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Walmart

Walmart Inc. ( / ˈwɔːlmɑːrt / ; anteriormenteWal-Mart Stores, Inc.) es una corporación minorista multinacional estadounidense que opera una cadena dehipermercados(también llamados supercentros),grandes almacenesytiendas de comestiblesen losEstados Unidosy otros 23 países. Tiene su sede enBentonville, Arkansas.[10]La compañía fue fundada por los hermanosSamyJames "Bud" Waltonen la cercanaRogers, Arkansasen 1962 y se constituyó bajola Ley General de Corporaciones de Delawareel 31 de octubre de 1969.[11]También posee y operade Sam's Club.[12][13]

Al 31 de octubre de 2022, Walmart tiene 10,586 tiendas y clubes en 24 países, operando bajo 46 nombres diferentes. [2] [3] [4] La compañía opera bajo el nombre de Walmart en Estados Unidos y Canadá , como Walmart de México y Centroamérica en México y Centroamérica , y como Flipkart Wholesale en India . Tiene operaciones de propiedad absoluta en Chile y una participación mayoritaria en Massmart en Sudáfrica . Desde agosto de 2018, Walmart tenía solo una participación minoritaria en Walmart Brasil, que pasó a llamarse Grupo Big en agosto de 2019, con el 20 por ciento de las acciones de la empresa, y la firma de capital privado Advent International tenía el 80% de la propiedad de la empresa. Finalmente, vendieron sus participaciones en Grupo Big al minorista francés Carrefour , en una transacción por valor de R$7 mil millones y completada el 7 de junio de 2022. [14]

Walmart es la empresa más grande del mundo por ingresos , según la lista Fortune Global 500 en octubre de 2022. [15] En febrero de 2023, Walmart anunció que sus ingresos totales del año fiscal 2023 fueron de $ 611,3 mil millones. [16] Walmart también es el empleador privado más grande del mundo con 2,1 millones de empleados. Es una empresa familiar que cotiza en bolsa, ya que la empresa está controlada por la familia Walton . Los herederos de Sam Walton poseen más del 50 por ciento de Walmart a través de su holding Walton Enterprises y sus participaciones individuales. [17] Walmart fue el minorista de comestibles más grande de los Estados Unidos en 2019, y el 65 por ciento de las ventas de Walmart de US $ 510,329 mil millones provinieron de operaciones en Estados Unidos. [18] [19]

Walmart comenzó a cotizar en la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York en 1972. En 1988, era el minorista más rentable de los EE. UU. [20] y se había convertido en el más grande en términos de ingresos en octubre de 1989. [21] La empresa originalmente estaba geográficamente limitada al sur y al bajo medio oeste, pero tenía tiendas de costa a costa a principios de la década de 1990. Sam's Club abrió en Nueva Jersey en noviembre de 1989, y la primera tienda de California abrió en Lancaster , en julio de 1990. Un Walmart en York, Pensilvania , abrió en octubre de 1990, la primera tienda principal en el noreste . [22]

Las inversiones de Walmart fuera de los EE. UU. han tenido resultados dispares. Sus operaciones y filiales en Canadá, [23] el Reino Unido ( ASDA ), [24] América Central, América del Sur y China son exitosas, pero sus emprendimientos fracasaron en Alemania, Japón, Corea del Sur, Brasil y Argentina. [25] [26] [27] [28]

Historia

1945–1969: Historia temprana

Fundador Sam Walton
Fotografía de la tienda Five and Dime original de Sam Walton en Bentonville, Arkansas, que ahora funciona como Museo Walmart.
La tienda Walton's Five and Dime original de Sam Walton en Bentonville, Arkansas , que ahora funciona como Museo Walmart

En 1945, el empresario y ex empleado de JC Penney, Sam Walton, compró una sucursal de las tiendas Ben Franklin a los hermanos Butler . [29] Su objetivo principal era vender productos a precios bajos para obtener ventas de mayor volumen con un margen de beneficio menor, presentándolo como una cruzada por el consumidor. Experimentó reveses porque el precio del alquiler y la compra de la sucursal eran inusualmente altos, pero pudo encontrar proveedores de menor costo que los utilizados por otras tiendas y, en consecuencia, pudo rebajar los precios a sus competidores. [30] Las ventas aumentaron un 45 por ciento en su primer año de propiedad a 105.000 dólares estadounidenses en ingresos, que aumentaron a 140.000 dólares el año siguiente y a 175.000 dólares el año siguiente. En el quinto año, la tienda generaba 250.000 dólares en ingresos. El contrato de arrendamiento del local expiró y Walton no pudo llegar a un acuerdo para renovarlo, por lo que abrió una nueva tienda en 105 N. Main Street en Bentonville, llamándola "Walton's Five and Dime". [30] [31] Esa tienda es ahora el Museo Walmart. [32]

El logotipo de Wal-Mart de 1962 a 1964

El 2 de julio de 1962, Walton abrió la primera tienda Wal-Mart Discount City en 719 W. Walnut Street en Rogers, Arkansas . Su diseño se inspiró en Ann & Hope , que Walton visitó en 1961, al igual que el fundador de Kmart , Harry B. Cunningham . [33] [34] El nombre se deriva de FedMart , una cadena de grandes almacenes de descuento fundada por Sol Price en 1954, en quien Walton también se inspiró. Walton declaró que le gustaba la idea de llamar a su cadena de descuento "Wal-Mart" porque "realmente le gustaba el nombre FedMart de Sol". El edificio ahora está ocupado por una ferretería y un centro comercial de antigüedades, mientras que la "Tienda n.º 1" de la empresa se ha expandido desde entonces a un Supercenter varias cuadras al oeste en 2110 W. Walnut Street. En sus primeros cinco años, la empresa se expandió a 18 tiendas en Arkansas y alcanzó los 9 millones de dólares en ventas. [35] En 1968, abrió sus primeras tiendas fuera de Arkansas en Sikeston, Missouri y Claremore, Oklahoma . [36]

1969-1990: Incorporación y crecimiento como potencia regional

El logotipo de Wal-Mart desde 1966 hasta 1981

La empresa se constituyó bajo la Ley General de Corporaciones de Delaware como Wal-Mart, Inc. el 31 de octubre de 1969 y cambió su nombre a Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. en 1970. El mismo año, la empresa abrió una oficina central y el primer centro de distribución en Bentonville, Arkansas . Tenía 38 tiendas operando con 1.500 empleados y ventas de $ 44,2 millones. Comenzó a cotizar acciones como una empresa pública el 1 de octubre de 1970 y pronto cotizó en la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York . La primera división de acciones se produjo en mayo de 1971 por $ 47 por acción. En ese momento, Wal-Mart operaba en cinco estados: Arkansas, Kansas, Luisiana, Misuri y Oklahoma; entró en Tennessee en 1973 y Kentucky y Mississippi en 1974. Cuando la empresa se mudó a Texas en 1975, había 125 tiendas con 7.500 empleados y ventas totales de $ 340,3 millones. [36]

El logotipo de Wal-Mart de 1981 a 1992

En la década de 1980, Wal-Mart experimentó brevemente con un precursor del Supercenter, el Hyper-Mart. Cuatro tiendas combinaban características de tiendas de descuento, supermercados, farmacias, salas de juegos de video y otros servicios. [37] Wal-Mart continuó creciendo rápidamente y para el 25 aniversario de la compañía en 1987, había 1.198 tiendas Wal-Mart con ventas de $15.9 mil millones y 200.000 asociados. [36] Se cree que una razón para el éxito de Wal-Mart entre 1980 y 2000 fue su patrón continuo de expansión a lo largo del tiempo, construyendo nuevos centros de distribución en un marco radial a una distancia en automóvil de los Supercenters existentes. [37]

La red satelital de la compañía también se completó en 1987, una inversión de $24 millones que unió todas las tiendas con transmisiones de voz y datos bidireccionales y comunicaciones de video unidireccionales con la oficina de Bentonville. En ese momento, la compañía era la red satelital privada más grande, lo que permitía a la oficina corporativa rastrear el inventario y las ventas y comunicarse instantáneamente con las tiendas. [38] En 1984, Sam Walton había comenzado a obtener entre el 6% y el 40% de los productos de su compañía de China. [39] En 1988, Walton renunció como CEO y fue reemplazado por David Glass . [40] Walton permaneció como presidente de la junta. Durante este año, se abrió el primer Supercentro Wal-Mart en Washington, Missouri . [41]

Con la contribución de sus supertiendas, la empresa superó a Toys "R" Us en ventas de juguetes en 1998. [42] [43]

1990-2005: El comercio minorista asciende a la categoría de multinacional

El logotipo de Wal-Mart desde 1992 hasta 2008

Si bien era el tercer minorista más grande de los Estados Unidos, Wal-Mart era más rentable que sus rivales Kmart y Sears a fines de la década de 1980. En 1990, se convirtió en el minorista más grande de los EE. UU. por ingresos. [44] [45]

Antes del verano de 1990, Wal-Mart no tenía presencia en la Costa Oeste ni en el Noreste (a excepción de un solo Sam's Club en Nueva Jersey que abrió en noviembre de 1989), pero en julio y octubre de ese año abrió sus primeras tiendas en California y Pensilvania , respectivamente. A mediados de la década de 1990, era el minorista más poderoso de los EE. UU. y se expandió a México en 1991 y Canadá en 1994. [46] Las tiendas Wal-Mart abrieron en el resto de los EE. UU., siendo Vermont el último estado en tener una tienda en 1995. [47]

La compañía también abrió tiendas fuera de América del Norte, entrando en América del Sur en 1995 con tiendas en Argentina y Brasil; y en Europa en julio de 1999, comprando Asda en el Reino Unido por US$10 mil millones . [48]

En 1997, Wal-Mart se agregó al Promedio Industrial Dow Jones . [49]

En 1998, Wal-Mart introdujo el concepto de Neighborhood Market con tres tiendas en Arkansas. [50] Para 2005, las estimaciones indican que la compañía controlaba aproximadamente el 20 por ciento del negocio minorista de comestibles y consumibles. [51]

En 2000, H. Lee Scott se convirtió en presidente y director ejecutivo de Wal-Mart, cuando las ventas de la empresa aumentaron a 165 mil millones de dólares. [52] En 2002, figuró por primera vez como la corporación más grande de Estados Unidos en la lista Fortune 500 , con ingresos de 219.8 mil millones de dólares y ganancias de 6.7 mil millones de dólares. Ha permanecido en esa posición todos los años, excepto en 2006, 2009 y 2012. [53]

En 2005, Wal-Mart registró ventas por 312.400 millones de dólares , más de 6.200 establecimientos en todo el mundo (3.800 de ellos en Estados Unidos y 2.800 en otros países) y empleaba a más de 1,6 millones de empleados. Su presencia en Estados Unidos creció tan rápidamente que sólo quedaban pequeñas zonas del país a más de 97 kilómetros de la tienda más cercana. [54]

A medida que Wal-Mart se expandía rápidamente hasta convertirse en la corporación más grande del mundo, muchos críticos se preocuparon por su efecto en las comunidades locales, en particular en las pequeñas ciudades con muchas tiendas familiares . Se han realizado varios estudios sobre el impacto económico de Wal-Mart en las pequeñas ciudades y las empresas locales, los empleos y los contribuyentes. Kenneth Stone, profesor de economía, descubrió que algunas ciudades pequeñas pueden perder casi la mitad de su comercio minorista en los diez años siguientes a la apertura de una tienda Wal-Mart. [55] Sin embargo, en otro estudio, comparó los cambios con los que las tiendas de las ciudades pequeñas habían enfrentado en el pasado, incluido el desarrollo de los ferrocarriles, la llegada del catálogo de Sears Roebuck y la llegada de los centros comerciales, y concluyó que los dueños de tiendas que se adaptan a los cambios en el mercado minorista pueden prosperar después de la llegada de Wal-Mart. [55] Un estudio posterior en colaboración con la Universidad Estatal de Mississippi mostró que existen "impactos tanto positivos como negativos en las tiendas existentes en el área donde se ubica el nuevo supercentro". [56]

Tras el huracán Katrina en septiembre de 2005, Wal-Mart utilizó su red logística para organizar una respuesta rápida al desastre, donando 20 millones de dólares, 1.500 camiones llenos de mercancías, alimentos para 100.000 comidas y la promesa de un trabajo para cada uno de sus trabajadores desplazados. [57] Un estudio independiente de Steven Horwitz de la Universidad de St. Lawrence encontró que Wal-Mart, The Home Depot y Lowe's hicieron uso de su conocimiento local sobre cadenas de suministro, infraestructura, tomadores de decisiones y otros recursos para proporcionar suministros de emergencia y reabrir tiendas mucho antes de que la Agencia Federal para el Manejo de Emergencias (FEMA) comenzara su respuesta. [58] Si bien la empresa fue elogiada en general por su rápida respuesta en medio de las críticas a la FEMA, varios críticos se apresuraron a señalar que aún quedaban problemas con las relaciones laborales de la empresa. [59]

En 2006, Charles Fishman publicó The Wal-Mart Effect , en el que examinaba el funcionamiento de la cadena de suministro de Wal-Mart . Su libro captó la atención de la prensa y del público. Los estudios de caso de Fishman ilustran el esfuerzo de Wal-Mart por reducir los costes y lograr una mayor eficiencia y sugieren que puede tener importantes efectos en la cadena de suministro. Desde que se publicó el libro de Fishman, Wal-Mart ha duplicado su tamaño. Las investigaciones posteriores sobre el papel de Wal-Mart en la cadena de suministro de alimentos han tendido a ser limitadas y anecdóticas. [37] [60]

2005–2010: Iniciativas

Vista aérea de decenas de paneles solares distribuidos alrededor del techo de una tienda Walmart
Módulos solares instalados en un Supercentro Walmart en Caguas, Puerto Rico (Tienda #2449)

Iniciativas medioambientales

En noviembre de 2005, Wal-Mart anunció varias medidas ambientales para aumentar la eficiencia energética y mejorar su historial ambiental general, que anteriormente había sido deficiente. [61] Los objetivos principales de la compañía incluían gastar $500 millones al año para aumentar la eficiencia de combustible en la flota de camiones de Wal-Mart en un 25 por ciento en tres años y duplicarla en diez; reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en un 20 por ciento en siete años; reducir el uso de energía en las tiendas en un 30 por ciento; y reducir los desechos sólidos de las tiendas estadounidenses y Sam's Clubs en un 25 por ciento en tres años. El director ejecutivo Lee Scott dijo que el objetivo de Wal-Mart era ser un "buen administrador del medio ambiente" y, en última instancia, utilizar solo fuentes de energía renovables y producir cero desechos . [62] La compañía también diseñó tres nuevas tiendas experimentales con turbinas eólicas , paneles solares fotovoltaicos , calderas capaces de biocombustibles , refrigeradores refrigerados por agua y jardines xeriscape . [63] En ese tiempo, Wal-Mart también se convirtió en el mayor vendedor de leche orgánica y el mayor comprador de algodón orgánico del mundo, al tiempo que reducía los costos de empaquetado y de energía. [61] En 2007, la compañía trabajó con consultores externos para descubrir su impacto ambiental total y encontrar áreas de mejora. Wal-Mart creó su propia compañía eléctrica en Texas, llamada Texas Retail Energy, que planeaba abastecer sus tiendas con energía barata comprada a precios mayoristas. A través de esta nueva empresa, la compañía esperaba ahorrar $15 millones anuales y también sentar las bases y la infraestructura para vender electricidad a los consumidores de Texas en el futuro. [64]

Cambios en la marca y el diseño de las tiendas

En 2006, Wal-Mart anunció que remodelaría sus tiendas en Estados Unidos para atraer a una mayor variedad de grupos demográficos, incluidos los compradores más adinerados. Como parte de la iniciativa, la empresa inauguró una nueva tienda en Plano (Texas), que incluía productos electrónicos de alta gama, joyas, vinos caros y un bar de sushi. [65]

El 12 de septiembre de 2007, Wal-Mart introdujo una nueva publicidad con el eslogan " Ahorre dinero. Viva mejor ", en sustitución del eslogan anterior " Precios siempre bajos, siempre ", que había utilizado desde 1988. Global Insight , que llevó a cabo la investigación que respaldó los anuncios, descubrió que la reducción del nivel de precios de Wal-Mart resultó en ahorros para los consumidores de 287 mil millones de dólares en 2006, lo que equivalió a 957 dólares por persona o 2.500 dólares por hogar (un 7,3 por ciento más que la estimación de ahorro de 2004 de 2.329 dólares). [66]

El 30 de junio de 2008, Wal-Mart eliminó el guión de su logotipo y reemplazó la estrella con el símbolo de Spark . [67] La ​​marca de la tienda pasó a ser "Walmart", y el nombre corporativo permaneció con el guión como "Wal-Mart". El nuevo logotipo recibió críticas mixtas de los críticos de diseño que cuestionaron si el nuevo logotipo era tan audaz como los de los competidores, como el ojo de buey de Target , o tan instantáneamente reconocible como el logotipo de la empresa anterior, que se utilizó durante 18 años. [68] El nuevo logotipo [69] hizo su debut en el sitio web de la empresa el 1 de julio de 2008, y sus ubicaciones en EE. UU. actualizaron los logotipos de las tiendas en el otoño de 2008. [70] Walmart Canadá comenzó a adoptar el logotipo para sus tiendas a principios de 2009. [71]

Adquisiciones y beneficios para empleados

El 20 de marzo de 2009, Walmart anunció que pagaría un total combinado de 933,6 millones de dólares estadounidenses en bonificaciones a todos los trabajadores por horas, tanto a tiempo completo como a tiempo parcial. [72] Esto se sumaba a 788,8 millones de dólares en participación en las ganancias , contribuciones a la pensión 401(k) , cientos de millones de dólares en descuentos en mercancías y contribuciones al plan de compra de acciones de los empleados. [73] Mientras la economía en general estaba en una recesión continua , Walmart informó de unas cifras financieras sólidas para el ejercicio fiscal que finalizó el 31 de enero de 2009, con 401.200 millones de dólares en ventas netas, una ganancia del 7,2 por ciento respecto del año anterior. Los ingresos por operaciones continuas aumentaron un 3 por ciento hasta los 13.300 millones de dólares, y las ganancias por acción aumentaron un 6 por ciento hasta los 3,35 dólares. [74]

El 22 de febrero de 2010, la compañía confirmó que estaba adquiriendo la empresa de transmisión de video Vudu, Inc. por un monto estimado de 100 millones de dólares. [75]

2011–2019

Un camión reconvertido para funcionar con biocombustible

La flota de camiones de Walmart recorre millones de kilómetros cada año, y la compañía planeó duplicar la eficiencia de la flota entre 2005 y 2015. [76] Quince de ellos, con base en el centro de distribución de Walmart en Buckeye, Arizona , fueron convertidos para funcionar con biocombustible proveniente de grasa de cocina recuperada durante la preparación de alimentos en las tiendas Walmart. [77]

El 14 de noviembre de 2012, Walmart lanzó su primer servicio de suscripción por correo llamado Goodies. Los clientes pagan una suscripción mensual de 7 dólares por cinco a ocho muestras de comida entregadas cada mes. [78] El servicio cerró a fines de 2013. [79]

En agosto de 2013, la empresa anunció que estaba en conversaciones para adquirir una participación mayoritaria en la cadena de supermercados Naivas , con sede en Kenia . [80]

En junio de 2014, algunos empleados de Walmart se declararon en huelga en las principales ciudades de Estados Unidos para exigir salarios más altos. [81] En julio de 2014, el actor y comediante estadounidense Tracy Morgan presentó una demanda contra Walmart solicitando daños punitivos por un choque de varios vehículos que, según la demanda, fue causado por el conductor de uno de los tractocamiones de la empresa que no había dormido durante 24 horas. La limusina de Morgan aparentemente fue golpeada por el tráiler, hiriéndolo a él y a dos pasajeros y matando a un cuarto, el comediante James McNair. [82] Walmart llegó a un acuerdo con la familia McNair por 10 millones de dólares, aunque no admitió ninguna responsabilidad. [83] Morgan y Walmart llegaron a un acuerdo en 2015 por una cantidad no revelada, [84] aunque Walmart acusó posteriormente a sus aseguradoras de "mala fe" al negarse a pagar el acuerdo. [85]

En 2015, Walmart fue el mayor productor comercial de energía solar de EE. UU. con una capacidad de 142 MW y tenía 17 proyectos de almacenamiento de energía . [86] [87] Esta energía solar se encontraba principalmente en los tejados, mientras que hay 20 000 m2 adicionales para marquesinas solares sobre estacionamientos. [88]

Walmart Supercenter en Grundy, Virginia (tienda n.° 3303). Esta tienda se construyó como parte de un proyecto de revitalización de 200 millones de dólares. [89] [90] La tienda se construyó sobre un estacionamiento de dos pisos, el único de su tipo en los Estados Unidos. [91]

El 15 de enero de 2016, Walmart anunció que cerraría 269 tiendas en 2016, lo que afectaría a 16.000 trabajadores. [92] De las tiendas destinadas al cierre, 154 estaban en los EE. UU., El 95% de las cuales estaban ubicadas, en promedio, a 10 millas de otra tienda Walmart. Las 269 tiendas representaban menos del 1 por ciento de los metros cuadrados y los ingresos globales de la empresa. Las 102 ubicaciones de Neighborhood Markets que anteriormente o originalmente estaban planeadas para ser Walmart Express, que habían estado en un programa piloto desde 2011 y se convirtieron en Neighborhood Markets en 2014, se incluyeron en los cierres. Walmart planeaba centrarse en "fortalecer los Supercentros, optimizar los Neighborhood Markets, hacer crecer el negocio de comercio electrónico y expandir los servicios de recogida para los clientes". En el año fiscal 2017, la compañía planea abrir entre 50 y 60 Supercenters, 85 a 95 Neighborhood Markets, 7 a 10 Sam's Clubs y 200 a 240 ubicaciones internacionales. [93] Al final del año fiscal 2017, Walmart abrió 38 Supercenters y reubicó, expandió o convirtió 21 tiendas de descuento en Supercenters, para un total de 59 Supercenters, y abrió 69 Neighborhood Markets, 8 Sam's Clubs y 173 ubicaciones internacionales, y reubicó, expandió o convirtió 4 ubicaciones para un total de 177 ubicaciones internacionales. El 8 de agosto de 2016, Walmart anunció un acuerdo para adquirir el sitio web de comercio electrónico Jet.com por US$3.3 mil millones. [94] [95] El cofundador y director ejecutivo de Jet.com, Marc Lore, se quedó para dirigir Jet.com además de la operación de comercio electrónico existente de Walmart en EE. UU. La adquisición se estructuró como un pago de $3 mil millones en efectivo y $300 millones adicionales en acciones de Walmart adquiridos con el tiempo como parte de un plan de bonificación de incentivos para los ejecutivos de Jet.com. [96] El 19 de octubre de 2016, Walmart anunció que se asociaría con IBM y la Universidad de Tsinghua para rastrear la cadena de suministro de carne de cerdo en China utilizando blockchain. [97] El uso de blockchain para automatizar el seguimiento de la cadena de suministro promete el potencial para que Walmart ahorre dinero y, por lo tanto, aumente las ganancias. [98]

El 15 de febrero de 2017, Walmart anunció la adquisición de Moosejaw, un minorista líder en línea de artículos deportivos para actividades al aire libre, por aproximadamente $51 millones. La adquisición se cerró el 13 de febrero de 2017. [99] El 16 de junio de 2017, Walmart acordó adquirir la empresa de ropa masculina Bonobos por $310 millones en un esfuerzo por expandir sus participaciones en el sector de la moda. [100] El 29 de septiembre de 2017, Walmart adquirió Parcel, una empresa de entregas en el mismo día y de última milla en Brooklyn . [101] En 2018, Walmart comenzó a ofrecer servicios de entrega mediante crowdsourcing a clientes que utilizan vehículos privados de conductores, bajo la marca "Spark". [102]

El 6 de diciembre de 2017, Walmart anunció que cambiaría su nombre corporativo de Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. a Walmart Inc. a partir del 1 de febrero de 2018. [103] [104]

El 11 de enero de 2018, Walmart anunció que 63 sucursales de Sam's Club cerrarían. Algunas de las tiendas ya habían sido liquidadas, sin notificar a los empleados; algunos empleados se enteraron por un correo electrónico enviado a toda la empresa el 11 de enero. Walmart dijo que diez de las tiendas se convertirán en centros de distribución de comercio electrónico y los empleados pueden volver a postularse para trabajar en esas ubicaciones. La revista Business Insider calculó que más de 11,000 trabajadores se verían afectados. [105] [106] El mismo día, Walmart anunció que, como resultado de la nueva ley tributaria , aumentaría los salarios iniciales de Walmart, distribuiría bonificaciones, expandiría sus políticas de licencia y contribuiría con el costo de las adopciones de los empleados. Doug McMillon , director ejecutivo de Walmart, dijo: "Estamos en las primeras etapas de la evaluación de las oportunidades que crea la reforma tributaria para que invirtamos en nuestros clientes y asociados y fortalezcamos aún más nuestro negocio, todo lo cual debería beneficiar a nuestros accionistas". [107]

Se informó que Walmart está considerando ingresar al espacio de suscripción de video, con la esperanza de competir con Netflix y Amazon. Han solicitado la ayuda del ex director ejecutivo de Epix , Mark Greenberg, para desarrollar un servicio de transmisión de video por suscripción de bajo costo. [108]

El 26 de febrero de 2019, Walmart anunció que había adquirido Aspectiva, una empresa emergente de revisión de productos con sede en Tel Aviv, por una suma no revelada. [109]

En mayo de 2019, Walmart anunció el lanzamiento del envío gratuito en un día para más de 220.000 artículos con un monto mínimo de compra de $35. [110]

En septiembre de 2019, Walmart anunció que dejaría de vender todos los cigarrillos electrónicos debido a la "complejidad regulatoria y la incertidumbre" sobre los productos. A principios de 2019, Walmart dejó de vender cigarrillos electrónicos con sabor a frutas y aumentó la edad mínima a 21 años para la compra de productos que contienen tabaco. [111] Ese mismo mes, Walmart abrió su primer Centro de Salud, un "centro comercial médico" donde los clientes pueden comprar servicios de atención primaria. Los precios sin seguro se enumeraban, por ejemplo, en $ 30 para un examen físico anual y $ 45 para una sesión de asesoramiento. [112] Continuando con su iniciativa de atención médica, abrieron un prototipo de clínica de salud y bienestar de 2600 pies cuadrados (240 m 2 ) en Springdale, Arkansas solo para expandir los servicios. [113]

En octubre de 2019, Walmart dejó de vender todos los peces vivos y plantas acuáticas. [114]

Década de 2020: crecimiento y desarrollo continuos

Los carteles en un Walmart indicaban cambios debido a la pandemia de COVID-19.

A principios de 2020, la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) obligó a adoptar medidas temporales, como el cierre de tiendas, la ocupación limitada de las mismas, el despido masivo de empleados y la aplicación de protocolos de distanciamiento social para Walmart y muchas otras empresas. Se ajustaron los horarios de las tiendas para permitir la limpieza y el abastecimiento. Se impusieron límites a los artículos debido al aumento de las compras de pánico .

Durante la pandemia, Walmart cambió algunos de los beneficios para sus empleados. Los empleados pudieron decidir quedarse en casa y tomar una licencia sin goce de sueldo si no se sentían capaces de trabajar o incómodos yendo a trabajar. Además, los empleados de Walmart que contrajeran el virus recibirían "hasta dos semanas de paga". Después de dos semanas, los asociados por horas que no puedan volver a trabajar tienen derecho a hasta 26 semanas de paga. [115] Walmart pagó bonificaciones por pandemia de 428 millones de dólares a su personal. Las personas que trabajaban a tiempo parcial o temporalmente recibían una bonificación de 150 dólares, mientras que las que trabajaban a tiempo completo recibían una bonificación de 300 dólares. [116] A partir de julio de 2020, los clientes de Walmart debían llevar mascarillas en todas las tiendas del país, incluido Sam's Club. [117] En febrero de 2022, se levantaron las restricciones por la COVID-19, como los requisitos de mascarillas y las prestaciones para empleados. [118]

En el primer trimestre de 2020, los consumidores respondieron al COVID comprando con menos frecuencia (5,6% menos de transacciones) y comprando más cuando compraban (16,5%). [119] A medida que la gente pasó de comer fuera a comer en casa, [37] las ventas netas en Walmart aumentaron un 10,5%, mientras que las ventas en línea aumentaron un 74%. Aunque Walmart experimentó un aumento del 5,5% en los gastos operativos, su ingreso neto aumentó un 3,9%. [119] En el tercer trimestre de 2020, Walmart reportó ingresos de $134.7 mil millones, lo que representa un aumento interanual del 5,2 por ciento. [120]

En diciembre de 2020, Walmart lanzó un nuevo servicio, Carrier Pickup, que permite a los clientes programar devoluciones. [121]

En enero de 2021, Walmart anunció que la compañía está lanzando una startup fintech , con el socio de riesgo Ribbit Capital, para brindar productos financieros a consumidores y empleados. [122]

En febrero de 2021, Walmart adquirió tecnología de Thunder Industries, que utiliza la automatización para crear anuncios digitales, para expandir sus capacidades de marketing en línea. [123]

En mayo de 2021, Walmart adquirió la startup israelí Zeekit por 200 millones de dólares. Zeekit utiliza inteligencia artificial para permitir que los clientes se prueben la ropa a través de una plataforma virtual dinámica. [124]

En agosto de 2021, Walmart anunció que abriría su servicio de entrega colectiva Spark a otras empresas como un servicio de marca blanca, compitiendo con Postmates y las empresas de entrega de pedidos de comida en línea . [102]

En diciembre de 2021, Walmart anunció que participará en la Conferencia de Inversión Stephens el miércoles y en la Conferencia Virtual Global de Consumidores y Minoristas de Morgan Stanley. [125] En junio de 2022, Walmart anunció que adquiriría Memomi, una empresa de tecnología óptica AR. [126]

En agosto de 2022, Walmart anunció que adquiriría Volt Systems, una empresa de software de seguimiento de productos y gestión de proveedores. [127] Walmart anunció que se asociaría con Paramount para ofrecer contenido de Paramount+ a sus suscriptores de Walmart+ en un intento por competir mejor con Amazon. [128]

En agosto de 2022, Walmart anunció que sus sucursales no volverían a estar abiertas las 24 horas y que la mayoría de las tiendas ahora estarían abiertas entre las 6 a. m. y las 11 p. m. [129]

En enero de 2023, Walmart anunció que aumentaría su salario mínimo para los trabajadores por horas en Estados Unidos de 12 a 14 dólares la hora. Se espera que aproximadamente 340.000 empleados reciban un aumento, que entrará en vigor a principios de marzo de 2023, y se espera que el salario medio de Walmart en Estados Unidos supere los 17,50 dólares. La empresa también anunció que añadiría títulos y certificados universitarios adicionales a su programa Live Better U. [130]

En febrero de 2023, Walmart anunció que había obtenido 611.300 millones de dólares en ventas en el ejercicio anterior, un 6,7% más, lo que incluyó un aumento en el cuarto trimestre del año, en el que se registraron 164.000 millones de dólares en ventas. Las ganancias de la empresa también aumentaron, casi se duplicaron con respecto al año anterior. [131]

En abril de 2023, la empresa anunció que añadiría estaciones de carga de vehículos eléctricos en miles de tiendas para 2030, lo que se sumaría a las casi 1.300 estaciones existentes que estaban en funcionamiento en 280 ubicaciones de la empresa en el momento del anuncio. CNBC señaló que la empresa declaró que tenía más de 4.700 tiendas y 600 tiendas Sam Club que estaban ubicadas a 10 millas de aproximadamente el 90% de los estadounidenses. [132]

En enero de 2024, Walmart anunció que abriría más de 150 tiendas en los EE. UU. durante los próximos cinco años y remodelaría 650 tiendas existentes en 47 estados y Puerto Rico. Esto fue un cambio de rumbo para la empresa, que había estado en un período de restar importancia a la apertura de nuevas tiendas para centrarse en la competencia en línea, en particular de Amazon, y se produjo en medio de un mayor enfoque general de la industria en el comercio minorista tradicional en el área pospandémica. [133] [134]

En febrero de 2024, la empresa anunció que su iniciativa "Proyecto Gigatón", iniciada en 2017 para reducir sus emisiones de Alcance 3 de los proveedores en 1.000 millones de toneladas métricas para 2030, había alcanzado su objetivo 6 años antes, y que el 75% de sus ventas netas en el año fiscal 2023 provenían de proveedores que participaban en la iniciativa. [135]

En 2024, Walmart informó que planeaba eliminar el autopago de algunas tiendas debido a los comentarios. [136]

Adquisiciones y beneficios para empleados

En febrero de 2024, la empresa anunció que los gerentes recibirán subvenciones de acciones de hasta $ 20,000, Walmart también anunció una división de acciones de 3-1 que facilitará a los empleados comprar acciones de la empresa. Este tipo de recompensas en acciones para los empleados de base son poco comunes en la industria minorista, que según los analistas podría generar $ 20 mil millones en ingresos para el hogar promedio en el futuro cercano. La empresa también está aumentando el salario base inicial para los gerentes de tienda y aumentando el plan de bonificación hasta el 200 por ciento de sus salarios regulares. [137]

También en febrero, Walmart firmó un acuerdo para adquirir Vizio por 2.300  millones de dólares con la intención de ampliar sus ventas de publicidad en contenido de video que se transmite de forma gratuita en los dispositivos Vizio. [138]

Divisiones operativas

Mapa de países con tiendas Walmart
Leyenda:
  Ubicaciones actuales del mercado
  Antiguas ubicaciones de mercado
  No hay ubicaciones de mercado actuales

A partir de 2016, las operaciones de Walmart están organizadas en cuatro divisiones: Walmart US, Walmart International, Sam's Club y Global eCommerce. [139] En los Estados Unidos, las tiendas de Walmart operan en cuatro formatos: tiendas de descuento, Supercenters, Neighborhood Markets y tiendas Sam's Club. [37] Las tiendas de Walmart International incluyen formatos adicionales como supermercados, hipermercados, tiendas de efectivo y para llevar, mejoras para el hogar, productos electrónicos especializados, restaurantes, tiendas de ropa, farmacias y tiendas de conveniencia. [140]

Walmart Estados Unidos

Walmart US es la división más grande de la compañía, con US$331.666 millones , o el 65 por ciento de las ventas totales, para el año fiscal 2019. [18] [19] Consiste en tres formatos minoristas que se han vuelto comunes en los Estados Unidos: Supercentros , Tiendas de Descuento , Mercados de Barrio y otros formatos pequeños. Las tiendas de descuento venden una variedad de productos en su mayoría no comestibles, aunque el énfasis ahora se ha desplazado hacia los supercentros, que incluyen más comestibles. Al 31 de octubre de 2022, hay un total de 4.720 tiendas Walmart US. [2] [3] En los Estados Unidos, el 90 por ciento de la población reside a 10 millas de una tienda Walmart. [141] El número total de tiendas Walmart US y Sam's Clubs combinados es de 5.320. [2] [3] El presidente y director ejecutivo de Walmart US es John Furner. [142] [143]

Supercentro Walmart

Una tienda Walmart Supercenter
Un Supercentro Walmart en Windham, Connecticut (tienda n.° 2022)

Los Walmart Supercenters , con la marca simplemente "Walmart", son hipermercados con tamaños que varían de 69.000 a 260.000 pies cuadrados (6.400 a 24.200 metros cuadrados), pero con un promedio de 178.000 pies cuadrados (16.500 metros cuadrados). [4] Estos almacenan mercancías generales y un supermercado de servicio completo, que incluye carne y aves, productos horneados , delicatessen , alimentos congelados , productos lácteos, productos de jardín y mariscos frescos. Muchos Walmart Supercenters también tienen un centro de jardinería , una tienda de mascotas , una farmacia , Tire & Lube Express, un centro óptico, un laboratorio de procesamiento de fotografías de una hora , un estudio de retratos y numerosas tiendas de nichos, como tiendas de teléfonos celulares, salones de peluquería y manicura, tiendas de alquiler de videos, sucursales bancarias locales (como las sucursales de Woodforest National Bank en ubicaciones más nuevas) y establecimientos de comida rápida.

Muchos Supercentros Walmart cuentan actualmente con restaurantes McDonald's o Subway . En algunas ubicaciones canadienses, se abrieron Tim Hortons . Recientemente, en varios Supercentros, como las ubicaciones de Tallahassee, Florida y Palm Desert, California , Walmart agregó Burger King a sus ubicaciones, y la ubicación en Glen Burnie, Maryland , debido a su pasado como un hipermercado llamado Leedmark, cuenta con un Auntie Anne's y un restaurante italiano. Algunas ubicaciones de Walmart en Canadá tienen ubicaciones de Axess Law, Mary Brown's , Burger King y McDonald's, y ubicaciones de Atlantic Lottery Corporation en la región del Atlántico. Algunas ubicaciones de EE. UU. tienen Wendy's , Domino's , Taco Bell , Claire's y pequeñas salas de juegos llamadas GamePlay. Muy pocas ubicaciones de EE. UU. tienen KFC , Hardee's , Papa John's , Dairy Queen , Little Caesars y A&W Restaurants .

Algunas localidades también tienen estaciones de servicio que venden gasolina distribuida por Murphy USA (que se escindió de Murphy Oil en 2013), Sunoco ("Optima"), Tesoro Corporation ("Mirastar"), USA Gasoline e incluso ahora estaciones de servicio de la marca Walmart. [144]

El primer Supercenter abrió en Washington, Missouri, en 1988. Un concepto similar, Hypermart USA , había abierto un año antes en Garland, Texas . Todas las tiendas Hypermart USA fueron cerradas o convertidas en Supercenters.

Al 31 de octubre de 2022, había 3572 Walmart Supercenters en 49 de los 50 estados de EE. UU., el Distrito de Columbia y Puerto Rico. [2] [3] Hawái es el único estado que no tiene una ubicación de Supercenter. El Supercenter más grande del mundo, que cubre 260 000 pies cuadrados (24 000 metros cuadrados) en dos pisos, está ubicado en Crossgates Commons en Albany, Nueva York . [145]

Un supercentro típico vende aproximadamente 120.000 artículos, en comparación con los 35 millones de productos vendidos en la tienda en línea de Walmart. [146]

Desde entonces, el nombre "Supercenter" ha sido eliminado y ahora estas tiendas se conocen simplemente como "Walmart", ya que la empresa introdujo el nuevo logotipo de Walmart en 2008. Sin embargo, la marca todavía se utiliza en las tiendas canadienses de Walmart (escritas como "Supercentre" en inglés canadiense). [147]

Tienda de descuento Walmart

El exterior de una tienda de descuento Walmart en Charlotte, Carolina del Norte
El exterior de una tienda de descuento Walmart en Charlotte, Carolina del Norte (tienda n.° 1821)

Las tiendas de descuento Walmart , también conocidas simplemente como "Walmart", son grandes almacenes de descuento con tamaños que varían de 30 000 a 221 000 pies cuadrados (2800 a 20 500 metros cuadrados), y la tienda promedio cubre 105 000 pies cuadrados (9800 metros cuadrados). [4] Venden mercadería general y comestibles limitados . Algunas tiendas de descuento más nuevas y remodeladas tienen un departamento de comestibles ampliado, similar al departamento PFresh de Target. Muchas de estas tiendas también cuentan con un centro de jardinería, farmacia, Tire & Lube Express, centro óptico, laboratorio de procesamiento de fotografías de una hora, estudio de retratos, una sucursal bancaria, una tienda de teléfonos celulares y un local de comida rápida. Algunas también tienen estaciones de servicio. [144] Las tiendas de descuento fueron el concepto original de Walmart, aunque desde entonces han sido superadas por los supercentros. [37]

En 1990, Walmart abrió su primer local de Bud's Discount City en Bentonville. Bud's funcionaba como una tienda de liquidación, al igual que Big Lots . Muchos locales se abrieron para cumplir con los contratos de alquiler en centros comerciales a medida que las tiendas Walmart se iban mudando a Supercenters recién construidos. Todas las tiendas Bud's Discount City habían cerrado o se habían convertido en tiendas de descuento Walmart en 1997. [148]

En su apogeo en 1996, había 1.995 tiendas de descuento Walmart; [149] al 31 de octubre de 2022, ese número se redujo a 365. [2] [3]

Mercado de barrio de Walmart

Un supermercado Walmart de barrio abierto las 24 horas en Valdosta, Georgia (tienda n.° 6732)

Walmart Neighborhood Market , a veces denominado "Neighborhood Market by Walmart" o conocido informalmente como "Neighborhood Walmart", [150] es la cadena de supermercados de Walmart que van desde 28 000 a 65 000 pies cuadrados (2600 a 6000 metros cuadrados) y tienen un promedio de 42 000 pies cuadrados (3900 metros cuadrados), aproximadamente una quinta parte del tamaño de un Walmart Supercenter. [4] [151] El primer Walmart Neighborhood Market abrió diez años después de la apertura del primer Supercenter, pero Walmart no se centró en el formato de tienda de comestibles más pequeña hasta la década de 2010. [152]

Las tiendas se centran en tres de las principales categorías de ventas de Walmart: comestibles, que representan alrededor del 55 por ciento de los ingresos de la empresa, [153] [154] farmacia y, en algunas tiendas, combustible. [155] Para comestibles y consumibles, las tiendas venden productos frescos, delicatessen y productos de panadería, alimentos preparados, carne, lácteos, orgánicos, comestibles generales y alimentos congelados, además de productos de limpieza y suministros para mascotas. [151] [156] Algunas tiendas ofrecen ventas de vino y cerveza [151] y farmacias con autoservicio. Algunas tiendas, como una en Midtown Center en Bentonville, Arkansas , ofrecen pizza hecha a pedido con un área para sentarse para comer. [157] Los clientes también pueden utilizar la operación de sitio a tienda de Walmart y recoger pedidos en línea en las tiendas Walmart Neighborhood Market al igual que los Supercenters y las Tiendas de Descuento [158]

Los productos de las tiendas Walmart Neighborhood Market tienen los mismos precios que los de los grandes supermercados de Walmart. Un analista de Moody's Investors Service dijo que la estructura de precios de la empresa en general le da a la cadena de tiendas de comestibles una "ventaja competitiva" sobre sus competidores Whole Foods Market , Kroger y Trader Joe's . [155]

Las tiendas Neighborhood Market se expandieron lentamente al principio como una forma de llenar los vacíos entre los Walmart Supercenters y las tiendas de descuento en los mercados existentes. En sus primeros 12 años, la empresa abrió alrededor de 180 Walmart Neighborhood Markets. Para 2010, Walmart dijo que estaba listo para acelerar sus planes de expansión para las tiendas de comestibles. [159] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, había 682 Walmart Neighborhood Markets, [2] [3] cada uno de los cuales empleaba entre 90 y 95 trabajadores a tiempo completo y parcial. [160] El número total de Neighborhood Markets y otros formatos pequeños combinados es de 783.

Antiguas tiendas y conceptos

En septiembre de 2015, se planeó que un Walmart Neighborhood Market se convirtiera en un Walmart Express en Alma, Georgia (tienda n.° 4229). Esta sucursal cerró en 2016 como parte de un plan para cerrar 269 tiendas en todo el mundo.

Walmart abrió sucursales de Supermercado de Walmart para atraer a las comunidades hispanas en los Estados Unidos. [161] La primera, una tienda de 39,000 pies cuadrados (3,600 metros cuadrados) en el área de Spring Branch en Houston , abrió el 29 de abril de 2009. [162] La tienda fue una conversión de un Walmart Neighborhood Market existente. [163] En 2009, otro Supermercado de Walmart abrió en Phoenix, Arizona . [164] Ambas sucursales cerraron en 2014. [165] En 2009, Walmart abrió " Más Club ", una operación minorista en almacén inspirada en Sam's Club . Su única tienda también cerró en 2014. [162]

Walmart Express era una cadena de tiendas de descuento más pequeñas con una gama de servicios que iban desde comestibles hasta cambio de cheques y servicio de gasolina. El concepto se centraba en pequeñas ciudades que se consideraban incapaces de albergar una tienda más grande y en grandes ciudades donde el espacio era escaso. Walmart planeaba construir entre 15 y 20 tiendas Walmart Express, centrándose en Arkansas, Carolina del Norte y Chicago, para finales de su año fiscal en enero de 2012. A partir de septiembre de 2014, Walmart cambió el nombre de sus 22 [166] tiendas de formato Express a Neighborhood Markets en un esfuerzo por optimizar su oferta minorista. Continuó abriendo nuevas tiendas Express con el nombre de Neighborhood Market. Al 31 de octubre de 2022, había 101 tiendas de formato pequeño en los Estados Unidos. Estas incluyen otros 92 formatos pequeños, 8 tiendas de conveniencia y 1 lugar de recogida. [2] [3] El 15 de enero de 2016, Walmart anunció que cerraría 269 tiendas a nivel mundial, incluidas las 102 Neighborhood Markets que anteriormente o originalmente estaban planeadas para ser tiendas Express. [167]

Entre 2002 y 2022, Walmart fue propietario de la cadena de supermercados Amigo en Puerto Rico. En 2022, Walmart anunció que vendería sus tiendas Amigo a Pueblo Inc. y se concentraría en modernizar sus 18 formatos Supercenter y Division 1 y siete tiendas Sam's Clubs. [168]

Iniciativas

En septiembre de 2006, Walmart anunció un programa piloto para vender medicamentos genéricos a 4 dólares por receta. El programa se puso en marcha en las tiendas de la zona de Tampa, Florida , y en enero de 2007 se había ampliado a todas las tiendas de Florida. Aunque el precio medio de los medicamentos genéricos es de 29 dólares por receta, en comparación con los 102 dólares de los medicamentos de marca, Walmart sostiene que no vende a pérdida ni los ofrece como un acto de caridad; en cambio, utiliza los mismos mecanismos de distribución masiva que utiliza para ofrecer precios más bajos a otros productos. [169] Muchos de los genéricos de bajo coste de Walmart se importan de la India, donde los fabrican fabricantes de medicamentos como Ranbaxy Laboratories y Cipla . [170]

El 6 de febrero de 2007, la compañía lanzó una versión "beta" de un servicio de descarga de películas, que vendió alrededor de 3.000 películas y episodios de televisión de todos los principales estudios y cadenas de televisión. [171] El servicio se suspendió el 21 de diciembre de 2007, debido a las bajas ventas. [172]

En 2008, Walmart inició un programa piloto con el concepto de tienda de comestibles pequeña denominada Marketside en el área metropolitana de Phoenix, Arizona . Las cuatro tiendas cerraron en 2011. [173]

Una ubicación de recogida de Walmart en Canadá

En 2015, Walmart comenzó a probar un servicio gratuito de recogida de comestibles, que permite a los clientes seleccionar productos en línea y elegir la hora de recogida. En la tienda, un empleado de Walmart carga los comestibles en el automóvil del cliente. A partir del 17 de diciembre de 2017, el servicio está disponible en 39 estados de EE. UU. [174]

En mayo de 2016, Walmart anunció un cambio en ShippingPass, su servicio de envío de tres días, y que pasará de una entrega de tres días a una entrega de dos días para seguir siendo competitivo con Amazon. [175] Walmart lo fijó en 49 dólares por año, en comparación con el precio de 99 dólares por año de Amazon Prime. [176] [177]

En junio de 2016, Walmart y Sam's Club anunciaron que comenzarían a probar una entrega de comestibles de última milla que utilizaría servicios como Uber , Lyft y Deliv para llevar los pedidos de los clientes a sus hogares. Los clientes de Walmart podrían comprar utilizando el servicio de comestibles en línea de la compañía en grocery.walmart.com y luego solicitar la entrega en la caja por una pequeña tarifa. Se planeó que las primeras pruebas se pusieran en marcha en Denver y Phoenix. [178] Walmart anunció el 14 de marzo de 2018 que expandiría la entrega en línea a 100 regiones metropolitanas en los Estados Unidos, el equivalente al 40 por ciento de los hogares, para fines del año 2018. [179]

El vino de marca propia Winemakers Selection de Walmart se introdujo en junio de 2018 en aproximadamente 1100 tiendas. El columnista de comida y vinos del Washington Post, Dave McIntyre , describió el vino, de fuentes nacionales e internacionales, como notablemente bueno para el nivel de precio económico (entre 11 y 16 dólares por botella). [180]

En octubre de 2019, Walmart anunció que los clientes de 2000 establecimientos en 29 estados pueden utilizar el servicio de recogida de comestibles para sus compras de bebidas para adultos. Walmart también entregará bebidas para adultos desde casi 200 tiendas en California y Florida. [181]

En febrero de 2020, Walmart anunció un nuevo programa de membresía llamado "Walmart +". La noticia se conoció poco después de que Walmart anunciara la interrupción de su servicio de compras personales, Jetblack. [182] [183]

Número de tiendas por estado

Ubicaciones al 1 de octubre de 2022

Walmart Internacional

Al 31 de octubre de 2022, las operaciones internacionales de Walmart comprendían 5266 tiendas [2] [3] y 800 000 trabajadores en 23 países fuera de los Estados Unidos. [236] Hay operaciones de propiedad absoluta en Argentina, Brasil, Canadá y el Reino Unido. Con 2,2 millones de empleados en todo el mundo, la empresa es el mayor empleador privado de EE. UU. y México, y uno de los más grandes de Canadá. [8] En el año fiscal 2019, las ventas de la división internacional de Walmart fueron de 120 824 millones de dólares estadounidenses , o el 23,7 por ciento de las ventas totales. [18] [19] Las unidades minoristas internacionales varían de 130 a 17 280 metros cuadrados (1400 a 186 000 pies cuadrados), mientras que las unidades mayoristas varían de 2200 a 14 700 metros cuadrados (24 000 a 158 000 pies cuadrados). [4] Kathryn McLay es la presidenta y directora ejecutiva de Walmart International. [237] [143]

América Central

Walmart también posee el 51 por ciento de Central American Retail Holding Company (CARHCO), que, al 31 de octubre de 2022, consta de 868 tiendas, incluidas 263 tiendas en Guatemala (bajo las marcas Paiz, Walmart Supercenter, Despensa Familiar y Maxi Dispensa), [2] [3] 102 tiendas en El Salvador (bajo las marcas Despensa Familiar, La Despensa de Don Juan, Walmart Supercenter y Maxi Despensa), [2] [3] 111 tiendas en Honduras (incluidas las marcas Paiz, Walmart Supercenter, Dispensa Familiar y Maxi Despensa), [2] [3] 102 tiendas en Nicaragua (incluidas las marcas Pali, La Unión, Maxi Pali y Walmart Supercenter), [2] [3] y 290 tiendas en Costa Rica (incluidas las marcas Maxi Pali, Mas X Menos, Walmart Supercenter y Pali [2] [3] ). [238]

Chile

En enero de 2009, la empresa adquirió una participación controladora en la tienda de comestibles más grande de Chile , Distribución y Servicio D&S SA. [239] [240] En 2010, la empresa pasó a llamarse Walmart Chile . [241] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, Walmart Chile opera alrededor de 384 tiendas bajo las marcas Lider, Express de Lider, Superbodega Acuenta y Central Mayorista. [2] [3]

México

Walmart en México

Walmart abrió su primera tienda internacional en México en 1991. [37] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, la división de Walmart en México, la más grande fuera de los EE. UU., constaba de 2,804 tiendas. [2] [3] Walmart en México opera Walmart Supercenter, Sam's Club, Bodega Aurrera , Mi Bodega Aurrera, Bodega Aurrera Express y Walmart Express. [3]

Canadá

Supercentro Walmart en Richmond Hill, Ontario , Canadá, en septiembre de 2017

Walmart ha operado en Canadá desde que adquirió 122 tiendas que comprendían la división Woolco de Woolworth Canada, Inc el 14 de enero de 1994. [242] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, opera 402 ubicaciones (incluidos 343 supercentros y 59 tiendas de descuento) [2] [3] y, a junio de 2015, emplea a 89.358 personas, con una oficina central local en Mississauga , Ontario. [243] Los primeros tres Supercentros de Walmart Canadá (escritos en inglés canadiense ) abrieron en noviembre de 2006 en Ancaster , Londres y Stouffville , Ontario. [244]

En 2010, aproximadamente un año después de su incorporación al Anexo 2 (propiedad extranjera, aceptación de depósitos) de la Ley Bancaria de Canadá , [245] se introdujo Walmart Canada Bank con el lanzamiento de la Walmart (Canada) Rewards MasterCard. [246] Sin embargo, menos de diez años después, el 17 de mayo de 2018, Wal-Mart Canada anunció que había llegado a un acuerdo definitivo para vender Wal-Mart Canada Bank al cofundador de First National, Stephen Smith, y a la firma de capital privado Centerbridge Partners, LP , en términos financieros no revelados, aunque agregó que seguiría siendo el emisor de la Walmart (Canada) Rewards MasterCard. [247]

El 1 de abril de 2019, Centerbridge Partners, LP y Stephen Smith anunciaron conjuntamente el cierre de la adquisición previamente anunciada de Wal-Mart Canada Bank y que pasaría a llamarse Duo Bank of Canada, que se denominaría simplemente Duo Bank. [248] [249] Aunque los porcentajes exactos de propiedad nunca se revelaron en ninguno de los anuncios de las empresas, también se ha revelado desde entonces que Duo Bank fue reclasificado como un banco con carta federal del Anexo 1 (nacional, que acepta depósitos) [250] [251] de la Ley Bancaria en Canadá del Anexo 2 (de propiedad o control extranjero, que acepta depósitos) [251] que había sido, lo que indica que Stephen Smith, como un destacado hombre de negocios canadiense, está en una posición de control .

África

El 28 de septiembre de 2010, Walmart anunció que compraría Massmart Holdings Ltd. de Johannesburgo , Sudáfrica, en un acuerdo por un valor de más de US$4 mil millones, lo que le daría a la compañía su primera presencia en África. [252] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, tiene 411 tiendas, incluidas 361 tiendas en Sudáfrica (bajo los carteles Game Foodco, CBW, Game, Builders Express, Builders Warehouse, Cambridge, Rhino, Makro, Builders Trade Depot, Jumbo y Builders Superstore), [2] [3] 11 tiendas en Botsuana (bajo los carteles CBW, Game Foodco y Builders Warehouse), [2] [3] 4 tiendas en Ghana (bajo el cartel Game Foodco), [2] [3] 4 tiendas en Kenia (bajo los carteles Game Foodco y Builders Warehouse), [2] [3] 3 tiendas en Lesoto (bajo los carteles CBW y Game Foodco), [2] 2 tiendas en Malawi (bajo el cartel Game), [2] [3] 6 tiendas en Mozambique (bajo los carteles Builders Warehouse, Game Foodco, CBW y Builders Express), [2] [3] 5 tiendas en Namibia (bajo los carteles Game Foodco y Game), [2] [3] 5 tiendas en Nigeria (bajo las marcas Game y Game Foodco), [2] [3] 1 tienda en Suazilandia (bajo la marca CBW), [2] [3] 1 tienda en Tanzania (bajo la marca Game Foodco), [2] [3] 1 tienda en Uganda (bajo la marca Game), [2] [3] y 7 tiendas en Zambia (bajo las marcas CBW, Game Foodco, Builders Warehouse y Builders Express). [2] [3]

Porcelana

Un pasillo en una tienda Walmart en China
Un Walmart en Hangzhou , China, en febrero de 2017

Walmart tiene empresas conjuntas en China y varias subsidiarias de propiedad mayoritaria. Al 31 de octubre de 2022, Walmart China (沃尔玛Wò'ērmǎ ) [253] opera 369 tiendas bajo las marcas Walmart Supercenter y Sam's Club. [2] [3]

En febrero de 2012, Walmart anunció que la compañía había aumentado su participación al 51 por ciento en el supermercado chino en línea Yihaodian para aprovechar la creciente riqueza de los consumidores y ayudar a la compañía a ofrecer más productos. Walmart asumió la propiedad total en julio de 2015. [254]

En octubre de 2016, Walmart inauguró el Centro de colaboración para la seguridad alimentaria en Pekín (China). El objetivo de esta inversión es colaborar con el gobierno local, promover el uso de la tecnología blockchain para rastrear el suministro de carne de cerdo en China y mejorar la transparencia y la seguridad de la cadena de suministro de alimentos. [255]

En diciembre de 2021, la Comisión Central de Inspección Disciplinaria del Partido Comunista Chino advirtió a Walmart sobre la eliminación de productos elaborados con insumos de Xinjiang en respuesta a la Ley de Prevención del Trabajo Forzoso Uigur . [256]

India

Una tienda mayorista moderna con los mejores precios en Hyderabad

En noviembre de 2006, la compañía anunció una empresa conjunta con Bharti Enterprises para operar en la India. Como a las corporaciones extranjeras no se les permitía entrar directamente en el sector minorista, Walmart operaba a través de franquicias y manejaba la parte mayorista del negocio. [257] La ​​asociación involucraba dos empresas conjuntas: Bharti maneja la parte delantera, involucrando la apertura de puntos de venta minorista, mientras que Walmart se encarga de la parte trasera, como las cadenas de frío y la logística. Walmart opera tiendas en la India bajo el nombre de Best Price Modern Wholesale. [258] La primera tienda abrió en Amritsar el 30 de mayo de 2009. El 14 de septiembre de 2012, el Gobierno de la India aprobó el 51 por ciento de la IED en minoristas multimarca, sujeto a la aprobación de los estados individuales, a partir del 20 de septiembre de 2012. [259] [260] Scott Price, presidente y director ejecutivo de Walmart para Asia, dijo a The Wall Street Journal que la compañía podría comenzar a abrir tiendas Walmart en la India dentro de dos años. [261] La expansión en la India enfrentó algunos problemas importantes. En noviembre de 2012, Walmart admitió haber gastado 25 millones de dólares en actividades de lobby en el Congreso Nacional Indio ; [262] el lobby se considera convencionalmente soborno en la India. [263] Walmart está llevando a cabo una investigación interna sobre posibles violaciones de la Ley de Prácticas Corruptas en el Extranjero . [264] Bharti Walmart suspendió a varios empleados, entre los que se rumorea que se encuentran su director financiero y su equipo legal, para asegurar "una investigación completa y exhaustiva". [265] En octubre de 2013, Bharti y Walmart se separaron para seguir adelante con sus negocios de forma independiente. [266]

El 9 de mayo de 2018, Walmart anunció su intención de adquirir una participación mayoritaria del 77% en la empresa india de comercio electrónico Flipkart por 16 mil millones de dólares, en un acuerdo que se completó el 18 de agosto de 2018. [267] [268] [269] Al 31 de octubre de 2022, hay 28 ubicaciones de Best Price Modern Wholesale. [2] [3]

Contratiempos

En la década de 1990, Walmart intentó, con una gran inversión financiera, afianzarse en los mercados minoristas alemán e indonesio.

Walmart entró en Indonesia con la apertura de tiendas en Lippo Supermall (ahora conocido como Supermal Karawaci) y Megamall Pluit (ahora conocido como Pluit Village ) respectivamente, bajo un acuerdo de empresa conjunta con el conglomerado local Lippo Group . Ambas tiendas cerraron debido a la crisis financiera asiática de 1997. [ 270] [271] [272]

En 1997, Walmart adquirió la cadena de supermercados Wertkauf con sus 21 tiendas por 750 millones de marcos alemanes [273] y al año siguiente Walmart adquirió 74 tiendas Interspar por 1.300 millones de marcos alemanes. [274] [275] El mercado alemán en ese momento era un oligopolio con una alta competencia entre empresas que utilizaban una estrategia de precios bajos similar a la de Walmart. Como resultado, la estrategia de precios bajos de Walmart no produjo ninguna ventaja competitiva. La cultura corporativa de Walmart no era vista positivamente entre los empleados y los clientes, en particular la "declaración de ética" de Walmart, que intentaba restringir las relaciones entre los empleados, una posible violación de la legislación laboral alemana, y condujo a una discusión pública en los medios de comunicación, lo que resultó en una mala reputación entre los clientes. [276] [277] En julio de 2006, Walmart anunció su retirada de Alemania debido a pérdidas sostenidas. Las tiendas se vendieron a la empresa alemana Metro durante el tercer trimestre fiscal de Walmart. [278] [279] Walmart no reveló sus pérdidas por su inversión en Alemania, pero se estima que fueron de alrededor de 3 mil millones de euros . [280]

Un Hiper Bompreço en Natal, Brasil, en mayo de 2008

En 2004, Walmart compró las 118 tiendas de la cadena de supermercados Bompreço en el noreste de Brasil. A finales de 2005, tomó el control de las operaciones brasileñas de Sonae Distribution Group a través de su nueva filial, WMS Supermercados do Brasil, adquiriendo así el control de las cadenas de supermercados Nacional y Mercadorama, líderes en los estados de Rio Grande do Sul y Paraná , respectivamente. Ninguna de estas tiendas fue rebautizada. En enero de 2014, Walmart operaba 61 supermercados Bompreço, 39 tiendas Hiper Bompreço. También dirigía 57 Walmart Supercenters, 27 Sam's Clubs y 174 tiendas Todo Dia. Con la adquisición de Bompreço y Sonae, en 2010, Walmart era la tercera cadena de supermercados más grande de Brasil, detrás de Carrefour y Pão de Açúcar . [281]

Walmart Brasil, la empresa operadora, tiene su sede en Barueri , estado de São Paulo, y oficinas regionales en Curitiba , Paraná; Porto Alegre , Río Grande del Sur; Recife , Pernambuco; y Salvador , Bahía. [282] Walmart Brasil opera bajo las marcas Todo Dia, Nacional, Bompreço, Walmart Supercenter, Maxxi Atacado, Hipermercado Big, Hiper Bompreço, Sam's Club, Mercadorama, Walmart Posto (Gasolinera), Supermercado Todo Dia e Hiper Todo Dia. Recientemente, la empresa inició el proceso de conversión de todas las tiendas Hiper Bompreço y Big a Walmart Supercenters y de las tiendas Bompreço, Nacional y Mercadorama a la marca Walmart Supermercado.

Desde agosto de 2018, Walmart Inc. solo posee una participación minoritaria en Walmart Brasil, que pasó a llamarse Grupo Big el 12 de agosto de 2019, [283] con el 20% de las acciones de la empresa, y la firma de capital privado Advent International posee el 80% de la propiedad de la empresa. [284] El 24 de marzo de 2021, se anunció que Carrefour adquiriría Grupo Big. [285]

Un Supercentro Walmart en Argentina en febrero de 2019

Walmart Argentina fue fundada en 1995 y opera tiendas bajo los nombres Walmart Supercenter, Changomas, Mi Changomas y Punto Mayorista. El 6 de noviembre de 2020, se anunció que Walmart vendió sus operaciones argentinas a Grupo de Narváez y cambió su nombre a Hiper Changomas. [286]

Supermercado ASDA en Fife, Escocia

La filial británica de Walmart, Asda (que conservó su nombre después de ser adquirida por Walmart), tiene su sede en Leeds y representó el 42,7 por ciento de las ventas de 2006 de la división internacional de Walmart. A diferencia de las operaciones estadounidenses, Asda fue originalmente y sigue siendo principalmente una cadena de supermercados, pero con un enfoque más fuerte en artículos no alimentarios que la mayoría de las cadenas de supermercados del Reino Unido, excepto Tesco . En 2010, Asda adquirió tiendas de Netto UK . Además de los pequeños supermercados suburbanos Asda, [3] las tiendas más grandes son Supercentros de marca. [3] Otras marcas incluyen Asda Superstores, Asda Living y Asda Petrol Fueling Station. [2] [3] [287] En julio de 2015, Asda actualizó su logotipo con los asteriscos de Walmart detrás de la primera 'A' en el logotipo. En mayo de 2018, Walmart anunció planes para vender Asda a su rival Sainsbury's por $ 10.1 mil millones. Según los términos del acuerdo, Walmart habría recibido una participación del 42% en la empresa combinada y alrededor de £3 mil millones en efectivo. [288] Sin embargo, en abril de 2019, la Autoridad de Competencia y Mercados del Reino Unido bloqueó la venta propuesta de Asda a Sainsburys. [289]

El 2 de octubre de 2020, se anunció que Walmart venderá una participación mayoritaria de Asda a un consorcio formado por Zuber y Mohsin Issa (los propietarios de EG Group ) y la firma de capital privado TDR Capital por 6.800 millones de libras, en espera de la aprobación de la Autoridad de Competencia y Mercados. [290]

En Japón, Walmart poseía el 100 por ciento de Seiyu (西友Seiyū ) a partir de 2008. [278] [291] Opera bajo las marcas Seiyu (Hipermercado), Seiyu (Supermercado), Seiyu (Mercancía general), Livin y Sunny. [2] [3] El 16 de noviembre de 2020, Walmart anunció que vendería el 65% de sus acciones en la empresa a la firma de capital privado KKR en un acuerdo que valora 329 tiendas y 34.600 empleados en 1.600 millones de dólares. Se supone que Walmart conservará el 15% y un puesto en la junta, mientras que una empresa conjunta entre KKR y la empresa japonesa Rakuten Inc. recibirá el 20%. [292]

Acusaciones de corrupción

Una investigación de abril de 2012 realizada por The New York Times informó sobre las acusaciones de un ex ejecutivo de Walmart de México de que, en septiembre de 2005, la empresa había pagado sobornos a través de intermediarios locales a funcionarios de todo México a cambio de permisos de construcción, información y otros favores, lo que le dio a Walmart una ventaja sustancial sobre los competidores. [293] Los investigadores de Walmart encontraron evidencia creíble de que se habían violado las leyes mexicanas y estadounidenses. También se plantearon preocupaciones de que los ejecutivos de Walmart en los Estados Unidos habían "silenciado" las acusaciones. Una investigación de seguimiento de The New York Times , publicada el 17 de diciembre de 2012, reveló evidencia de que el permiso regulatorio para la ubicación, construcción y operación de diecinueve tiendas se había obtenido mediante sobornos. Hubo evidencia de que se pagó un soborno de 52.000 dólares para cambiar un mapa de zonificación, lo que permitió la apertura de una tienda Walmart a una milla de un sitio histórico en San Juan Teotihuacán en 2004. [294] Después de que se publicó el artículo inicial, Walmart emitió una declaración negando las acusaciones y describiendo su política anticorrupción. Si bien un informe oficial de Walmart afirma que no había encontrado evidencia de corrupción, el artículo alega que informes internos anteriores habían revelado dicha evidencia antes de que la historia se hiciera pública. [295] El colaborador de la revista Forbes Adam Hartung también comentó que el escándalo de sobornos era un reflejo de los "graves problemas de gestión y estrategia" de Walmart, afirmando que "[l]os escándalos son ahora algo común ... [c]ada escándalo señala que la estrategia de Walmart es más difícil de manejar y se está encontrando con grandes problemas". [296]

En 2012, se produjo un incidente con CJ's Seafood, una empresa de procesamiento de cangrejos de río de Luisiana asociada con Walmart, que acabó llamando la atención de los medios por el maltrato a sus 40 trabajadores con visa H-2B procedentes de México. Estos trabajadores experimentaron duras condiciones de vida en remolques abarrotados fuera de las instalaciones de trabajo, amenazas físicas, abuso verbal y se vieron obligados a trabajar turnos de día completo. Muchos de los trabajadores tenían miedo de tomar medidas sobre el abuso debido a que el gerente amenazaba con la vida de sus familiares en Estados Unidos y México si se denunciaba el abuso. Ocho de los trabajadores se enfrentaron a la dirección de CJ's Seafood por el maltrato; sin embargo, la dirección negó las acusaciones de abuso y los trabajadores se declararon en huelga. Los trabajadores llevaron sus historias a Walmart debido a su asociación con CJ's. Mientras Walmart investigaba la situación, los trabajadores recogieron 150.000 firmas de simpatizantes que estaban de acuerdo en que Walmart debería apoyar a los trabajadores y tomar medidas. En junio de 2012, los trabajadores con visas realizaron una protesta y una huelga de hambre de un día frente al edificio de apartamentos donde residía un miembro de la junta directiva de Walmart. Después de esta protesta, Walmart anunció su decisión final de no seguir trabajando con CJ's Seafood. Menos de un mes después, el Departamento de Trabajo multó a CJ's Seafood "aproximadamente $460,000 en salarios atrasados, violaciones de seguridad, violaciones de salarios y horarios, daños civiles y multas por abusos al programa H-2B. Desde entonces, la empresa ha cerrado". [297]

En diciembre de 2012, se estaban llevando a cabo investigaciones internas sobre posibles violaciones de la Ley de Prácticas Corruptas en el Extranjero. [298] Walmart ha invertido 99 millones de dólares en investigaciones internas, que se extendieron más allá de México para implicar operaciones en China, Brasil e India. [299] [300] El caso ha añadido leña al fuego del debate sobre si la inversión extranjera se traducirá en una mayor prosperidad o si simplemente permite que el comercio minorista local y la política económica sean asumidos por "intereses financieros y corporativos extranjeros". [301] [302]

Club de Sam

Sam's Club es una cadena de clubes mayoristas que venden comestibles y mercadería general , a menudo a granel. [37] Las ubicaciones generalmente varían en tamaño de 32,000 a 168,000 pies cuadrados (3,000 a 15,600 m 2 ), con un tamaño promedio de club de aproximadamente 134,000 pies cuadrados (12,400 m 2 ). [4] El primer Sam's Club fue inaugurado por Walmart, Inc. en 1983 en Midwest City, Oklahoma [303] bajo el nombre de "Sam's Wholesale Club". La cadena recibió el nombre de su fundador Sam Walton. Al 31 de octubre de 2022, Sam's Club operaba 600 clubes mayoristas de membresía y representaba el 11,3% de los ingresos de Walmart con $ 57.839 mil millones en el año fiscal 2019. [18] [304] Christopher Nicholas es el presidente y director ejecutivo de Sam's Club. [143] [305]

Comercio electrónico global

Con sede en San Bruno, California, la división de comercio electrónico global de Walmart ofrece venta minorista en línea para Walmart, Sam's Club, Asda y todas las demás marcas internacionales. Hay varias sucursales en los Estados Unidos en California y Oregón: San Bruno , Sunnyvale , Brisbane y Portland . Las sucursales fuera de los Estados Unidos incluyen Shanghái (China), Leeds (Reino Unido) y Bangalore (India).

Subsidiarias

Marcas privadas

Alrededor del 40 por ciento de los productos vendidos en Walmart son marcas privadas , que se producen para la empresa a través de contratos con los fabricantes. Walmart comenzó a ofrecer marcas privadas en 1991, con el lanzamiento de Sam's Choice , una línea de bebidas producida por Primo Water para Walmart. Sam's Choice rápidamente se hizo popular y en 1993, era la tercera marca de bebidas más popular en los Estados Unidos. [306] Otras marcas de Walmart incluyen Great Value y Equate en los EE. UU. y Canadá y Smart Price en Gran Bretaña. Un estudio de 2006 habló de "la magnitud de la participación mental que Walmart parece tener en las mentes de los compradores cuando se trata del conocimiento de las marcas privadas y los minoristas". [307]

Entretenimiento

In 2010, the company teamed with Procter & Gamble to produce Secrets of the Mountain and The Jensen Project, two-hour family movies which featured the characters using Walmart and Procter & Gamble–branded products. The Jensen Project also featured a preview of a product to be released in several months in Walmart stores.[308][309] A third movie, A Walk in My Shoes, also aired in 2010 and a fourth is in production.[when?][310] Walmart's director of brand marketing also serves as co-chair of the Association of National Advertisers's Alliance for Family Entertainment.[311]

Online commerce acquisitions and plans

Launched in 2009, Walmart's Marketplace stayed dormant until 2016 when Walmart purchased e-commerce company Jet.com, founded in 2014 by Marc Lore, to start competing with Amazon.com.[312] Jet.com has acquired its own share of online retailers such as Hayneedle in March 2016, Shoebuy.com in December 2016, and ModCloth in March 2017. Walmart also acquired Parcel, a delivery service in New York, on September 29, 2017.[313][314]

On February 15, 2017, Walmart acquired Moosejaw, an online active outdoor retailer, for approximately $51 million. Moosejaw brought with it partnerships with more than 400 brands, including Patagonia, The North Face, Marmot, and Arc'teryx.[315]

Marc Lore, Walmart's U.S. e-commerce CEO, said that Walmart's existing physical infrastructure of almost 5,000 stores around the U.S. will enhance their digital expansion by doubling as warehouses for e-commerce without increasing overhead.[316] As of 2017, Walmart offers in-store pickup for online orders at 1,000 stores with plans to eventually expand the service to all of its stores.[317]

On May 9, 2018, Walmart announced its intent to acquire a 77% controlling stake in the Indian e-commerce website Flipkart for $16 billion[318] (beating bids by Amazon.com), subject to regulatory approval. Following its completion, the website's management will report to Marc Lore.[319][320][321] Completion of the deal was announced on August 18, 2018.[322]

The company's partnership with subscription service Kidbox was announced on April 16, 2019.[323]

Corporate affairs

Una bandera estadounidense ondeando sobre un cartel de Walmart a la entrada de un parque de oficinas
Home office in Bentonville, Arkansas in June 2009

Walmart is headquartered in the Walmart Home Office complex in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company's business model is based on selling a wide variety of general merchandise at low prices.[12] Doug McMillon became Walmart's CEO on February 1, 2014. He has also worked as the head of Sam's Club and Walmart International.[324] The company refers to its employees as "associates". All Walmart stores in the U.S. and Canada also have designated "greeters" at the entrance, a practice pioneered by Sam Walton and later imitated by other retailers. Greeters are trained to help shoppers find what they want and answer their questions.[325]

For many years, associates were identified in the store by their signature blue vest, but this practice was discontinued in June 2007 and replaced with khaki pants and polo shirts. The wardrobe change was part of a larger corporate overhaul to increase sales and rejuvenate the company's stock price.[326] In September 2014, the uniform was again updated to bring back a vest (paid for by the company) for store employees over the same polos and khaki or black pants paid for by the employee. The vest is navy blue for Walmart employees at Supercenters and discounts stores, lime green for Walmart Neighborhood Market employees, and yellow for self-check-out associates; door greeters, and customer service managers. All three state "Proud Walmart Associate" on the left breast and the "Spark" logo covering the back.[327] Reportedly one of the main reasons the vest was reintroduced was that some customers had trouble identifying employees.[328] In 2016, self-checkout associates, door greeters and customer service managers began wearing a yellow vest to be better seen by customers. By requiring employees to wear uniforms that are made up of standard "streetwear", Walmart is not required to purchase the uniforms or reimburse employees which are required in some states, as long as that clothing can be worn elsewhere. Businesses are only legally required to pay for branded shirts and pants or clothes that would be difficult to wear outside of work.[329]

Unlike many other retailers, Walmart does not charge slotting fees to suppliers for their products to appear in the store.[330] Instead, it focuses on selling more-popular products and provides incentives for store managers to drop unpopular products.[330]

From 2006 to 2010, the company eliminated its layaway program. In 2011, the company revived its layaway program.[331][332]

Walmart introduced its Site-To-Store program in 2007, after testing the program since 2004 on a limited basis. The program allows walmart.com customers to buy goods online with a free shipping option, and have goods shipped to the nearest store for pickup.[333]

On September 15, 2017, Walmart announced that it would build a new headquarters in Bentonville to replace its current 1971 building and consolidate operations that have spread out to 20 different buildings throughout Bentonville.[334]

According to watchdog group Documented, in 2020 Walmart contributed $140,000 to the Rule of Law Defense Fund, a fund-raising arm of the Republican Attorneys General Association.[335]

Business trends

For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2019, Walmart reported net income of US$6.6 billion on $514 billion of revenue. The company's international operations accounted for $120 billion, or 23.7 percent, of its $510 billion of sales.[18][7] Walmart is the world's 23rd-largest public corporation, according to the Forbes Global 2000 list, and the largest public corporation when ranked by revenue.[336]

The key trends for Walmart are (as of the financial year ending January 31):[337][338]

Governance

Walmart is governed by an eleven-member board of directors elected annually by shareholders. Gregory B. Penner, son-in-law of S. Robson Walton and the grandson-in-law of Sam Walton, serves as chairman of the board. Doug McMillon serves as president and chief executive officer. Current members of the board are:[391][7][392]

Notable former members of the board include Hillary Clinton (1985–1992)[393] and Tom Coughlin (2003–2004), the latter having served as vice chairman. Clinton left the board before the 1992 U.S. presidential election, and Coughlin left in December 2005 after pleading guilty to wire fraud and tax evasion for stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from Walmart.[394]

After Sam Walton's death in 1992, Don Soderquist, Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice Chairman, became known as the "Keeper of the Culture".[395]

Ownership

Walmart Inc. is a Delaware-domiciled joint-stock company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with its registered office located in Wolters Kluwer's Corporation Trust Center in Wilmington. As of March 2017,[396] it has 3,292,377,090 outstanding shares. These are held mainly by the Walton family, a number of institutions and funds.[6][397]

Competition

In North America, Walmart's primary competitors include grocery stores and department stores like Target, Kroger, Aldi, Meijer, Trader Joe's, Ingles, Publix, Harris Teeter and Winn Dixie in the United States; Hudson's Bay, Loblaw retail stores, Sobeys, Metro, and Giant Tiger in Canada; and Comercial Mexicana and Soriana in Mexico. Competitors of Walmart's Sam's Club division are Costco and the smaller BJ's Wholesale Club chain. Walmart's move into the grocery business in the late 1990s set it against major supermarket chains in both the United States and Canada.[399] Studies have typically found that Walmart's prices are significantly lower than those of their competitors, and that Walmart's presence is associated with lower food prices for households. Comparisons of performance metrics such as sales per square foot suggest that supermarkets in direct competition with Walmart Supercenters show significant decreases in profit margins, an effect that is strongest in the case of unionized competitors. Between 2000 and 2010, Walmart's entry into new areas often lowered local food prices at other stores. However, recent studies have not found the same effect, suggesting that retailers may have changed their competitive strategies.[37]

While the idea that Walmart destroys small businesses is widely assumed to be true, research so far suggests that Walmart superstores have little effect on smaller retailers such as "Mom and Pop" businesses. Differences in impact appear to be specific to the goods sold. Small retailers may experience difficulty if they rely on selling products identical to those at Walmart or if they try to sell at lower prices.[37]Dollar stores such as Family Dollar and Dollar General have been able to find a small niche market and compete successfully against Walmart.[399] In 2004, Walmart responded by testing its own dollar store concept, a subsection of some stores called "Pennies-n-Cents".[400][37]

Walmart also had to face fierce competition in some foreign markets. For example, in Germany it had captured just 2 percent of the German food market following its entry into the market in 1997 and remained "a secondary player" behind Aldi with 19 percent.[401]

In May 2006, after entering the South Korean market in 1998, Walmart sold all 16 of its South Korean outlets to Shinsegae, a local retailer, for US$882 million. Shinsegae re-branded the Walmarts as E-mart stores.[402]

Walmart struggled to export its brand elsewhere as it rigidly tried to reproduce its model overseas. In China, Walmart hopes to succeed by adapting and doing things preferable to Chinese citizens. For example, it found that Chinese consumers preferred to select their own live fish and seafood; stores began displaying the meat uncovered and installed fish tanks, leading to higher sales.[403]

Customer base

Map of Walmart locations in the United States, as of December 2020

In the United States, Walmart's early growth occurred in the Southeast and lower Midwest. More recently, Walmart has expanded throughout the country. The number of Walmart stores per 1,000 people in 2019 was highest in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Alabama and Kansas, and lowest in Hawaii, California, New Jersey, Massachusetts and New York. California and New Jersey were two of the ten states with the largest increases in Supercenters between 2011 and 2020, along with Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Wisconsin.[37]

Walmart customers display strong customer loyalty[404] and cite low prices as the most important reason for shopping there. Walmart has characterized their shoppers as falling into three main groups: "value-price shoppers" (people who like low prices and cannot afford much more), "brand aspirationals" (people with low incomes who buy well-known brands in hopes of assuring quality), and "price-sensitive affluents" (wealthier shoppers who seek deals).[405] As of 2022 the average U.S. Walmart customer earned about $80,000 per year,[404] above the U.S. average personal income of $63,214.[406] Walmart reports that during times of rising inflation, customers become more sensitive to rising food prices, buying less expensive food items such as hot dogs and canned tuna rather than deli cold cuts. They also see more upper-income shoppers looking for bargains.[407]

Walmart shoppers have been reported to be politically conservative. A poll after the 2004 U.S. presidential election reported that 76 percent of voters who shopped at Walmart once a week reported voting for George W. Bush while only 23 percent supported senator John Kerry.[408] When measured against similar retailers in the U.S. in 2006, frequent Walmart shoppers were rated the most politically conservative.[409] As of 2014 54 percent of Americans who preferred to shop at Walmart reported that they opposed same-sex marriage, while 40 percent were in favor, reflecting the store's southern roots.[410]

Due to its concentration of stores in the Bible Belt, Walmart is known for its "tradition of tailoring its service to churchgoing customers".[411] Walmart has carried clean versions of hip-hop audio CDs and in cooperation with The Timothy Plan, placed "plastic sheathes over suggestive women's periodicals and banned 'lad mags' such as Maxim" magazine.[411] Walmart also caters to its Christian customer base by selling Christian books and media,[412] such as VeggieTales videos and The Purpose-Driven Life, earning the company over US$1 billion annually.[413][414]

In 2006, Walmart took steps to expand its U.S. customer base, announcing a modification in its U.S. stores from a "one-size-fits-all" merchandising strategy to one designed to "reflect each of six demographic groups—African-Americans, the affluent, empty-nesters, Hispanics, suburbanites, and rural residents".[415] Around six months later, it unveiled a new slogan: "Saving people money so they can live better lives".[405]

Walmart has also made steps to appeal to more liberal customers, for example, by rejecting the American Family Association's recommendations and carrying the DVD Brokeback Mountain, a love story between two gay cowboys in Wyoming.[416]

Sales of guns and ammunition

Walmart stopped selling handguns in all U.S. states, except for Alaska, in 1993.[417]

In 2018, Walmart stopped selling guns and ammunition to persons younger than 21, following a similar move by Dick's Sporting Goods on the same day.[418] In the same year, Walmart stopped selling military-style rifles that were commonly used in mass shootings.[417]

As of 2019, Walmart was a major retailer of firearms and ammunition.[419] In 2019, after 23 people[420] were killed in a mass shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, Walmart announced that it would stop selling all handgun ammunition and certain short-barreled rifle ammunition.[419] The company also announced that it would stop selling handguns in Alaska, the only state where the company still sold handguns.[418] The move was expected to reduce Walmart's U.S. market share in ammunition from around 20% to around 6–9%.[418] Walmart also stated that it was "respectfully requesting" that customers not openly carry weapons in Walmart stores, except for authorized law enforcement officers.[419][418]

Following the fatal police shooting of Walter Wallace Jr. in October 2020, Walmart temporarily removed gun and ammunition displays in thousands of stores across the U.S. from sales floors, grounding their reason in concerns of civil unrest. Company spokesman Kory Lundberg said in a statement that "We have seen some isolated civil unrest and as we have done on several occasions over the last few years, we have moved our firearms and ammunition off the sales floor as a precaution for the safety of our associates and customers." Firearms and ammunition will still be available for purchase on request, but the duration of the removal of both from the sales floor remains undetermined.[421]

Technology

Open source software

Many Walmart technology projects are coded in the open and available through the Walmart Labs GitHub repository[422] as open-source software under the OSI approved Apache V2.0 license. As of November 2016, 141 public GitHub projects are listed.

During a migration of the walmart.com retail platform to Facebook React and Node.js, the Electrode[423] project was created to power the e-commerce platform which serves 80 million visitors per month and 15 million items.

Alex Grigoryan[424] of Walmart Labs released a statement[425] on Medium.com on October 3, 2016, explaining the details of the applications and the scale that they operate at Walmart.

Big data analytics

As the largest retailer in the U.S., Walmart collects and analyzes a large amount of consumer data. The big data sets are mined for use in predictive analytics, which allow the company to optimize operations by predicting customer's habits. Walmart's datacenter is unofficially referred to as Area 71.[426]

In April 2011, Walmart acquired Kosmix to develop software for analyzing real-time data streams.[427] In August 2012, Walmart announced its Polaris search engine.[428]

The amount of data gathered by Walmart has raised privacy concerns.[429][430][431]

Cash handling

in 2016, Walmart began a drive to automate much of the cash handling process. Walmart began replacing employees who count currency by hand with machines that count 8 bills per second and 3,000 coins a minute. The processing machines, located in the back of stores, allow cashiers to process the money for electronic depositing.[432][433]

Charity

Sam Walton believed that the company's contribution to society was that it operated efficiently, thereby lowering the cost of living for customers, and, therefore, in that sense was a "powerful force for good", despite his refusal to contribute cash to philanthropic causes.[434] Having begun to feel that his wealth attracted people who wanted nothing more than a "handout", he explained that while he believed his family had been fortunate and wished to use his wealth to aid worthy causes like education, they could not be expected to "solve every personal problem that comes to [their] attention". He explained later in his autobiography, "We feel very strongly that Wal-Mart really is not, and should not be, in the charity business," stating "any debit has to be passed along to somebody—either shareholders or our customers."[435] Since Sam Walton's death in 1992, however, Walmart and the Walmart Foundation dramatically increased charitable giving. For example, in 2005, Walmart donated US$20 million in cash and merchandise for Hurricane Katrina relief and in 2020 they committed $25 million to organizations on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic response.[436] Today, Walmart's charitable donations approach US$1 billion each year.[437]

COVID-19

As of January 2021, healthcare workers could get vaccines through Walmart in New Mexico and Arkansas. Walmart planned to offer vaccines in Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, South Carolina, Texas, Chicago and Puerto Rico with the target of delivering between 10 million and 13 million doses per month at full capacity.[438][439][440]

In May 2021, Walmart said that starting from May 18 all its fully vaccinated employees could stop wearing masks at work following the guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[441]

Economic impact

Effects on customers

A 2005 story in The Washington Post reported that "Wal-Mart's discounting on food alone boosts the welfare of American shoppers by at least US$50 billion per year."[442] A study in 2005 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) measured the effect on consumer welfare and found that the poorest segment of the population benefits the most from the existence of discount retailers.[443] In 2006, American newspaper columnist George Will stated that In terms of economic effects, "Wal-Mart and its effects save shoppers more than US$200 billion a year, dwarfing such government programs as food stamps (US$28.6 billion) and the earned income tax credit (US$34.6 billion)".[444]

Effects on retailers

Kenneth Stone, Professor of Economics at Iowa State University, in a paper published in Farm Foundation (1997), found that some small towns can lose almost half of their retail trade within ten years of a Walmart store opening. Presumably, people who previously shopped in towns without Wal-Mart stores choose to shop in towns with Wal-Mart stores, part of an older pattern in which smaller centers lose retail sales to larger ones. Stone compared the changes to previous competitors that small town shops have faced in the past, such as the development of the railroads, the Sears Roebuck catalog, and shopping malls. He concluded that small towns are more affected by "discount mass merchandiser stores" than larger towns and that shop owners who adapt to the ever-changing retail market can "co-exist and even thrive in this type of environment".[55] In later research Artz and Stone (2006) reported that in Mississippi the impact of opening a Walmart was much larger on existing retailers in rural communities (17%) than more urban ones (4%).[37][445] This also suggests that Walmart has achieved its strongest growth in non-metropolitan areas, which tend to be low-income.[37]

Studies of the impact of Walmart tend to focus on Supercenters rather than Neighborhood Markets. Comparisons of performance metrics such as sales per square foot suggest that supermarkets and other high-volume retailers in direct competition with Walmart Supercenters show significant decreases in profit margins.[37] While Walmart has often been said to be a destroyer of small businesses, much of this is anecdotal. Research so far suggests that Walmart superstores have little effect on smaller retailers such as "Mom and Pop" businesses.[37] A 2008 economic analysis published in the journal Economic Inquiry suggested that "the process of creative destruction unleashed by Wal‐Mart has had no statistically significant long‐run impact on the overall size and profitability of the small business sector in the United States".[446]

Impact appears to be related to a number of factors, with a key factor being the goods offered for sale.[37] A study by Ailawadi and others (2010) examined the impact of new Walmarts in detail. She reported that median sales dropped 40 percent at similar high-volume stores, 17 percent at supermarkets and 6 percent at drugstores. However, 30 percent of specific product categories at high-volume stores were unaffected. Many retailers reduced prices and cut product selection in an attempt to compete directly with Walmart, in effect attacking its areas of strength. A more successful approach was to track sales, identify vulnerable categories, and increase the range of products in those categories. By including products at both top and bottom price points, and offering temporary promotions on those items, retailers could attract both customers who were price-conscious and those interested in a wider range of options. A small store that specialized in a particular product area could compete effectively against Walmart.[447][448] Small specialized stores are less effective against big-box category killer chains such as Home Depot and Best Buy electronics.[449]

Some studies have suggested that the impact a Walmart store has on a local business is correlated to its distance from the store. David Merriman, Joseph Persky, Julie Davis and Ron Baiman (2012) outlined the impacts of Walmart in Chicago. Based on three annual surveys of enterprises within a four-mile radius of a new Chicago Walmart it "shows that the probability of going out of business was significantly higher for establishments close to that store". The overall findings of this study reinforce the "contention that large-city Walmarts, like those in small towns, absorb retail sales from nearby stores without significantly expanding the market".[450] Ellickson & Grieco (2013) report in the Journal of Urban Economics that Wal-Marts most strongly affect outlets of larger chains that are within 2 miles (3.2 km) of their location.[451]

Effects on jobs

A 2022 literature review concludes that "there is no consensus on the impact of Walmart on local employment, but most studies on the topic point to a modest increase in retail employment".[37] For example, studies at the University of Missouri found that a new store increases net retail employment in the county by 100 jobs in the short term, half of which disappear over five years as other retail establishments close.[452][453] Similarly, a net increase in employment (55 jobs) was found in a study of West Virginia counties between 1989 and 1998.[454]

Like other chain stores, Walmart tends to hire local employees for low-skilled jobs with low wages and minimal benefits.[37] This may increase employees' reliance on public assistance programs, effectively transferring costs away from employers onto taxpayers.[449] Studies examining aggregate retail wage data from states and counties, before and after the arrival of Walmart, are mixed. Some results, particularly from nonmetropolitan areas in the South and central United States, suggest lowered wages. Other studies have found no effect (e.g. Pennsylvania) or an increase in wages (e.g. Maryland).[449] A 2004 paper by Goetz and Swaminathan suggested that U.S. counties with Walmart stores suffered increased poverty compared with counties without Wal-Marts.[455] It is difficult to distinguish the effects of opening a Walmart from other factors, some of which may be related to the decision to open a store. Known as endogeneity bias, this makes it difficult to determine whether Walmart chooses to establish itself in communities with greater poverty and joblessness, or creates more poverty and joblessness.[449]

Studies of socioeconomic well-being, civic participation, and community welfare suggest that large non-locally owned businesses tend to be centralized and vertically integrated, rely on remote sources and support services, and move money, expertise and power away from local communities. Large externally-oriented businesses tend to be associated with lower local standards of living, greater inequality, and less social and civic participation. This research is not specific to Walmart, but to large businesses in general.[449]

In broader economic terms, the Economic Policy Institute estimated that between 2001 and 2006 Wal-Mart's trade deficit with China alone represented a loss of nearly 200,000 U.S. jobs. During this period, Wal-Mart was responsible for 9.3% of total U.S. imports from China, increasing the U.S. trade deficit by an estimated $17.1 billion. This represents about 200,000 jobs, most of them in the manufacturing sector (133,000).[456]

A 2014 story in The Guardian reported that the Wal-Mart Foundation was boosting its efforts to work with U.S. manufacturers. In February 2014, the Walmart Foundation pledged to support domestic manufacturers by buying US$250 billion worth of American-made products in the next decade.[457] Between 2014 and 2017, the Walmart U.S. Manufacturing Innovation Fund gave $10 million in grants to research and academic institutions for projects that improve domestic manufacturing.[458] For the 2020 fiscal year, Walmart reported that nearly two-thirds of its merchandise was made, assembled or grown in the United States. As of March 2021, Walmart pledged to buy an additional $350 billion worth of American-based items over the next decade.[459]

Effects on productivity

A 2001 McKinsey Global Institute study of U.S. labor productivity growth between 1995 and 2000 concluded that "Wal-Mart directly and indirectly caused the bulk of the productivity acceleration" in general merchandise, representing 16 percent of total productivity growth in the retail sector.[460]Walmart's transformative use of information technology, particularly in supply-chain management, is identified as a major reason for its impact on productivity per man hour.[461][462][463] For every dollar spent by Walmart to improve its own technology, an estimated ten dollars has been invested by suppliers throughout its supply chain on their own systems and software. Economist Robert Solow has emphasized the importance of imitation and adaptation: in addition to improving its own efficiency, Walmart's innovations have been adopted by its competitors so that they can compete.[461]

Labor relations

Workers speak during Occupy Wall Street

With over 2.3 million employees worldwide, Walmart has faced a torrent of lawsuits and issues with regards to its workforce. These issues involve low wages, poor working conditions, inadequate health care, and issues involving the company's strong anti-union policies. In November 2013, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) announced that it had found that in 13 U.S. states, Wal-Mart had pressured employees not to engage in strikes on Black Friday, and had illegally disciplined workers who had engaged in strikes.[464] Critics point to Walmart's high turnover rate as evidence of an unhappy workforce, although other factors may be involved. Approximately 70 percent of its employees leave within the first year.[465] Despite this turnover rate, the company is still able to affect unemployment rates. This was found in a study by Oklahoma State University which states, "Walmart is found to have substantially lowered the relative unemployment rates of blacks in those counties where it is present, but to have had only a limited impact on relative incomes after the influences of other socio-economic variables were taken into account."[466]

Walmart is the largest private employer in the United States, with 1.6 million employees as of 2020.[37] Walmart employs almost five times as many people as IBM, the second-largest employer.[467] Walmart employs more African Americans than any other private employer in the United States.[468]While 4.6% of all retail workers, and 16.5% of all U.S. grocery workers, were unionized as of 2020, Walmart does not employ unionized labor and actively discourages unionization and collective bargaining.[37][469][470]

Walmart rebranded their Associate Education Benefits to Live Better U in March 2019. Live Better U supports associate education at every level and includes $1 a day college program, cost-free high school education, and discounts on higher education programs through partnership with Guild Education.

In April 2019, Walmart Inc. announced plans to extend the use of robots in stores in order to improve and monitor inventory, clean floors and unload trucks, part of the company's effort to lower its labor costs.[471] The use of robots has alienated some workers.[472]

In June 2019, Walmart Inc. announced the expansion of education benefits to recruit high school students. The incentives include flexible work schedules, free SAT and ACT preparation courses, up to seven hours of free college credit, and a debt-free college degree in three fields from six nonprofit universities.[473]

Gender

In 2007, a gender discrimination lawsuit, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., was filed against Walmart, alleging that female employees were discriminated against in matters regarding pay and promotions. A class action suit was sought, which would have been the nation's largest in history, covering 1.5 million past and current employees.[474] On June 20, 2011, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Wal-Mart's favor, stating that the plaintiffs did not have enough in common to constitute a class.[475] The court ruled unanimously that because of the variability of the plaintiffs' circumstances, the class action could not proceed as presented, and furthermore, in a 5–4 decision that it could not proceed as any kind of class action suit.[476] Several plaintiffs, including the lead plaintiff, Betty Dukes, expressed their intent to file individual discrimination lawsuits separately.[477] Dukes died in 2017.[478] In 2020, Walmart agreed to pay $20 million, stop using a pre-employment test, and furnish other relief to settle a companywide, sex-based hiring discrimination lawsuit filed by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).[479]

According to a consultant hired by plaintiffs in a sex discrimination lawsuit, in 2001, Wal-Mart's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filings showed that female employees made up 65 percent of Wal-Mart's hourly paid workforce, but only 33 percent of its management.[480][481] Just 35 percent of its store managers were women, compared to 57 percent at similar retailers.[481] Wal-Mart says comparisons with other retailers are unfair, because it classifies employees differently; if department managers were included in the totals, women would make up 60 percent of the managerial ranks.[481]

Sexual orientation and gender identity

In the Human Rights Campaign's (HRC) 2002 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of how companies treat LGBT employees and customers, gave Wal-Mart Stores Inc. a score of 14%.[482] By 2017, however, HRC's 2017 Corporate Equality Index gave Wal-Mart Stores Inc. a score of a 100%.[483] In 2003, Walmart added sexual orientation to their anti-discrimination policy.[484] In 2005, Walmart's definition of family began including same-sex partners.[485][486][487] In 2006, Walmart announced that "diversity efforts include new groups of minority, female and gay employees that meet at Walmart headquarters in Bentonville to advise the company on marketing and internal promotion. There are seven business resource groups: women, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, gays and lesbians, and a disabled group."[488] From 2006 to 2008, Walmart was a member of the National Gay & Lesbian Chamber of Commerce.[489] In 2011, Walmart added gender identity to their anti-discrimination policy.[490] Walmart's anti-discrimination policies allow associates to use restroom facilities that corresponds with their gender identity and gender expression.[491] In 2013, Walmart began offering health insurance benefits to domestic partners.[489] In 2015, Doug McMillon, CEO of Walmart, issued a statement opposing House Bill 1228 and asked Governor Asa Hutchinson to veto the bill.[492] In 2016, Walmart began offering full healthcare benefits to its transgender employees.[493]

Criticism and controversies

Walmart has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals, including labor unions, community groups, grassroots organizations, religious organizations, environmental groups, firearm groups, and the company's own customers and employees. They have protested against the company's policies and business practices, including charges of racial and gender discrimination.[494][495][496] Other areas of criticism include the company's foreign product sourcing, treatment of suppliers, employee compensation and working conditions, environmental practices, the use of public subsidies, the company's security policies, and slavery.[497][498] Walmart denies doing anything wrong and maintains that low prices are the result of efficiency.[499][500][501]

In 2012, Walmart’s pork and mango supply chain was contaminated, resulting in a large number of customers suffering from severe food poisoning. In order to resolve the incident immediately, Walmart recalled all contaminated pork and mangoes and emptied its inventory to prevent further sales.[502]

In April 2016, Walmart announced that it plans to eliminate eggs from battery cages from its supply chain by 2025.[503] The decision was particularly important because of Walmart's large market share and influence on the rest of the industry.[504][505] The move was praised by major animal welfare groups[506] but a poultry trade group representative expressed skepticism about the decision's impact.[506] Walmart's cage-free eggs will not come from free range producers, but rather industrial-scale farms where the birds will be allotted between 1 and 1.5 square feet each, a stressful arrangement which can cause cannibalism.[504][506] Unlike battery cages, the systems of Walmart's suppliers allow the hens to move around, but relative to battery cages they have higher hen mortality rates and present distinct environmental and worker health problems.[507]

In March 2018, Walmart was sued by former Director of Business Development Tri Huynh for claims of reporting misleading e-commerce performance results in favor of the company. Huynh stated the company's move was an attempt to regain lost ground to competitor Amazon.[508]

In September 2018, Walmart was sued by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging that Walmart denied requests from pregnant employees to limit heavy lifting.[509]

In May 2019, the Center for Inquiry filed a lawsuit in the District of Columbia alleging consumer fraud and the endangering of its customers' health due to Walmart's practice of "selling homeopathic [products] alongside real medicine, in the same sections in its stores, under the same signs", according to Nicholas Little, CFI's vice president and general counsel.[510][511] On May 20, 2020, District of Columbia Superior Court Judge Florence Pan dismissed CFI's lawsuit, claiming that CFI had no standing as a consumer protection organization and failed to identify the specific actions on the part of Walmart that led to harm to consumers. CFI has challenged both of those arguments and is planning an appeal.[512]

In July 2019, the Walmart subreddit was flooded with pro-union memes in a protest to the firing of an employee who posted confidential material to the subreddit.[513][514] Many of these posts were angry with Walmart surveying its staff on the Internet. The posting of the union content is in response to the aforementioned alleged anti-union position Walmart has taken in the past.[515]

In November 2021, a federal jury found that Walmart, along with Walgreens and CVS, "had substantially contributed to" the opioid crisis.[516] The damages between the three chains in this suit totalled $650 million. Damages claimed by the lawyers for Lake County and Trumbull County in Ohio were $3.3 billion.[517]

In June 2022, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sued Walmart, alleging that the company facilitated money transfer fraud by allowing its money transfer services to be used by scammers who stole hundreds of millions of dollars from customers.[518][519]

Crime problems

According to an August 2016 report by Bloomberg Businessweek, aggressive cost-cutting decisions that began in 2000 when Lee Scott took over as CEO of the company led to a significant increase in crime in stores across the United States. These included the removal of the store's famed greeters, who are in part seen as a theft deterrent at exits, the replacement of many cashiers with self-checkout stations, and the addition of stores at a rate that exceeded the hiring of new employees, which led to a 19% increase in space per employee from a decade previous. While these decisions succeeded in increasing profits 23% in the decade that followed, they also led to an increase in both theft and violent crime.[520][449]

In 2015, under CEO Doug McMillon, Walmart began a company-wide campaign to reduce crime that included spot-checking receipts at exits, stationing employees at self-checkout areas, eye-level security cameras in high-theft areas, use of data analytics to detect credit fraud, hiring off-duty police and private security officers, and reducing calls to police with a program by which first-time offenders caught stealing merchandise below a certain value can avoid arrest if they agree to go through a theft-prevention program.[520]

Law enforcement agencies across the United States have noted a burden on resources created by a disproportionate number of calls from Walmart. Experts have criticized the retailer for shifting its security burden onto the taxpayers.[449] Across three Florida counties, approximately 9,000 police calls were logged to 53 Walmart stores but resulted in only a few hundred arrests.[521] In Granite Falls, North Carolina, 92% of larceny calls to local police were from the Walmart store.[522] The trend is similar in rural, suburban, and urban areas. Police are called to Walmart stores 3 to 4 times as much as similar retailers such as Target.[523] Experts say the chain and its razor-thin profit margins rely heavily on police to protect its bottom line. Walmart Supercenters top the list of those most visited by police.[521]

In addition to hundreds of thousands of petty crimes, more than 200 violent crimes, including attempted kidnappings, stabbings, shootings, and murders occurred at the 4,500 Walmarts in the U.S. in 2016.[520] In 2019, 23 people were killed in a mass shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas.[418][420]

On June 27, 2020, a shooting occurred at a Walmart distribution center in Red Bluff, California, United States. One employee was killed and the shooter was killed by officers.[524][525][526][527]

In popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Total revenues"
  2. ^ "Consolidated net income attributable to Walmart"
  3. ^ "total retail units"

References

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