Los rangos de las consortes imperiales han variado a lo largo de la historia china, pero siguieron siendo importantes debido a su prominencia en la gestión de la corte interior y en la sucesión imperial, que clasificaba a los herederos según la prominencia de sus madres además de su orden de nacimiento. Sin embargo, independientemente de la edad, es común en la traducción al inglés simplificar esta jerarquía en los tres rangos de emperatriz, consortes y concubinas. [1] También es común usar el término " harén ", una palabra prestada del árabe utilizada en tiempos recientes para referirse a los aposentos prohibidos de las mujeres imperiales en muchos países. En las dinastías chinas posteriores , estos aposentos se conocían como el palacio interior (內宮; nèigōng ) o el palacio trasero (後宮; hòugōng ). [2] En chino, el sistema se llama "sistema de palacio trasero" (後宮制度; hòugōng zhìdù ). [3]
Sin importar la dinastía, la emperatriz (皇后; huánghòu ) tenía el rango más alto y era la esposa legal del emperador, así como la jefa del harén imperial y "madre de la nación" (母后天下; mǔhòu tiānxià ) que se traduce como "madre imperial de todo lo que hay bajo el cielo". También era conocida como el "palacio central" (中宮; zhōnggōng ). Además, el emperador normalmente tenía otras mujeres imperiales (嬪妃; pínfēi ). Cada dinastía tenía su conjunto de reglas con respecto a la composición numérica del harén.
Historia temprana
En China, durante los primeros tiempos históricos, existía una clase de consortes reales llamadas ying (媵; yìng ). Se trataba de personas que acompañaban a las novias como una forma de dote . Podía ser una prima o hermana de la novia, o personas de otros países (no necesariamente de otra raza).
Vale la pena destacar el hecho de que durante la dinastía Shang , hubo momentos en que existieron dos reinas al mismo tiempo.
Los Ritos de Zhou contienen grandes detalles de un sistema de clasificación de consortes reales. Sin embargo, como los eruditos modernos [ ¿quiénes? ] consideran que los Ritos de Zhou son simplemente una constitución ficticia para una sociedad utópica , el sistema que se menciona en esa obra literaria no se puede tomar palabra por palabra. Más bien, ofrece una visión aproximada del palacio interior en esa época.
Sistema de clasificación de los reyes
Los Ritos de Zhou establecen que los reyes tienen derecho a lo siguiente:
1 Reina (王后; wánghòu )
2 Consortes (妃; fēi )
3 Madames (夫人; fūrén )
9 Concubinas (嬪; pín )
27 Damas hereditarias (世婦; shìfù )
81 esposas reales (御妻; yùqī )
Se sugirió que se estableciera un sistema (no necesariamente parecido al mencionado anteriormente) para evitar la situación de tener dos reinas/emperatriz.
Sistema de clasificación para otros
Según los Ritos de Zhou , bajo el sistema de gobierno feudal fengjian , los señores feudales aristocráticos tenían derecho a nueve consortes en total y no podían casarse nuevamente después de tener nueve consortes, lo que da como resultado una esposa y ocho concubinas. Para otros oficiales, tenían derecho a una esposa y una concubina. Para los ciudadanos normales, solo se permitía una esposa.
Dama de Bella Belleza (婕妤; jiéyú ), creada por el emperador Wu
Dama de la belleza juvenil (娙娥; xíngé ), creada por el emperador Wu
Dama de Semblante Espléndido (容華; rónghuá ), creada por el emperador Wu
Dama de comportamiento completo (充衣; chōngyī ), creada por el emperador Wu
Dama de la Belleza (美人; měirén )
Señora de la Gentileza (良人; liángrén )
Dama culta (八子; bāzi )
Dama armoniosa (七子; qīzi )
Señora mayor de compañía (長使; zhǎngshǐ )
Dama de compañía joven (少使; shǎoshǐ )
Cortesano de usos diversos (五官; wǔguān )
Señora de la Constancia Complaciente (順常; shùncháng )
Dama sin impureza (舞涓; wǔjuān ) Dama de gentileza reverente (共和; gònghé ) Dama que complace al espíritu (娛靈; yúlíng ) Dama que puede salvaguardar a una multitud (保林; bǎolín ) Dama gentil que espera (良使; liángshǐ ) Dama de asistencia nocturna (夜者; yèzhě )
No se establecieron límites para estas consortes imperiales, lo que posteriormente dio lugar a situaciones en las que más de 20.000 mujeres vivían en palacio durante los reinados del emperador Huan y el emperador Ling .
Tres reinos
Durante el período de los Tres Reinos , Cao Wei utilizó el siguiente sistema:
Cao Wei
Durante el reinado de Cao Cao (que no era un emperador sino un rey):
En 483, cuando el emperador Wu ascendió al trono, los cargos de consorte noble (貴妃; guìfēi ) y consorte pura (淑妃; shūfēi ) fueron elevados a categorías independientes, justo por debajo de la emperatriz. En 489, se añadió el cargo de dama de semblante brillante (昭容; zhāoróng ) para llenar el vacío creado tras la elevación de consorte pura (淑妃; shūfēi ).
El príncipe heredero:
Novia de la Excelencia (良娣; liángdì )
La dama que puede proteger a una multitud (保林; bǎolín )
La dama que puede proteger a una multitud (保林; bǎolín )
Chen
Inicialmente, durante el reinado del emperador Wu , no se ideó un sistema de clasificación específico para las consortes imperiales, debido a su deseo de vivir una vida sencilla. Fue solo durante el reinado del emperador Wen que se creó un sistema de clasificación:
1 emperatriz (皇后; huánghòu )
3 Madames (夫人; fūrén )
Noble consorte (貴妃; guìfēi )
Concubina noble (貴嬪; guìpín )
Belleza noble (貴姬; guìjī )
9 Concubinas (嬪; pín )
Dama de pura belleza (淑媛; shūyuàn )
Dama de conducta pura (淑儀; shūyí )
Dama de rostro puro (淑容; shūróng )
Señora del resplandor floreciente (昭華; zhāohuá )
Dama de rostro brillante (昭容; zhāoróng )
Dama de brillante comportamiento (昭儀; zhāoyí )
Señora de la Esplendor Cultivada (修華; xiūhuá )
Dama de conducta cultivada (修儀; xiūyí )
Dama de Semblante Cultivado (修容; xiūróng )
5 titulares de puestos (職; zhí )
Dama de Bella Belleza (婕妤; jiéyú )
Señora de rostro floreciente (容華; rónghuá )
Señora de suficiente esplendor (充華; chōnghuá )
Señora de la Gloria Heredera (承徽; chénghuī )
Señora del Honor Propicio (列榮; lièróng )
Dama de la Belleza (美人; měirén )
Dama del Talento (才人; cáirén )
Señora de la Gentileza (良人; liángrén )
Wei del Norte
Durante el reinado del emperador Daowu , el sistema de clasificación era muy simple y solo incluía el rango de madame (夫人; fūrén ). Sin embargo, existía un sistema de prestigio subjetivo y no escrito. Fue durante el reinado del emperador Taiwu cuando surgió el sistema que se enumera a continuación:
Emperatriz (皇后; huánghòu )
Dama de la izquierda de comportamiento brillante (左昭儀; zuǒzhāoyí ) Dama de la derecha de comportamiento brillante (右昭儀; yòuzhāoyí )
1 Dama de la Izquierda de la Hermosa Floración (左娥英; zuǒéyīng ) 1 Dama de la Derecha de la Hermosa Floración (右娥英; yòuéyīng )
1 consorte pura (淑妃; shūfēi )
1 Dama de brillante porte a la izquierda (左昭儀; zuǒzhāoyí ) 1 Dama de brillante porte a la derecha (右昭儀; yòuzhāoyí )
3 Madames (夫人; fūrén )
Señora de la Gran Moral (弘德; hóngdé )
Señora de la moral justa (正德; zhèngdé )
Señora de la Alta Moral (崇德; chóngdé )
Concubinas superiores (上嬪; shàngpín )
Concubina Superior de Gran Honor (隆徽; lónghuī )
Plano de la Concubina Superior de la Luz (光猷; guāngyóu )
Concubina Superior de Instrucción Brillante (昭訓; zhāoxùn )
Concubinas inferiores (下嬪; xiàpín )
Concubina inferior de honor proclamado (宣徽; xuānhuī )
Concubina Inferior de Proclamado Brillo (宣明; xuānmíng )
Concubina Inferior de Brillo Congelado (凝暉; nínghuī )
Concubina Inferior de Esplendor Congelado (凝華; nínghuá )
Concubina inferior de esplendor propicio (順華; shùnhuá )
Instrucción de la Concubina Inferior de la Luz (光訓; guāngxùn )
27 Damas hereditarias (世婦; shìfù )
Dama del Talento (才人; cáirén )
Dama seleccionada (採女; cǎinǚ )
Zhou del Norte
1 emperatriz (皇后; huánghòu )
3 Madames (夫人; fūrén ), más tarde 3 Consortes (妃; fēi )
Noble consorte (貴妃; guìfēi )
Gran Consorte Noble (長貴妃; zhǎngguìfēi )
Consorte virtuosa (德妃; défēi )
3 funcionarias femeninas (㚤; yì )
6 Concubinas (嬪; pín )
Señora de brillante esplendor (昭化; zhāohuà )
Dama de la Belleza Imperial (禦媛; yùyuàn )
Dama de la Belleza Superior (上媛; shàngyuàn )
Dama de mediana belleza (中媛; zhōngyuàn )
Dama de Baja Belleza (下媛; xiàyuàn )
Dama de la Gracia Imperial (禦婉; yùwǎn )
Señora de la Gracia Superior (上婉; shàngwǎn )
Dama de gracia media (中婉; zhōngwǎn )
Señora de la Gracia Inferior (下婉; xiàwǎn )
Durante el reinado del emperador Xuan , se crearon cinco emperatrices (algo sin precedentes para los estándares chinos):
Yang Lihua (楊麗華), Gran Emperatriz Celestial Primaria (天元大皇后; tiānyuándàhuánghòu )
Zhu Manyue (朱滿月), Gran Emperatriz Celestial (天大皇后; tiāndàhuánghòu )
Chen Yueyi (陳月儀), Gran Emperatriz Celestial Central (天中大皇后; tiānzhōngdàhuánghòu )
Yuchi Chifan (尉遲熾繁), Gran Emperatriz Celestial de la Izquierda (天左大皇后; tiānzuǒdàhuánghòu )
Yuan Leshang (元樂尚), Gran Emperatriz Celestial Derecha (天右大皇后; tiānyòudàhuánghòu )
Además, había un número innumerable de mujeres en el palacio.
Sui
A principios de la dinastía Sui , existía un sistema simple de clasificación:
1 emperatriz (皇后; huánghòu )
4 Concubinas (嬪; pín )
9 Damas hereditarias (世婦; shìfù )
38 Damas de Su Majestad (禦女; yùnǚ )
También existía un sistema de oficiales de palacio femeninas (女官; nǚguān ) para gestionar los asuntos ceremoniales en el palacio interior. El sistema se basaba en sistemas similares del pasado.
Las consortes imperiales de la dinastía Tang estaban organizadas en ocho o nueve rangos, además de la emperatriz. También se las llamaba "funcionarias internas" (內官; nèiguān ), en contraposición a los "funcionarios de palacio" (宮官; gōngguān ), la burocracia.
El emperador Gaozong quiere crear y promover a la Dama Wu, que actualmente ocupaba el rango de Dama Wu de Porte Brillante (武昭儀; Wū Zhāoyí) a Consorte Real (宸妃, chēnfei ) porque los 4 rangos de consortes ya estaban ocupados, pero los funcionarios de la corte se opusieron a esta idea, diciendo que no tenía precedentes que el emperador solo pudiera tener cuatro consortes y que el carácter chēn (宸) se usara para referirse al poder del emperador, por lo que el emperador Gaozong no llevó a cabo su plan. [4] En el año 662, los títulos se cambiaron temporalmente para que no tuvieran ninguna cualidad femenina. Este cambio aparentemente feminista se revirtió en el duodécimo mes de 670. Las razones no se explicaron en los registros oficiales en ambos casos. Sin embargo, algunos eruditos han especulado que fue una sugerencia de la emperatriz Wu a su esposo. [5]
Durante las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos , los gobiernos eran reemplazados con frecuencia y, como resultado, es difícil para los estudiosos modernos obtener información sólida sobre los sistemas de clasificación durante estos tiempos.
Sin embargo, se sabe que el Tang posterior utilizó el siguiente sistema:
Dama de rostro brillante (昭容; zhāoróng )
Dama de brillante comportamiento (昭儀; zhāoyí )
Dama de brillante belleza (昭媛; zhāoyuàn )
Dama Misionera (出使; chūshǐ )
Primera Dama de Su Majestad (禦正; yùzhèng )
Siervo verdadero (侍眞; shìzhēn )
Dama de talento honorable (懿才; yìcái )
Señora de la Unidad (咸一; xiányī )
Flor preciosa (瑤芳; yáofāng )
Dama de moral honorable (懿德; yìdé )
Dama de la Promesa (宣一; xuānyī )
Se desconoce si existían límites para los titulares de estos títulos.
El sistema de clasificación de la dinastía Yuan era muy simple y solo estaba formado por emperatriz, consorte y concubina. Si bien solo había una emperatriz a la vez, no había límites en la cantidad de consortes o concubinas.
Although the number of ranks were few, there existed a sub-system of ranking by prestige inside the Yuan harem. An imperial consort's tent (Chinese: 宮帳; gōngzhàng; translated from the Mongolian term for yurts: 斡兒垜; wòérkàng) determined her status; multiple women often lived in the same one. In the many tents that existed, the imperial consort of the first tent was considered to be the most prestigious woman.
As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, Goryeo provided women to the Yuan dynasty.[7][8] One of them was Empress Gi, who, through her political command and incorporation of Korean females and eunuchs in the court, spread Korean clothing, food, and lifestyle in the capital.[9][10][11] The entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, beginning with the marriage of King Chungnyeol and a daughter of Kublai Khan; in total, nine princesses of the Yuan imperial family married into the Goryeo royal family.[12]
Emperor Gong of Song surrendered to the Mongols in 1276 and was married off to a Yuan princess of the Borjigin clan; they had one son, Zhao Wanpu, who was only exiled after Emperor Gong's death due to his mother's ancestry. Paul Pelliot and John Andrew Boyle identified references to Zhao Xian in The Successors of Genghis Khan chapter of Rashid al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh; he mentions a Chinese ruler who was an "emir" and son-in-law to the "qan" (khan) after being removed from his throne by the Mongols and he is also called "monarch of Song" (宋主; sòngzhŭ) in the book.[13]
The Ming dynasty system was simple with five commonly used ranks:
Empress (皇后; huánghòu)
Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; huángguìfēi)
Noble Consort (貴妃; guìfēi)
Consort (妃; fēi)
Concubine (嬪; pín)
Other known titles:[6]
Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; jiéyú)
Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; zhāoyí)
Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; zhāoróng)
Noble Lady (貴人; guìrén)
Lady of Beauty (美人; měirén)
For the crown prince:
Crown Princess (太子妃; tàizǐfēi)
Lady of Talent (才人; cáirén)
Lady of Selected Service (選侍; xuǎnshì)
Woman of Gentleness (淑女; shūnǚ)
Human tribute, including servants, eunuchs, and virgin girls came from China's various ethnic tribes, as well as Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam,[14][15] Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.[16]
Joseon sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls (accompanied by 48 female servants), 42 cooks, and 8 performers.[17][18] The women were sent to the Yongle and Xuande emperors in a total of seven missions between 1408 and 1433.[18] Xuande was the last Ming emperor to receive human tribute from Korea;[19] with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated.[20] There was much speculation that the Yongle Emperor's real mother was a Korean[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] or Mongolian[30] concubine.[31][32][33] Relations between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign.[25] Both Yongle and Xuande are said to have had a penchant for Korean cuisine and women.[25][34][35]
Central Asian concubines, mostly of Uighur and Mongol origin, were provided to the Zhengde Emperor by a Muslim guard and Sayyid Hussein from Hami.[36][37][38] The speculation about Zhengde becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior with his concubines of foreign origin.[39] Muslim Central Asian women were favored by Zhengde like how Korean women were favored by Yongle and Xuande.[40][41][42]
The Qing dynasty system was one of the simplest systems in Chinese history. Officially, there were eight ranks:
Empress (皇后; huánghòu)
Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; huángguìfēi)
Noble Consort (貴妃; guìfēi)
Consort (妃; fēi)
Concubine (嬪; pín)
Noble Lady (貴人; guìrén)
First Class Attendant (常在; chángzài)
Second Class Attendant (答應; dāyìng)
There was no fixed number of holders for the three lowest ranks. Lady-in-waiting (官女子; guānnǘzǐ) was typically used to refer the palace maids whose been liked by the emperor and keep them at his side attending to him but, without a formal/proper tittle. It was not part of the official ranking.
The system was solid, but the number of imperial consorts an emperor actually had during the Qing dynasty is subject to wild variations. The Kangxi Emperor holds the record for having the most imperial consorts with 79, while the Guangxu Emperor holds the record for having the fewest, with one empress, one noble consort, one consort and one noble lady — a total of 4 imperial consorts.[43]
There were limits placed on how many imperial consorts could hold the ranks of concubine and above. An emperor could have 1 empress, 1 imperial noble consort, 2 noble consorts, 4 consorts and 6 concubines at a time. The ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant were unlimited.
An imperial woman who had attained the rank of concubine and above would be given a residence in the main section of one of the palace in the inner court of the Forbidden City and become its mistress (主位, zhǔwèi), and when being addressed by lower ranked imperial concubines and servants, she would have to be called your imperial highness (娘娘; níangníang). All people were expected to use deprecating self-titles when addressing higher ranked people and imperial consorts were no different. While those imperial women whose ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant, can only live in the side halls of the palace.
Those imperial women whose ranks from concubine to empress, they can have a sedan chair, to be carried by designated eunuchs, followed by the banner holder, imperial guards, maids and eunuchs, bringing the royal regalias in a royal entourage. The empress entourage was called yíjià (仪驾), the imperial noble consort and noble consorts entourage was called yízhàng (仪仗) and the consorts and concubines entourage was called cǎizhàng (彩仗). Those ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant can't have a sedan chair, unless given/permitted by the emperor.
The empress was the only legal wife of the emperor, while his other women were considered imperial concubines. The empress' children was called legitimate heir (嫡子, dí zǐ), on which the princes that was bore by the empress have the higher chance of inheriting the throne; while the children of the other imperial consorts were called imperial concubine child (庶子, shùzǐ).
When the crown prince ascended to the throne, he was allowed to posthumously promote his late wives (even the imperial wives of the late emperors) in the ranks. A primary consort could be honored as empress, while secondary consorts and mistresses could be elevated to any of the seven other ranks (from second class attendant to imperial noble consort).
A posthumous title (谥号;shì hào) is given to the empress and imperial noble consort after they die. The total characters in the empresses posthumous title is 16 while, there are only 2 characters in the imperial noble consort. For the empress given posthumous names, (孝; xiào) which means “filial”, is always initial and ended with the emperors name (号, hào); but the emperors name is only given to the empress after the emperor died. For the imperial noble consort given posthumous name, it uses their honor names (封号; fēng hào) and added one character (either initial or last).
An emperor would be careful when promoting an imperial consort to the rank of imperial noble consort because this rank was considered a deputy empress (副后; fùhòu). As such, the promotions mostly happened when an imperial consort (usually a noble consort) was hopelessly ill and the emperor wanted to console her (it was believed that a promotion was a blessing and could aid in dispelling the sickness), when the empress needed someone to assist her in managing the inner court or when the empress was dead and someone else was needed to manage the inner court.
An empress who outlived her husband would become empress dowager (皇太后; huángtàihòu) and would be known as imperial mother, empress dowager (母后皇太后; mŭhòu huángtàihòu). In the cases when the new emperor's birth mother was one of the former emperor's concubines she would also become empress dowager and would be known as sage mother, empress dowager (聖母皇太后; shèngmŭ huángtàihòu), as well as being posthumously honored as empress. An empress dowager who lived through the reigns of at least two subsequent emperors would be called grand empress dowager (太皇太后; tàihuángtàihòu).
The other imperial consorts of the former emperor would be addressed as dowager (太; tài) according to their rank but, it was not required. A concubine would be called concubine dowager (太嬪; tàipín), a consort would be called consort dowager (太妃; tàifēi), a noble consort would be called noble consort dowager (貴太妃; guìtàifēi) and an imperial noble consort would be called imperial noble consort dowager (皇貴太妃; huángguìtàifēi). The empress and imperial consorts were expected to pay respect to the elders who held the positions above. However, the former emperor's low-ranked imperial concubines (noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant) would simply be referred to as palace woman of the late emperor (先帝宮女; xiāndì gōngnü).
A prince's harem consists of only three ranks:
Main Consort (低福晋; dífújǐn)
Secondary Consort (侧福锦; cèfújǐn)
Mistress (格格; gégé)
The main consort is the official wife of the prince and only one can have this position. The secondary consort are the second wives of the prince, on which only two can occupy the position. The mistress are the women of the princes on which, they came from the lower background family/clans, on which, they can came from the main and secondary consorts as dowry maids or a tribute of the government officials to the emperor and gifted as a maid to the prince. [44]
References
Citations
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^MacMahon, Keith (2013), Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 11, ISBN 9781442222908
^Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014), Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China, Lexington Books, p. 296 n.3, ISBN 9780739145166
^ Zizhi Tongjian (1084), vol. 199
^The table is after Wu Jo-shui's "Empress Wu and Proto-Feminist Sentiments in T'ang China," in Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Traditional China. Seattle: University of Washington press, pp. 77-116.
^ a b"nüguan 女官 (www.chinaknowledge.de)".
^Robinson, David M. (2009). Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols. Harvard University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780674036086. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
^Rossabi, Morris (2013). Eurasian Influences on Yuan China. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 200. ISBN 9789814459723. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
^Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008). Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty. Peter Lang. p. 204. ISBN 9781433102752. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
^Hua, Kaiqi (2018). "Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271 1358)". In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.). Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 213. doi:10.1163/9789004366152_008. ISBN 978-9004366152.
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