".
^A week later, he retired.[202]
^Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist Jake Angeli called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.[382]
^The group is more radical than other patriot movement groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.[428]
^Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel, South Vietnam, Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (including an upside-down version); a U.S. Marines flag; the flag of the fictional country of "Kekistan"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the Kraken", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and VDARE flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and Gay Pride flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.[446][447]
^Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;[476][477] however, according to a January 11, 2021 crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.[478][479][480]
^Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;[496] injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.
^However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.[619]The flag was carried during the attack by Kevin Seefried, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were both indicted by a grand jury.[620]
References
^Doherty, Erin; González, Oriana (January 6, 2022). "In photos: An hour-by-hour record of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot". Axios. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
^ a bBarry, Dan; McIntire, Mike; Rosenberg, Matthew (January 9, 2021). "'Our President Wants Us Here': The Mob That Stormed the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a bReeves, Jay; Mascaro, Lisa; Woodward, Calvin (January 11, 2021). "Capitol assault a more sinister attack than first appeared". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Luke, Timothy W (February 21, 2021). "Democracy under threat after 2020 national elections in the USA: 'stop the steal' or 'give more to the grifter-in-chief?'". Educational Philosophy and Theory. 55 (5): 551–557. doi:10.1080/00131857.2021.1889327. ISSN 0013-1857. President Trump inciting thousands of his supporters to march on the Capitol 'to stop the steal'. The resulting assault on the Capitol left one dead, scores injured, and the sad spectacle of Trump's supporters defiling the House chambers, vandalizing the Capitol building itself, and leaving the nation to deal with a tragic result
^Multiple sources:
Chapman, Steve (January 11, 2021). "The Capitol riot shows the growing danger of right-wing extremism". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Hesson, Ted; Parker, Ned; Cooke, Kristina; Harte, Julia (January 8, 2021). "U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Nguyen, Tina; Scott, Mark (January 12, 2021). "Right-wing extremist chatter spreads on new platforms as threat of political violence ramps up". Politico. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Coleman, Alistair (January 16, 2021). "Capitol riots: What are far-right Trump supporters saying?". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Goldman, Adam; Benner, Katie; Feuer, Alan (January 18, 2021). "Investigators Eye Right-Wing Militias at Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Williams, Katie Bo; Peniston, Bradley (January 6, 2021). "Right-Wing Extremists Storm US Capitol". defenseone.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Zaru, Deena (January 14, 2021). "The symbols of hate and far-right extremism on display in pro-Trump Capitol siege". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^"Timeline: Far-Right Terrorism in the United States". Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i jPaybarah, Azi; Lewis, Brent (January 7, 2021). "Stunning Images as a Mob Storms the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a bLakritz, Talia (January 6, 2021). "Shocking photos show pro-Trump rioters in the Capitol stealing memorabilia and breaking into the desks of lawmakers". Yahoo! News. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bBenner, Katie; Levenson, Michael (January 8, 2021). "A Capitol Police officer who was seriously injured Wednesday remains on life support". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Moe, Doug (January 12, 2021). "A Madison woman found the RNC pipe bomb in D.C." Madison Magazine. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Snyder, Timothy (January 9, 2021). "The American Abyss". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (January 26, 2021). "Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't have worked without his thousands of little lies". CNN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
Wolfe, Jan; Heavey, Susan (January 25, 2021). "Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $1.3 billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
Block, Melissa (January 16, 2021). "Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone?". NPR. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
Pilkington, Ed (January 24, 2021). "Donald Trump is gone but his big lie is a rallying call for rightwing extremists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
^Savage, Charlie; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (January 20, 2021). "'This Kettle Is Set to Boil': New Evidence Points to Riot Conspiracy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a bCarless, Will (January 4, 2021). "Nation's capital braces for violence as extremist groups converge to protest Trump's election loss". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Lee, ArLuther (January 15, 2021). "Evidence suggests Pence was in grave danger during Capitol riot". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Feuer, Alan (June 2, 2021). "A second man pleads guilty to a charge stemming from the Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ a bGooding, Mike (July 25, 2023). "Jan. 6 Capitol riot: Law enforcement didn't share critical information, report says". WVEC. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^Woodward, Alex (January 7, 2021). "What happened in Washington DC yesterday? A timeline of insurrection". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a b c dBahr, Sarah (January 8, 2021). "First Inventory of Damage to U.S. Capitol Building Released". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a b cWilson, Kristin; Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Zaslav, Ali; Fortinsky, Sarah (January 6, 2021). "Smoke grenades being deployed on Senate side of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^ a b cMiller, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b c dChappell, Bill (February 24, 2021). "Architect of the Capitol Outlines $30 Million In Damages From Pro-Trump Riot". NPR. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
^Johnson, Ted (January 13, 2021). "Donald Trump Becomes First President To Be Impeached Twice; House Charges Him With Inciting Capitol Hill Siege". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
^ a bSavage, Charlie; Goldman, Adam (August 1, 2023). "The Trump Jan. 6 Indictment, Annotated – The Justice Department unveiled an indictment on Tuesday charging former President Donald J. Trump with four criminal counts. They relate to Mr. Trump's attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 election, which culminated in the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol by a mob of his supporters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^ a bWilner, Michael (August 1, 2023). "Trump's first two indictments could mean prison. His third could change the presidency". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ a b"States can't kick Trump off ballot, Supreme Court says". Politico. March 4, 2024.
^ a b cMultiple sources:
Yousef, Odette (January 9, 2021). "The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message". WBEZ. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
Neilson, Susie; McFall-Johnsen, Morgan (January 6, 2021). "Several groups of extremists stormed the Capitol on Wednesday. Here are some of the most notable individuals, symbols, and groups". The Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
Adkins, Laura E.; Burack, Emily (January 7, 2021). "Hate on display: A guide to the symbols and signs on display at the Capitol insurrection". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
"'Second revolution begins': Armed right-wing groups celebrate Capitol attack". Yahoo! News. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Read, Richard; Hennessy-Fisk, Molly; Chabria, Anita (January 8, 2021). "Far-right extremists want to attack more capitols, but are divided after D.C. riot". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
Yancey-Bragg, N'dea; Bacon, John; Carless, Will; Miller, Ryan W. (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump rioters breach Capitol, forcing lockdown; one person shot; Pence evacuated, Senate chamber cleared out". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Sales, Ben (January 6, 2021). "Fears as Trump supporters, including anti-Semitic groups, rally in Washington". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Ibrahim, Nur (January 6, 2021). "Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Biesecker, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael; Flaccus, Gillian; Mustian, Jim (January 10, 2021). "Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021. The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.
Jelten, Tom (January 19, 2021). "Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot". NPR. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
Makuch, Ben (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
Devine, Curt; Griffin, Drew (February 4, 2021). "Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories". CNN. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
Satija, Neena (January 12, 2021). "'I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
Dazio, Stefanie (January 19, 2021). "Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
"Enrique Tarrio, the Cuban-American leader of the far-right 'Proud Boys'". france24.com. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Ibrahim, Nur (January 6, 2021). "Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Manns, Keydra (January 6, 2021). "Chaos ensues as Trump supporters storm Capitol, thwart Biden confirmation". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis among protesters who stormed US Capitol". nypost.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Chávez, Aída (January 13, 2021). "Here are the Donors to Tea Party Group that Helped Organize Pre-Riot Rally". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
Simon, Mallory; Sidner, Sara (January 9, 2021). "Decoding the extremist symbols and groups at the Capitol Hill insurrection". CNN. Photo illustrations by Priya Krishnakumar. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S. (January 18, 2021). "FBI moves on alleged members of extremist groups Oath Keepers, Three Percenters". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
Jonsson, Patrik (January 14, 2021). "Capitol assault: Why did police show up on both sides of 'thin blue line'?". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
Barrett, Malachi (January 7, 2021). "Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan". MLive.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
"White Supremacists Among Those Who Stormed the U.S. Capitol, Live Streamed From Inside". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
^Murphy, Fran (January 6, 2024). "3 Years Later, Members of County Police Discuss Their Role in Defending the Capitol on January 6".
^"MCPD's Service at the Capitol Riot". January 6, 2024 – via YouTube.
^"MTPD Officers Recognized for Responding to the US Capitol on January 6". January 6, 2022 – via YouTube.
^"Prince George's County police honored for Capitol riot response". WTOP News. February 17, 2021.
^Breuninger, Kevin (April 19, 2021). "Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules". Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^McEvoy, Jemima (January 8, 2021). "These Are The Five People Who Died Amid The Capitol Riot". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a b c dMassimo, Nick (April 19, 2021). "Medical examiner: Capitol Police officer Sicknick died of stroke; death ruled 'natural'". WTOP. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
^ a b cWolfe, Jan (August 2, 2021). "Four officers who responded to U.S. Capitol attack have died by suicide". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
^Melendez, Pilar; Bredderman, William; Montgomery, Blake (January 6, 2021). "Woman Shot Dead as Mob Overran Capitol ID'ed as Air Force Vet". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a bArLuther Lee (January 11, 2021). "2 Capitol Hill police officers suspended over riot". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021.
^"California Man Pleads Guilty to Felony Charge for Actions During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach". U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Columbia (Press release). July 8, 2024. In the 41 months since Jan. 6, 2021, more than 1,450 individuals have been charged in nearly all 50 states for crimes related to the breach of the U.S. Capitol, including more than 500 individuals charged with assaulting or impeding law enforcement, a felony. The investigation remains ongoing.
^ a bSforza, Lauren (August 10, 2023). "Number of people charged in Jan. 6 rioting surpasses 1,100". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
^ a b cWinsor, Morgan; Pereira, Ivan; Mansell, William (January 7, 2021). "Updates: Capitol breached by protesters, shots reported fired inside". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Buchanan, Larry; Gamio, Lazaro; Kelso, Christina; Khavin, Dmitriy; Leatherby, Lauren; Parlapiano, Alicia; Reinhard, Scott; Singhvi, Anjali; Watkins, Derek (January 7, 2021). "How a Pro-Trump Mob Stormed the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^"January 6 Hearing Day 7: Donald Trump Summoned a Mob". Center for American Progress. July 13, 2022. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.
Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").
Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021. A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021. Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.
^Bash, Dana; Tapper, Jake; Herb, Jeremy (June 10, 2022). "January 6 Vice Chair Cheney said Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what she meant". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^Vogt, Adrienne; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi; Macaya, Melissa; Hayes, Mike (June 28, 2022). "The committee is arguing Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what that means". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^Evelyn, Kenya (January 9, 2021). "Capitol attack: the five people who died". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Snodgrass, Erin (October 7, 2021). "A timeline of Donald Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^Naylor, Brian (February 10, 2021). "Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial". NPR. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
^Doig, Steve (January 8, 2021). "It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the size of the crowd that stormed Capitol Hill". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021. I'm perfectly prepared to believe there were several thousand people there, even 10,000 maybe. But when you start pushing that up to 100,000 and so on, that's not going to be true.
^Higgins, Andrew (January 10, 2021). "The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b c dRutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (February 1, 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Trump's [...] effort to reverse his loss turned into [...] an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January 6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable [...] With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy.
^Multiple sources:
Peñaloza, Marisa (January 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters Clash With Capitol Police At Protest". NPR. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Rodd, Scott; Hooks, Kris (January 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters, Proud Boys Converge On California's Capitol To Protest Electoral College Count". CapitalRadio. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ a b c dVideo* "How the Proud Boys led the assault – and who was in the pro-Trump mob", in: Zurcher, Anthony (February 13, 2021). "Trump impeachment trial: What verdict means for Trump, Biden and America". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021. *[video has been removed for 'rights reasons' ]
^Multiple sources:
Blake, Aaron (January 7, 2021). "'Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
President Donald Trump, ABC News Prime: Call for Trump's removal, Capitol Hill security failure, Global reaction to riots on YouTube, ABC News, January 8, 2021, minutes 10:55–11:06.
Haberman, Maggie (January 6, 2021). "Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
da Silva, Chantal (November 6, 2020). "'Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Woodward, Calvin (January 13, 2021). "AP Fact Check: Trump's call to action distorted in debate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ a b"Trump's 1/6/2021 Speech". January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021 – via rev.com.
^ a bMendoza, Martha; Linderman, Juliet; Long, Colleen; Burke, Garance (March 5, 2021). "Officers maced, trampled: Docs expose depth of Jan. 6 chaos". Associated Press. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ a bMogelson, Luke (January 25, 2021). "Among the Insurrectionists". The New Yorker. No. January 15, 2021. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^"What seditious conspiracy means in Proud Boys' Jan. 6 case". Associated Press. May 4, 2023. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^ a bLucas, Ryan (January 6, 2022). "Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later". NPR. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
^ a bBennet, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Sohuyn Lee, Joyce; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
^ a b cBarrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Nickeas, Peter (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^"Vandalized":
Jackman, Tom (January 7, 2021). "FBI appeals for information from public on Capitol rioters". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
Pallini, Thomas (January 7, 2021). "Photos show the aftermath of an unprecedented and destructive siege on the US Capitol that left 4 rioters dead". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. "Looted":
Daly, Matthew; Balsamo, Michael (January 8, 2021). "Deadly siege focuses attention on Capitol Police". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Landale, James (January 7, 2021). "Capitol siege: Trump's words 'directly led' to violence, Patel says". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Dozier, Kimberly; Bergengruen, Vera (January 6, 2021). "Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Violently Storm the Capitol". Time. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Betz, Bradford (January 17, 2021). "New video shows MAGA mob rifling through paperwork in Senate chamber as they hunt down Nancy Pelosi". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
Rosenberg, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "He looted Speaker Pelosi's office, and then bragged about it". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
Conradis, Brandon (January 6, 2021). "Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
Swaine, Jon (January 7, 2021). "Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
Rambaran, Vandana (January 8, 2021). "Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley says laptop stolen from office during Capitol riots". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Colvin, Jill (January 9, 2021). "Capitol mob built gallows and chanted 'Hang Mike Pence'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021.
"US Capitol rioters chanted 'Hang Mike Pence' – video footage". The Times of Israel. January 10, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
Turner-Cohen, Alex (January 11, 2021). "US Capitol riot mob wanted to kill Mike Pence, run Pelosi over with a car". News.com.au. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a bJalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 28, 2021). "GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^ a bEvon, Dan (January 9, 2021). "Was 'Hang Mike Pence' Chanted at Capitol Riot?". Snopes. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^ a b"Protesters Swarm US Capitol Steps as Congress Counts Electoral Votes". NBC4 Washington. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Macias, Amanda; Mangan, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^McEvoy, Jemima (January 6, 2021). "DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Higgins, Tucker (January 6, 2021). "DC protests: FBI says 2 suspicious devices were rendered safe". CNBC Politics. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Benner, Katie (January 6, 2021). "Pipe Bomb Found and Destroyed at R.N.C.; D.N.C. Is Evacuated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
^Collins, Kaitlan; Cohen, Zachary; Starr, Barbara; Hansler, Jennifer (January 6, 2021). "Pence took lead as Trump initially resisted sending National Guard to Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a b cZilbermints, Regina (January 6, 2021). "Trump tells rioters 'go home,' repeats claims that election 'fraudulent'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ a bDurkee, Alison (January 6, 2021). "Trump Justifies Supporters Storming Capitol: 'These Are The Things And Events That Happen'". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^"Planning and Execution Timeline for the National Guard's Involvement in the January 6, 2021, Violent Attack at the U.S. Capitol" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. January 11, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 7, 2021). "Isolated Trump reluctantly pledges 'orderly' transition after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
^Fordham, Evie (January 7, 2021). "Trump promises 'orderly transition' on Jan. 20 after Electoral College results certified". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "The House impeaches Trump for 'incitement of insurrection,' setting up a Senate trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). "Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial – Again". NPR. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^"Pelosi announces independent 9/11-style commission on deadly Capitol riot". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu; Nobles, Ryan; Grayer, Annie (June 30, 2021). "House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection". CNN. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
^Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2021). "Here Are The 9 Lawmakers Investigating The Jan. 6 Capitol Attack". NPR. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ a bMultiple sources:
"Here's every word of the first Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the second Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the third Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the fourth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the fifth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the sixth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the seventh Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word of the eighth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
"Here's every word from the 9th Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation". NPR. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
^Chamblee, Virginia (October 13, 2022). "Jan. 6 Committee Votes to Subpoena Donald Trump: 'We Need to Hear From Him'". People. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
^United States of America v. Donald J. Trump (August 1, 2023), Text, archived from the original.
^ a bU.S. Department of Justice. "United States of America v. Donald J. Trump" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ a b c d e"District of Columbia | 40 Months Since the Jan. 6 Attack on the Capitol". www.justice.gov. February 7, 2024. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ a bJensen, Michael (June 17, 2022). "It wasn't just Proud Boys. Interconnected extremists converged on Jan. 6". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
^Shortell, David; Polantz, Katelyn; Perez, Evan; Cohen, Zachary (January 20, 2021). "Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^"The Capitol siege: The cases behind the biggest criminal investigation in U.S. history". All Things Considered. NPR. December 29, 2023 [February 9, 2021]. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024.
^ a bKunzelman, Michael; Whitehurst, Lindsay; Richer, Alanna Durkin (September 5, 2023). "Proud Boys' Enrique Tarrio gets record 22 years in prison for Jan. 6 seditious conspiracy". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
"Presidential Election Results". The New York Times. December 11, 2020. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
"2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map". ABC News. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Holder, Josh; Gabriel, Trip; Paz, Isabella Grullón (December 14, 2020). "Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
Blod, Michael R.; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 5, 2020). "Biden officially secures enough electors to become president". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a b c dMultiple sources:
Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen; Eggert, David (November 20, 2020). "Trump tries to leverage power of office to subvert Biden win". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
Haberman, Maggie; Rutenberg, Jim; Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (November 20, 2020). "Trump Targets Michigan in His Ploy to Subvert the Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
"Trump presses Georgia governor to help subvert election". MarketWatch. Associated Press. December 5, 2020. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
Gardner, Amy; Dawsey, Josh; Bade, Rachael (December 8, 2020). "Trump asks Pennsylvania House speaker for help overturning election results, personally intervening in a third state". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
Hale, Lee; et al. (November 20, 2020). "The Growing Backlash Against Trump's Efforts To Subvert The Election : Consider This from NPR". NPR. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy (December 7, 2020). "House conservatives urge Trump not to concede and press for floor fight over election loss". CNN. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^Burns, Alexander; Martin, Jonathan (November 4, 2021). "As America Awaits a Winner, Trump Falsely Claims He Prevailed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
^Parker, Linda V. (August 25, 2021). "Timothy King v. Gretchen Whitmer, Civil Case No. 20-13134" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
^Finkelstein, Claire O.; Painter, Richard (December 22, 2020). "Invoking Martial Law to Reverse the 2020 Election Could be Criminal Sedition". Just Security. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
^ a b cNickeas, Peter (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump supporters have flooded DC to protest president's election loss". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. pp. 1–10. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1003110361. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations". Government and Opposition. 58 (4). Cambridge University Press: 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. ISSN 0017-257X. S2CID 248033246.
Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – 'overturn' the election outcome. Among the results of this 'Big Lie' campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2021. A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered precisely when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. (2022). "The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations". Government and Opposition. 58 (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. ISSN 0017-257X. S2CID 248033246.
^Shabad, Rebecca; Reilly, Ryan J. (July 18, 2023). "Trump says he's received target letter from special counsel Jack Smith in Jan. 6 probe". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^Lowell, Hugo (October 19, 2023). "Trump's ex-lawyer Sidney Powell pleads guilty in Georgia election case". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
Timberg, Craig (April 15, 2021). "Gallows or guillotines? The chilling debate on TheDonald.win before the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
Jaffe, Logan; DePillis, Lydia; Arnsdorf, Isaac; McSwane, J. David (January 13, 2021). "Trump tweeted 'Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!' and thousands of insurrectionists heeded the call". Orlando Weekly. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
Trump, Donald [@realdonaldtrump] (December 18, 2020). "Peter Navarro releases 36-page report alleging election fraud 'more than sufficient' to swing victory to Trump washex.am/3nwaBCe. A great report by Peter. Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 Election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on December 19, 2020 – via Twitter.
^Kaczynski, Andrew; Steck, Em (January 22, 2022). "Videos show 'Stop the Steal' rally organizer saying he would work with extremist groups". CNN. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
^Montini, EJ (January 10, 2021). "Arizona Reps. Andy Biggs and Paul Gosar implicated by activist in Capitol insurrection". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Grim, Ryan; Chávez, Aída (January 11, 2021). "Freedom Caucus Chair Andy Biggs Helped Plan January 6 Event, Lead Organizer Says". The Intercept. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 9, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Sommer, Will (January 11, 2021). "'Stop the Steal' Organizer in Hiding After Denying Blame for Riot". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Anglen, Robert; Hansen, Ronald J. (January 10, 2021). "Reps. Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs credited in video with organizing Trump crowd in DC on day of riot". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a bMcEvoy, Jemima (January 7, 2021). "Capitol Attack Was Planned Openly Online For Weeks – Police Still Weren't Ready". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^"Stop The Steal Security Project". Archived from the original on January 1, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Reinhard, Beth (December 22, 2022). "Publix heiress was willing to spend $3 million on Jan. 6 rally, documents show". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
Ramachandran, Shalini; Berzon, Alexandra; Ballhaus, Rebecca (February 1, 2021). "Jan. 6 Rally Funded by Top Trump Donor, Helped by Alex Jones, Organizers Say". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
Reinhard, Beth; Alemany, Jacqueline; Dawsey, Josh; Crites, Alice; Tran, Andrew Ba (December 8, 2021). "Low-profile heiress who 'played a strong role' in financing Jan. 6 rally is thrust into spotlight". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
^Corey, Jamie / (January 7, 2021). "Republican Attorneys General Dark Money Group Organized Protest Preceding Capitol Mob Attack". Documented. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Palmer, Ewan (January 12, 2021). "Charlie Kirk Says Not Everyone in Capitol Mob Was an Insurrectionist". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Graziosi, Graig (January 8, 2021). "Alex Jones says he paid $500,000 for rally that led to Capitol riot". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Mihalopoulos, Dan (January 12, 2021). "Chicago-Area Billionaire Gave Millions To 'Patriots' Group That Backed Pro-Trump Rally". WBEZ Chicago. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021. The funding sources for last Wednesday's rally against President Donald Trump's reelection loss are not publicly documented ... On the website for the rally ... 11 groups listed as 'participating in the March to Save America' as part of the '#StopTheSteal coalition'.
^"Join President Donald J. Trump outside the White House on January 6". March to Save America. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
^ a bTanfani, Joseph; Berens, Michael; Parker, Ned (January 11, 2021). "How Trump's pied pipers rallied a faithful mob to the Capitol". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^ a b"CNN Transcripts". CNN. July 15, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
^ a bPeltz, Madeline (October 29, 2021). "Leading up to January 6, Steve Bannon publicly bragged about his behind-the-scene role fomenting the insurrection". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
^ a b c d"Member of Oath Keepers Indicted for Conspiracy and Other Offenses Related to U.S. Capitol Breach". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (Press release). June 24, 2022. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^Lynch, Sarah N. (January 13, 2022). "'A bloody and desperate fight:' U.S. Prosecutors release Oath Keepers' communications". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Feuer, Alan (October 3, 2022). "Prosecution Says Oath Keepers 'Concocted a Plan for Armed Rebellion'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Landay, Jonathan; Gardner, Timothy; Lawder, David (December 13, 2020). "Pro-Trump protests decry president's election loss, opposing groups clash in Washington". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^Khalil, Ashraf (December 13, 2020). "Four People Stabbed and At Least 23 Arrested at Pro-Trump Rally in D.C." Time. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a bKasprak, Alex (December 18, 2020). "Is 6MWE an Anti-Semitic Proud Boys Slogan?". Snopes. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^"Proud Boys' Bigotry is on Full Display". Anti-Defamation League. December 24, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021.
^The January 6th Report: Findings from the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol. Random House Publishing. January 10, 2023. ISBN 9780593597286. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
^Williams, Pete (May 14, 2021). "Proud Boys formed smaller group for Jan. 6, prosecutors say". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i"Indictment of Proud Boys leaders" (PDF). justice.gov. June 6, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^"Office of Public Affairs | Four Oath Keepers Found Guilty of Seditious Conspiracy Related to U.S. Capitol Breach | United States Department of Justice". justice.gov. January 23, 2023. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^"New charges say Proud Boys discussed plan to attack U.S. Capitol". NBC News. March 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Lee, Ella. "'New Years Revolution': What the Proud Boys said on Parler ahead of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Carless, Will (June 15, 2022). "'Devastating piece of evidence': Filing reveals a Proud Boys plan to storm buildings Jan. 6". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023.
^Olmos, Sergio (January 14, 2022). "Guns, ammo ... even a boat: How Oath Keepers plotted an armed coup". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^"Prosecutors fill in details of Proud Boys assault on Capitol". Politico. March 2021. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^ a b cBlake, Aaron (January 28, 2021). "Who could have predicted the Capitol riot? Plenty of people – including Trump allies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ a bLytvyenko, Jane; Hensley-Clancy, Molly (January 6, 2021). "The Rioters Who Took Over The Capitol Have Been Planning Online In The Open For Weeks". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bFrenkel, Sheera (January 6, 2021). "The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Castronuovo, Celine (April 28, 2021). "Officials determined troubling posts did not indicate threat ahead of Capitol riot: report". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
^ a b cDilanian, Ken; Collins, Ben (April 20, 2021). "Feds aren't using posts about plans to attack the Capitol as evidence". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
^Nobles, Ryan; Reilly, Ryan J. (June 27, 2023). "'Planned in plain sight': Senate report finds intel agencies failed in the lead-up to Jan. 6". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
^MacFarlane, Scott; Yarborough, Rick; Jones, Steve (August 17, 2021). "DC Tunnel History Site Flagged Suspicious Activity Before Capitol Insurrection". NBC Washington. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
Cohen, Zachary; Wild, Whitney (January 12, 2021). "FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC". CNN. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Dickson, Caitlin (January 11, 2021). "Exclusive: FBI warns of potential boogaloo violence during Jan. 17 rallies". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
Long, Colleen; Balsamo, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 11, 2021). "FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Hafner, Katherine (January 12, 2021). "'Go there ready for war': FBI's Norfolk office sent warning ahead of Capitol violence, report says". pilotonline.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021.
Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer; Davis, Aaron (January 30, 2021). "'Be ready to fight': FBI probe of U.S. Capitol riot finds evidence detailing coordination of an assault". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (January 12, 2021). "FBI report warned of 'war' at Capitol, contradicting claims there was no indication of looming violence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
Dilanian, Ken (January 12, 2021). "FBI has opened 160 case files for crimes committed during Capitol riot". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Sommer, Will; Suebsaeng, Asawin (January 2, 2021). "Trump Plans to Fight the Election Even After 'Stop the Steal' Rally Ends". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 2, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 8, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
"Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory". Anti-Defamation League. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
"January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three". G4S. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Zadrozny, Brandy; Collins, Ben (January 6, 2021). "Violent threats ripple through far-right internet forums ahead of protest". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
^Demirjian, Karoun; Leonnig, Carol D.; Kane, Paul; Davis, Aaron C. (January 9, 2021). "Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021.
^Leonnig, Carol (January 15, 2021). "Capitol Police intelligence report warned three days before attack that 'Congress itself' could be targeted". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (November 9, 2020). "Trump Fires Mark Esper, His Defense Secretary". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
^"Christopher C. Miller". defense.gov. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
^Trump, Donald [@realDonaldTrump] (November 9, 2020). "I am pleased to announce that Christopher C. Miller, the highly respected Director of the National Counterterrorism Center (unanimously confirmed by the Senate), will be Acting Secretary of Defense, effective immediately" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022 – via Twitter.
^Panetta, Grace (September 16, 2021). "Then-CIA Director Gina Haspel said Trump's post-election behavior was 'insanity' and he was 'acting out like a 6-year-old with a tantrum,' book says". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
^Lamothe, Dan (December 18, 2020). "Trump administration and Biden team at odds about presidential transition in the Pentagon". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^Allen, Mike; Swan, Jonathan (December 18, 2020). "Acting Pentagon chief halts Biden transition briefings". Axios. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
^Robertson, Nick (September 13, 2023). "McConnell didn't reply to Romney's text warning about Jan. 6: book". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ a bFink, Jenni (May 12, 2021). "Trump told Christopher Miller: Do 'whatever is necessary' to protect demonstrators ahead of Capitol riot". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021.
^ a b c dCohen, Zachary; Kaufman, Ellie; Liebermann, Oren (March 3, 2021). "DC National Guard commander says 'unusual' Pentagon restrictions slowed response to Capitol riot". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
^ a bSonne, Paul (January 26, 2021). "Pentagon restricted commander of D.C. Guard ahead of Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
^ a bMyre, Greg (January 7, 2021). "Where Was Security When A Pro-Trump Mob Stormed The Capitol?". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bJankowicz, Mia (April 9, 2021). "US Capitol Police had expired ammunition and ineffective shields on the day of the January 6 riot, scathing internal report says". Business Insider. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
^ a b cMultiple sources:
Beaujon, Andrew (January 5, 2021). "Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
"Public Gathering Permit 21-0278". scribd.com. National Capitol Region, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
"Public Gathering Permit 21-0274" (PDF). National Park Service. January 4, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
"Eight Percent Coalition". Eight Percent Coalition. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021. Fight To Save America
"Save The Republic Rally". Moms For America. January 5, 2021. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
O'Gorek, Elizabeth (January 6, 2021). "Where Are Wednesday's Pro-Trump Protests?". Hill Rag. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
"James Epley (R)". foxcarolina.com. April 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021.
Block, Eliana (January 7, 2021). "This man erected a 15-foot Constitution on the National Mall the same day rioters stormed the Capitol". 13newsnow.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021.
^Ramirez, Stephanie (January 5, 2021). "Several arrested on gun charges as pro-Trump rallies begin in DC". FOX 5 DC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a bPutterman, Samantha (November 18, 2021). "There's still no evidence the FBI incited the Jan. 6 riot, despite claims otherwise". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^Feuer, Alan (May 5, 2022). "New Evidence Undercuts Jan. 6 Instigator Conspiracy Theory". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022. Aside from the clip with Mr. Samsel, Mr. Epps was caught on video standing in a crowd of Trump supporters on the night of Jan. 5, 2021, urging his compatriots to 'go into the Capitol' the next day.
^Feuer, Alan (July 13, 2022). "There's still no evidence the FBI incited the Jan. 6 riot, despite claims otherwise". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^Whitaker, Bill (April 23, 2023). "Ray Epps, a Jan. 6 protester now at the center of a far-right conspiracy, says he relives the Capitol riot every day". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
"What Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Said in the Lead Up to the Capitol Riot". Frontline. PBS. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Carroll, Rory (January 7, 2021). "US Capitol breach". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Steakin, Will; Mosk, Matthew; Meek, James Gordon; Dukakis, Ali (January 15, 2021). "Longtime Trump advisers connected to groups behind rally that led to Capitol attack". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC. AP Archive. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via YouTube.
Kakaounaki, Marianna (January 19, 2021). "Trump was not responsible for Jan 6 violence, ex-campaign aide tells Kathimerini". Ekathimerini. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
Friedman, Dan (January 27, 2021). "Roger Stone Did Something Wrong". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
"Roger Stone Addresses Pro-Trump Rally in Washington, D.C." Bloomberg. January 5, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021 – via YouTube.
^Bunch, Will (February 7, 2021). "Roger Stone, Michael Flynn, and the criminal conspiracy case of U.S. v. Donald Trump". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Stone, Peter (March 22, 2021). "Roger Stone faces fresh scrutiny as Capitol attack investigation expands". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Kunzelman, Michael; Richer, Alanna Durkin (June 1, 2023). "Oath Keeper who guarded Roger Stone before Jan. 6 attack gets more than 4 years in prison". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^ a b cPierce, Charles P. (January 28, 2021). "Tommy Tuberville Denied Insurrection Eve Meeting at Trump Hotel Despite Photos". Esquire. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^Abramson, Seth (January 26, 2021). "January 5 Meeting at Trump International Hotel Could Hold the Key to the January 6 Insurrection". sethabramson.substack.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^Burkhalter, Eddie (January 27, 2021). "Trump appointee says Tuberville met with Trump family, advisers on eve of Capitol attack". Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^Burkhalter, Eddie (January 27, 2021). "Photos put Tuberville in Trump's hotel on Jan. 5 despite denying meeting". Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^Whitmire, Kyle (January 28, 2021). "What have you done now, Tommy Tuberville?". Al.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^"Seeking Information: Pipe Bombs in Washington, D.C." Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
^Date, Jack (March 9, 2021). "New images released of suspect in pipe bombs found at RNC, DNC before Capitol riot". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
^Benner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2021). "An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^McDonald, Cassidy; Triay, Andres; Herridge, Catherine (March 9, 2021). "FBI releases new video of suspected pipe bomber walking near RNC and DNC headquarters". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^Rabinowitz, Hannah; Cole, Devan; Lybrand, Holmes (January 4, 2023). "FBI, ATF and DC police increase reward for information on pipe bombs found near RNC and DNC headquarters to $500,000". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
^Richer, Alanna Durkin; Kunzelman, Michael (January 6, 2024). "Major Jan. 6 Mystery Still Unsolved As Hundreds Of Rioters Convicted". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
^Barr, Luke (January 4, 2023). "2 years later, Jan. 6 pipe bomber remains a mystery". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
^Press-Reynolds, Kieran (June 16, 2022). "As the January 6 hearings focus attention on the Capitol riot, one huge mystery remains". Insider.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
^"'Save America' Rally: Pro-Trump protesters march in Washington, DC". San Mateo Daily Journal. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021. Foley, Ryan (January 6, 2021). "Trump supporters gather in DC for peaceful Save America March before some storm Capitol". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^Sullivan, Margaret (September 30, 2021). "A Trump lawyer wrote an instruction manual for a coup. Why haven't you seen it on the news?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^Hayes, Rob (January 11, 2021). "Faculty call for firing of Chapman University professor who spoke at pro-Trump rally". ABC7 Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Polantz, Katelyn (February 22, 2021). "Oath Keeper claims she was VIP security at Trump rally before riot and says she met with Secret Service agents". CNN. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^Polantz, Katelyn (February 23, 2021). "Oath Keeper now says she didn't meet with Secret Service around the January 6 rally". CNN. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
^Gattis, Paul (January 6, 2021). "Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results". AL.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Edmondson, Catie; Broadwater, Luke (January 13, 2021). "Before Capitol Riot, Republican Lawmakers Fanned the Flames". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
^Pellicer, Lauren (January 6, 2021). "NC Congressional Delegates React To Violence As Pro-Trump Mob Storms US Capitol". Blue Ridge Public Radio. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Graziosi, Graig (January 6, 2021). "Trump's sons declare war on GOP". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^da Silva, Chantal (November 6, 2020). "'Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^Forgey, Quint (January 6, 2021). "'I'm going to be in your backyard': Trump sons threaten primaries for GOP lawmakers". Politico. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^Palma, Bethania (January 6, 2021). "Did Rudy Giuliani Call for 'Trial By Combat' Before Trump Mob Broke Into Capitol?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Flaherty, Colleen (January 11, 2021). "Chapman Faces Pressure to Fire Professor Who Spoke at Trump Rally". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Agrawal, Nina (January 13, 2021). "Chapman University will not fire law professor who spoke at pro-Trump Capitol rally". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^Agrawal, Nina; Ormseth, Matthew (January 14, 2021). "Chapman professor will retire after uproar over his speaking at Trump rally". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^"WildProtest.com". Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
^"Freedom Rally 2021". Freedom Rally 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
^Haberman, Maggie (January 6, 2021). "Trump, speaking to protesters, declares 'we will never concede.'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 7, 2021). "Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term a day after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Morris, David Z. (January 7, 2021). "'We will never concede': How Donald Trump incited an attack on America". Fortune. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Rucker, Philip (January 6, 2021). "Trump's presidency finishes in 'American carnage' as rioters storm the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert; Gore, D'Angelo; Robertson, Lori (January 6, 2021). "Trump's Falsehood-Filled 'Save America' Rally". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Tan, Shelly; Shin, Youjin; Rindler, Danielle (January 9, 2021). "How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a b c d eBlake, Aaron (January 11, 2021). "What Trump said before his supporters stormed the Capitol, annotated". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a b c d e fSavage, Charlie (January 10, 2021). "Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Glantz, Aaron; The Center for Investigative Reporting (January 6, 2021). "Read Pence's full letter saying he can't claim 'unilateral authority' to reject electoral votes". PBS NewsHour. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Andersen, Travis (January 6, 2021). "Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Kranish, Michael (January 13, 2021). "Before riot, Trump said 'we got to get rid' of Rep. Liz Cheney". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Bustillo, Ximena (June 22, 2021). "Witness recalls being told Trump grabbed the wheel when he couldn't go to the Capitol". NPR. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
^"Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States". Congressional Record. February 10, 2021. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^Goodman, Ryan; Hendrix, Justin (January 25, 2021). "'Fight for Trump': Video Evidence of Incitement at the Capitol". Just Security. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
^Grisales, Claudia (January 15, 2021). "'Planned, Coordinated Attack': Former Capitol Police Chief On The Insurrection". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
^Wu, Nicholas; Tully-McManus, Katherine (August 26, 2021). "Capitol Police Lt. Michael Byrd speaks out on fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt". Politico. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ a bVozzella, Laura (January 7, 2021). "Northam recounts call for help from Speaker Pelosi during Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Allen, Jonanthan (June 10, 2022). "Analysis: The Jan. 6 committee's evidence spoke for itself. Is the Justice Department listening?". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
^Jan. 6 committee holds first public hearing in series of eight – 6/9 (Full Live Stream) on YouTube
^Hodges, Lauren (June 10, 2021). "Documentary footage from filmmaker shows evidence that Jan. 6 was a planned attack". NPR. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^Bernard, Katie (January 7, 2021). "A photographer and a fist pump. The story behind the image that will haunt Josh Hawley". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Regnier, Chris (January 7, 2021). "Senator Hawley criticized for acknowledging Capitol protesters with fist pump". KTVI. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Moe, Doug (January 12, 2021). "A Madison woman found the RNC pipe bomb in D.C." Madison Magazine. Madison, Wisconsin: Channel 3000. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^Hamer, Emily (January 14, 2021). "Madison native says she found pipe bomb near RNC office in D.C. by 'sheer luck'". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
^ a bDate, Jack; Barr, Luke (January 7, 2021). "'Hazardous' suspected explosive devices found outside RNC and DNC". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bBalsamo, Michael (January 11, 2021). "Discovery of pipe bombs in D.C. obscured by riot at Capitol". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a b c dSwan, Betsy Woodruff; Cadelago, Christopher; Cheney, Kyle (January 6, 2022). "Harris was inside DNC on Jan. 6 when pipe bomb was discovered outside". Politico. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
^Sanchez, Rosa (January 7, 2021). "FBI posts photo of person who placed suspected pipe bombs outside DNC, RNC". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a b cPress-Reynolds, Kieran (June 16, 2022). "As the January 6 hearings focus attention on the Capitol riot, one huge mystery remains". Insider. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
^Mak, Tim; Raston, Dina-Temple (April 14, 2021). "What We Know About The Suspect Who Planted Bombs Before The Capitol Riot". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Leonnig, Carol D.; Davis, Aaron C.; Hermann, Peter; Demirjian, Karoun (January 10, 2021). "Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^"Representative Tim Ryan News Conference on U.S. Capitol Attack". C-SPAN. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam (January 11, 2021). "Justice Dept. Pursues at Least 150 Suspects in Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Grisales, Claudia (May 10, 2021). "Watchdog: Capitol Police Need to Boost Counterintelligence to Address Rising Threats". NPR. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i jHow the Proud Boys Breached the Capitol | Visual Investigations | The New York Times's channel on YouTube
^Feuer, Alan (October 7, 2021). "Dispute Over Claim That Proud Boys Leader Urged Attack at Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^Cheney, Kyle (April 20, 2023). "Pezzola testimony sheds light on a lingering Jan. 6 mystery — and a critical lie". Politico. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^Feuer, Alan (June 9, 2022). "Three Characters at the Heart of an Unsettling Jan. 6 Narrative". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
^Jan. 6 committee holds first public hearing in series of eight – 6/9 (Full Live Stream) on YouTube
^ a bReneau, Natalie; Cooper, Stella; Feuer, Alan; Byrd, Aaron (June 17, 2022). "Proud Boys Led Major Breaches of Capitol on Jan. 6, Video Investigation Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^Lee, Jessica (January 8, 2021). "Did Trump Watch Capitol Riots From a Private Party Nearby?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Greenberg, Jon; Kim, Noah Y. (January 8, 2021). "Black Lives Matter protests and the Capitol assault: Comparing the police response". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Smith, Harrison; Olivo, Antonio (January 6, 2021). "Rioters use ropes, makeshift ladders to invade Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Schneider, Jessica (December 24, 2021). "New Jan. 6 tape shows 3-hour battle in Capitol tunnel". CNN. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
^"Scenes From an American Insurrection". The Atlantic. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
^ a b c d e fDemirjian, Karoun; Leonnig, Carol D.; Kane, Paul; Davis, Aaron C. (January 9, 2021). "Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ a bHermann, Peter (January 14, 2021). "'We got to hold this door'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^ a bLeonnig, Carol D.; Davis, Aaron C.; Hermann, Peter; Demirjian, Karoun (January 10, 2021). "Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Friedman, Dan (June 28, 2022). "Trump allegedly attacked his own Secret Service agent. That's not even the most explosive news from Tuesday's hearing". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
^ a b cWire, Sarah D. (October 4, 2021). "Jan. 6 rioters exploited little-known Capitol weak spots: A handful of unreinforced windows". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
^"Case 1:23-mj-00208-MAU: Complaint with Arrest Warrant". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (Press release). Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
^Leatherby, Lauren; Ray, Arielle; Singhvi, Anjali; Triebert, Christiaan; Watkins, Derek; Willis, Haley (January 12, 2021). "How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bCooper, Stella; Engelbrecht, Cora; Hill, Evan; Triebert, Christiaan; Willis, Haley (July 2, 2021). "Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol | Visual Investigations". The New York Times. Event occurs at 18:17. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021 – via YouTube.
^Multiple sources:
Lang, Brent; Littleton, Cynthia (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol on Lockdown, Pro-Trump Protestors Breach Police Lines". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Balsamo, Michael; Long, Colleen (January 6, 2021). "The Latest: Schumer says Jan. 6, 2021, will live in infamy". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
"Woman dies after shooting in U.S. Capitol; D.C. National Guard activated after mob breaches building". The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. A mob was able to breach security and successfully enter the building
^"Watch ITV News report from inside US Capitol as Trump supporters storm building". ITV News. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^Kanter, Jake (January 7, 2021). "ITV News Journalist Goes Viral, Wins Praise After Extraordinary Report Following Trump Mob Into Capitol". Deadline. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^Acosta, Jim; Brown, Pamela (January 7, 2021). "Trump pressured Pence to engineer a coup, then put the VP in danger, source says". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Parker, Ashley; Leonnig, Carol D.; Kane, Paul; Brown, Emma (January 15, 2021). "How the rioters who stormed the Capitol came dangerously close to Pence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Andrew, Scottie (January 12, 2021). "How a lone Capitol Police officer lured rioters away from the Senate chambers". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
O'Kane, Caitlin (January 12, 2021). "Black officer seen risking his life to lead Capitol mob away from Senate chamber hailed as a hero". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
Honderich, Holly (January 13, 2021). "Capitol police officer Eugene Goodman hailed as 'a hero'". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Sturdivant, Randolph Terrance (January 11, 2021). "A lone Black officer faced down violent US Capitol mob, fooled them to save lives | Reese's Final Thought". WUSA9. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Longo, Adam; Boykin, Nick (January 11, 2021). "Congressional lawmakers share 'frightening' insight into Capitol riot, how a police officer saved lives". WFAA. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
"'He's a Hero!': Capitol Officer Could Receive Congressional Gold Medal". NBC Washington. January 14, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
Johnson, Jason (January 15, 2021). "Capitol officer Eugene Goodman must not fade into history — it's happened before". TheGrio. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^ a bSasse, Ben (January 16, 2021). "QAnon Is Destroying the GOP From Within". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^Bacon, John (January 11, 2021). "Capitol Police officer being hailed as a hero for drawing angry mob away from Senate floor". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^McLaughlin, Kelly (January 11, 2021). "Capitol Police Officer Eugene Goodman is being hailed as a hero for facing down an angry mob of Trump supporters and drawing them away from the Senate chamber". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Qamar, Aysha (January 14, 2021). "He went viral for saving the Senate, but Army vet Eugene Goodman 'was a hero long before'". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ a bGillum, Jack (January 15, 2021). "'Where They Countin' the Votes?!': New Video Details Tense Moments as Capitol Mob Sought Out Lawmakers". ProPublica. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Scott, Rachel and Alexandra Hutzler (January 6, 2023). "Biden, lawmakers honor officers who defended Capitol on Jan. 6". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
^"Sen. Lankford interrupted while speaking before Senate as rioters enter Capitol". Tulsa World. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bWire, Sarah D. (January 6, 2021). "Reporter inside Capitol describes being in a roomful of people 'panicked that I might inadvertently give away their location'". The Seattle Times. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^"Watch the moment House floor forced into recess as protesters enter Capitol". The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Williams, Michael; Mishanec, Nora; Li, Roland; Fracassa, Dominic (January 6, 2021). "Live updates: Twitter says users discussing second attack on U.S. Capitol on Jan. 17". Laredo Morning Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bFandos, Nicholas; Schaff, Erin; Cochrane, Emily (January 7, 2021). "'Senate Being Locked Down': Inside a Harrowing Day at the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Harvey, Olivia (January 7, 2021). "The Photos of These Women Saving the Ballot Boxes Belong in History Books". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Pramuk, Jacob (January 6, 2021). "Senate salvages Electoral College ballots before rioters break into the chamber". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021. Electoral college ballots rescued from the Senate floor. If our capable floor staff hadn't grabbed them, they would have been burned by the mob.
^Blake, Aaron (April 26, 2022). "Analysis – A top Democrat ties Pence's 'I'm not getting in the car' to Jan. 6 'coup'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
^Pierce, Charles P. (April 25, 2022). "Who Was Mike Pence's Secret Service Detail Working for on January 6?". Esquire. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
^ a bMorris, Seren (January 7, 2021). "Video of Senate Office Ransacked in Capitol Chaos Viewed Over 5 Million Times". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Romboy, Dennis (January 7, 2021). "How President Trump misdialed Utah Sen. Mike Lee while the Capitol was under siege". Deseret News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a b c dSerfaty, Sunlen; Cole, Devan; Rogers, Alex (January 8, 2021). "As riot raged at Capitol, Trump tried to call senators to overturn election". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a bKane, Paul (January 6, 2021). "Inside the assault on the Capitol: Evacuating the Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g"Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead". WWSB. Associated Press. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Kois, Dan (January 8, 2021). "They Were Out for Blood". Slate. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Hensley-Clancy, Molly; Nashrulla, Tasneem; Baird, Addy; Jamieson, Amber; Namako, Tom; Hall, Ellie; McLeod, Paul; Baer, Stephanie K. (January 6, 2021). "Trump Launched A Deadly Attempted Coup, Encouraging A Mob To Breach The US Capitol Building Because He Lost The Presidential Election". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Cheney, Liz (2023). Oath and honor: a memoir and a warning (First ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-57206-4. OCLC 1377423118.
^ a b cSwaine, Jon; Bennett, Dalton; Sohyun Lee, Joyce; Kelly, Meg (January 8, 2021). "Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Caygle, Heather; Ferris, Sarah (January 12, 2021). "Inside Pelosi's push to impeach Trump: This time it's personal". Politico. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Fandos, Nicholas; Cochrane, Emily; Sullivan, Eileen; Thrush, Glenn; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (January 6, 2021). "Pence and lawmakers evacuated as protesters storm the Capitol, halting Congress's counting of electoral votes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ a bKanno-Youngs, Zolan; Tavernise, Sabrina; Cochrane, Emily (January 7, 2021). "As House Was Breached, a Fear 'We'd Have to Fight' to Get Out". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a bBerge, Clint (January 6, 2021). "Armed standoff inside US Capitol, shots fired". WQOW. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^"Violent pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Chowdhury, Maureen (January 6, 2021). "Lawmaker says staff were able to remove electoral ballots before rioters breached Senate floor". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^"Police draw guns inside the Capitol". The New York Times. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Tan, Rebecca; Jamison, Peter; Leonnig, Carol D.; Flynn, Meagan; Cox, John Woodrow (January 6, 2021). "Trump supporters storm U.S. Capitol, with one woman killed and tear gas fired". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Ulloa, Jasmine; Annear, Steve (January 12, 2021). "'It was like looking at evil': The Capitol attack through the eyes of the Massachusetts delegation". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Sargent, Greg (February 8, 2021). "One mystery involving the insurrection may be close to getting solved". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^ a b cKavi, Aishvarya (January 13, 2021). "Lawmakers recount feeling unsafe because of colleagues' behavior during Capitol siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Chung, Gabrielle (January 6, 2021). "Nancy Pelosi's Office Occupied by Pro-Trump Rioters amid Chaos at U.S. Capitol". People. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
Lee, Timothy B. (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump reporter gloats over access to fleeing Hill staffer's computer". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
"Arkansas man admits to storming Capitol, sitting at Nancy Pelosi's desk". thv11.com. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bBenner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2021). "Live Updates: Pro-Trump Mob Breaches Capitol, Halting Vote Certification". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ a bSchaff, Erin; Tavernise, Sabrina (January 6, 2021). "Marauding protesters vandalize Speaker Pelosi's office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^Brewster, Thomas (January 7, 2021). "Capitol Hill Mob Accessed Congressional Computers – 'Consider Them All Compromised'". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Watts, Clint (January 15, 2022). "We're training our own insurrectionists: Extremists like the Oath Keepers use their military skills to advance their plots". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
^Balsamo, Michael; Long, Colleen; Richer, Alanna Durkin. "Seditious conspiracy: 11 Oath Keepers charged in Jan. 6 riot". Detroit News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
^Cathey, Libby; Thorbecke, Catherine; Winsor, Morgan; Sanchez, Rosa (January 7, 2021). "Congressman recalls moment woman was shot inside Capitol building". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
^ a b cMascaro, Lisa; Fox, Ben; Baldor, Lolita C. (April 10, 2021). "'Clear the Capitol', Pence pleaded, timeline of riot shows". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
^Schultz, Connie (January 5, 2022). "'We Were Trapped': Trauma of Jan. 6 Lingers for Lawmakers". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^Perez, Evan; Polantz, Katelyn; LeBlanc, Paul (February 2, 2021). "Investigators recommend no charges for US Capitol Police officer accused of killing pro-Trump rioter during insurrection, sources say". CNN. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^Parker, Don (March 11, 2021). "DC-area man indicted. He was standing next to Ashli Babbitt when she was shot in Capitol". WJLA-TV. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^King, Ledyard (February 10, 2021). "Harrowing new footage shows how close the mob got to Pence, Congress and staff during Jan. 6 assault". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^'It could have been me but she went in first' | Pro-Trump rioter saw woman shot in Capitol. WUSA9. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Adams, Cheryle (April 7, 2021). "Medical examiner's statement" (PDF). Judicial Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
^"Capitol Police officer who fatally shot Ashli Babbitt formally exonerated". FOX 5 DC. August 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
^"The Journey of Ashli Babbitt". Bellingcat. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
^Wagner, Dennis; Daniels, Melissa; Hauck, Grace (January 7, 2021). "California woman killed during Capitol riot was a military veteran and staunch Trump supporter". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. Babbitt served in the Air Force under the married name of Ashli Elizabeth McEntee ... she had been a staunch Trump supporter
^Fischer, Jordan (April 13, 2023). "'Selfless' Connecticut man who crushed officer in doorframe sentenced to 7.5 years in prison". WUSA9. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
^Boboltz, Sara (October 27, 2022). "Jan. 6 Rioter Who Grabbed Mike Fanone And Screamed 'I Got One' Gets 7.5 Years". HuffPost. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
^"Videos show Pelosi's reaction during the January 6 Capitol riot (1:58–2:07)". MSNBC.com. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
^Hermann, Peter (December 20, 2021). "Fanone resigns from D.C. police force 11 months after battling rioters at Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. Michael Fanone, the D.C. police officer who was dragged into a mob and beaten during the Jan. 6 attack at the U.S. Capitol and later publicly excoriated lawmakers and others who downplayed the attack, said he submitted his resignation from the force Monday.
^Polantz, Katelyn; Lybrand, Holmes; Rabinowitz, Hannah (December 1, 2021). "Capitol rioter describes his assault of police officer". CNN. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. 'This is not how we back the blue. And I tased one of them,' Rodriguez said in the interview. When asked what he would tell Fanone now, Rodriguez sobbed, then muttered, with his head down: 'I'm sorry he had to go through that. It's not right that he had to suffer like that. And it puts fear in him and worrying about his life. He was scared for his own life and thought about having to kill us. And he was willing to die because of his beliefs, too.'
^Recker, Jane (August 5, 2021). "8 Gripping Details From Time's Cover Story on DC Cop Michael Fanone". Washingtonian. Retrieved December 28, 2021. Time Magazine just released a new profile on Michael Fanone, the DC cop and narcotics officer who gained notoriety for his bravery in defending the US Capitol on January 6 (bodycam footage shows that he was tased, beaten with pipes, dragged down the Capitol steps, and threatened with his own gun) and for his continuing efforts to keep the day from being forgotten.
^Lybrand, Holmes (June 21, 2023). "Man who used a stun gun to attack Michael Fanone on January 6 sentenced to over 12 years in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
^ a bParker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh; Rucker, Philip (January 11, 2021). "Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Attack Leads Democrats to Demand That Trump Leave Office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Acosta, Jim (January 6, 2021). "The Presidential Election Congress Counts the Vote". CNN. Internet Archive. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^Sherman, Gabriel (January 7, 2021). "'They're Being Told to Stay Away from Trump': After a Day of Violence and 25th Amendment Chatter, Trump's Allies are Jumping Ship". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Lowell, Hugo [@hugolowell] (February 13, 2021). "Sen. Lee call record clearly shows, per source, that Trump called at 2:46p – after Pence had been evacuated at 2:15p – and must have known that his VP was in danger before he tweeted attack at Pence" (Tweet). Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2024 – via Twitter.
^Faulders, Katherine; Levine, Mike; Mallin, Alexander; Steakin, Will (January 7, 2024). "Special counsel probe uncovers new details about Trump's inaction on Jan. 6: Sources". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^Breuninger, Kevin (December 13, 2021). "Jan. 6 panel recommends contempt for Meadows, reveals panicked texts from Trump Jr., Fox hosts over riot". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
^Jaffe, Alexandra; Freking, Kevin (January 6, 2021). "Amid violence, Trump says, 'Remember this day forever!'". KCBD. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^Gangel, Jamie; Liptak, Kevin; Warren, Michael; Cohen, Marshall (February 12, 2021). "New details about Trump-McCarthy shouting match show Trump refused to call off the rioters". CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^"PN22 – Chad F. Wolf – Department of Homeland Security". U.S. Congress. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^"Three Nominations and One Withdrawal Sent to the Senate". whitehouse.gov (Press release). January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via National Archives.
^Seddiq, Oma (January 8, 2021). "White House withdraws nomination of Wolf to head DHS". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^"Trump withdraws nomination for acting DHS secretary Chad Wolf, who had pushed the president to denounce the violence at the Capitol". Reuters. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Gearan, Anne; Dawsey, Josh (January 7, 2021). "Trump issued a call to arms. Then he urged his followers 'to remember this day forever!'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ a bPengelly, Martin (June 28, 2022). "Trump knew crowd at rally was armed yet demanded they be allowed to march". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^Dale, Daniel; Cohen, Marshall (January 5, 2022). "Fact check: Five enduring lies about the Capitol insurrection". CNN. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
^Mayorquin, Orlando (June 28, 2022). "What are 'mags,' and why did ex-Meadows aide bring them up at the Jan. 6 hearings?". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^Vogt, Adrienne; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi; Macaya, Melissa; Hayes, Mike (June 28, 2022). "Jan. 6 committee holds sixth hearing". CNN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^Beitsch, Rebecca (June 22, 2022). "Secret Service pledges response to Trump motorcade allegations". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Gray, Noah; Cohen, Zachary (July 1, 2022). "Accounts of Trump angrily demanding to go to Capitol on January 6 circulated in Secret Service over past year". CNN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Cheney, Kyle (July 1, 2022). "The Secret Service agent at the center of that anecdote about a fuming Donald Trump didn't tell colleagues about his Jan. 6 experience for at least 14 months, he's testified". Politico. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Gangel, Jamie; Grayer, Annie (July 14, 2022). "DC police officer in Trump Jan. 6 motorcade corroborates details of heated Secret Service exchange to committee". CNN. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Brennan, Margaret (June 3, 2022). "Pence chief of staff alerted Secret Service of risk to Pence on eve of Jan. 6". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Gilbert, David (January 6, 2021). "QAnon Supporters Are Calling for Violence at Pro-Trump Protests". Vice. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
^Watkins, Ron [@CodeMonkeyZ] (January 7, 2021). "'Rosenstein, together with Pence's knowledge and consent, went on to help engineer the entire coup attempt against President Trump [...] and promote Pence to the Presidency, at which point, Pence would turn around and appoint Rod Rosenstein as VP.'" (Tweet). Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2024 – via Twitter.
^ a bColvin, Jill (January 8, 2021). "Hurt feelings, anger linger after Pence, Trump clash". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Frenkel, Sheera (January 8, 2021). "The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Leonnig, Carol D. (January 8, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Barbaro, Michael (January 8, 2021). "How They Stormed Congress". The Daily (New York Times podcast). Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Sheth, Sonam (January 8, 2021). "A Reuters photographer says he overheard pro-Trump insurrectionists saying they wanted to hang Mike Pence at the Capitol". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Bobic, Igor (July 22, 2022). "Mike Pence's Security Detail Feared For Their Lives During January 6 Capitol Riot". HuffPost. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
^Haberman, Maggie; Broadwater, Luke (May 25, 2022). "Trump Said to Have Reacted Approvingly to Jan. 6 Chants About Hanging Pence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ... told colleagues that President Donald J. Trump was complaining that the vice president was being whisked to safety. Mr. Meadows, according to an account provided to the House committee investigating Jan. 6, then told the colleagues that Mr. Trump had said something to the effect of, maybe Mr. Pence should be hanged. ... Another witness, Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to Mr. Meadows who was present in his office when he recounted Mr. Trump's remarks, was asked by the committee about the account and confirmed it, according to the people familiar with the panel's work.
^Alemany, Jacqueline; Dawsey, Josh (May 25, 2022). "Jan. 6 panel is told that Trump indicated support for hanging Pence during insurrection". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
^Dawson, Bethany (March 12, 2023). "Former VP Mike Pence accuses 'reckless' Donald Trump of endangering his family during the January 6 riots". Business Insider. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Gangel, Jamie (January 3, 2022). "January 6 committee has 'firsthand' knowledge of Trump's behavior during the riot from multiple sources". CNN News. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ a bBroadwater, Luke (June 9, 2022). "'Trump Was at the Center': Jan. 6 Hearing Lays Out Case in Vivid Detail". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
^ a bBaker, Peter (June 9, 2022). "Trump Is Depicted as a Would-Be Autocrat Seeking to Hang Onto Power at All Costs – As the Jan. 6 committee outlined during its prime-time hearing, Donald J. Trump executed a seven-part conspiracy to overturn a free and fair democratic election". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
^Colarossi, Natalie (June 11, 2022). "Trump 'failed in duty' on Jan. 6, 'reveled in' riot, says GOP Rep. Tom Rice". Newsweek. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
^ a b cBertrand, Natasha (January 7, 2021). "Justice Department warns of national security fallout from Capitol Hill insurrection". Politico. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a b cSund, Steven. Courage Under Fire: Under Siege and Outnumbered 58 to 1 on January 6. ISBN 9798200983520.
^Watson, Kathryn (February 16, 2021). "Capitol Police officers give vote of no confidence in leaders". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Kelety, Josh (October 18, 2022). "Trump did not sign an order to deploy 20,000 troops on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
Lajka, Arijeta (July 23, 2021). "Pelosi did not block the National Guard from the Capitol on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
Paybarah, Azi (October 14, 2022). "Jan. 6 video undermines Trump's repeated efforts to blame Pelosi for Capitol security". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
Blake, Aaron (October 14, 2022). "The new Jan. 6 video, and the other baseless GOP claim about Pelosi". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
Kessler, Glenn (January 4, 2023). "Jan. 6 committee yet again debunks Trump claim of 10,000 troops". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ a bLamothe, Dan; Sonne, Paul; Leonnig, Carol D.; Davis, Aaron C. (January 20, 2021). "Army falsely denied Flynn's brother was involved in key part of military response to Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^"PN2368 — Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn — Army". U.S. Congress. December 20, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^Arkin, William M. (January 21, 2021). "Exclusive: How officials' fear of Donald Trump paralyzed intelligence agencies, led to Capitol riot". Newsweek. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^"Propublica Capitol Videos 12:53". January 17, 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Peterson, Beatrice; Winsor, Morgan (May 13, 2021). "Former acting defense secretary testifies he was trying to avoid another Kent State on Jan. 6". ABC News. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^Mallin, Alexander; Peterson, Beatrice (March 3, 2021). "Lawmakers grill officials on Jan. 6 timeline for deploying National Guard to Capitol". ABC News. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Leonnig, Carol D. (January 1, 2023). "Ex-Capitol police chief: FBI, DHS, Pentagon failed on Jan. 6". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Swan, Betsy Woodruff; McGraw, Meridith (December 6, 2021). "'Absolute liars': Ex-D.C. Guard official says generals lied to Congress about Jan. 6". Politico. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Holmes, Jack (February 9, 2023). "Why Did the National Guard Take So Long to Get to the Capitol on January 6?". Esquire. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Graziosi, Graig (January 12, 2021). "'QAnon Congresswoman' Lauren Boebert faces calls to resign after tweeting information about Nancy Pelosi during Capitol riot". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Rogers, Katie; Philipps, Dave (January 13, 2021). "A Republican Lawmaker for Whom the Spectacle Is the Point". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Itkowitz, Colby (January 12, 2021). "The lockdown room was a safe space for lawmakers under siege. Now some say maskless Republicans made it a coronavirus hot spot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Rein, Lisa (April 6, 2023). "Probe widens into federal watchdog over missing Jan. 6 Secret Service texts". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^Jacobs, Ben (July 23, 2022). "The Secret Service's deleted text message scandal, and the criminal investigation into it, explained". Vox. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Macias, Amanda (January 7, 2021). "Trump withdraws Chad Wolf nomination to lead Homeland Security hours after he urged president to condemn riot". CNBC. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Haberman, Maggie (July 21, 2022). "Watchdog Informs Secret Service of Criminal Inquiry into Missing Texts". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ a b c d eBiesecker, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael; Flaccus, Gillian; Mustian, Jim (January 10, 2021). "Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021. The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, and white supremacists. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.
^ a bJelten, Tom (January 19, 2021). "Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot". NPR. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
^ a bBarrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S.; Lang, Marissa J. (January 14, 2021). "Dozens of people on FBI terrorist watch list came to D.C. the day of Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^"Who Are Boogaloos, Who Were Visible at the Capitol and Later Rallies?". Southern Poverty Law Center. January 27, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
^Green, Jordan (August 4, 2021). "'Good Way to Die': The Moonies and the Jan. 6 Insurrection". DC Report. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^Barrett, Malachi (January 7, 2021). "Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan". MLive.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
^Rapoport, David C. (2021). "The Capitol Attack and the 5th Terrorism Wave". Terrorism and Political Violence. 33 (5): 912–916. doi:10.1080/09546553.2021.1932338. S2CID 236457455.
^Hauslohner, Abigail (April 8, 2021). "After members were charged in the Capitol riot, one group says it's more popular than ever". Seattle Times. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^Datar, Saurabh; Dooling, Shannon (February 5, 2021). "Capitol Protesters And Rioters From Mass. Vow To Increase Ranks". wbur.org. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
^"Texas Man Sentenced to 52 Months in Prison For Assaulting Law Enforcement Officers During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (Press release). September 28, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^"Summoning a mob to Washington, and knowing they were angry and armed, instructing them to march to the Capitol". j6.report. January 6th Committe. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
^Glasser, Susan (June 16, 2022). "What We Learned About Trump, Pence, and the January 6th Mob". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
^Boboltz, Sara (July 7, 2023). "Rioter Linked To Proud Boys Sentenced For Attacking Cops On Jan. 6". HuffPost. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
^Mallin, Alexander (August 31, 2023). "Former Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs, Zachary Rehl sentenced for Jan. 6 sedition". ABC News. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Reilly, Ryan J.; Barnes, Daniel (September 1, 2023). "Proud Boy who smashed Capitol window with police shield sentenced to 10 years". NBC News. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^ a bKriner, Matthew; Lewis, Jon (December 22, 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Oath Keepers and Their Role in the January 6 Insurrection" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (10). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^Sources:
Bella, Timothy (November 24, 2021). "A Broadway actor was with Oath Keepers on Jan. 6, feds say. His Michael Jackson jacket gave him away". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
Tully, Tracey (October 27, 2021). "An Oath Keeper Was at the Capitol Riot. On Tuesday, He's on the Ballot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
^Boboltz, Sara (May 25, 2023). "Oath Keepers Founder Sentenced For Seditious Conspiracy Over Jan. 6 Capitol Riot". HuffPost. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
^Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam (January 13, 2021). "Oath Keepers Leader Charged With Conspiracy in Jan. 6 Investigation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Hsu, Spencer S.; Jackman, Tom; Weiner, Rachel (November 29, 2022). "Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes guilty of seditious conspiracy". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Matza, Max; Yousif, Nadine (November 29, 2022). "Oath Keepers: Two members of far-right militia guilty of US sedition". BBC News. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ a bPolantz, Katelyn; Rabinowitz, Hannah (July 13, 2023). "Justice Department appealing prison sentences given to convicted Oath Keepers members". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^Kunzelman, Michael; Richer, Alanna Durkin; Whitehurst, Lindsay (May 25, 2023). "Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy in Jan. 6 attack". Associated Press. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^"Court Sentences Two Oath Keepers Leaders to 18 Years in Prison on Seditious Conspiracy and Other Charges Related to U.S. Capitol Breach". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (Press release). May 25, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Hsu, Spencer S. (May 26, 2023). "More Oath Keepers convicted with Rhodes for Jan. 6 attack are sentenced". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Billeaud, Jacques (November 17, 2021). "Jan. 6 rioter known as 'QAnon Shaman' sentenced to 41 months". PBS. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Martineau, Paris (December 19, 2017). "The Storm Is the New Pizzagate – Only Worse". New York. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^
Guglielmi, Giorgia (October 28, 2020). "The next-generation bots interfering with the US election". Nature. 587 (7832): 21. Bibcode:2020Natur.587...21G. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03034-5. PMID 33116324.
Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (August 10, 2018). "The far right is struggling to contain Qanon after giving it life". NBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Rosenberg, Eli (November 30, 2018). "Pence shares picture of himself meeting a SWAT officer with a QAnon conspiracy patch". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Iannelli, Jerry (November 30, 2018). "South Florida Cop Wore 'QAnon' Conspiracy Patch With Mike Pence". Miami New Times. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Moore, McKenna (August 1, 2018). "What You Need to Know About Far-Right Conspiracy QAnon". Fortune. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Roose, Kevin (July 10, 2019). "Trump Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Right-Wing Social Media Trolls". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
^ a bBracewell, Lorna (January 21, 2021). "Gender, Populism, and the QAnon Conspiracy Movement". Frontiers in Sociology. 5. Cardiff, England: Frontiers Media: 615727. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727. ISSN 2297-7775. PMC 8022489. PMID 33869533. S2CID 231654586.
^ a bCrossley, James (September 2021). "The Apocalypse and Political Discourse in an Age of COVID". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 44 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 93–111. doi:10.1177/0142064X211025464. ISSN 1745-5294. S2CID 237329082.
^Kunzelman, Michael; Slevin, Colleen (February 9, 2020). "'QAnon' conspiracy theory creeps into mainstream politics". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
^"QAnon: The conspiracy theory embraced by Trump, several politicians, and some American moms". Vox. October 9, 2020. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
^Zuckerman, Ethan (July 2019). "QAnon and the Emergence of the Unreal" (PDF). Journal of Design and Science (6). London, England: Taylor & Francis: 1–5.
^Multiple sources:[409][410][411][412][413]
^Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 8, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^"Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory". Anti-Defamation League. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^"January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three". G4S. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Culbertson, Alix (January 8, 2021). "US Capitol: Q-Anon, Confederate flag man, and Baked Alaska – here are the people who stormed the building". Sky News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth; Manson, Katrina (January 7, 2021). "Who were the Capitol insurrectionists?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Ruelas, Richard (January 6, 2021). "QAnon supporter from Arizona dressed in fur and horns joins storming of US Capitol". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Keller, Aaron (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump Woman Shot and Killed at U.S. Capitol Retweeted Attorney Lin Wood's 'Must Be Done' List Before She Died". Law & Crime. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021. A Twitter account linked to Babbitt, which was reviewed extensively by Law&Crime Wednesday night, indicates that Babbitt was a staunch QAnon follower who retweeted dozens of conspiracy-theory-laden missives originally posted by Georgia attorney L. Lin Wood.
^Zadrozny, Brandy; Gains, Mosheh (January 7, 2021). "Woman killed in Capitol was Trump supporter who embraced conspiracy theories". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Trotta, Daniel; Borter, Gabriella; Allen, Jonathan (January 7, 2021). "Woman killed in siege of U.S. Capitol was veteran who embraced conspiracy theories". Reuters. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ a bSchor, Elana (January 13, 2021). "Anti-Semitism seen in Capitol insurrection raises alarms". Daily Herald. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Brest, Mike (January 13, 2021). "Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt at Capitol riot arrested". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Dempsey, Janelle; Fowler, Erin; Sellstrom, Oren (January 13, 2021). "There Are White Supremacist Hate Groups Everywhere. Even In 'Blue' Mass". WBUR-FM. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
^"Nationalist Social Club (NSC)". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
^Somos, Christy (January 8, 2021). "These are some of the extremist groups responsible for the violence on Capitol Hill". CTVNews. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
^Makuch, Ben (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a bMcLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bMultiple sources:
Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021. During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.
^Contreras, Russell (January 8, 2021). "Descendant of Robert E. Lee says Confederate flag at Capitol was 'treasonous'". Axios. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Anderson, Javonte (January 7, 2021). "Capitol riot images showing Confederate flag a reminder of country's darkest past". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Tumlin, Remy (January 6, 2021). "Evening Briefing Special Edition: A Pro-Trump Mob Storms the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
Eddy, Melissa (January 8, 2021). "Amid the Rampage at the U.S. Capitol, a Sweatshirt Stirs Troubling Memories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott (January 10, 2021). "Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt during Capitol riot identified". CNN. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^"Indian flag waved in the middle of mob at the attack on US Capitol building". The News Minute. TNM. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^"Tharoor and Varun spat on Twitter over tricolour at Capitol". Times of India. ToI. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^"Sextortion Coms: Inside a Vile Child Exploitation Cult Run by Nazi-Linked Teens". Unicorn Riot. March 13, 2024.
^Evans, Robert (August 16, 2022). "Woman Accused of Stealing Nancy Pelosi's Laptop Appears in Video Making Nazi Salute". Bellingcat. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
^ a bRabinowitz, Hannah (October 7, 2021). "Woman charged with stealing a laptop from Pelosi's office during US Capitol riot". CNN. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^"Harrisburg woman pleads not guilty to 8 charges related to U.S. Capitol riot". WGAL. October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ a bShoaib, Alia (October 9, 2021). "Capitol rioter suspected of stealing laptop from Nancy Pelosi's office is charged. Her plot to sell it to Russian spies is still being investigated, says report". Business Insider. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^Williams, Cyera (March 23, 2023). "Woman who stole Pelosi's laptop sentenced to 36 months in prison". Fox 43. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Libowitz, Jordan (August 16, 2022). "The Secret Service knew about Jan 6 threat. They dismissed it". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. Retrieved August 16, 2022. Groups identified as coming with a potential to cause violence included the Oath Keepers, the 3%ers and neo-Nazi groups Atomwaffen and StormFront.
^Hesson, Ted; Parker, Ned; Harte, Julia (January 8, 2021). "U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists". Reuters. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^"Identifying far-right symbols that appeared at the U.S. Capitol riot". The Washington Post. January 15, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^Rose, Emma (January 15, 2021). "The Many Flags That Flew During the US Capitol's Storming and What They Represent". The Wire (India). Archived from the original on January 15, 2021.
^ a bCastronuovo, Celine (January 9, 2021). "Flags, signs and other items left behind in Capitol riot to be preserved as historical artifacts". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021. Flags, signs and other items left throughout the Capitol by rioters who stormed the building Wednesday will be preserved as historical artifacts in the House and Senate collections and shared with national museums...Frank Blazich, a curator from the National Museum of American History, also collected signs and other items left at the scene of the chaos, including a sign that read, 'Off with their heads: Stop the steal'.
^Devine, Curt; Griffin, Drew (February 4, 2021). "Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories". CNN. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^Satija, Neena (January 12, 2021). "'I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Dazio, Staphsnie (January 19, 2021). "Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^Dyer O (2022). "Founder of America's Frontline Doctors is sentenced to prison for role in Capitol riot". BMJ. 377: o1533. doi:10.1136/bmj.o1533. PMID 35732330. S2CID 249891548.
^Buchanan, Joe (January 8, 2021). "W.Va. Delegate Derrick Evans has been federally charged". WDTV. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^McElhinny, Brad (January 9, 2021). "Derrick Evans resigns W.Va. House after entering U.S. Capitol with mob". West Virginia MetroNews. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Moomaw, Graham (January 27, 2021). "'A badge of shame': Virginia Senate votes to censure Amanda Chase". Virginia Mercury. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^Myers, Meghann; Shane III, Leo; South, Todd; Rempfer, Kyle (January 11, 2021). "How many troops were involved in the Capitol riot? Figuring that out won't be easy". Military Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Vanden Brook, Tom (January 11, 2021). "In wake of Capitol riot, active-duty Army officer under investigation". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Driesbach, Tom; Anderson, Meg (January 21, 2021). "Nearly 1 In 5 Defendants In Capitol Riot Cases Served In The Military". NPR. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^ a b"Veterans and Extremism: What We Know". Anti-Defamation League. June 16, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^Bellware, Kim (January 9, 2021). "Police departments across the U.S. open probes into whether their own members took part in the Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Stelloh, Tim; Moe, Alex; Talbot, Haley (January 11, 2021). "2 Capitol police officers suspended, 1 possibly arrested over pro-Trump riot, congressman says". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Nickeas, Peter; Grayer, Annie; Nobles, Ryan (January 12, 2021). "2 Capitol Police officers suspended and at least 10 more under investigation for alleged roles in riot". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^Pape, Robert A.; Ruby, Keven (February 2, 2021). "The Capitol Rioters Aren't Like Other Extremists". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
^Stelter, Brian (January 9, 2021). "CNN's Elle Reeve: 'Donald Trump plus the Internet brings extremism to the masses'". WENY-TV. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Penzenstadler, Nick (January 14, 2021). "Internet detectives swarmed the effort to ID Capitol riot mob, with mixed results". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Demirjian, Karoun (February 25, 2021). "Acting Capitol Police chief: More than 10,000 rioters came onto Capitol grounds and more than 800 breached the building". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Goudie, Chuck et al. “Kane County Man’s Plea Deal for U.S. Capitol Riot Shows How FBI is Going After Nonviolent Participants”, WLS-TV (Dec 19, 2023).
^Kinstler, Linda. “Jan. 6, America’s Rupture and the Strange, Forgotten Power of Oblivion”, New York Times (Jun 15, 2024): “for every violent rioter justly tried and punished, there have been many nonviolent offenders summoned to court.”
^Lucas, Ryan. “Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later”, NPR (6 Jan 2022): “In the past year, the FBI and the public have learned a lot about who the rioters were and what motivated them, and they fall into three general categories. The first are the so-called MAGA tourists. These are Trump supporters who entered the Capitol but didn't engage in violence or destroy property.”
^ a bWild, Whitney; Herb, Jeremy; Foreman, Tom (February 15, 2021). "New radio and video footage from Capitol riot shows a coordinated attack and officers' restraint". CNN. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^"Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States" (PDF). Congressional Record: Senate. February 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Biesecker, Michael; Bleiberg, Jake; Laporta, James (January 15, 2021). "Capitol rioters included highly trained ex-military and cops". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^Loller, Travis (January 21, 2021). "Attorneys: Tennessee man in Capitol riot danger to community". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^Alund, Natalie Neysa; Timms, Mariah (January 22, 2021). "Authorities found sniper rifle, handcuffs in home of accused 'zip tie guy' in Capitol riot". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^Tillman, Zoe (November 8, 2021). "Guns, Knives, And A Skateboard: A Guide To The Weapons At The Capitol Riot". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ a bSchapiro, Rich; Schecter, Anna; Damberg, Chelsea (August 27, 2021). "Officer who shot Ashli Babbitt speaks after months in hiding: 'I saved countless lives'". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^Turley, Jonathan (August 28, 2021). "Justified shooting or fair game? Shooter of Ashli Babbitt makes shocking admission". The Hill. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^"Knife (Ashley Babbitt)". Judicial Watch. November 12, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
^"Investigative Report Concerning the Use of Force (Glock 22 .40 caliber service pistol) by United States Capitol Police Lieutenant Michael Byrd" (PDF). Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia Internal Affairs Bureau. June 16, 2021. pp. 240, 524. Retrieved March 30, 2023. Recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket;
^Neumann, Ann (March 30, 2023). "'I see this as a global fascist moment': author Jeff Sharlet on interviewing far-right Americans". The Guardian. Retrieved March 30, 2023. They would say she's unarmed, but it's not true. She was carrying a knife. There's a photo of [Babbitt's knife] on the cover of the book. You could say, well, it's a small knife. Really? That knife is plenty big enough.
^Lawder, David (January 8, 2021). "Trump to blame for death of woman trampled in Capitol riot, family member says". Reuters. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bHermann, Peter; Hsu, Spencer S. (April 19, 2021). "Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
^Dartunorro, Clark; Thorp V, Frank (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Police officer dies from injuries after clashing with pro-Trump mob". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^"Loss of USCP Officer Brian D. Sicknick" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Capitol Police. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Hardy, Jennifer (April 19, 2021). "Officer's death after insurrection was ruled 'natural causes'". KLKN. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
^Wishwanatha, Aruna (April 21, 2021). "Officer Brian Sicknick: What We Know About His Death". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^Multiple sources:
"Police officer in Capitol riot died from natural causes, says coroner". Agence France Presse. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
"Brian Sicknick: US Capitol riot policeman 'died of natural causes'". BBC News. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
Breuninger, Kevin (April 19, 2021). "Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
"US officer died of natural causes after Capitol riot: Coroner". Al Jazeera. April 19, 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021.
^"Update: Capitol police officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes". PolitiFact. April 20, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
^Melendez, Pilar (April 7, 2021). "Capitol Rioter Rosanne Boyland Died From Drug Overdose, Not Trampling". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^"Transcript: Cause of Death". NBC News. February 10, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^Hermann, Peter (February 11, 2021). "Two officers who helped fight the Capitol mob died of suicide, Many more are hurting". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^Kaplan, Michael (March 18, 2021). "U.S. Capitol Police 'must be held accountable' says wife of officer who died by suicide". CBS News. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^Hermann, Peter (August 14, 2021). "Family of D.C. officer who died by suicide after Capitol riot files lawsuit against alleged attackers". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^Reilly, Ryan J. (August 18, 2023). "DOJ finds police officer's suicide after Jan. 6 attack was a death in the line of duty". NBC News. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^Wild, Whitney; LeBlanc, Paul; Rose, Rashard (August 3, 2021). "2 more DC police officers who responded to Capitol insurrection have died by suicide". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^Katelyn Polantz (June 2, 2021). "Senate chamber trespasser pleads guilty and faces more than a year in prison". CNN. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^Peter Hermann & Julie Zauzmer (January 12, 2021). "Beaten, sprayed with mace and hit with stun guns: police describe injuries to dozens of officers during assault on U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^Wire, Sarah D. (January 4, 2024). "'How are we going to defend ourselves?' Inside the Capitol during the Jan. 6 insurrection". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
^Sommerfeldt, Chris (January 7, 2021). "Pro-Trump rioters smeared poop in U.S. Capitol hallways during belligerent attack". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ a b cBahr, Sarah (January 7, 2021). "Curators Scour Capitol for Damage to the Building or Its Art". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bBarlyn, Suzanne (January 7, 2021). "U.S. taxpayers to pay Capitol siege tab as government shuns insurance". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^"Mob swarms media outside Capitol, damages equipment". NBC News. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Burdyk, Zack (January 7, 2021). "Hoyer says rioters destroyed display commemorating John Lewis". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^"House Majority Leader says rioters stole tribute to late Rep. John Lewis". WFLA. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
^Wang, Claire (January 8, 2021). "Behind the viral photo of Rep. Andy Kim cleaning up at midnight after riots". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Hsu, Spencer S. (June 3, 2021). "Jan. 6 riot caused $1.5 million in damage to Capitol – and U.S. prosecutors want defendants to pay". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^Pitofsky, Marina (February 11, 2021). "Architect of the Capitol considering display on January 6 riot". The Hill.
^Cioffi, Chris (April 15, 2021). "This wood sat in storage for 100 years. Now it's being used to fix Capitol riot damage". Roll Call.
^"Wood from Madison laboratory headed for U.S. Capitol repairs". Associated Press. April 17, 2021.
^Wagner, Meg; Macaya, Melissa (January 8, 2021). "Clyburn's spokesperson tells CNN they found his iPad, was not taken by rioters". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Black, John; Sotak, J.W.; Spoonts, Sean (January 8, 2021). "Computers with Access to Classified Material Stolen from Capitol". SOFREP. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^"News & Notices". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Krazit, Tom (January 7, 2021). "Don't worry about the cybersecurity fallout of the Capitol breach". Protocol. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^Zhou, Li; Nilsen, Ella (January 12, 2021). "The House Just Passed a Resolution Calling on Mike Pence to Invoke the 25th Amendment". Vox. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). "Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again". NPR. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^Kevin Miller (January 13, 2021). "Here Are the U.S. Companies Hitting Pause on Political Donations". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021. (updated)
^"Tech Giants Join Corporate Reckoning Over Political Spending". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 28, 2021). "GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu; Nobles, Ryan; Grayer, Annie (June 30, 2021). "House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection". CNN. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
^Everett, Burgess; Caygle, Heather (January 7, 2021). "Top Dems sack Capitol security officials after deadly riot". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Klein, Allison (January 10, 2021). "Capitol Police Chief Sund has stepped down, leaving earlier than expected". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
^Multiple sources:
Rabinowitz, Hannah; Lybrand, Holmes (January 6, 2024). "It may be a long time, if ever, before everyone involved in January 6 is punished. Here's why". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
Hymes, Clare; McDonald, Cassidy; Watson, Eleanor (March 18, 2021). "Over 300 charged from more than 40 states: What we know about the 'unprecedented' Capitol riot arrests". CBS News.
Axon, Rachel; Pulver, Dinah; Stassen-Berger, Rachel; Fraser, Jayme; Salman, Josh; Penzenstadler, Nicholas; Wedell, Katie; Hines, Morgan; Baratz, David (March 18, 2021). "Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S." USA Today. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
Harrington, Rebecca; Hall, Madison; Gould, Skye; Haroun, Azmi; Shamsian, Jacob; Ardrey, Taylor (May 12, 2021). "472 people have been charged in the Capitol insurrection so far. This searchable table shows them all". Insider. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
^Lyons, Kim (January 11, 2021). "Parler is gone for now as Amazon terminates hosting". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^Booker, Brakkton (January 12, 2021). "Facebook Removes 'Stop The Steal' Content; Twitter Suspends QAnon Accounts". NPR. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
^Knutson, Jacob (January 8, 2021). "Twitter suspends accounts of Michael Flynn, Sidney Powell". Axios. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Broadwater, Luke (May 20, 2021). "House passes $1.9 billion Capitol security bill by a one-vote margin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
^Brown, Alleen; Lacy, Akela (January 12, 2021). "In Wake of Capitol Riot, GOP Legislatures 'Rebrand' Old Anti-BLM Protest Laws". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ a bFeuer, Alan; Haberman, Maggie (April 13, 2024). "Inside Donald Trump's Embrace of the Jan. 6 Rioters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024. Recently, however, his celebrations of the Capitol riot and those who took part in it have become more public as he has promoted a revisionist history of the attack and placed it at the heart of his 2024 presidential campaign ... Mr. Trump hasn't always embraced Jan. 6 — at least not openly ... Mr. Trump's embrace of Jan. 6 not only has meant describing the attack in which more than 100 police officers were injured as a "love fest." It also has led him to tell a journalist that he wanted to march to the Capitol that day but that his team had prevented him from doing so.
^Mascara, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clark; Colvin, Jill (March 19, 2024). "Trump is making the Jan. 6 attack a cornerstone of his bid for the White House". The Associated Press. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^Weissert, Will (January 4, 2024). "One attack, two interpretations: Biden and Trump both make the Jan. 6 riot a political rallying cry". The Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^Mascaro, Lisa (January 6, 2024). "On Jan. 6 many Republicans blamed Trump for the Capitol riot. Now they endorse his presidential bid". Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^Price, Michelle L.; Colvin, Jill; Beaumont, Thomas (January 6, 2024). "Trump downplays Jan. 6 on the anniversary of the Capitol siege and calls jailed rioters 'hostages'". Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^Rugaber, Christopher (August 1, 2023). "Fitch downgrades US credit rating, citing mounting debt and political divisions". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ a bOlmstead, Molly (January 7, 2021). "How Prominent Evangelicals Reacted to the Capitol Riot". Slate. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^McCarthy, Bryn (January 8, 2021). "Capitol riots: Religious leaders condemn violence, urge peace even in political disagreement". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Watts, Craig M. (January 11, 2021). "The Cost of Believing Liars". Red Letter Christians. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Jervis, Rick; Ramirez, Marc; Ruiz-Goiriena, Romina (January 12, 2021). "'No regrets': Evangelicals and other faith leaders still support Trump after deadly US Capitol attack". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^Durschlag, Jack (January 8, 2021). "Trump calls for healing, smooth transition after 'heinous attack' on Capitol". FOX news. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.
^Choi, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "Trump condemns violence in Capitol riots, more than 24 hours later". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Sherman, Gabriel (January 8, 2021). "'He Knew He F--ked Up': Facing Legal and Political Peril, Trump Is Turning On Even His Most Devoted Allies". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Choi, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "McEnany tries to distance administration from Capitol riots". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Broadwater, Luke; Fandos, Nicholas; Haberman, Maggie (January 9, 2021). "Democrats Ready Impeachment Charge Against Trump for Inciting Capitol Mob". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Ray, Siladitya (March 26, 2021). "Trump Defends Capitol Rioters In Fox News Interview, Claims They Posed 'Zero Threat'". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
^"READ: Military Joint Chiefs statement condemning 'sedition and insurrection' at US Capitol". CNN. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Macias, Amanda (January 12, 2021). "Top military leaders condemn 'sedition and insurrection' at Capitol, acknowledge Biden win". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Choi, David (January 12, 2021). "Top military officers condemn the Capitol Hill riots and tell troops to 'stay ready'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a bWolfe, Jan (January 20, 2021). "'Mob was fed lies': Mitch McConnell accuses Trump of 'provoking' riot". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^"Senate Debate on Arizona Electoral College Vote Challenge, Part 2". C-SPAN. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^Goldman, Adam (March 2, 2021). "Live Updates: F.B.I. Director Warns Senators That Domestic Terrorism Is 'Metastasizing Across the Country'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^Wolfe, Jan (June 10, 2021). "FBI director suggests 'serious charges' coming in probe of Capitol attack". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^"Jan 6 a 'violent attempt' by 'terrorists' to hold 'power': Biden". Al Jazeera. August 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^Posard, Marek N.; Payne, Leslie Adrienne; Miller, Laura L. (September 16, 2021). "Reducing the Risk of Extremist Activity in the U.S. Military". Rand Corporation. doi:10.7249/PEA1447-1. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
^ a bHaberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 9, 2021). "Trump has not lowered flags in honor of an officer who died from injuries sustained amid the riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. While the flags at the Capitol have been lowered, Mr. Trump has not issued a similar order for federal buildings under his control.... 'Mr. Trump has not reached out to Mr. Sicknick's family, although Vice President Mike Pence called to offer condolences,' an aide to Mr. Pence said.
^Elis, Niv (January 8, 2021). "Pelosi orders flags at half-staff for Capitol officer who died". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Haberman, Maggie (January 10, 2021). "After refusing to do so, Trump orders flags to be flown at half-staff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021. Despite widespread criticism, Mr. Trump had refused to lower the flags, but relented on January 10.
^Diamond, Jeremy; LeBlanc, Paul (January 10, 2021). "White House orders flags lowered to honor late police officers who responded to US Capitol breach". CNN. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^"White House advisers: Trump has no intention of resigning". KOBI-TV. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^Fitzsimons, Tim (January 11, 2021). "Father of slain Capitol officer hopes son's death brings end to 'lunacy'". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^Rolli, Bryan (January 8, 2021). "After Capitol police officer dies, #TedCruzKilledACop trends over Cruz inciting rioters". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^"Political Attitudes and Evaluations" (PDF). University of Houston. Hobby School of Public Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^Allen, Mike (January 14, 2021). "Republicans and Democrats agree – the country is falling apart". Axios. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
^Castronuovo, Celine (January 14, 2021). "4 in 5 say US is falling apart: survey". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^Pengelly, Martin (February 4, 2022). "Republican party calls January 6 attack 'legitimate political discourse'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^Hilbig, Valeska; Machado, Melinda (January 3, 2022). "Smithsonian Continues Collecting Artifacts From Jan. 6 Capitol Attack". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^"One Year On, Artist Paul Chan Discusses the Insurrection—And the Drawing That It Inspired—With His 10-Year-Old Daughter". Vogue. January 6, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^"Paul Chan: A drawing as a recording of an insurrection". Greene Naftali. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^Strand, Karla J. (December 6, 2022). "December 2022 Reads for the Rest of Us". Ms. Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^"What if Jan. 6 attack succeeded? Graphic novel explores grim alternate outcome". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^Jenkins, Alan; Golan, Gan; Western States Center (January 17, 2024). "1/6: The Graphic Novel: What if the Attack on the U.S. Capitol Succeeded?". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^"A Poem on the Jan. 6, 2021 Capitol Hill Protest, by Bruce Dale Wise". Society of Classical Poets. January 5, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^"A Poem Commemorating January 6th and Ashli Babbitt, by Monika Cooper". Society of Classical Poets. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^"x.com".
^Griffith, Janelle; Hampton, Deon J. (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Police response to rioters draws claims of racist double standards". NBC News.
^Savage, Niara (January 8, 2021). "Michelle Obama, Sunny Hostin, Others Call Out Double Standard in the Way Pro-Trump Rioters Were Treated by Police Compared with BLM Protesters". Atlanta Black Star. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^P. Williams, Joseph (January 12, 2021). "The U.S. Capitol Riots and the Double Standard of Protest Policing". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^Doyle, Katherine (August 5, 2021). "Defend the police: Biden praises 'heroism' of officers who protected Capitol on Jan. 6". Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^Brown, Rebecca Morin and Matthew. "Kamala Harris speech: January 6 will 'echo' in U.S. history like Pearl Harbor, 9/11". USA TODAY.
^"Capitol riots: Boris Johnson condemns Donald Trump for sparking events". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Ward, James (January 6, 2021). "Taoiseach and Foreign Affairs Minister react to Washington protests". echo live. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^"World Leaders Condemn Pro-Trump Riot at US Capitol". Voice of America. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Macias, Amanda; Mangan, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^"US Capitol riots: World leaders react to 'horrifying' scenes in Washington". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Serhan, Yasmeen (January 9, 2021). "The Populists Finally Breaking With Trump". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^Prothero, Mitch (January 7, 2021). "Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Multiple sources:
Beauchamp, Zack (August 11, 2023). "The constitutional case that Donald Trump is already banned from being president". Vox. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
Liptak, Adam (August 10, 2023). "Conservative Case Emerges to Disqualify Trump for Role on Jan. 6". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
Nichols, John (August 4, 2023). "The Biggest Threat to Donald Trump Could Be the Constitution Itself". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
Baude, William; Paulsen, Michael Stokes (August 9, 2023). "The Sweep and Force of Section Three". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 172. Elsevier. Retrieved January 9, 2024 – via SSRN.
^Murray, Isabella (September 8, 2022). "Judge removes local official for engaging in Jan. 6 'insurrection'". ABC News. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^Hurley, Lawrence; Reily, Ryan J. (June 28, 2024). "Supreme Court rules for Jan. 6 rioter challenging obstruction charge". NBC News. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
^Lee, Ella (June 28, 2024). "Jan. 6 cases start being reopened after Supreme Court ruling". The Hill. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
^Booker, Christopher (January 9, 2021). "There's an ongoing battle of words to describe Jan 6, 2021. Here's why it matters". PBS. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^ a bBauder, David (January 14, 2021). "Riot? Insurrection? Words matter in describing Capitol siege". AP News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
^Carter, Stephen L. (February 6, 2021). "'Insurrection:' Is That a Word We Really Want to Use?". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^McBride, Kelly (January 14, 2021). "From 'Protest' To 'Riot' To 'Insurrection' — How NPR's Language Evolved". NPR. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^The Editorial Board (October 2, 2021). "Opinion | Jan. 6 Was Worse Than We Knew". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^John Hudak; William G. Gale; Darrell M. West; Vanda Felbab-Brown; Rashawn Ray; Molly E. Reynolds; Elaine Kamarck; William A. Galston; Gabriel R. Sanchez (January 5, 2022). "Around the Halls: One year since the January 6 insurrection". Brookings. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will
repeat itself.").
^Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
^Multiple media sources:
Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021. A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021. Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.
^Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
^Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
^Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.
^Luke Broadwater; Alan Feuer; Maggie Haberman (March 28, 2022). "Federal Judge Finds Trump Most Likely Committed Crimes Over 2020 Election". The New York Times.
^Singh, Naunihal (January 7, 2021). "It Wasn't Strictly a Coup Attempt. But It's Not Over, Either". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^David, Fickling (January 7, 2021). "This Was No Coup. But It Comes Far Too Close: A Q&A with Naunihal Singh, an assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College, who wrote a book on attempts to overthrow governments". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^McLaughlin, Eliott C. (February 3, 2021). "With coup label, Capitol rioters join communist party in plotting against USA, university project says". CNN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^"It Was an Attempted Coup: The Cline Center's Coup D'état Project Categorizes the January 6, 2021 Assault on the US Capitol". Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
^Ingraham, Christopher (January 13, 2021). "How experts define the deadly mob attack at the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
^Hill, Fiona (January 11, 2021). "Yes, It Was a Coup Attempt. Here's Why". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
^Eric Tucker; Mary Clare Jalonick (March 2, 2021). "FBI chief warns violent 'domestic terrorism' growing in US". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. FBI Director Christopher Wray bluntly labeled the January riot at the U.S. Capitol as 'domestic terrorism' Tuesday and warned of a rapidly growing threat of homegrown violent extremism that law enforcement is scrambling to confront through thousands of investigations.
^Rebecca Beitsch (March 2, 2021). "Wray: FBI deemed Jan. 6 attack domestic terrorism". The Hill. That attack, that siege, was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism...
^Cohen, Zachary; Polantz, Katelyn; Carrega, Christina (March 2, 2021). "FBI Director Wray knocks down conspiracy theory that January 6 rioters were 'fake Trump protesters'". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^PBS NewsHour (March 2, 2021). Watch Live: FBI chief Wray testifies on agency oversight of Jan. 6 Capitol attack. Testimony given at 24:51. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^Lisa N. Sacco (January 13, 2021). "Domestic Terrorism and the Attack on the U.S. Capitol". Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
^Ken Dilanian (February 5, 2021). "Biden may have trouble cracking down on domestic terrorism because of free speech and the FBI". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. The attack on the Capitol fits the legal definition of domestic terrorism, the Congressional Research Service and others have concluded.
^Dale, Daniel (January 7, 2022). "'Sloppy' wording this week? Ted Cruz actually called the Capitol assault a terrorist attack at least 17 previous times". CNN.
^Stevenson, Peter W.; Blanco, Adrian; Santamariña, Daniela (May 21, 2021). "Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
^Mockaitis, Tom (March 17, 2023). "Contemporary America is modeling the worst of Depression-era Germany". The Hill. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Lerner, Kira (June 9, 2023). "12m Americans believe violence is justified to restore Trump to power". The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Multiple sources:
Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president.... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.
Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.
Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814
^Cassella, Megan (April 21, 2016). "U.S. Capitol replacing flag display over Confederate imagery". Reuters. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^Higgins, Tucker (April 8, 2021). "Man who carried Confederate flag to Capitol during Jan. 6 riot indicted". CNBC. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
^"Faculty: Douglas Brinkley". Rice University. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^O'Dowd, Peter; Hagan, Allison (January 6, 2022). "'Dark day on the calendar of American history': Historian explains how Jan. 6 will be remembered". wbur.org. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^Greve, Joan E. (January 6, 2022). "Historians mark 6 January with urgent warning on threats to US democracy". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
^Paxton, Robert O. (January 11, 2021). "I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021.
^Evans, Richard J. (January 13, 2021). "Why Trump isn't a fascist". New Statesman. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^Fisher, Joe (January 5, 2024). "Scholars concerned over how history will portray Jan. 6". United Press International. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^McGreal, Chris (March 11, 2023). "Republicans try to reframe January 6 as a sightseeing tour – will it work?". The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
External links
January 6 United States Capitol attack at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Trump's rally speech
Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S. – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by USA Today
"CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 13, 2022. Show can be found on CNN Live TV
"Transcript: CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 18, 2022.
FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building – FBI
"Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)". C-SPAN (House Impeachment Manager Rep. Jamie Raskin presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump). February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
See also: Elliott, Philip (February 10, 2021). "This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021.
H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative Tom Malinowski, with two cosponsors)
The full text of Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021) at Wikisource
Video
What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol (video archive from ProPublica)
Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol (visual investigation by The New York Times)
Democracy on Trial PBS
Lies, Politics and Democracy PBS
Plot to Overturn the Election PBS
Michael Flynn's Holy War PBS
American Insurrection PBS
United States of Conspiracy PBS
Trump's American Carnage PBS
Pelosi's Power PBS
America's Great Divide PBS
American Reckoning – A PBS NewsHour Special Report PBS
The January 6th Report NBC
CNN Coverage of the January 6 Insurrection CNN
News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021 (WITF; The Washington Post; May 2, 2021).
FBI U.S. Capitol Violence (Filter by keywords)
Timeline
Leatherby, Lauren; Singhvi, Anjali (January 15, 2021). "Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (Detailed timeline)
Bennett, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. (Video timeline)
US Capitol stormed, collected news and commentary. BBC News Online.
Timeline − details before, during and after the attack (The Washington Post; October 31, 2021).
Video (18:49): "Inside Trump's Election Plot" on YouTube (MSNBC News; July 29, 2022)
"Donald Trump Is Not Above The Law" (The New York Times; August 26, 2022)
.jpg/1280px-Donald_Trump_(50548277763).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-2021_United_States_Capitol_VOA_1_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC08970_(50827352796).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09265-2_(50821579347).jpg)
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
