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Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II

In aerial warfare, the term overclaiming describes a combatant (or group) that claims the destruction of more enemy aircraft than actually achieved. The net effect is that the actual losses and claimed victories are unequal.

Overclaiming by individuals can occur when more than one person attacks the same target and each claims its destruction, when an aircraft appears to be no longer in a flying condition but manages to land safely, or when an individual simply wishes to claim unjustified credit for downing an opponent. In some instances of combat over friendly territory a damaged aircraft may have been claimed as an aerial victory by its opponent while the aircraft was later salvaged and restored to an operational status. In this situation the loss may not appear in the records while the claim remains confirmed.[1]

Separate from problems with confirmation, overclaiming can also occur for political or propaganda reasons. It was common for both sides to inflate figures for "kills" or deflate figures for losses in broadcasts and news reports. Overclaiming during World War II has been the centre of much scrutiny, partly because of the significant amount of air combat relative to other conflicts.

German methodology for confirming aerial victories

The Luftwaffe's aerial victory confirmation procedure was based on directive 55270/41 named "Confirmation of aerial victories, destructions and sinking of ships" (German: Anerkennung von Abschüssen, Zerstörungen und Schiffsvernichtung) and was issued by the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command). This directive was first issued in 1939 and was updated several times during World War II.[2]

In theory the German approval process for the confirmation of aerial victories was very stringent and required a witness.[3] The final destruction or explosion of an enemy aircraft in the air, or bail-out of the pilot from the aircraft, had to be observed on gun-camera film or by at least one other human witness. The witness could be the German pilot's wingman, another in the squadron, or an observer on the ground.[3] If a pilot reported shooting down an aircraft without this confirmation it was considered only a "probable" and did not count in the victory scoring process.

During the 1990s, the German archives were made available to the public in the form of microfilm rolls of wartime records that had not been seen since January 1945.[4]The records show that, although the Luftwaffe generally did not accept a "kill" without a witness, some pilots habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and sometimes these made it through the verification process, particularly if they were made by pilots with established records.[4]Unlike all of the other air forces that fought during World War II, the Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims, but sometimes it happened. Each claim should have referred to a particular aircraft, but some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft.[4]From mid-year 1943 through 1944, the Wehrmachtbericht (communiques from the head of the armed forces) often overstated Allied bomber losses by a factor of up to two; these claims existed only in the communiques and were not used in victory scoring.

Defenders of the German fighter pilots maintain that overclaims were eliminated during the confirmation process, but the microfilms show that this was not always the case.[4] Stringent reviews and comparisons of Allied archives and German archives show that 90 percent of the claims submitted were confirmed, or found to be "in order" for confirmation, up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945.[4]

Examples of overclaiming

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spick 1996, p. 217.
  2. ^ Lorant & Goyat 2005, p. vi.
  3. ^ a b Brown 2000, pp. 281–282.
  4. ^ a b c d e Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 96."
  5. ^ Weal 1999. p. 45.
  6. ^ Ward 2004, p. 97.
  7. ^ Bungay 2000, p. 208.
  8. ^ a b Military History Journal – Vol 5 No 1 Myths of the Battle of Britain by Major D. P. Tidy
  9. ^ Bergström p. 280
  10. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 117.
  11. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 118. (Barbarossa title)
  12. ^ Caldwell, Don. The JG 26 War Diary, Volume 1 (Grub Street, London, 1996) p. 199.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Hannu Valtonen: Luftwaffen pohjoinen sivusta: Saksan ilmavoimat Suomessa ja Pohjois-Norjassa 1941–1944. Hannu Valtonen: The north flank of Luftwaffe
  14. ^ Geust C-F.: Geust C-F, 4/1997 p. 16, airbattle in Tiiksjärvi 6th of April 1942
  15. ^ Suomen Ilmailuhistoriallinen lehti 4/1997.
  16. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 47. (Stalingrad title)
  17. ^ Tillman 1990, p. 53
  18. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 62. (Stalingrad title)
  19. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 58. (Stalingrad title)
  20. ^ Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari: Suomen ilmavoimien historia 26 – Ilmavoitot osa 1. Espoo: Kari Stenman, 2006. ISBN 952-99432-8-8.
  21. ^ A. Uitto & C.F Geust: Taistelu Suomenlahden ulkosaarista, 2016.
  22. ^ Christopher Shores and Hans Ring (Fighters over the Desert, 1969), cited by Brown 2000, p. 258.
  23. ^ Brown, pp. 166–167.
  24. ^ Prien, Rodeike, and Stemmer 1998, p. 175.
  25. ^ a b Caldwell, Donald L.; JG26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe; 1991.
  26. ^ Shores, 2005 p. 40.
  27. ^ Shores 2005, p. 45.
  28. ^ Thomas 2008, p. 71.
  29. ^ Weal 2006, pp. 22–23.
  30. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 120 (Kursk title).
  31. ^ Hess 1994, p. 60.
  32. ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 114.
  33. ^ url =http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-eighth-air-force-raid-on-schweinfurt.htm
  34. ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 136.
  35. ^ Caldwell 2007, p. 137.
  36. ^ Hess 1994, p. 71.
  37. ^ Hess 1994, p. 84.
  38. ^ Peart, 2008. Highlight Loc 1925–29.
  39. ^ Pataky-Rozsos-Sárhidai, 1988. pp. 41–53.
  40. ^ Vaiettu Elisenvaaran pommitus : evakkohelvetti 20. kesäkuuta 1944, Erkki Rahkola, Carl Fredrik Geust
  41. ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 211.
  42. ^ Query regarding claims
  43. ^ Hinchcliffe 1996
  44. ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 272–273.
  45. ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 287.
  46. ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 290.
  47. ^ a b Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 276.
  48. ^ Air Force Historical Study 82. (PDF), AFHRA Maxwell AFB, 1969, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30, retrieved February 16, 2007
  49. ^ Horvath, Daniel & Gabor (2022). Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45. England: Helion & Company. p. 149. ISBN 978-1915070876.

Bibliography