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Lirio

Lilium ( / ˈl ɪ l i ə m / LIL -ee-əm ) [3] es un género de plantas herbáceas con flores que crecen a partir de bulbos, todos con flores grandes y a menudo prominentes. Son los verdaderos lirios . Los lirios son un grupo de plantas con flores que son importantes en la cultura y la literatura en gran parte del mundo. La mayoría de las especies son nativas del hemisferio norte y su área de distribución es de climas templados y se extiende hasta los subtrópicos . Muchas otras plantas tienen "lirio" en sus nombres comunes , pero no pertenecen al mismo género y, por lo tanto, no son verdaderos lirios. Se sabe que los verdaderos lirios son altamente tóxicos para los gatos. [4]

Descripción

Flor de Lilium longiflorum – 1. estigma , 2. estilo , 3. anteras , 4. filamento, 5. tépalo

Los lirios son plantas perennes altas que miden entre 30 y 180 cm de altura. Forman bulbos subterráneos desnudos o sin túnica, escamosos, que son sus órganos de perennización . En algunas especies de América del Norte, la base del bulbo se desarrolla en rizomas , en los que se encuentran numerosos bulbos pequeños. Algunas especies desarrollan estolones . [5] La mayoría de los bulbos están enterrados profundamente en el suelo, pero algunas especies forman bulbos cerca de la superficie del suelo. Muchas especies forman raíces de tallo. Con estas, el bulbo crece naturalmente a cierta profundidad en el suelo, y cada año el nuevo tallo produce raíces adventicias por encima del bulbo a medida que emerge del suelo. Estas raíces se suman a las raíces basales que se desarrollan en la base del bulbo, varias especies también producen raíces contráctiles que mueven los bulbos más profundamente en el suelo. [6]

Lirio, pétalo

Las flores son grandes, a menudo fragantes, y vienen en una amplia gama de colores que incluyen blanco, amarillo, naranja, rosa, rojo y púrpura. Las marcas incluyen manchas y pinceladas. Las plantas florecen a fines de la primavera o en verano. Las flores se encuentran en racimos o umbelas en la punta del tallo, con seis tépalos extendidos o reflexos, para dar flores que varían desde la forma de embudo hasta la de "sombrero de turco". Los tépalos están separados entre sí y tienen un nectario en la base de cada flor. El ovario es "superior", y se encuentra por encima del punto de unión de las anteras . El fruto es una cápsula de tres células. [7]

Estambre de lilium

Las semillas maduran a fines del verano y presentan patrones de germinación variados y a veces complejos , muchos de ellos adaptados a climas templados fríos.

La mayoría de las especies de clima templado frío son caducifolias y permanecen inactivas durante el invierno en su entorno nativo. Sin embargo, unas pocas especies nativas de áreas con veranos cálidos e inviernos suaves ( Lilium candidum , Lilium catesbaei , Lilium longiflorum ) pierden sus hojas y entran en un breve período de letargo en verano u otoño, brotan de otoño a invierno y forman tallos enanos que tienen una roseta basal de hojas hasta que, después de haber recibido suficiente frío, el tallo comienza a alargarse con el calentamiento del clima.

Semillas de Lilium candidum

El número básico de cromosomas es doce (n=12). [8]

En 2017, los lirios ocuparon el segundo lugar como la flor favorita entre los residentes del Reino Unido, lo que destaca su duradera popularidad y su importancia cultural [9].

Taxonomía

La división taxonómica en secciones sigue la división clásica de Comber, [10] la aceptación de especies sigue la Lista Mundial de Familias de Plantas Seleccionadas , [11] la taxonomía de la sección Pseudolirium es de la Flora de América del Norte, [12] la taxonomía de la Sección Liriotypus se da en consideración de Resetnik et al. 2007, [13] la taxonomía de las especies chinas (varias secciones) sigue la Flora de China [14] y la taxonomía de la Sección Sinomartagon sigue a Nishikawa et al. [15] al igual que la taxonomía de la Sección Archelirion . [16]

La Lista Mundial de Familias de Plantas Seleccionadas, a partir de enero de 2014 , considera a Nomocharis un género separado por derecho propio, [17] sin embargo algunas autoridades consideran que Nomocharis está integrado dentro de Lilium , en lugar de tratarlo como un género separado. [18] [19] Los Sinomartagon se dividen en 3 grupos parafiléticos, mientras que los Leucolirion se dividen en 2 grupos parafiléticos. [20]

Hay siete secciones:

Hay 111 especies contabilizadas en este género. [21] Para obtener una lista completa de las especies aceptadas [1] con sus áreas de distribución nativas, consulte Lista de especies de Lilium .

Algunas especies que antes estaban incluidas en este género se han incluido ahora en otros géneros, entre ellos Cardiocrinum , Notholirion , Nomocharis y Fritillaria .

Etimología

El nombre botánico Lilium es la forma latina y es un nombre linneano . El nombre latino se deriva de la palabra griega λείριον leírion , generalmente asumida para referirse a los verdaderos lirios blancos ejemplificados por el lirio de Madonna . [25] [26] [27] La ​​palabra fue tomada prestada del copto (fayúmico dialéctico) hleri , del estándar hreri , del demótico hrry , del egipcio hrṛt "flor". [28] Meillet sostiene que tanto la palabra egipcia como la griega son posibles préstamos de una lengua extinta del sustrato del Mediterráneo oriental. [ cita requerida ] Los griegos usaban el griego antiguo κρῖνον, krīnon, aunque para lirios de cualquier color . [ 29 ]

El término "lirio" se ha aplicado en el pasado a numerosas plantas con flores, a menudo con solo un parecido superficial con el verdadero lirio, incluyendo el nenúfar , el lirio de fuego , el lirio del Nilo , el lirio de cala , el lirio de trucha , el lirio kaffir , el lirio cobra , el lirio de los valles , el lirio de día , el lirio de jengibre , el lirio amazónico , el lirio de puerro , el lirio peruano y otros. Todas las traducciones al inglés de la Biblia traducen el hebreo shūshan , shōshan , shōshannā como "lirio", pero el "lirio entre las espinas" del Cantar de los Cantares , por ejemplo, puede ser la madreselva. [30]

Distribución y hábitat

Lirio de sombrero turco que crece en los Alpes de Carintia

La distribución de los lirios en el Viejo Mundo se extiende por gran parte de Europa, la mayor parte de Asia hasta Japón, al sur hasta la India y al este hasta Indochina y Filipinas. En el Nuevo Mundo se extienden desde el sur de Canadá hasta gran parte de los Estados Unidos. Por lo general, se adaptan a hábitats de bosques, a menudo montañosos , o a veces a hábitats de pastizales. Algunos pueden sobrevivir en pantanos y se conocen epífitas en el sudeste asiático tropical. En general, prefieren suelos moderadamente ácidos o sin cal.

Ecología

Los lirios son utilizados como plantas alimenticias por las larvas de algunas especies de lepidópteros , incluido el Dunbar .

La proliferación de ciervos (por ejemplo, Odocoileus virginianus ) en América del Norte, debido principalmente a factores como la eliminación de grandes depredadores por seguridad humana, es responsable allí de una disminución de las poblaciones de lirios en la naturaleza y también es una amenaza para los lirios de jardín. [31] Es posible que se requieran cercas de hasta 8 pies de altura para evitar que consuman las plantas, una solución poco práctica para la mayoría de las áreas silvestres. [32]

Cultivo

Muchas especies se cultivan ampliamente en el jardín en regiones templadas , subtropicales y tropicales . [33] Se han desarrollado numerosos híbridos ornamentales . Se utilizan en bordes herbáceos, plantaciones de bosques y arbustos, y como plantas de patio. Algunos lirios, especialmente Lilium longiflorum , forman importantes cultivos de flores cortadas o plantas en macetas. Estos se ven obligados a florecer fuera de la temporada normal de floración para mercados particulares; por ejemplo, Lilium longiflorum para el comercio de Pascua, cuando puede llamarse lirio de Pascua.

Los lirios se suelen plantar como bulbos durante la temporada de letargo. Lo mejor es plantarlos en una zona orientada al sur (hemisferio norte), con una ligera pendiente, al sol o en sombra parcial, a una profundidad de 2½ veces la altura del bulbo (excepto el Lilium candidum , que debe plantarse en la superficie). La mayoría prefiere un suelo poroso y arcilloso, y es esencial un buen drenaje. La mayoría de las especies florecen en julio o agosto (hemisferio norte). Los períodos de floración de ciertas especies de lirios comienzan a fines de la primavera, mientras que otros florecen a fines del verano o principios del otoño. [34] Tienen raíces contráctiles que tiran de la planta hacia abajo hasta la profundidad correcta, por lo tanto, es mejor plantarlas demasiado superficialmente que demasiado profundamente. Un pH del suelo de alrededor de 6,5 es generalmente seguro. La mayoría crece mejor en suelos bien drenados y las plantas se riegan durante la temporada de crecimiento. Algunas especies y cultivares tienen tallos fuertes y nervudos, pero aquellos con cabezas de flores pesadas se entutoran para que se mantengan erguidos. [35] [36]

Premios

Las siguientes especies y cultivares de lirios actualmente ostentan el Premio al Mérito en Jardinería de la Royal Horticultural Society (confirmado en 2017): [37]

'Esplendor dorado'

Clasificación de las formas de jardín

Se cultivan numerosas formas, en su mayoría híbridas, para el jardín. Varían según la especie y los híbridos interespecíficos de los que derivan, y se clasifican en los siguientes grandes grupos: [43] [44] [45]

Híbridos asiáticos (División I)

Estos se derivan de híbridos entre especies de Lilium sección Sinomartagon . [46] [47]
They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including Lilium amabile, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium callosum, Lilium cernuum, Lilium concolor, Lilium dauricum, Lilium davidii, Lilium × hollandicum, Lilium lancifolium (syn. Lilium tigrinum), Lilium lankongense, Lilium leichtlinii, Lilium × maculatum, Lilium pumilum, Lilium × scottiae, Lilium wardii and Lilium wilsonii.
These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and Lilium 'Navona'.[48]

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

These are based on Lilium dalhansonii, Lilium hansonii, Lilium martagon, Lilium medeoloides, and Lilium tsingtauense.
The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

This includes mostly European species: Lilium candidum, Lilium chalcedonicum, Lilium kesselringianum, Lilium monadelphum, Lilium pomponium, Lilium pyrenaicum and Lilium × testaceum.

American hybrids (Division IV)

These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from Lilium bolanderi, Lilium × burbankii, Lilium canadense, Lilium columbianum, Lilium grayi, Lilium humboldtii, Lilium kelleyanum, Lilium kelloggii, Lilium maritimum, Lilium michauxii, Lilium michiganense, Lilium occidentale, Lilium × pardaboldtii, Lilium pardalinum, Lilium parryi, Lilium parvum, Lilium philadelphicum, Lilium pitkinense, Lilium superbum, Lilium ollmeri, Lilium washingtonianum, and Lilium wigginsii.
Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with L. henryi)

This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including Lilium × aurelianense, Lilium brownii, Lilium × centigale, Lilium henryi, Lilium × imperiale, Lilium × kewense, Lilium leucanthum, Lilium regale, Lilium rosthornii, Lilium sargentiae, Lilium sulphureum and Lilium × sulphurgale.
The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

These are based on hybrids within Lilium section Archelirion,[46][47] specifically Lilium auratum and Lilium speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including Lilium nobilissimum, Lilium rubellum, Lilium alexandrae, and Lilium japonicum.
They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see Lilium 'Stargazer'.)

Other hybrids (Division VIII)

Includes all other garden hybrids.

Species (Division IX)

All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:[52]

  • a up-facing
  • b out-facing
  • c down-facing
  • a trumpet-shaped
  • b bowl-shaped
  • c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
  • d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.[53]

Pests and diseases

Scarlet lily beetles, Oxfordshire, UK

Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).[54] Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.[55] Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs,[56] snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.[57] Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.[58]

Propagation and growth

Lilies can be propagated in several ways;

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth.[61]

Research

A comparison of meiotic crossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.[62] Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.[63][64]

Toxicity

Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum, though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms with equal lethality.[65][66][67][68] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure.[68] Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat. Due to the high mortality rate, medical care should be sought immediately once it is known a cat came into contact with lilies, ideally before any symptoms develop.[69]

Culinary uses

Chinese cuisine

Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.[70]

Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as 百合 (pak hop; pinyin: bǎi hé; Cantonese Yale: baak hap; lit. 'hundred united'), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.[70] A landrace called 龍牙百合 (pinyin: lóng yá bǎi hé; lit. 'dragon-tooth lily') mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.[71]

L. lancifolium (Chinese: 卷丹; pinyin: juǎn dān; lit. 'reflexed red') is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.[71]

L. davidii var. unicolor (Chinese: 蘭州百合; lit. 'Lanzhou lily') is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.[71]

Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii, L. davidii var. davidii, L. concolor, L. pensylvanicum, L. distichum, L. martagon var. pilosiusculum, L. pumilum, L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides.[72] Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.[75]

The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.[citation needed] They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch.[citation needed] Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.[citation needed]

The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called kam cham tsoi (Chinese: 金针菜; pinyin: jīnzhēncài; Cantonese Yale: gāmjām choi; lit. 'gold needle vegetable')[76] in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, Hemerocallis citrina,[77] or possibly H. fulva.[a][76] Flowers of the H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum.[b][78]

Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.[79] A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".[78]

Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.[80][81][82]

The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum.[83]

Japanese cuisine

Loose scales of lily bulb in a donburi bowl dish

The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.[c][84] It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient (具, gu) in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard),[85] where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.[86][87] It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or suimono [ja].[88][89]

The boiled bulb may also be strained[d] into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton,[90][91] or chakin-shibori.[91][92][e]

Yokan

There is also the yuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar.[94] This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane,[95] and the shop Kaisei-dō (開盛堂) established in 1885 became famous for it.[96][97] Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily",[f] one source stated that the hime-yuri (usually taken to mean L. concolor) had to have been used,[96] but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri (L. auratum).[93][g]

Species used

Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:[101][102] the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium, the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii,[h] and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum.

But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,[98][103] give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi-yuri (透かし百合, lit. "see-through lily", L. maculatum) named from the gaps between the tepals.[104][105]

There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature,[106] it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900.[98] The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.[i]

North America

The flower buds and roots of Lilium columbianum are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.[107] Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.[108]

Medicinal uses

Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 Lilium brownii, 百合 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, 渥丹 Lilium concolor, 毛百合 Lilium dauricum, 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium, 山丹 Lilium pumilum, 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureum.[109][110]

In Taiwan, governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.[111]

In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō (日本薬局方) includes the use of lily bulb (known as byakugō (ビャクゴウ 百合) in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium pumilum[112] The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.[112]

In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker.[113][114]

In culture

Symbolism

In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.[115]

Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.[116]

A Rukai lady adorned with Formosan lilies at a function in Taiwan

Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" (Chinese: 打碗花) by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.[117] A different viewpoint proposes that parents discourage kids from picking lilies by informing them of the possible repercussions, like their dinner bowls breaking if they harm the flower. The indigenous Rukai people who call this same species bariangalay consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.[118]

In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

Heraldry

A stylized lily flower in the coat of arms of Pohja

The fleur-de-lis, associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower.

Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.[119]

Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur. Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates Lilium parryi.[120] Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.[121][122][123]

Other plants referred to as lilies

Lily of the valley, flame lilies, daylilies, water lilies and spider lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus Lilium.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name for H. fulva as "kïm châm hōa" as according to João de Loureiro, while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua" 金黃花 or as [黃花菜]; huang-hua ts'ai; 'yellow-flower vegetable' as they were called by Beijing merchants.
  2. ^ The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main port Hankou) or Japan.
  3. ^ "not a common food" (Shizuo Tsuji [ja]).
  4. ^ The term uragoshi [ja] "straining" orthodoxically means using the "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.
  5. ^ These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. The yuri-kinton has been described as "ogura an (sweet adzuki bean paste) core surrounded with stipples (soboro) of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (shiroazuki or shiroshōzu).[93] A recipe for lily bulb dumplings or chakin-shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed into purée, then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.[92]
  6. ^ Jimyōin Motoaki [ja] b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.
  7. ^ And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.[98]
  8. ^ The kooni yuri (小鬼百合, "lesser ogre lily").
  9. ^ That is, not in the top three of this period.[98]

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b c "Lilium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  2. ^ lectotype designated by N. L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 502 (1913)
  3. ^ "lilium". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  4. ^ Langston, Cathy E. (2002-01-01). "Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 220 (1): 49–52. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.49. ISSN 0003-1488.
  5. ^ Batygina, T. B. (2019-04-23). Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-52671-8.
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Bibliography

External links

Look up lilium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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