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Crisis del Mar Rojo

La crisis del Mar Rojo [46] [47] comenzó el 19 de octubre de 2023, cuando el movimiento hutí respaldado por Irán en Yemen lanzó misiles y drones armados contra Israel , exigiendo el fin de la invasión de la Franja de Gaza . [48] [49] Desde entonces, los hutíes han tomado y lanzado ataques aéreos contra docenas de buques mercantes y navales en el Mar Rojo , provocando cientos de ataques aéreos contra sitios de misiles y otros objetivos por parte de las fuerzas estadounidenses y aliadas. [50] La crisis está vinculada a la guerra entre Israel y Hamás , el conflicto por poderes entre Irán e Israel , el conflicto por poderes entre Irán y Estados Unidos y la crisis yemení . [51]

Los militantes del movimiento hutí, que se oponen al gobierno internacionalmente reconocido de Yemen , controlan desde 2014 una franja considerable del territorio del país a lo largo del Mar Rojo . Poco después del comienzo de la guerra entre Israel y Hamás , el grupo aliado de Hamás comenzó a lanzar misiles y drones contra Israel. Los militantes hutíes también han disparado contra buques mercantes de varios países en el Mar Rojo, y particularmente en Bab-el-Mandeb , la puerta marítima meridional del Canal de Suez de Egipto y, por lo tanto, un punto de estrangulamiento de la economía mundial. El grupo ha declarado que no se detendrá hasta que Israel cese su guerra contra Hamás . [48] [52]

Los hutíes dicen que consideran cualquier barco vinculado a Israel como un objetivo, [53] [54] [55] incluidos los buques de guerra estadounidenses y británicos, pero también han atacado indiscriminadamente los barcos de muchas naciones. [56] [57] Desde octubre de 2023 hasta marzo de 2024, los hutíes atacaron más de 60 buques en el Mar Rojo. [58] Para evitar ataques, cientos de buques comerciales han sido desviados para navegar alrededor de Sudáfrica . [59]

Los ataques de los hutíes en el Mar Rojo han provocado una respuesta militar de varios países. En enero de 2024, el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU adoptó la Resolución 2722 , condenando los ataques hutíes y afirmando la libertad de navegación . [58] La Operación Prosperity Guardian, liderada por los Estados Unidos , se lanzó para proteger la navegación en el Mar Rojo. Desde el 12 de enero, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido han liderado ataques aéreos y con misiles de la coalición contra los hutíes , mientras que otros países están patrullando de forma independiente las aguas cercanas a Yemen, atacando a los buques hutíes en el Mar Rojo. [60] Sin desanimarse, en mayo, el general de brigada de las Fuerzas Armadas de Yemen, Yahya Saree , dijo: "Atacaremos cualquier barco que se dirija a puertos israelíes en el Mar Mediterráneo en cualquier zona a la que podamos llegar". [61]

Fondo

Los hutíes en Yemen

El movimiento hutí es una organización militante islamista chiita zaidí respaldada por Irán que ejerce un control de facto sobre partes de Yemen , aunque no es el gobierno internacionalmente reconocido del país; la toma de poder hutí en Yemen en 2014 resultó en la adquisición por parte del grupo de la ciudad capital de Saná , pero el Consejo de Liderazgo Presidencial antihutí sigue siendo reconocido por la comunidad internacional como el gobierno legítimo de Yemen. [62] Después de que este conflicto se convirtió en una guerra civil en curso , millones de residentes fueron desplazados internamente y una coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita respondió imponiendo un bloqueo de Yemen. Estos se combinaron para reducir la economía a la mitad y contribuyeron a la hambruna en Yemen desde 2016, una de las peores del mundo. [63] [64] [65]

El ejército estadounidense destruyó drones en la región controlada por los hutíes y en el Mar Rojo debido a la percepción de amenazas, lo que exacerbó las tensiones en la zona afectada por el conflicto. Esto ocurre en medio de los ataques constantes de los hutíes y de los desafíos a los esfuerzos diplomáticos para poner fin a la guerra en Yemen. [66]

Los hutíes y la guerra entre Israel y Hamás

Zonas controladas por el movimiento hutí en 2024, coloreadas en verde

Tras el ataque liderado por Hamás contra Israel el 7 de octubre de 2023, que desencadenó la guerra entre Israel y Hamás , numerosos grupos militantes respaldados por Irán en todo Oriente Medio (incluidos los hutíes) expresaron su apoyo a los palestinos y amenazaron con atacar a Israel . El líder hutí Abdul-Malik al-Houthi advirtió a los Estados Unidos contra la intervención en apoyo de Israel, amenazando con que tal intervención sería respondida con ataques con drones y misiles. [67] Para poner fin a sus ataques en el Mar Rojo , los hutíes exigieron un alto el fuego en la guerra entre Israel y Hamás y el fin del bloqueo israelí de la Franja de Gaza que la acompaña . [68] [69] [70]

Armas utilizadas por militantes hutíes

Según Armament Research Services , las armas de los hutíes son en su mayoría de origen ruso, chino o iraní. [71] [72] Se sabe que utilizan misiles tierra-tierra , cohetes de artillería , municiones merodeadoras y vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV). [73] Tienen varios misiles y UAV capaces de llegar a Israel desde Yemen:

Cronología de los acontecimientos

Por Bab-el-Mandeb transitan buques de carga
de más de 10.000 toneladas de peso muerto (aprox.)
[78]

        Antes de los ataques

        Tras el primer ataque/captura de un barco hutí (19 de noviembre de 2023)

        Después del inicio de la operación de protección naval (18 de diciembre de 2023)

        Tras el ataque de EE. UU. y el Reino Unido al territorio continental de Yemen (12 de enero de 2024)

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Semana 45 en 2023
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1 semana en 2024
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Octubre de 2023

El USS  Carney ataca misiles hutíes, 19 de octubre de 2023.

El 19 de octubre de 2023, funcionarios estadounidenses dijeron que el destructor de la Armada de los Estados Unidos USS  Carney derribó tres misiles de crucero de ataque terrestre y varios drones que se dirigían hacia Israel lanzados por los hutíes en Yemen. Esta fue la primera acción del ejército estadounidense para defender a Israel desde el estallido de la guerra. [67] Más tarde se informó que el barco derribó cuatro misiles de crucero y 15 drones. [79] Se informó que otro misil fue interceptado por Arabia Saudita. [80] Más fueron interceptados por los misiles antibalísticos Arrow de Israel ; otros no alcanzaron sus objetivos o fueron interceptados por la Fuerza Aérea israelí y la Armada francesa .

El 27 de octubre de 2023, dos municiones merodeadoras fueron disparadas en dirección norte desde el sur del Mar Rojo. Según funcionarios de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel (FDI), su objetivo era Israel, pero no cruzaron la frontera desde Egipto. De los dos drones, uno se quedó corto y alcanzó un edificio adyacente a un hospital en Taba , Egipto, hiriendo a seis; el otro fue derribado cerca de una planta eléctrica cerca de la ciudad de Nuweiba , Egipto. [81] [82] [83] Un funcionario hutí hizo más tarde una publicación de una sola palabra en Twitter después de que el dron se estrellara en Taba, mencionando la cercana ciudad israelí de Eilat. [84]

El 31 de octubre se activó una alerta en Eilat, el kibutz Eilot y la zona del parque industrial de Shahorit en relación con la penetración de aviones hostiles desde el mar Rojo. El avión fue interceptado con éxito sobre el mar Rojo. El sistema Arrow interceptó un misil balístico y la Fuerza Aérea interceptó varios misiles de crucero disparados desde el mar Rojo hacia Eilat. Los hutíes se hicieron responsables de los lanzamientos. [85] Un misil de crucero fue derribado por un avión F-35i Adir . [86] El derribo del misil por el sistema Arrow marca la primera vez que se ha utilizado en la guerra entre Israel y Hamás. [87] Según los funcionarios israelíes, la intercepción se produjo por encima de la atmósfera de la Tierra sobre el desierto del Néguev , lo que la convierte en el primer caso de guerra espacial en la historia. [88]

Noviembre de 2023

El 1 de noviembre a las 00:45 horas, las FDI interceptaron una amenaza aérea disparada desde Yemen e identificada al sur de Eilat. [89] Un avión no tripulado estadounidense MQ-9 Reaper fue derribado frente a la costa de Yemen por las defensas aéreas hutíes el 8 de noviembre; el Pentágono había dicho anteriormente que los aviones no tripulados MQ-9 estaban volando sobre Gaza en una función de recopilación de inteligencia para ayudar en los esfuerzos de recuperación de rehenes. [90] El 9 de noviembre, los hutíes dispararon un misil hacia la ciudad de Eilat. [91] El misil fue interceptado por un misil Arrow 3 , lo que marcó la primera vez que se utilizó en una interceptación. [92]

El 14 de noviembre, los hutíes dispararon numerosos misiles, uno de los cuales estaba dirigido hacia la ciudad de Eilat. El misil fue interceptado por un misil Arrow según funcionarios israelíes. [93] Al día siguiente, funcionarios estadounidenses dijeron que el USS  Thomas Hudner derribó un dron, disparado desde Yemen, que se dirigía hacia allí. [94] El 22 de noviembre, los hutíes dispararon un misil de crucero dirigido hacia la ciudad de Eilat. Los funcionarios israelíes dijeron que el misil fue derribado con éxito por un F-35. [95] El 23 de noviembre de 2023, funcionarios estadounidenses dijeron que el destructor USS Thomas Hudner había derribado varios drones de ataque lanzados desde Yemen. [96]

El 29 de noviembre de 2023, funcionarios estadounidenses dijeron que el destructor USS Carney de la Armada estadounidense derribó un avión no tripulado KAS-04 hutí cuando el destructor se acercaba al estrecho de Bab-el-Mandeb . [97] El 30 de noviembre de 2023, los medios saudíes informaron que un ataque aéreo israelí provocó una explosión en un depósito de armas hutí en Saná , la capital de Yemen. Los funcionarios hutíes negaron el informe, afirmando que en su lugar se había alcanzado una gasolinera. Un miembro de la oficina política de los hutíes, Hezam al-Asad, dijo que la explosión fue causada por los restos de una bomba que quedó de la guerra civil yemení . [98] [99]

Diciembre de 2023

El 6 de diciembre de 2023, el movimiento hutí lanzó varios misiles balísticos contra puestos militares israelíes en Eilat. Ese mismo día, el USS Mason derribó un dron lanzado desde Yemen. No había indicios claros de su objetivo. [100]

El 10 de diciembre de 2023, la fragata Languedoc de la Armada francesa , que operaba en el Mar Rojo, interceptó dos drones lanzados desde Hodeida , un puerto controlado por los hutíes. [101] El 11 de diciembre de 2023, el petrolero noruego Strinda fue víctima de un ataque aéreo nocturno, lo que provocó un incendio a bordo. [102] El Languedoc intervino una vez más, interceptó un dron hutí que apuntaba al petrolero dañado y posteriormente se colocó en la protección del buque, evitando más ataques. El incendio fue controlado y no se reportaron heridos. Luego, el buque fue escoltado hasta el Golfo de Adén fuera de la zona de amenaza por un destructor estadounidense, el USS Mason . [103] [104] Según se informa, la Armada de los EE. UU. derribó 14 drones el 16 de diciembre de 2023, [105] mientras que las Fuerzas de Defensa Aérea egipcias interceptaron un objeto que volaba cerca de Dahab . [106]

El 14 de diciembre de 2023, la India inició la Operación Sankalp para garantizar la seguridad del dominio marítimo regional. [107] El destructor INS  Kolkata fue estacionado en el Golfo de Adén para la seguridad marítima el 18 de diciembre. El destructor INS  Kochi ya estaba desplegado en la región para luchar contra los piratas somalíes , aunque el Gobierno de la India guarda silencio sobre su participación en la Operación Prosperity Guardian. [19]

Para el 21 de diciembre de 2023, el puerto de Eilat , que proporciona a Israel a través del Mar Rojo su único acceso marítimo fácil a Asia sin necesidad de transitar por el Canal de Suez , había experimentado una caída del 85% en su actividad debido a la acción de los hutíes. [108]

El 26 de diciembre de 2023, los hutíes dijeron que llevaron a cabo ataques con drones en Eilat y otras partes de Israel. [109] Estados Unidos derribó 12 drones y 5 misiles disparados por ellos, y las FDI dijeron que también derribaron un proyectil lanzado desde Yemen, dirigido a Israel, sobre el Mar Rojo, frente a la costa de la península del Sinaí . [110] El 26 de diciembre, India desplegó los destructores INS  Mormugao y Visakhapatnam en el Mar Arábigo después de que un buque mercante afiliado a Israel fuera atacado frente a la costa india. La marina estaba investigando la naturaleza del ataque al buque, MV Chem Pluto , que atracó en Mumbai el lunes, y los informes iniciales apuntaban a un ataque con drones, según un comunicado de la marina. El Pentágono dijo el sábado que un dron lanzado desde Irán golpeó al Chem Pluto en el Océano Índico. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Irán negó las acusaciones estadounidenses y las calificó de "infundadas". La tripulación del buque incluía a 21 indios y 1 ciudadano vietnamita. [111] [112] [113]

Enero de 2024

Mapa de los ataques aéreos

El 4 de enero, apenas horas después de la advertencia, los hutíes lanzaron un buque de superficie no tripulado (USV) hacia la Marina de Estados Unidos y buques comerciales, pero detonó a más de una milla náutica (1,9 km; 1,2 mi) de los barcos. [114]

El 7 de enero, el movimiento Houthi declaró que los ataques de represalia contra la Marina de los EE. UU. continuarían a menos que Estados Unidos entregara a los miembros de la Marina que mataron a los 10 miembros del personal del barco de ataque Houthi para que fueran juzgados en Yemen. [115] El 7 de enero, la Marina de Pakistán desplegó dos fragatas de clase Tughril , PNS  Tughril y Taimur en el Mar Arábigo luego de "recientes incidentes de seguridad marítima". [ cita requerida ]

El 10 de enero, los hutíes iniciaron un ataque a gran escala contra el USS  Dwight D. Eisenhower , el USS  Gravely , el USS  Laboon , el USS  Mason y el HMS  Diamond , en el que se lanzaron al menos 21 vehículos aéreos no tripulados y misiles. [116]

El 11 de enero, los SEAL de la Marina de Estados Unidos atacaron un barco frente a la costa de Somalia que estaba vinculado a militantes hutíes. Se incautaron del barco componentes de misiles de fabricación iraní y otras armas, incluidas piezas de defensa aérea. Luego, el barco fue hundido y su tripulación de 14 personas fue detenida. Durante la redada, un SEAL fue empujado al agua por las altas olas y uno de sus compañeros de equipo saltó tras él, lo que provocó la desaparición de ambos. [117] [118] Ambos SEAL fueron declarados muertos por el ejército estadounidense después de que una búsqueda de 10 días no logró localizarlos. [30]

El 12 de enero, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo ataques aéreos contra más de una docena de objetivos hutíes en Yemen con el apoyo de varios otros países, [119] [120] apenas horas después de que el líder del grupo prometiera que cualquier ataque estadounidense a sus fuerzas "no quedaría sin respuesta". [121] Los ataques fueron la primera vez que se atacaron objetivos hutíes en Yemen desde el comienzo de la crisis del Mar Rojo. [122] Más de 150 municiones y misiles Tomahawk alcanzaron 28 lugares dentro de las áreas controladas por los hutíes. Los hutíes dijeron que cinco de sus combatientes murieron y otros seis resultaron heridos. [123] Un día después, Estados Unidos realizó otro ataque en un sitio de radar hutí en Saná. [124] El 14 de enero, se informó de ataques aéreos estadounidenses y británicos en Hodeida , y se informó de que se avistaron aviones espía cerca del área. Los informes también sugirieron que Israel estaba involucrado en los ataques. [125] [126] Estados Unidos emitió una negación el mismo día. [127]

El 14 de enero, los hutíes dispararon un misil de crucero antibuque desde Hodeida en dirección al USS Laboon . El misil fue derribado por un avión de combate antes de que pudiera causar daños. [128]

Las fuerzas estadounidenses y sus aliados llevan a cabo ataques conjuntos en Yemen , 22 de enero de 2024

El 16 de enero, Estados Unidos derribó cuatro misiles balísticos antibuque hutíes cuando se preparaban para atacar buques en el Mar Rojo. [129] Al día siguiente, una cuarta ronda de ataques estadounidenses derribó 14 misiles en áreas controladas por los hutíes. [130] [131] El 22 de enero, en la octava ronda de ataques contra los hutíes, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo ataques aéreos contra ocho objetivos hutíes en las cercanías del aeródromo de Saná. [132] [133]

El 21 de enero de 2024, la fragata francesa Alsace se unió a las operaciones de defensa en el Mar Rojo después de transitar por el Canal de Suez , reforzando los activos franceses desplegados en la zona ante los ataques hutíes contra el transporte marítimo internacional. [134] [135] [136]

El 24 de enero, los hutíes afirmaron haber atacado a destructores y otros buques de guerra estadounidenses en el mar Rojo. Se supone que este ataque fue en respuesta a la Operación Poseidon Archer . Los hutíes afirmaron haber atacado directamente a un destructor estadounidense con un misil durante el ataque. [137] [ Se necesita una mejor fuente ] Este ataque fue negado por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. [138]

En la noche del 26 al 27 de enero, la fragata francesa  Alsace acudió en ayuda de un petrolero en llamas en el Golfo de Adén, junto a los destructores indio y estadounidense INS  Visakhapatnam y USS  Carney . El incendio sufrido por el petrolero Marlin Luanda fue provocado por un misil disparado desde Yemen. Fue controlado después de 20 horas, sin sufrir víctimas. [139] [136]

El 29 de enero, la fragata danesa HDMS  Iver Huitfeldt partió de la base naval de Korsør hacia el mar Rojo para ayudar a la coalición liderada por Estados Unidos a salvaguardar el tráfico comercial contra los ataques hutíes. [140] El 31 de enero, el principal diplomático de la Unión Europea, Josep Borrell, anunció que el bloque planea iniciar una misión naval para proteger la navegación mercante en el mar Rojo en las siguientes tres semanas, y los funcionarios declararon que siete estados miembros de la UE estaban dispuestos a proporcionar equipo militar. [141] Un asesor de Borrell declaró que la fecha de lanzamiento de la misión debería ser el 19 de febrero. Borrell añadió que la misión se llamaría «Aspides», que se traduce como «protector». [142]

Febrero de 2024

El 2 de febrero, los hutíes afirmaron que habían disparado un misil balístico hacia Eilat . Las FDI también dijeron que el sistema de defensa Arrow interceptó un misil sobre el Mar Rojo. [143] El 3 de febrero, un día después de realizar ataques aéreos en Irak y Siria , los EE. UU. y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo ataques contra 36 sitios hutíes, que incluían instalaciones subterráneas, sitios de almacenamiento y operación de vehículos aéreos no tripulados, sistemas de misiles, radares y helicópteros en 13 lugares diferentes en las partes controladas por los hutíes de Yemen en un intento de degradar sus capacidades. El funcionario hutí Mohammed Al-Bukhaiti declaró que "responderían a la escalada con escalada" en respuesta a los bombardeos. [144]

El 8 de febrero, la fragata alemana Hessen partió de Wilhelmshaven hacia el Mar Rojo con alrededor de 240 personas a bordo para ayudar a la próxima misión de la UE. [145]

El 10 de febrero, los medios oficiales hutíes publicaron los nombres de 17 combatientes que murieron durante los ataques conjuntos de Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. El anuncio se produjo tras los funerales públicos celebrados en Saná. [146]

El 15 de febrero, el ejército estadounidense anunció que la Guardia Costera había incautado un buque procedente de Irán que se dirigía el 28 de enero al Yemen controlado por los hutíes. El ejército estadounidense afirmó que el buque transportaba armas avanzadas y otros "materiales letales". Tenía más de 200 paquetes que contenían componentes de misiles balísticos y drones navales, explosivos, equipos de comunicaciones y piezas de lanzamisiles antitanque. [147]

El 19 de febrero, la Unión Europea anunció el inicio de la misión naval Operación Aspides , que planea enviar buques de guerra y proporcionar sistemas de alerta temprana aerotransportados al Mar Rojo y las aguas circundantes. El lanzamiento fue confirmado por el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores italiano, Antonio Tajani . Francia, Alemania, Italia y Bélgica anunciaron su intención de contribuir a la operación. La Operación Aspides tendrá su sede en Larisa , Grecia. La operación no tiene permitido atacar de forma preventiva y solo disparará contra los hutíes si atacan primero. [148] La operación solo operará en el mar y no realizará ni participará en ataques militares. [149] El mismo día, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper sobre el Mar Rojo. Los funcionarios estadounidenses confirmaron el incidente y agregaron que el avión no tripulado pertenecía a la Fuerza Aérea de los EE. UU. y se estrelló frente a la costa de Hodeidah. [150]

El 20 de febrero, Francia anunció que uno de sus buques de guerra derribó dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes sobre el Mar Rojo, mientras que el CENTCOM anunció el derribo de diez drones portadores de bombas y un misil de crucero dirigido al USS Laboon . [151] Los hutíes afirmaron que atacaron Eilat y varios buques de guerra estadounidenses en el Mar Rojo y el Mar Arábigo con drones. [152]

En la mañana del 22 de febrero, se informó que dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados que apuntaban a buques comerciales en el Mar Rojo habían sido interceptados una vez más por una de las fragatas francesas FREMM en la zona. [153] [154] Más tarde ese día, el Centro de Coordinación de Operaciones Humanitarias de los hutíes envió declaraciones a las aseguradoras y empresas navieras anunciando una prohibición formal de los buques propiedad total o parcialmente de entidades o individuos israelíes, británicos o estadounidenses en el Mar Rojo, el Golfo de Adén y el Mar Arábigo. La prohibición también incluía a los buques que navegaban bajo las banderas de las naciones mencionadas. [155] [156] La declaración se produjo cuando los hutíes lanzaron drones y misiles balísticos contra Eilat y un destructor estadounidense en el Mar Rojo, aunque ninguno de ellos alcanzó su objetivo según las autoridades. Sin embargo, los hutíes dispararon con éxito dos misiles contra un buque de carga con bandera de Palau llamado Islander, lo que provocó un incendio e hirió a un marinero a bordo del buque, aunque el barco continuó su ruta de transporte. [157] El líder hutí Abdul-Malik al-Houthi también dijo en una declaración que las operaciones en el Mar Rojo y las aguas circundantes continuaban, se estaban intensificando y eran efectivas, y anunció la introducción de "armas submarinas" sin dar más detalles. [158]

El 24 de febrero, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo su cuarta ronda de ataques aéreos conjuntos, que alcanzaron 18 objetivos hutíes en ocho lugares. El Ministerio de Defensa británico afirmó que cuatro aviones de combate Typhoon de la Real Fuerza Aérea, apoyados por dos aviones cisterna Voyager, participaron en los ataques. [159] La agencia de noticias oficial de los hutíes afirmó que los ataques mataron a un civil y lesionaron a otros ocho, lo que los convirtió en las primeras víctimas civiles durante los ataques aéreos estadounidenses y británicos. [160]

El 26 de febrero, se informó de daños en los cables de comunicaciones submarinos del Mar Rojo . Los informes iniciales de fuentes de la industria, la prensa africana y la prensa israelí vincularon esto a los ataques hutíes que fueron predichos por la prensa internacional, aunque Seacom no pudo confirmar la causa, luego confirmaron que la ubicación del daño estaba en las jurisdicciones marítimas yemeníes. [161] Los comunicados de prensa de Seacom y Flag Telecom describían la dificultad de la reparación debido a la crisis en el transporte marítimo. [162] [163] Los líderes hutíes negaron su participación. [164] El mismo día, Grecia aprobó una decisión de enviar la fragata griega Hydra al Mar Rojo para ayudar a la Operación Aspides . [165] También el 26 de febrero, la fragata alemana Hessen lanzó dos misiles SM-2 a un dron estadounidense Reaper en un incidente de fuego amigo. Los misiles fallaron su objetivo y cayeron al mar. [166]

El 27 de febrero, el líder hutí Mohammed al-Houthi dijo que solo permitirán que se lleve a cabo una operación de salvamento si se envía ayuda humanitaria a la Franja de Gaza . [167] El mismo día, la fragata alemana Hessen interceptó dos drones hutíes cuando apuntaban al buque naval, lo que lo convirtió en el primer enfrentamiento naval de la Armada alemana en la Operación Aspides . [168] El Hessen derribó un dron con su cañón de 76 mm y un segundo con su sistema CIWS. [169] El Rubymar, que fue atacado por los hutíes a principios de febrero, comenzó a hundirse mientras se desplazaba hacia el norte [170] y se hundió el 2 de marzo de 2024.

Marzo de 2024

El 2 de marzo, durante la Operación Aspides , el destructor italiano Caio Duilio derribó un misil hutí sobre el mar Rojo. El misil se encontraba a 4 millas (6,4 km) del destructor antes de ser derribado. [171]

El 4 de marzo, el Ministro de Telecomunicaciones hutí, Misfer Al-Numair, dijo que los buques que entraran en aguas yemeníes necesitarían un permiso de la Autoridad de Asuntos Marítimos controlada por los hutíes. [172]

El 4 de marzo de 2024, el INS Kolkata , desplegado en el Golfo de Adén , respondió a una solicitud del MSC Sky II , un buque portacontenedores con bandera de Liberia , que, según se informa, había sido atacado por un dron o un misil, aproximadamente a las 19.00 h (IST) del 4 de marzo de 2024, a 90 millas náuticas al sureste de Adén . El capitán del buque informó de que había humo y llamas a bordo tras el ataque. El INS Kolkata fue redirigido rápidamente para proporcionar el apoyo necesario y, a las 22.30 horas (IST), había llegado al lugar del incidente. El Kolkata escoltó entonces al buque desde la zona del incidente hasta los mares territoriales de Yibuti a petición del capitán. A primera hora del 5 de marzo, un equipo especializado en extinción de incendios de 12 personas de Kolkata subió a bordo del Sky II y extinguió los incendios restantes. Además, un equipo de desactivación de artefactos explosivos subió a bordo del Sky II para evaluar el riesgo residual. La tripulación de 23 personas, 13 de las cuales eran ciudadanos de la India , estaban a salvo y el barco continuó navegando hacia su próximo destino. [173] [174] [175]

El 8 de marzo, Finlandia anunció que enviaría hasta cinco oficiales a la Operación Aspides liderada por Europa y hasta dos soldados para participar en la Operación Prosperity Guardian liderada por Estados Unidos . [176] La Marina Real de los Países Bajos también confirmó el mismo día que enviaría la fragata de clase De Zeven Provinciën HNLMS  Tromp al Mar Rojo. La fragata sería parte de la Operación Prosperity Guardian pero también apoyaría la Operación Aspides. La fragata está tripulada por 200 marineros. Tiene un helicóptero de ataque marítimo NH90 a bordo y está equipada para interceptar misiles y drones entrantes. Los Países Bajos también anunciaron su intención de enviar un buque de apoyo logístico conjunto al Mar Rojo el mes siguiente. [177]

El 9 de marzo, la FREMM francesa Alsacia, que patrullaba el Golfo de Adén en el marco de la recién lanzada misión Aspides de la UE, así como los Mirage 2000-5 franceses estacionados en Yibuti , interceptaron cuatro vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes que amenazaban el tránsito comercial ese día. [178]

El 11 de marzo, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo 17 ataques aéreos contra ciudades y pueblos portuarios bajo control de los hutíes en el oeste del Yemen. Entre los objetivos atacados se encontraban Hodeidah y el puerto de Ras Isa. Un portavoz del gobierno yemení reconocido internacionalmente dijo que los ataques mataron a 11 personas e hirieron a otras 14. [179]

El 12 de marzo, el Ministerio de Defensa italiano informó que Duilio había derribado dos drones hutíes en defensa propia. [180]

El 14 de marzo, la agencia de noticias estatal rusa RIA Novosti informó que los hutíes afirmaban tener un misil hipersónico , citando a un funcionario anónimo y sin ninguna prueba. [181]

El 18 de marzo, los hutíes yemeníes lanzaron un misil de crucero que alcanzó con éxito a Israel, al parecer en una zona abierta al norte de Eilat. Israel afirmó que no se produjeron daños ni heridos. [182]

El 20 de marzo, el helicóptero Panther de la FREMM francesa Alsace a bordo derribó un UAV hutí que volaba hacia buques comerciales sobre el sur del mar Rojo. El artillero de la puerta del helicóptero, que estaba patrullando la zona, atacó y destruyó el UAV con una ametralladora de 7,62 mm. [183] ​​[184] El mismo día, un marinero de la Armada de los EE. UU. asignado al USS Mason desapareció mientras realizaba operaciones de apoyo en el mar Rojo. El 23 de marzo, el Departamento de Defensa de los EE. UU. lo declaró muerto, afirmando que su muerte se produjo en un incidente no relacionado con el combate. [31]

En la mañana del 21 de marzo, el helicóptero embarcado de la fragata alemana Hessen destruyó un avión no tripulado (USV) en el mar Rojo. Más tarde ese día, la FREMM francesa Alsace , que proporcionaba protección cercana a los buques mercantes en la zona, atacó y destruyó tres misiles balísticos hutíes que amenazaban el tránsito con sus misiles Aster 30. [185] [186] [187] El mismo día, Bloomberg había informado de que los hutíes habían llegado a un acuerdo con Rusia y China, acordando proporcionar un paso seguro a los buques bajo su jurisdicción a cambio de apoyo político. [188] Las FDI también anunciaron el mismo día que interceptaron un "objetivo aéreo sospechoso" que se acercaba a territorio israelí sobre el mar Rojo. [189]

El 27 de marzo, la Armada de los EE. UU. dijo que derribó cuatro vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes que apuntaban a buques de guerra en el Mar Rojo. [190] Al día siguiente, varios buques de guerra de la Flota del Pacífico rusa navegaron hacia el Mar Rojo a través del estrecho de Bab al-Mandeb, incluido el crucero ruso Varyag y la fragata rusa Marshal Shaposhnikov según Zvezda . [191] [192] Según se informa, esto ocurrió después de que los hutíes hicieran un acuerdo político con Rusia y China, permitiéndoles un paso seguro posiblemente a cambio de bloquear resoluciones en el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU . [193]

Abril de 2024

El 3 de abril, el jefe de defensa danés Flemming Lentfer fue despedido tras no informar sobre las fallas en las defensas aéreas y los sistemas de armas a bordo de la fragata Ivar Huitfeldt , que surgieron después de un ataque hutí en marzo, cuando las defensas aéreas de la fragata fallaron mientras se enfrentaban a los hutíes. También se produjo un problema con el sistema de munición de la fragata, que provocó que la mitad de las municiones que disparó detonasen antes de alcanzar su objetivo. [194]

En abril, Tim Lenderking , enviado especial de Estados Unidos para Yemen, declaró que esperaba lograr una solución diplomática con los hutíes yemeníes con respecto a sus ataques, y que Estados Unidos consideraría eliminar a los hutíes de su lista de terroristas designados si cesaban sus ataques. [195]

El 9 de abril, las FDI utilizaron un misil embarcado desde el INS  Magen para derribar un UAV por primera vez. El UAV, que provenía del Mar Rojo, violó el espacio aéreo israelí y cruzó hacia la zona del Golfo de Aqaba , haciendo sonar las sirenas en Eilat. [196] [197]

El 10 de abril, el ejército estadounidense afirmó haber destruido once drones pertenecientes a los hutíes que, según afirmó, representaban una amenaza para los buques estadounidenses, de la coalición y mercantes. Ocho de los drones fueron destruidos en territorio controlado por los hutíes, mientras que tres fueron derribados; dos sobre el Golfo de Adén y otro sobre el Mar Rojo. [198]

El 13 de abril, los hutíes, en coordinación con Irán, lanzaron varios drones contra Israel en medio de los ataques iraníes contra Israel , según la agencia de seguridad marítima Ambrey. La organización dijo que el objetivo de los drones son potencialmente puertos israelíes y que es probable que se produzcan daños colaterales a los barcos. [199] Al día siguiente, el sistema C-Dome de las FDI interceptó un objetivo aéreo en la zona de Eilat, que provenía de la dirección del Mar Rojo. [200]

El 18 de abril, el buque espía iraní MV  Behshad , sospechoso de ayudar a los hutíes, abandonó su posición en el mar y comenzó a navegar hacia el puerto de Bandar Abbas . [201]

El 25 de abril, una fragata griega interceptó dos drones hutíes en el Mar Rojo. [202]

El 26 de abril, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper estadounidense en la costa de Yemen. Estados Unidos confirmó el derribo de un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper en la zona y abrió una investigación al respecto. [203]

Mayo de 2024

A principios de mayo, la agencia de noticias Saba, dirigida por los hutíes, informó que al menos 18 personas habían sido detenidas por sospechas de espiar para Estados Unidos e Israel. Según Saba, la supuesta red de espionaje se formó en noviembre. Saba no proporcionó pruebas que respaldaran la afirmación, pero dijo que los hombres habían confesado haber espiado. [204]

El 7 de mayo, el USS Dwight D. Eisenhower regresó al Mar Rojo después de una breve escala a fines de abril en la bahía de Souda, Creta, para reabastecerse. [205]

El 10 de mayo, un avión de guerra de la coalición interceptó un avión no tripulado hutí sobre el Golfo de Adén. Al día siguiente, otros tres aviones no tripulados fueron interceptados sobre el Mar Rojo. No se registraron víctimas ni daños a la navegación en ninguno de los incidentes. [206]

El 15 de mayo, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper cerca de Marib y luego publicaron imágenes de su supuesto derribo. Sin embargo, el ejército estadounidense se negó a hacer comentarios. [207] El 21 de mayo, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado otro avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper, afirmando que se estrelló en la Gobernación de Al Bayda . [208]

El 29 de mayo, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper con un misil tierra-aire sobre la provincia de Marib. Las imágenes obtenidas por Associated Press mostraban un avión no tripulado dañado, pero que permanecía prácticamente intacto y no presentaba señales de daños por la explosión. Tampoco tenía marcas y las autoridades locales no reconocieron el derribo. Associated Press informó de que un funcionario de la USAF negó la pérdida de aeronaves en el teatro de operaciones, mientras que la CIA que opera esos aviones no tripulados se negó a hacer comentarios. [209]

El 30 de mayo, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo ataques contra 13 objetivos hutíes en Yemen, matando a 16 personas e hiriendo al menos a otras 35. [210] Al día siguiente, los hutíes amenazaron con intensificar sus ataques en respuesta y afirmaron haber atacado al USS Dwight D. Eisenhower con drones y misiles balísticos. Un funcionario de defensa estadounidense dijo a The Associated Press que el barco estaba en buenas condiciones. [211] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de Estados Unidos informó que los hutíes lanzaron dos misiles balísticos antibuque y un dron sobre el Golfo de Adén, y que el dron fue interceptado y los misiles no causaron ningún daño. Además, afirmó que también lanzaron cuatro drones sobre el Mar Rojo, tres de los cuales fueron interceptados y uno se estrelló en el agua. [212]

Junio ​​de 2024

El 1 de junio, los hutíes atacaron al USS Dwight D. Eisenhower , al USS  Gravely y a tres buques comerciales. El Comando Central de Estados Unidos confirmó los ataques, aunque añadió que no se habían reportado víctimas ni daños, ya que un dron fue interceptado en el sur del mar Rojo y otros dos se estrellaron en el agua. También añadió que había derribado dos misiles balísticos antibuque que apuntaban al USS Gravely . [213] [214]

El 3 de junio, el sistema de defensa Arrow de las FDI interceptó un misil tierra-aire que apuntaba a Eilat desde la dirección del Mar Rojo. [215] Los hutíes afirmaron más tarde que estaban apuntando a un sitio de las FDI con un misil balístico llamado Palestina . [216] El 6 de junio, el grupo y la Resistencia Islámica en Irak afirmaron haber lanzado dos ataques coordinados sobre Haifa . Sin embargo, Israel negó estas afirmaciones. Los hutíes declararon más tarde que intensificarían sus operaciones conjuntas con la Resistencia Islámica en Irak. [217]

El 6 de junio, al menos once trabajadores yemeníes de la ONU fueron arrestados por los hutíes. Cuatro días después, el grupo afirmó haber arrestado a un número no revelado de miembros de una "red de espionaje estadounidense-israelí" que se hacía pasar por organizaciones internacionales y de la ONU, y difundió supuestas confesiones de diez yemeníes, afirmando que varios de ellos habían sido reclutados por la embajada de Estados Unidos en Yemen. Sin embargo, ninguna de las personas que aparecen en las confesiones grabadas se encontraba entre los trabajadores de la ONU arrestados cuatro días antes. [218]

El canal de televisión Al-Masirah , dirigido por los hutíes , informó el 7 de junio que Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo cuatro ataques aéreos en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Hodeida y el Puerto de Salif , además de dos ataques aéreos en la región de Al-Thawra, al norte de Saná. No se informó de víctimas, mientras que ni Estados Unidos ni el Reino Unido confirmaron los ataques. [219] Por otra parte, las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos declararon que habían destruido un avión no tripulado en el estrecho de Bab-el-Mandeb lanzado desde la zona gobernada por los hutíes y una patrullera hutí en el Mar Rojo. [220]

El 9 de junio, los hutíes afirmaron haber atacado con misiles balísticos al destructor británico HMS Diamond en el mar Rojo. Sin embargo, el Ministerio de Defensa británico desmintió esta afirmación calificándola de falsa. [221]

El 11 de junio, la CNN publicó un informe que citaba a tres funcionarios estadounidenses que afirmaban que las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses creían que los hutíes estaban discutiendo entre ellos sobre armar al grupo militante somalí Al-Shabaab , y los funcionarios estaban investigando si se habían realizado entregas de armas o si Irán estaba involucrado. [222] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de los EE. UU. declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido dos lanzadores de misiles utilizados por los hutíes. [223]

El 12 de junio, los hutíes reivindicaron ataques conjuntos con la Resistencia Islámica en Irak en lugares de Ashdod y Haifa . [224] El 13 de junio, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que había destruido dos patrulleras hutíes, un buque de superficie no tripulado y un avión no tripulado en el Mar Rojo durante el último día. [225] Mientras tanto, los hutíes declararon que los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo dos ataques aéreos contra el complejo gubernamental en el distrito de Al Jabin de la Gobernación de Raymah , matando a dos personas e hiriendo a nueve. El grupo también afirmó que los dos países habían llevado a cabo 22 ataques aéreos en las gobernaciones de Saná , Al Hudaydah y Raymah durante la semana pasada. [226]

El 15 de junio, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que sus fuerzas armadas habían destruido siete sistemas de radar hutíes en Yemen que permitían al grupo localizar y atacar a buques mercantes. También afirmó que un UAV hutí y dos USV en el Mar Rojo fueron destruidos simultáneamente. [227] [228] Los hutíes afirmaron haber atacado a un destructor estadounidense al día siguiente. [229]

El 17 de junio, Al-Masirah informó que Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo al menos seis ataques aéreos en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Hodeida y cuatro en la isla de Kamaran . [230] Mientras tanto, los periodistas de Associated Press que recibieron un recorrido a bordo del USS Dwight D. Eisenhower no encontraron señales de daños. [231] Al-Masirah afirmó el 19 de junio que Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo tres ataques aéreos en sitios ubicados en el área de Al-Taif del distrito de Ad Durayhimi en la Gobernación de Al Hudaydah, [232] y cuatro ataques aéreos en el complejo gubernamental en el distrito de Al Jabin de la Gobernación de Raymah. [233]

El 22 de junio, los hutíes volvieron a afirmar que habían atacado al USS Dwight D. Eisenhower en el Mar Rojo, pero Reuters citó a dos funcionarios estadounidenses que negaron la afirmación. [234] Mientras tanto, el barco terminó su gira y recibió la orden de regresar a casa, siendo reemplazado por el USS Theodore Roosevelt . El Comando Central de los Estados Unidos también declaró que había destruido tres buques de superficie sin tripulación hutíes en el Mar Rojo durante el último día, [235] mientras que los hutíes también habían disparado tres misiles balísticos antibuque sobre el Golfo de Adén, sin embargo, ninguno de los buques militares o comerciales informó de víctimas o daños significativos. [236]

El 23 de junio, los hutíes afirmaron haber llevado a cabo un ataque conjunto con la Resistencia Islámica en Irak contra cuatro barcos en el puerto de Haifa. Sin embargo, no hubo confirmación de las FDI ni de fuentes independientes. [237] El 26 de junio, las FDI declararon que un avión no tripulado se estrelló en el mar cerca de Eilat, y la Resistencia Islámica en Irak se atribuyó la responsabilidad. [238] El 28 de junio, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que sus fuerzas habían destruido siete aviones no tripulados y una estación de control terrestre de vehículos aéreos no tripulados en territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el último día. [239]

Julio de 2024

El 2 de julio, los hutíes declararon que habían llevado a cabo una operación conjunta con la Resistencia Islámica en Irak, afirmando haber atacado un "objetivo vital" en Haifa con varios misiles. [240] La misión de la Operación Aspides declaró que dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados fueron destruidos por la fragata griega Psara en el Golfo de Adén el 7 de julio. [18]

Las FDI afirmaron que habían derribado un supuesto vehículo aéreo no tripulado que se dirigía hacia Israel desde el Mar Rojo el 8 de julio. Los hutíes afirmaron más tarde haber llevado a cabo un ataque conjunto con la Resistencia Islámica en Irak contra Eilat utilizando varios drones. [241]

El 7 de julio de 2024, el director ejecutivo del puerto de Eilat dijo que no había habido actividad en el puerto en los últimos ocho meses y que solicitaba asistencia financiera al gobierno israelí. Unos días después, el director ejecutivo dijo que el puerto se encontraba en estado de quiebra. [242] [243]

Al-Masirah afirmó que el 11 de julio los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido lanzaron cinco ataques aéreos, alcanzando objetivos en el área de Ras Isa ubicada al noroeste de Al Hudaydah. [244] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos afirmó que destruyó cinco USV y dos UAV hutíes en el Mar Rojo, y otro UAV en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [245] El 12 de julio, afirmó que había destruido tres UAV en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [246] Mientras tanto, Al-Masirah informó que los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo tres ataques aéreos en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Hodeida. [247]

El 14 de julio, Al-Masirah informó que Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo un ataque aéreo en el distrito de Midi de la provincia de Hajjah , dos ataques aéreos en el aeropuerto internacional de Hodeida y también habían atacado la zona de al-Buhaisi en la provincia de Al Hudaydah. Mientras tanto, la misión de la Operación Aspides afirmó que el Psara derribó un supuesto dron hutí en el Golfo de Adén. [248] [249] El Comando Central de Estados Unidos afirmó que el ejército estadounidense había destruido dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes y un vehículo aéreo no tripulado en el Mar Rojo, además de destruir otro vehículo aéreo no tripulado en territorio controlado por el grupo. Durante el día, los hutíes afirmaron que habían atacado objetivos militares en Eilat con vehículos aéreos no tripulados en represalia por el ataque israelí a Al-Mawasi el día anterior. [250]

El 15 de julio, la cadena de noticias Al-Ain, con sede en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , informó que los hutíes habían perdido contacto con un gran buque que transportaba personal extranjero y equipos de misiles a Al Hudaydah, y habían entrado en su tercer día de búsqueda del buque utilizando vehículos aéreos no tripulados de reconocimiento y buques de patrulla. [251] [252]

El 19 de julio, una explosión causada por un UAV yemení en Tel Aviv mató a una persona e hirió al menos a otras diez cerca del consulado estadounidense . [253] [254] [42] También se informó de que un misil balístico y otros tres UAV fueron disparados contra la ciudad, pero fueron interceptados por los EE. UU. [255] Los hutíes luego se atribuyeron la responsabilidad del ataque, afirmando que utilizaron un dron llamado "Jaffa" que era capaz de evadir los sistemas de radar e interceptación, [256] [257] y agregaron que continuarían apuntando a Tel Aviv como un objetivo principal dentro de su rango operativo. [258] Según una investigación de las FDI, el UAV había sido detectado inicialmente por sus sistemas de radar, pero no fue rastreado consistentemente debido a un error humano y múltiples capas de vigilancia por radar. [259]

El 20 de julio, Israel llevó a cabo varios ataques aéreos contra la infraestructura de Al Hudaydah; Al Masirah informó de que aviones israelíes atacaron instalaciones de refinación de petróleo en el puerto de Hudaydah y una central eléctrica, matando al menos a tres personas e hiriendo a otras 87, mientras que las FDI afirmaron que habían atacado una instalación utilizada para almacenar y distribuir armas. [260] [261] [262] Según las FDI, hasta el 20 de julio los hutíes habían lanzado más de 220 proyectiles contra Israel. [263]

El 21 de julio, las FDI declararon que habían interceptado un misil tierra-tierra lanzado desde Yemen. Mientras tanto, sonaron las sirenas de cohetes y misiles en Eilat, [264] sin embargo, las FDI dijeron que la ciudad no había sido atacada y negaron los informes de una explosión. [265] Los hutíes afirmaron que habían atacado Eilat con varios misiles. [266] Mientras tanto, Al-Masirah informó de que los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo dos ataques aéreos en la zona de Buhais en la Gobernación de Hajjah y cuatro ataques aéreos en Ras Isa en la Gobernación de Al Hudaydah. [267]

El 21 de julio, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi declaró que los ataques aéreos israelíes conducirían a una escalada de los ataques hutíes contra Israel, añadiendo que seguirían apoyando a los palestinos y que en el futuro pasarían a un nuevo nivel de ataques. [268] El grupo describió el ataque a Tel Aviv como el comienzo de la quinta fase de sus ataques. [269]

El 26 de julio, Al-Masirah informó que Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo cuatro ataques aéreos en la isla de Kamaran. [270] Al día siguiente, informó que los dos países habían llevado a cabo cuatro ataques aéreos en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Hodeida, que según los residentes alcanzaron objetivos hutíes. [271]

La CNN informó en agosto de 2024 que Rusia estaba planeando enviar armas a los hutíes a fines de julio de 2024, en represalia por el apoyo de Estados Unidos a Ucrania durante la invasión rusa del país, pero se abstuvo de hacerlo después de ser advertido por Arabia Saudita, a quien también Estados Unidos le solicitó que presionara a Rusia. [272]

Agosto de 2024

El 3 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos anunció que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un misil y un lanzador hutíes. [273] Posteriormente, el grupo declaró que había derribado un avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper en la Gobernación de Saada y publicó un video que supuestamente mostraba sus restos. El Departamento de Defensa de los Estados Unidos declaró que estaba investigando la afirmación. [274]

El 5 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido tres vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes sobre el Golfo de Adén; un vehículo aéreo no tripulado en territorio controlado por los hutíes; y un vehículo aéreo no tripulado, un vehículo terrestre no tripulado y un misil balístico antibuque en el Mar Rojo. [275] Al día siguiente, declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido un vehículo aéreo no tripulado hutí y dos misiles balísticos antibuque sobre el Mar Rojo. [276]

El 7 de agosto, los hutíes declararon que habían atacado a los destructores estadounidenses USS Cole y USS  Laboon ; sin embargo, un funcionario estadounidense negó la afirmación. [277] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes, una estación de control terrestre y tres misiles de crucero antibuque en el territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el último día. También declaró que el grupo estaba organizando una campaña de desinformación para fomentar el malestar en la región. [278]

El 8 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos dijo que las fuerzas estadounidenses destruyeron dos misiles de crucero antibuque hutíes y una estación de control terrestre en territorio controlado por los hutíes, así como un USV hutí en el Mar Rojo durante el último día. [279] El 12 de agosto, Al-Masirah informó que un UAV operado por la coalición liderada por los Estados Unidos llevó a cabo un ataque aéreo en la isla de Kamaran. [280]

El 14 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos anunció que el ejército estadounidense había destruido dos buques hutíes durante el día anterior. [281] El 15 de agosto, Al-Masirah informó que los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevaron a cabo un ataque aéreo en el distrito de As Salif . [282] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido una estación de control terrestre hutí en territorio controlado por el grupo. [283]

El 16 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos dijo que el ejército estadounidense había destruido un USV Houthi en el Mar Rojo durante el día anterior. [284] El 18 de agosto, declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido un UAV Houthi en el área controlada por el grupo durante el día anterior. [285] El 21 de agosto, Al-Masirah declaró que los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido habían llevado a cabo tres ataques aéreos en el distrito de As Salif. [286]

El 21 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un sistema de radar y un misil tierra-aire hutíes en la zona controlada por los hutíes. [287] Al día siguiente, declaró que el ejército estadounidense había destruido dos vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes sobre el Mar Rojo y otro en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [288] Mientras tanto, un destructor francés que formaba parte de la misión de la Operación Aspides destruyó un vehículo aéreo no tripulado hutí que tenía como objetivo al petrolero a la deriva Sounion . [289] [290]

El 23 de agosto, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un sistema de misiles hutíes en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [291] El 29 de agosto declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un sistema de misiles hutíes y un UAV durante el día anterior en territorio controlado por el grupo. [292] Al día siguiente, declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido dos UAV hutíes en territorio controlado por el grupo. [293] El 31 de agosto, declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un UAV hutíes y un USV en territorio controlado por el grupo. [294]

Septiembre de 2024

El 2 de septiembre, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido dos sistemas de misiles hutíes en territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el día anterior. [295] Al día siguiente, declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido otro sistema de misiles hutíes. [296] El 7 de septiembre, declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un UAV hutí y un vehículo de apoyo en territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el día anterior. [297]

El 8 de septiembre, los hutíes afirmaron haber destruido un avión no tripulado estadounidense MQ-9 Reaper sobre la Gobernación de Marib . Mientras tanto, Al-Masirah informó de que la coalición liderada por Estados Unidos llevó a cabo múltiples ataques aéreos en las cercanías de Ibb . [298] Mientras tanto, el Comando Central de Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido tres vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes y dos sistemas de misiles en territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el día anterior. [299] Al día siguiente, Al-Masirah informó de que la coalición liderada por Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevó a cabo ataques aéreos que alcanzaron un lugar en la zona de al-Jabanah de Al Hudaydah. [300]

El 10 de septiembre, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido dos sistemas de misiles hutíes y un vehículo de apoyo en territorio controlado por los hutíes, así como un UAV hutí sobre el Mar Rojo durante el día anterior. [301] Mientras tanto, los hutíes afirmaron que habían derribado otro avión no tripulado MQ-9 Reaper estadounidense sobre la Gobernación de Saada . [302] Al-Masirah afirmó que un ataque aéreo de la coalición liderada por los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido golpeó una supuesta base militar cerca de una escuela de niñas en el área de Al-Janad de la Gobernación de Taiz, causando una estampida que mató a dos estudiantes e hirió al menos a otros diez. [301]

El 11 de septiembre, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido cinco vehículos aéreos no tripulados y dos sistemas de misiles hutíes en territorio controlado por los hutíes durante el día anterior. Mientras tanto, Al-Masirah informó que la coalición liderada por los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido llevó a cabo dos ataques aéreos en la zona de Al-Kamp de la Gobernación de Taiz. [303]

El 12 de septiembre, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos informó que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido durante el día anterior un sistema de misiles en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [304] El 14 de septiembre, afirmó que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido durante el día anterior tres vehículos aéreos no tripulados hutíes y un vehículo de apoyo en territorio controlado por los hutíes. [305]

El 15 de septiembre, los hutíes lanzaron un misil balístico que fue parcialmente interceptado por el sistema de defensa Arrow según las FDI, y sus fragmentos cayeron en campo abierto, lo que provocó un incendio en una zona abierta cerca de Lod , y en una estación de tren en Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut . Los fragmentos del proyectil que cayeron causaron daños en la estación de tren. [306] Nueve personas sufrieron heridas leves mientras corrían hacia los refugios antiaéreos. Más de 2.365.000 israelíes buscaron refugio con alertas que duraron 90 segundos en el área metropolitana de Tel Aviv . [307] Los hutíes afirmaron que habían atacado una posición militar israelí en el distrito de Tel Aviv con un nuevo misil balístico hipersónico que las FDI no lograron interceptar. [308] [309] [310] El Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró más tarde que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un sistema de misiles hutíes en el territorio controlado por el grupo durante el último día. [311]

El 16 de septiembre, los hutíes afirmaron haber destruido un avión no tripulado estadounidense MQ-9 Reaper sobre la Gobernación de Dhamar , y en las redes sociales se difundieron supuestos vídeos del derribo y los restos del avión. [312] Por otra parte, Mohammed al-Bukhaiti, un alto funcionario de la oficina política del movimiento hutí, afirmó que Estados Unidos había ofrecido reconocer a su gobierno a cambio de que cesara sus ataques y también amenazó con intervenir militarmente. Sin embargo, dos funcionarios estadounidenses desestimaron la declaración por considerarla infundada en declaraciones a Reuters . [313]

El 18 de septiembre, el ejército estadounidense confirmó que los hutíes habían destruido drones MQ-9 Reaper estadounidenses el 10 y el 16 de septiembre. [314] El 21 de septiembre, el Comando Central de los Estados Unidos declaró que las fuerzas estadounidenses habían destruido un UAV hutí sobre el Mar Rojo durante el día anterior. [315] El 25 de septiembre, declaró que otro UAV hutí fue destruido sobre el Mar Rojo por fuerzas estadounidenses durante el día anterior. [316]

El vicepresidente del gobierno yemení reconocido por la ONU y líder del Consejo de Transición del Sur, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi, dijo el 24 de septiembre durante una entrevista con The Guardian que los ataques aéreos de la coalición contra los hutíes no habían afectado gravemente a sus capacidades . También acusó a Irán y Rusia de suministrar armas al grupo. [317]

El 25 de septiembre, dos aviones no tripulados lanzados desde Irak atacaron a Israel; uno de ellos impactó el puerto de Eilat e hirió a dos personas. Otro fue interceptado sobre el mar Rojo por una corbeta de la clase Sa'ar 5. La Resistencia Islámica en Irak asumió la responsabilidad del ataque. [318]

El 27 de septiembre, el sistema de defensa Arrow interceptó un misil procedente del Yemen que apuntaba al centro de Israel. [319] Un adolescente resultó herido de gravedad tras ser atropellado por un coche que se estaba deteniendo a un lado de la carretera durante el ataque, y otros diecisiete resultaron levemente heridos por caídas mientras se dirigían a refugios o debido a una ansiedad aguda. [320] El 27 de septiembre, los hutíes afirmaron que habían atacado Tel Aviv con un misil balístico y Ashkelon con un dron en respuesta a los ataques de Israel al Líbano y Gaza, sin embargo, las FDI declararon que no tenían conocimiento de que ningún dron hubiera entrado en Israel. [321] El grupo también declaró que habían atacado a tres destructores de la Armada de los Estados Unidos con 23 misiles y un UAV en el Mar Rojo. Un funcionario estadounidense confirmó que los buques de guerra de la Armada de los Estados Unidos interceptaron varios misiles y drones lanzados por el grupo mientras navegaban por Bab-el-Mandeb, y añadió que no se infligieron daños a ninguno de los buques. [322]

El 28 de septiembre, el sistema de defensa Arrow derribó un misil balístico lanzado desde Yemen, cuyos restos se estrellaron cerca de Tzur Hadassah , causando daños menores. Los hutíes afirmaron que habían atacado el aeropuerto Ben Gurion cuando el avión de Netanyahu llegó después de regresar de la ciudad de Nueva York . [323] [324]

El 29 de septiembre, decenas de aviones de guerra israelíes atacaron objetivos hutíes en Al Hudaydah y Ras Issa, incluidas centrales eléctricas e instalaciones portuarias, matando al menos a cuatro personas e hiriendo a otras 29. [325] [326] Los medios de comunicación vinculados a los hutíes afirmaron que los hutíes vaciaron las instalaciones utilizadas para almacenar combustible antes del ataque. [327]

Ataques hutíes a buques comerciales

Las fuerzas hutíes respaldadas por Irán comenzaron a atacar a los buques de transporte afiliados a Israel que pasaban por el Mar Rojo el 19 de noviembre de 2023. En febrero, 40 buques habían sido atacados. Las compañías navieras mundiales, que normalmente navegaban por el Mar Rojo, así como por el Canal de Suez , pasaron a posicionar sus buques alrededor del Cabo de Buena Esperanza , frente a la Península del Cabo , Sudáfrica . [328] [329] [330] [331]

Entre noviembre y diciembre de 2023, los ataques hutíes a los barcos comerciales en el Mar Rojo provocaron una disminución del 1,3 por ciento en el comercio mundial. [332] Para marzo de 2024, más de 2000 barcos habían desviado rutas lejos del Mar Rojo, haciendo viajes más costosos, desde el primer ataque hutí en noviembre anterior. [333]

Las promesas iniciales de los hutíes de atacar cualquier barco con vínculos con Israel fueron seguidas por ataques a barcos conectados con más de una docena de naciones, también, declaradas, en enero de 2024, como venganza por la "agresión estadounidense-británica contra nuestro país". El Comando Central de Estados Unidos respondió que los ataques de los hutíes "no tienen nada que ver con el conflicto en Gaza" y que los hutíes habían "disparado indiscriminadamente al Mar Rojo", apuntando a barcos e impactando a más de 40 naciones. [334] [335] El 3 de mayo de 2024, el portavoz militar del SPC de las Fuerzas Armadas de Yemen alineado con los hutíes, Yahya Saree, anunció, en un discurso televisado, que "atacaremos cualquier barco que se dirija a puertos israelíes en el Mar Mediterráneo en cualquier área a la que podamos llegar". [61]

First and second phases (November – December 2023)

Galaxy Leader at Bremerhaven, 2006. She was hijacked by the Houthis in November 2023.

On 19 November 2023, Houthi forces used a Mil Mi-17 helicopter to board and seize the car transporter Galaxy Leader, which was en route to India with 25 people but no cargo on board.[414][415] The incident followed a statement by Houthi spokesman Yahya Saree on the group's Telegram channel, declaring their intention to target ships owned or operated by Israeli companies or carrying the Israeli flag.[416] According to the ship's owner, the vessel was then moved to the Yemeni port of Hodeidah.[417]Sarea also urged countries to remove their citizens from crews of such ships. Earlier, Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi had threatened further attacks against Israeli interests, including potential targets in the Red Sea and the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. His speech emphasized the group's capability to monitor and target Israeli ships in these regions.[418]

On 24 November, Iran allegedly attacked CMA CGM Symi, a Malta-flagged container ship in the Indian Ocean.[419] A drone was shot down over the Red Sea by an IDF fighter jet.[420]

On 26 November, the Liberian-flagged MV Central Park, an oil tanker managed by Zodiac Maritime, was seized off the coast of Yemen in the Gulf of Aden. It carried a full cargo of phosphoric acid with 22 crew members consisting of Russian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Indian, Georgian and Filipino nationals.[421] The destroyer USS Mason, along with a partner country in the multilateral anti-piracy operation CTF 151, conducted a visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operation that facilitated the release of the Central Park and captured the hijackers on the ship following their attempted escape. The ship's crew was unharmed. The US military reported that in the early morning hours of the following day, two ballistic missiles were fired in the direction of the Mason and the Central Park from Houthi territory in Yemen and ended up in the Gulf of Aden.[422][423] The five hijackers, all suspected Somali pirates, were detained by the US Navy.[423][424]

On 3 December, the United States Navy Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Carney reportedly shot down three attack drones launched from Yemen that were approaching the ship. After shooting down the drones, the ship responded to a distress call by three commercial ships in the area (the Unity Explorer, Number 9 and Sophie II) which were under attack by ballistic missiles launched from Yemen.[339]

The Houthis claimed responsibility for two of the attacks. Houthi military spokesman Brigadier General Yahya Saree stated that one merchant vessel was hit by a missile and another by a drone while in the Bab el-Mandeb strait, without mentioning a warship.[339] A Pentagon source said that the attacks on Carney caused no injuries or damage.[425]

Third phase (December 2023 – May 2024)

On 9 December 2023, the Houthis vowed to target any vessel en route to Israeli ports, entering the third phase of the crisis. Following the announcement, the frequency of attacks around the Bab-el-Mandeb increased.[426]

On 12 December, the Houthis launched an anti-ship cruise missile attack against the Norwegian commercial ship Strinda, an oil and chemical tanker operated by the J. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi company, while it was close to the Bab-el-Mandeb. The Strinda was on its way from Malaysia to Italy (via the Suez Canal). The attack caused a fire aboard the ship; no crew members were injured.[341][427] The ship was carrying cargo of palm oil. The French Armed Forces Ministry and US Department of Defense reported that the Languedoc shot down a drone targeted at the Strinda, and USS Mason also rendered aid. The Houthi attack on the Strinda was an expansion of its series of attacks against maritime shipping in the strait; the Houthis began to attack commercial vessels without any discernible tie to Israel.[427][50]

On 13 December, Houthi rebels attempted to board the Ardmore Encounter, a Marshall Islands-flagged commercial tanker coming from Mangaluru, India and en route to either Rotterdam, Netherlands or Gävle, Sweden, but failed, prompting a distress call from the ship. They then targeted the tanker with missiles, which missed. USS Mason responded to the tanker's distress call and shot down a UAV launched from a Houthi-controlled area. The Ardmore Encounter was able to continue its voyage without further incident.[428]

On 14 December, a Houthi-launched missile was fired at the Maersk Gibraltar, though it missed its target.[343] On 15 December, Houthi spokesperson Yahya Sarea claimed responsibility for attacks on two Liberian-flagged vessels identified as MSC Alanya and MSC Palatium III. The Houthis fired naval missiles at the ships as they alleged they were traveling to Israel.[429]

On 15 December, it was reported that the Liberian-flagged Al-Jasrah, which is owned by Hapag Lloyd, caught fire after being hit by a Houthi-launched projectile while sailing through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.[430] On 16 December, Royal Navy destroyer HMS Diamond shot down a drone over the Red Sea while it was targeting a commercial ship.[16]

On 18 December, Houthis claimed to have launched attacks targeting two cargo vessels in the Red Sea near Mocha port, the MSC Clara and the Norwegian-owned Swan Atlantic. The Swan Atlantic's owner, Inventor Chemical Tankers, said its water tank was damaged in the attack and denied it has any Israeli ties.[342]

On 23 December, Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles into the southern Red Sea, but no ships were hit. USS Laboon also shot down four UAVs that were heading toward it.[431]

On 26 December, Houthis fired several naval missiles at the MSC United VIII in the Red Sea after it rejected three warning calls.[109] She reported several explosions near her.[345][432] She alerted a nearby coalition task force warship and engaged in evasive maneuvers as per her instructions during the attacks.[433][434]

The container ship Maersk Hangzhou, owned by A.P. Moller Singapore Pte. Ltd. and in service with Maersk Line, was attacked over two days in late December. On 30 December, she was hit by a land-based missile, suffering only limited damage and no casualties. The following day, four small Yemeni gunboats attempted to attack and board the ship. The Maersk Hangzhou's own security team repelled them. Responding to her distress call, helicopters were deployed from USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Gravely, which were then engaged by the Houthis. They returned fire and sank three of the boats, killing their crews (ten militants in all—the fourth boat withdrew), thus inflicting the first known casualties of the Red Sea crisis.[348]

On 11 January 2024, Houthis fired an anti-ship ballistic missile into international shipping lanes in the Gulf of Aden, which landed in the water near a commercial vessel, causing no damage or injuries.[435]

On 12 January, Houthis mistakenly targeted MT Khalissa as it carried Russian crude oil based on outdated information linking it to the United Kingdom.[436] A missile was fired near the vessel as it sailed off the coast of Aden, causing no injuries or damage. Three small boats also tailed the vessel for over an hour.[437][438]

On 15 January, Houthis struck MV Gibraltar Eagle with an anti-ship missile, causing a small fire on board. The attack [simple] did not cause injuries or significant damage. Another missile fired earlier failed in flight and crashed in Yemen.[439]

On 16 January, an anti-ship ballistic missile fired by the Houthis struck MV Zografia, causing material damage but no injuries. The Greek-owned and Malta-flagged vessel, which came from Vietnam and was en route to Israel, was able to continue transiting the Red Sea.[352][440]

On 17 January, Houthis struck the US-owned bulk carrier MV Genco Picardy with a drone while it traversed the Gulf of Aden, causing minimal damage and no injuries to the crew.[353][441] The Indian Navy announced the following day that INS Visakhapatnam was diverted to rescue the ship's crew of 22 people. No casualties were reported and the ship later continued onwards for its scheduled journey.[442][443]

On 18 January, Houthis launched two anti-ship ballistic missiles at MV Chem Ranger, which was traveling from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Kuwait. The missiles landed in the water near the ship while it was traversing through the Gulf of Aden, and there was no reported damage or injuries. However, a Houthi post on social media claimed that they launched several naval missiles at the vessel, resulting in direct hits.[444]

On 22 January, Houthis claimed they attacked the US military cargo ship MV Ocean Jazz, but did not state the location of the attack or if damage was caused. However, the claim was rejected by the US Naval Forces Central Command.[445]

On 24 January, a Houthi missile exploded on the sea about 100 metres off the starboard side of the US-flagged, -owned, and -operated container ship Maersk Detroit. This ship and the Maersk Chesapeake, both in the US Maritime Administration's Maritime Security Program and Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement were carrying US Department of Defense, US Department of State, USAID, and other US government agency cargo from Oman, and accompanied by US naval vessels while they were near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait transiting north. Two other missiles were shot down by USS Gravely. Following the incident, the two vessels were ordered back to the Gulf of Aden by US Navy instruction with Navy escort and Maersk Line Limited, a subsidiary that sails primarily US government-owned goods, suspended all sailings in the Red Sea.[356][446][447]

Attack on the Marlin Luanda in January 2023

On 26 January, a Houthi ballistic missile fired toward USS Carney was shot down.[448] The same day, the Marlin Luanda, an oil tanker operated by British company Oceonix Services on behalf of Trafigura, carrying Russian-produced naphtha, was hit by a missile as it traversed the Gulf of Aden 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) southeast of Aden, according to UK Maritime Trade Operations. A Houthi spokesperson said the ship was targeted in response to "American-British aggression against our country". The missile set fire to a starboard cargo tank, which was extinguished by the crew without injury.[334][449]

On 28 January, HMS Diamond intercepted a Houthi drone targeting it.[450] The following day, Houthis claimed they struck USS Lewis B. Puller with a missile in the Gulf of Aden. An American defense official rejected the claim.[451] The UKMTO reported the same day that a merchant vessel was suspiciously approached by three small boats, who got as close as one nautical mile, 44 nautical miles (81 km; 51 mi) west of Al-Mukha. The merchant vessel's security crew fired warning shots to deter the small boats, and the vessel was able to safely proceed to its next port of call.[452]

On 30 January, a Houthi missile targeting USS Gravely came within a mile of the naval vessel before being intercepted, the closest any Houthi attack had yet come to a US warship.[453] The following day, the Houthis claimed they targeted an American merchant ship named Koi with several naval missiles. The security firm Ambrey said the same day that a merchant vessel reported an explosion on its starboard side 69 nautical miles (128 km; 79 mi) southwest of Aden, but it was not stated if it was the Koi.[454] USS Carney also shot down three Iranian drones and one Houthi missile over the Gulf of Aden.[455]

On 6 February, Houthis claimed they hit a British and an American ship in the Red Sea, which they identified as the Morning Tide and Star Nasia, respectively. Neither ship received major damage. Ambrey reported that a Barbados-flagged British ship received minor damage to its port 57 nautical miles (106 km; 66 mi) from the coast of Hodeidah, and the UKMTO said that it also received reports that the port side of a ship was struck by a projectile west of Hodeidah and a small craft was seen nearby.[358] The second ship, which the UKMTO identified as a Marshall Islands-flagged, Greek-owned vessel originating from the US and en route to India, was attacked off the coast of Aden. It reported an explosion 50 metres off its starboard side.[456]

On 12 February, Houthis fired two missiles at the Star Iris as it traveled south of the Bab el-Mandeb strait, claiming it was an American vessel without providing evidence. The attack caused minor damage to the vessel, but no injuries were reported. The Star Iris came from Brazil and was en route to Bandar Khomeini, Iran. It was able to proceed to its next port of call.[457]

On 16 February, the UKMTO reported that a missile lightly damaged a Panama-flagged ship off the coast of Mokha.[458] Houthis later claimed responsibility for the attack, identifying the tanker as the Pollux and claiming they targeted it with a "large number of appropriate naval missiles". The US Department of State said the tanker was bound for India and was struck on its port side by a missile fired from Yemen.[459]

MV Rubymar sinks in the Red Sea on 2 March 2024

On 18 February, the Belize-flagged cargo ship MV Rubymar was attacked in the Bab el-Mandeb strait as she sailed from Khor Fakkan, UAE, to Varna, Bulgaria. Saree said the attack caused catastrophic damage to the vessel, forced her to stop, and put her at risk of sinking. The vessel's crew evacuated after the attack. Ambrey said the attack made the ship briefly slow down and deviate from her course, before contacting the Djiboutian Navy and returning to her previous course and speed. The vessel remained afloat as of 8 am London time. CENTCOM said the attack on the Rubymar caused her to slowly take in water and leave behind a 29-kilometre (18 mi) oil slick, causing an environmental disaster. It added that she was carrying 41,000 tonnes of fertilizer, which could spill into the sea if she were to sink.[460] On 2 March, the Yemeni government reported that the Rubymar had sunk.[44]

On 19 February, a Greece-flagged bulk carrier requested military assistance after a missile attack east of Aden.[461] Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack, identifying the vessel as the Sea Champion. They added that another vessel called Navis Fortuna was also struck.[462]

On 22 February, Houthis fired two missiles at the cargo ship MV Islander as she traversed the Red Sea, causing a fire. CENTCOM announced that damage was done to the vessel and one person suffered minor injuries as a result of the attacks.[463]

On 6 March, the Houthis struck the Barbados-flagged bulk carrier True Confidence with an anti-ship missile, igniting a fire and leading the crew to abandon the vessel. Three crew members were killed and four others sustained serious burns from the fire.[464] INS Kolkata handled the situation. The event happened 55 nautical miles to the southwest of Aden. INS Kolkata deployed its boats and onboard helicopter to reach the location and deployed life rafts to save 21 crew members, one of whom was Indian. The ship's medical professionals provided vital medical attention to the injured crew members.[465][466]

On 8 March, the Houthis launched a large attack on US warships and commercial shipping, firing two anti-ship missiles at the Singapore-flagged bulk carrier MV Propel Fortune and 37 drones at American naval vessels.[467] A French warship and fighter jets shot down four drones approaching vessels belonging to Operation Aspides; the Danish frigate Iver Huitfeldt shot down another four; and the US Navy intercepted another 15.[468][469]

On 14 March, reports that missiles had struck the Panama-flagged Pacific 01 in the Gulf of Aden were debunked.[470][471] The following day, Houthis threatened to expand attacks to include Israel-linked vessels passing through the Indian Ocean towards the Cape of Good Hope.[472] On the same day, Yahya Saree claimed that Houthi forces launched drones and anti-ship missiles at American and Israeli vessels in the Indian Ocean, while also targeting US naval vessels with drones.[473]

On 24 March, Houthis targeted the Chinese-owned and Panama-flagged oil tanker MV Huang Pu with six anti-ship ballistic missiles as she was en route to New Mangalore Port, India.[366] One of the missiles landed in Yemen, while four others struck in the vicinity of the vessel and the fifth directly struck her, causing a fire which was extinguished thirty minutes later. She was carrying Russian crude oil at the time of the attack,[474] and was previously owned by a British shipping firm.[475][476]

On 7 April, the Houthis claimed responsibility for attacks on three commercial vessels and two US frigates in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. They identified the commercial vessels as the British-owned, Marshall Islands-flagged Hope Island and the Israeli-owned, Panama-flagged MSC Grace F and MSC Gina.[369][368][367]

On 9 April, the Maersk Yorktown, a US-flagged and owned container ship which was being escorted by the destroyers USS Mason and USS Laboon at the time, was targeted by an anti-ship missile while traversing the Gulf of Aden. The missile was intercepted before it could cause damage.[370] The following day, the Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack on the Yorktown and announced that they targeted the vessels MSC Gina and MSC Darwin, which they claimed were Israeli, and a US destroyer in the Gulf of Aden.[371]

On 24 April, Maersk Yorktown was again[370] targeted while underway the Gulf of Aden, along with the Madeira-flagged, Swiss-owned MSC Veracruz. Each was attacked in the Indian Ocean by Iranian-backed Houthi militants.[372]

On 26 April, two Houthi missiles hit the Panama-flagged oil tanker Andromeda Star, causing minor damage, approximately 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) southwest of Mokha.[477] The Houthis claimed she was a British oil ship. She had been carrying Russian oil from Primorsk, Russia to Vadinar, India.[478] INS Kochi rescued 30 crew members onboard the ship. An official reconnaissance was conducted by a helicopter after which the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) reached the vessel to "residual risk assessment". Later the ship continued towards her next destination.[479][480] Another missile landed in close proximity to the nearby Antigua and Barbuda-flagged MV Maisha, causing no damage.[481]

On 29 April, Houthis attacked the Malta-flagged merchant vessel MV Cyclades with anti-ship missiles and UAVs, causing minor damage.[373] The Houthis also claimed responsibility for a drone attack on the Portugal-flagged MSC Orion that day, directly striking her around 600 kilometres (370 mi) off the coast of Yemen while she was in the Arabian Sea, making it the furthest attack by the Houthis so far.[374][482] In response to the increased range, the EU's Operation Atalanta advised for an alternative shipping route to be established at least 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi) east of the current route.[483]

Fourth phase (May – July 2024)

In early May 2024, in what he described as the "fourth stage" of the attacks, Houthi leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi vowed to attack ships of any company related to Israel or carrying goods for Israel in response to Israel's Rafah offensive in southern Gaza.[484]

On 9 May, the Houthis claimed responsibility for attacks on three Panama-flagged container ships. In the first attack, two explosions were reported near a ship in the morning of 7 May. The Houthis said that the explosions were missile attacks targeting MSC Gina and MSC Diego. They also claimed an attack on the MSC Vittoria in the Indian Ocean, however this was unacknowledged by any authorities.[485][486]

On 18 May, the Greek-owned and Panama-flagged oil tanker MT Wind was struck by a missile off the coast of Mokha.[375] On 24 May, the Houthis claimed to have attacked the bulk carrier Yannis in the Red Sea, the gas tanker Essex in the Mediterranean Sea and the MSC Alexandra in the Arabian Sea. The U.S. Central Command stated that the Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles into the Red Sea, but no injuries or damages were reported, while Essex's manager Zodiac Maritime stated that it found no sign of it being struck.[377][376] The Greek-owned and Marshall Islands-flagged bulk carrier Laax was struck by Houthis on 28 May. The group also claimed to have targeted the ships Morea and Sealady in the Red Sea, Alba and Maersk Hartford in the Arabian Sea and Minerva Antonia in the Mediterranean Sea. Maersk Line, the owner of Maersk Hartford, however denied any attack on the ship.[487][378]

On 1 June, the Houthis targeted the Maltese-flagged oil tanker Abliani in the Red Sea, the Maltese-flagged cargo ship Maina once in the Red Sea and then in the Arabian Sea, and the Marshall Islands-flagged LNG carrier Al Oraiq in the Indian Ocean on 1 June. The US Central Command said that no casualties or damage were reported.[213][214][379]

On 5 June, the Houthis claimed to have attacked the Liberian-flagged bulk carriers Roza and Vantage Dream in the Red Sea with missiles and drones, accusing the two ships of entering Israeli ports. They also claimed an attack on the US-flagged vessel Maersk Seletar in the Arabian Sea using drones, its media relations manager however denied that the vessel had been attacked. None of the Houthi claims matched with reports from maritime security agencies, with only the UK Maritime Trade Operations reporting an explosion near the Maersk Seletar in the Red Sea a few days earlier.[488][489]

The Houthis on 7 June claimed to have targeted the Malta-flagged container ship Elbella and the Cyprus-flagged cargo ship AAL Genoa in the Red Sea with ballistic and naval missiles as well as drones, however there was no independent confirmation of the attacks. The U.S. Central Command reported that the group had launched four anti-ship ballistic missiles towards the Red Sea over the past day, with no casualties or damage being reported.[220]

The Antigua and Barbuda-flagged and German-owned cargo ship Norderney was struck by Houthi anti-ship ballistic missiles twice on 8 and 9 June in the Gulf of Aden. The Liberian-flagged and Swiss-owned container ship MSC Tavvishi was struck by Houthi missiles in the Gulf of Aden on 8 June as well. Both ships were damaged, with a small fire breaking out on the Norderney, however none of the crew were hurt.[380][490] An unidentified ship was also struck by Houthi missiles near Djibouti on 9 June, however no casualty was reported.[382]

On 12 June, the Liberian-flagged and Greek-owned cargo ship Tutor was struck twice in the Red Sea near Al Hudaydah. The Houthis stated that attacks were carried out using ballistic missiles, drones and unmanned surface vehicle (USV), their first successful use of such a device throughout the crisis. The ship began to take in water, and the Houthis claimed that she was susceptible to sinking.[384] The ship was abandoned by the crew who were evacuated, save for one member who was confirmed missing and was suspected to be trapped in the engine room.[385] Its sinking was confirmed on 19 June, with the missing crew member believed to have been killed.[491]

On 13 June, two cruise missiles launched by the Houthis struck the Palauan-flagged and Ukrainian-owned bulk cargo carrier Verbena in the Gulf of Aden, causing damage and subsequent fires on board. The attacks also severely injured an American sailor who was evacuated by U.S. forces.[387] The Houthis also claimed attacks on the Malta-flagged bulk carrier Seaguardian and Athina in the Red Sea. The attacks could not be independently confirmed though the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) reported an explosion near an unnamed vessel in the Red Sea, without causing any damage or casualties.[388]

On 16 June, the Houthis claimed to have targeted the ships Captain Paris and Happy Condor with missiles and drones respectively. An unidentified vessel traveling south of Mokha reported two explosions near it without suffering damage or casualties according to the UKMTO.[229]

The Palauan-flagged LNG carrier Asya Energy managed to sail through the Red Sea without any incident on 18 June, marking the first time a LNG carrier had sailed successfully through the Bab-el-Mandeb since January 2024.[492] Leading shipping associations meanwhile called for immediate action to safeguard ships passing through the Red Sea on the following day. Marine war insurance agency Vessel Protect stated that the Houthis had carried out ten strikes in June and five in May.[493]

The Houthis targeted a commercial ship in the Gulf of Aden on 21 June according to the UKMTO center said and the Joint Maritime Information Cente, with no casualties or damage being reported.[235] The Houthis on the next day identified it as the Liberian-flagged bulk carrier Transworld Navigator and stated that they had targeted it with ballistic missiles.[389] They also claimed to have targeted the Shorthorn Express in the Mediterranean Sea, but there was no independent confirmation of the attack.[237]

The Houthis targeted the Transworld Navigator again on 23 June using a USV in the Red Sea, with the crew reporting minor injuries and moderate damage to the ship. The group also claimed to have targeted the Stolt Sequoia in the Indian Ocean with cruise missiles.[390][391] The Liberian-flagged container ship MSC Sarah V reported a missile attack near it on 24 June while traveling in the Arabian Sea, without sustaining any damage or injuries to the crew.[392] The Houthis stated that they had targeted it with their newly-acquired hypersonic missile called Hatem 2.[393]

The UKMTO on 26 June stated that a merchant ship reported a missile hitting the water nearby while it was passing near Aden, with the crew reported to be safe.[394] The Houthis meanwhile claimed that they targeted the Portuguese-flagged container ship MSC Manzanillo docked in Haifa in a joint operation with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, although the IDF denied the claim.[494] A commercial ship reported being targeted by a USV near Al Hudaydah without suffering any damages or injuries to its crew on 27 June according to the UKMTO and Ambrey.[395][495]

On 28 June, the Liberian-flagged oil tanker Delonix was targeted by five missiles to the northwest of Al Hudaydah but escaped unharmed according to the UKMTO, although the Houthis claimed that it took a direct hit. The group also claimed to have targeted the bulk carrier Ioannis in the Red Sea, as well as the oil tanker Waler and the container ship Johannes Maersk in the Mediterranean Sea.[396][239]

The Houthis on 1 July claimed to have again targeted the Delonix in the Red Sea, in addition to targeting MSC Unific in the Arabian Sea, the British sealift ship Anvil Point in the Indian Ocean and the Lucky Sailor in the Mediterranean Sea. None of the attacks could be confirmed however.[496][497]

The American-flagged container ship Maersk Sentosa on 9 July reported an explosion nearby while passing through Nishtun, although reporting no injuries or damages. The Houthis claimed the attack and stated that they had carried it out using ballistic and wing missiles. The group also claimed to have attacked the Maltese-flagged container ship Marathoplis in the Arabian Sea and the Liberian-flagged MSC Patnaree III in the Gulf of Aden using UAVs.[397][498]

The Liberian-flagged tanker Mount Fuji reported an explosion near it on 10 July while travelling in through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, with the Houthis being suspected to be behind it. The ship and the crew were reported to be safe.[398] Abdul Malik al-Houthi meanwhile on 11 July claimed that his group had attacked 166 ships associated with Israel, the U.S. and the U.K since November 2023.[499]

A merchant ship near Mokha reported one missile hitting the water near it and another exploding in the air on 11 July. The UKMTO later reported that two additional explosions had occurred near it during the day.[399][400] The Houthis on 12 July claimed to have targeted a ship called Charysalis twice in the Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb strait. Xinhua News Agency however stated that no such ship by the name existed, and the closest match was the Liberian-flagged oil tanker Chrysalis which was last reported to be in the Red Sea.[500] The Houthis on 14 July claimed to have targeted the MSC Unific with ballistic missiles and UAVs.[250]

On 15 July, the Houthis targeted the Panama-flagged product tanker Bentley I and the Liberian-flagged crude oil tanker Chios Lion in the Red Sea with ballistic missiles, UAVs and USVs. The Bentley I was reported by the UKMTO to have been hit twice by a USV without it exploding, while two manned boats fired at it, resulting in a gunfight before the boats withdrew. The tanker later reported four missile explosions near it. The Chios Lion meanwhile reported sustaining damage due to being struck by a USV to the northwest of Al Hudaydah according to the UKMTO. The Houthis also claimed to have targeted the Cyprus-flagged clean product tanker Olvia in the Mediterranean Sea alongside the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the managers of the ship however denied the claim. The group stated that the attacks were carried out in retaliation foe the Israeli attack on Al-Mawasi on 13 July.[401][400][501]

The Singapore-flagged container ship Lobivia was reported to have been struck while transiting through the Gulf of Aden on 19 July, causing a fire onboard which was extinguished by its crew who were reported to be safe. The Houthis took responsibility, stating that they targeted the ship with ballistic missiles and drones.[402]

The Liberian-flagged container ship Pumba was targeted by a UAV and a USV near Mokha on 20 July, causing slight damage. The Houthis claimed the attack and stated that they targeted the ship with ballistic missiles and drones.[403][404]

Fifth phase (July 2024 – present)

The Houthis declared their drone attack on Tel Aviv in July 2024 as the beginning of the fifth phase of their attacks.[269]

The Liberian-flagged cargo ship Groton was hit by a missile on 3 August while sailing east of Aden, but received no damage and all crew members were reported to be safe.[502][405] The Houthis stated that they had targeted it with ballistic missiles. The attacked marked the resumption of their campaign following a two-week pause after Israel bombed the Hudaydah Port in retaliation.[406]

The Houthis on 7 August claimed to have hit the Liberian-flagged container ship Contship Ono while it was travelling through the Red Sea, after targeting it with UAVs and ballistic missiles. Its owner Contships Management however denied the claim and stated that the ship as well as its crew were safe.[277]

The Liberian-flagged oil tanker Delta Blue was attacked twice by Houthis near Mokha on 8 August, with militants in two boats first firing a rocket-propelled grenade, and later a missile targeting the ship. Both the projectiles exploded nearby in the water.[407] On the following day, it was targeted by a USV which was destroyed by its security team before it could hit the ship. Another missile later targeted the ship but landed in the nearby water. Both the ship and ita crew were reported to be unharmed following the attacks.[408]

Two ships were targeted in the Red Sea on 13 August. The first ship to be targeted was the Liberian-flagged oil tanker Delta Atlantica, which reported two explosions near it before being targeted by another explosion after a small watercraft flashed lights at it. The ship was attacked again a few hours later, being targeted by a USV which hit the ship but did not detonate, and was destroyed by its security guards. The second ship to be attacked was the Panama-flagged crude oil tanker On Phoenix which reported an explosion nearby. Both the ships and their crew were reported to be safe.[409]

On 21 August, the Greek-flagged oil tanker Sounion was attacked multiple times to the west of Al Hudaydah. It was first attacked by two boats and was hit by multiple projectiles, with a brief gunbattle breaking out. Another attack occurred later, causing a fire and loss of engine power. The crew meanwhile however was reported to be safe[410] and was rescued on the following day by a French destroyer which was part of Operation Aspides.[290][289] The Houthis claimed the attack[411] and later attacked the ship again, publishing a video of the group purpotedly setting it on fire. The United States Department of Defense stated on 28 August that the ship was still on fire and had likely started leaking oil, while those attempting to salvage it were prevented from doing so due to the Houthis threatening to attack them as well.[503] The Operation Aspides mission however denied that there was any oil leakage.[504] The office of the Permanent Representative of Iran to the United Nations later stated that the group had agreed to let salvage crews rescue the tanker.[505] The Houthis on the following day published a video of them setting off bombs on the tanker.[506] The tanker was successfuly towed to a safe area without any oil spill on 16 September.[507]

Five explosions were meanwhile also reported on 21 August near the Panama-flagged bulk carrier SW North Wind I, which was sailing near Aden. None of the blasts however affected the ship or its crew. The ship was attacked again on the following day by a USV and two skiffs carrying armed men, with an explosion causing minor damage to the ship after the USV rammed it.[410][412] The Houthis claimed the attack.[411]

UKMTO stated on 26 August that a commercial ship reported being approached by a small boat with men and a ladder onboard while sailing to the southeast of Aden, but it turned back after being challenged by the ship's security team. Another ship sailing southeast of Mokha later reported sighting a USV and two small boats without being approached.[508] Ambrey meanwhile reported an incident to the southwest of Aden.[509] The chemical tanker Mutriba reported sighting a USV and three small boats on the following day while sailing west of Mokha.[510]

On 30 August, two missiles exploded near the cargo ship Groton which was sailing east of Aden, with both the ship and its crew reported to be safe.[293] The Houthis took responsibility for the attack and stated that they had carried it out using missiles, naval forces and UAVs.[511]

On 2 September, the Houthis attacked the Panama-flagged crude oil tanker Blue Lagoon I, northwest of As-Salif. The Joint Maritime Information Center meanwhile stated that Blue Lagoon I was hit with two ballistic missiles, with a third exploding nearby; however, the crew was reported to be safe.[413][295] Ambrey reported later that day that a second ship was hit by a UAV. The US Central Command identified it as the Saudi-flagged crude oil tanker Amjad, adding that there were neither casualties nor damage.[512] The ship management company Bahri, owners of Amjad, however denied that it had been targeted.[513]

Order of battle

Houthis and allies

Anti-Houthi forces

Israel

Prosperity Guardian

Aspides

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

Independent deployments

Issues

Disinformation

The Houthis and their supporters have engaged in a disinformation campaign to undermine efforts to secure freedom of navigation in the Red Sea and surrounding waters by the United States and its allies and to gain recognition as a regional power.[545] On 1 February 2024, the Houthis claimed an attack on a US ship named KOI, but maritime sources told BBC that it was false.[546] Hezbollah-affiliated news outlets such as Islam Times and Al Mayadeen have backed false claims by the Houthis. On 28 January, Islam Times released footage of the 2021 X-Press Pearl fire, purporting it displayed the aftermath of a Houthi attack on a British ship. Three days later, Al Mayadeen reported that the Houthis accurately struck USS Gravely, but the claim was rejected by US officials.[547]

Social media users on platforms such as X have published old or doctored images and videos falsely claiming them as Houthi attacks. In February 2024, users on X posted the 2018 sinking of the USS Racine (LST-1191) and the X-Press Pearl disaster, claiming they showed the Houthi attacks on the Star Nasia and Morning Tide.[548] In June 2024, users posted satellite images of the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower with damage digitally edited onto it, claiming that it was the result of a Houthi attack.[545] Other mislabeled or digitally edited photographs and videos were also published purporting damage to the aircraft carrier, though some were satire.[549][550]

Footage from the Czech-based video game Arma 3 has also been used to spread disinformation about the conflict, with Russian websites such as The Intel Drop and Pravda publishing gameplay, falsely claiming it showed attacks on the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. The video game's developers, Bohemia Interactive, said that action taken against the videos was ineffective, saying: "With every video flagged, debunked, or taken down, ten more can be uploaded each day."[545] Footage from the video game has also been misrepresented as attacks on shipping[551] and a US fighter jet being shot down by the Houthis over Sanaa.[552]

Foreign involvement

Iran

Reuters, citing unnamed Iranian sources and "a security official close to Iran", has claimed that Iranian personnel are in Yemen, working with Hezbollah militants. Their role involves directing and overseeing Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. The sources also stated that Iran has escalated its provision of advanced drones, anti-ship cruise missiles, precision-strike ballistic missiles, and medium-range missiles to the Houthis, since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war.[3]

US officials told Semafor that commanders and advisors from Iran's Revolutionary Guards are currently stationed in Yemen, and are directly involved in the Houthi attacks on commercial traffic in the Red Sea. The IRGC has also stationed missile and drone trainers and operators in Yemen. The Qods Force, has overseen the transfer of the attack drones, cruise missiles, and medium-range ballistic missiles which have been used in the strikes on Red Sea and Israeli targets in recent weeks.[1]

According to Western intelligence officials, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers.[553] According to the Institute for the Study of War, this was likely MV Behshad, which had replaced MV Saviz (which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021).[520] The Iranian frigate Alborz later also entered the Red Sea.[519]

In July 2024, the Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthis used an Iranian-made missile in their attack on the Norwegian-flagged Strinda on 11 December 2023. Features of Iran's Tolu-4 turbojet engine, used in their Noor missile, were found in the debris. An insurance group earlier stated that an Iranian-made missile was used after examining debris aboard the vessel.[245][554]

NBC News, citing two US officials, reported in September 2024 that Iran was directly assisting the Houthis with targeting and attacking American MQ-9 Reaper drones, several of which were shot down or damaged during the Red Sea crisis. The officials did not elaborate on how Iran was helping the Houthis, but Michael Knights of the American think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy said the Houthis received Iranian surface-to-air missiles, such as the 358 and SA-2, that allowed them to improve their air defenses and target US drones.[555]

North Korea

Voice of America reported that North Korea may have shipped weapons to the Houthis via Iran based on Hangul writing that was found on Houthi-launched missiles.[556]

Russia

In July 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that US officials saw increasing indications that Russia was considering arming the Houthis with advanced anti-ship missiles via Iranian smuggling routes in response to US support for Ukraine during Russia's invasion.[557] However it did not follow through due to pushback by the US and Saudi Arabia.[558]

In August 2024, Middle East Eye, citing a US official, reported that personnel of Russia's GRU were stationed in Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen to assist the militia's attacks on merchant ships.[559]

War crimes

The Houthis have claimed they would target ships that had no military function, which would be a war crime, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others. The HRW also noted that the detention of captured crews could be considered hostage-taking if they are detained to compel a third party to do or abstain from any act as a condition for the hostage's release or safety. Hostage-taking is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime. A statement issued by the HRW called upon the militants to "end their attacks on civilians caught in the crosshairs of their declared war on Israel."[560]

The Human Rights Watch called the Israeli strikes on Yemen in July 2024 a possible war crime since they were apparently an "indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians". It also called the Houthi drone attack on Tel Aviv that occurred one day prior to the strikes a possible war crime since it deliberately or indiscriminately targeted civilians.[561][562]

Impact

Israel and Egypt

Houthi attacks have reduced shipping to Israel and local trade. Commercial shipping to Eilat has almost completely ceased. Commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey three weeks longer and more expensive.[563] By 21 December, over 100 container ships had been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance.[564]

Insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; some Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance.[565]

While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza.[566][567]

In March, Israeli media reported that half of the workers at Eilat Port were at risk of losing their jobs after the port took a major financial hit due to the crisis in the Red Sea. The Histadrut Labor Federation, the umbrella organization for hundreds of thousands of public sector workers, said port management announced it intended to fire half of the 120 Eilat Port employees.[568]

In July, the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy and requested support from the Israeli government due to its activity decreasing by 85% due to the Yemeni blockade in the Red Sea.[242][243] The annual revenue of the Suez Canal meanwhile declined to $7.2 billion for the 2023–24 financial year, down from about $9.4 billion the previous year.[569]

Global economy

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,[570] Maersk,[571] CMA CGM,[572] COSCO,[573] Hapag-Lloyd,[574] and Evergreen Marine Corporation.[575] On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.[575] Maersk, which holds about 14.8% of the market share in the global container shipping market,[576] announced on 25 December 2023 that it would resume operations soon as a result of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[577] By 30 December, Maersk had resumed Red Sea operations, but again paused them following the attacks on Maersk Guangzhou.[348] The following May, based on the second quarter of its fiscal 2024 figures, Maersk estimated a capacity loss of 15–20 percent across the industry due to the Red Sea crisis.[578]

On 12 January, Tesla said it would suspend most production from its Grünheide factory, its only factory in Europe, for two weeks starting 29 January due to supply chain issues caused by Houthi attacks.[579][580] Volvo Cars also said it would halt production from its plant in Ghent for three days starting the following week.[581] Shell plc announced a hold on "transit" through the Red Sea.[582]

On 18 December, Evergreen Marine Corporation announced it was suspending its import and export service to Israel because of risk and safety considerations.[583][584] COSCO, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL similarly stopping all services to Israel in early January 2024.[585]

On 21 December, the CEO of the port of Eilat said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[108][584] Many ships instead took a safer route, going around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope,[576] although this route incurs an extra ten days, spends more fuel, and requires more crew time.[586] The suspension of a large volume of trade through the Red Sea led to a decrease in use of the Suez Canal, and was thus a blow to the Egyptian economy.[576]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[587][588] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[589] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[590] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[591]

Following China Ocean Shipping Company, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL stopping all services to Israel,[585] a senior Houthi official said in January 2024 that Chinese and Russian vessels not connected with Israel will have safe passage.[592]

As of January 2024, most marine insurers require a warranty of no Israeli involvement to insure vessels for the Red Sea route, with some requiring warranties of no US or UK interest and no calls to Israeli ports in the last 12 months.[593]

Qatar has halted tankers of liquefied natural gas through the Bab al-Mandeb Strait after US-led airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen increased risks in the strait. Considering that Qatar is Europe's second-largest supplier of LNG, the long-term suspension of exports has raised concerns as the winter season begins in Europe.[594]

On 16 January, the British multinational oil and gas company Shell suspended all Red Sea shipments indefinitely due to attacks on commercial vessels.[595] Some ships traveling through the Red Sea began broadcasting "No contact Israel" on their automatic identification system in response to a Houthi request to vessels without ties to Israel.[596][597]

By February 2024, more than half of the United Kingdom's export businesses were affected by disruption to shipping in the Red Sea, with companies surveyed reporting that the costs of hiring containers increased by 300%.[598] Businesses then stated that the crisis had also caused cashflow difficulties and shortages of components on production lines.[598]

A UNCTAD analysis found that, from December 2023 to February 2024, spot container rates from Shanghai to Europe rose by 256% on average, mostly due to Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping. Compare to the same period a year earlier, there were also 42% fewer cargo ships transiting the Suez Canal.[599]

In June 2024, the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthi attacks caused a 90% decrease in container shipping through the Red Sea from December 2023 to February 2024. Additionally, the report said that 29 energy and shipping companies across 65 countries were affected and forced to change their shipping routes, most of them choosing to go around the Cape of Good Hope which adds an extra 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi), ten days of travel, and US$1,000,000 in fuel costs to each voyage.[600][601] The Russell Group estimated that goods worth around $1 trillion were disrupted due to Houthi attacks from October 2023 to May 2024 in the Red Sea.[602]

Humanitarian

Houthi attacks have held up shipments containing vital aid for Sudan and made it more expensive for humanitarian agencies to operate in the country, which has been the site of an ongoing armed conflict that put millions at risk of famine. Sudanese director of the International Rescue Committee Eatizaz Yousif said the attacks made shipments which normally take one or two weeks take months to reach the country, since shipping carrying aid en route to Port Sudan has been forced to navigate around Africa, traverse through the Mediterranean, and then enter the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to reach their destination.[603]

Reactions

UN Security Council

On 10 January 2024, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2722. The resolution, sponsored by the US and Japan, condemned the Houthi attacks, affirmed freedom of navigation and the right of member states to defend their ships, and demanded that the Houthis immediately release the Galaxy Leader and its crew.[604] The vote was 11–0, with four abstentions.[605] Among the permanent five members of the Security Council, the US, UK, and France supported the resolution, and Russia and China abstained.[605]

Israel and Egypt

In a speech at a manufacturing exposition following the incident of 27 October, President of Egypt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi urged all parties in the Israel–Hamas war to respect Egypt's sovereignty, and emphasized that the Egyptian Army was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks.[606]

In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Advisor Tzachi Hanegbi said that if threats continue, "we will act to remove this blockade."[427]The Southern Transitional Council reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis.[607] However, Al-Islah expressed support for the Houthi response to the Israel–Hamas war, despite its opposition to Houthi actions in the Yemeni Civil War.[608]

Houthi response

On 25 January 2024, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi stated, "Our battle aims to support the Palestinian people, and has no other goals," and said that the Houthi's operations would cease once food and medicine was reaching all of Gaza.[609] On 30 January, Houthi Minister of Defence Mohamed al-Atifi stated, "We are prepared for a long-term confrontation with the forces of tyranny."[610] A Houthi spokesperson stated on 4 February 2024, "When the world became alarmed by the bloodiness of what was happening against the Palestinian people, Washington was not ashamed to deny the occurrence of genocide. Anyone who can do that can easily deny the connection between what is happening in the Red Sea and Gaza."[611]

Operation Prosperity Guardian: American-led military coalition

While the US Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, it has not retaliated against those firing them.[612][613] In December 2023, after discussions with allies, the US announced the creation of a multilateral naval task force of protective escorts for commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and Gulf of Aden region.[613] The operation, codenamed Operation Prosperity Guardian,[614] was formally launched on 23 December 2023.[586] It is similar to past operations protecting commercial vessels from attack, including in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz during the "Tanker War" of the 1980s,[613] and the ongoing maritime security operations of Combined Task Force 153, the US Navy-led task force based in Bahrain.[576] The operation has also been compared to the successful multilateral naval campaign a decade earlier to combat Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa, although the Houthis, unlike the Somali pirates, enjoy Iranian support, and better equipment and technology, such as helicopters, drones, missiles, and speedboats.[615]

Independent naval patrols for maritime security

France, Italy and India have all independently sent naval assets to the region, with the French frigate Languedoc intercepting drones launched from a Houthi-controlled port while Italy has sent the frigate Virginio Fasan under the Secure Mediterranean operation.[15] India has also sent two Kolkata-class destroyers to strengthen maritime security in the Red Sea.[19]

Pro-Palestinian protests

In mid-January 2024, reports indicated that pro-Palestinian demonstrators in London voiced support for Houthi militants. This occurred shortly after the UK and the US initiated strikes on Houthi targets in response to the group's assaults on ships. Some demonstrators were observed chanting slogans like, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," while others displayed signs with messages such as "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen", and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza wants to live".[616]

International

Analysis

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.[638]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
  2. ^ Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.[1][2][3]
  3. ^ a b Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.
  4. ^ The Houthis have claimed several attacks on ships in the Mediterranean, though none have been confirmed.[7]
  5. ^ 10 killed on 30–31 December,[26] 75 killed on 12–22 January,[4] 40 killed on 3–5 February,[27] 11 killed on 11 March.[28]
  6. ^ Two Navy SEALs on 21 January 2024,[30] one Navy sailor on 23 March 2024[31]
  7. ^
    • One injured on 22 February 2024[35]
    • Three killed, four injured on 6 March 2024[36]
    • One injured on 28 May 2024[37]
    • One killed on 12 June 2024[38]
    • One severely injured on 13 June 2024[39]
    • One injured on 23 June 2024[40]
    • One Israeli killed and ten injured on 18 July 2024[41][42]

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