The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolartrills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In many Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.[1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects.[citation needed]
People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.[2][3]
Voiced alveolar trill
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři[ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ], and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ], [ɾʒ], or [ɹʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.[42] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
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^Bender (1969), p. xv
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^Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013[dead link]
^ a b cSkalozub (1963), p. ?; cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 221
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^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
^湖北方言里有颤音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect), 1984, retrieved 26 December 2020
^中国人能发大舌音"RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
^Pultrová (2013), p. 22.
^Torp (2001), p. 78.
^Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781783162086.
^ a bArvaniti (2007), pp. 14–18
^Arvaniti (2010), pp. 3–4.
^"βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, archived from the original on 13 April 2021, retrieved 5 March 2014
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^ a bLadefoged (2005), p. 165
^Kara (2003), p. 11.
^Nau (1998), p. 6.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Kordić (2006), p. 5.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
^Kordić (2006), p. 4.
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
^Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 135.
^Greenberg (2006), pp. 17 and 20.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^Schachter and Reid (2008)
^ a bKleine (2003), p. 263
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.
^Recasens & Pallarès (1995), p. 288. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRecasensPallarès1995 (help)
^ a bL.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03, retrieved 2013-11-24
^Bender (1969), p. xvii-xviii
^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
^ a bMangold (2005), p. 53
^For example, Ladefoged (1971).
^Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
^ a bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
^Lodge (2009), p. 46.
^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
^van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha (PDF). Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a bJerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m nGwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-11-13, retrieved 2013-11-06
^ a bGrønnum (2005), p. 157
^ a bDąbrowska (2004), p. ?
^Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
^A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla". Tlalocan vol. 25, 2020, p.153.
^Scutt, C. A. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 19: 20. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163. S2CID 163493476.
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