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List of sultans of Sulu

This is a list of sultans and later claimants of the former Sulu sultanate. The Royal House of Sulu is a royal house of the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. Historically the head of the Sultanate of Sulu, the position of sultan today carries with it no political powers or privileges and is mostly a cultural figure.

There are currently several claimants to the sultanship after the death of the last recognized sultan, Mohammed Mahakuttah A. Kiram.

Pre-sultanate kings

Sulu was divided into three kingdoms before the sultanate arose.[citation needed]

The descendants of Paduka Pahala, through his two sons, live in Dezhou in China have the surnames An and Wen.[citation needed]

Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu arrived in Sulu and married the princess Dayang-dayang Paramisuli of the previous royal family, founding the Sulu sultanate.[citation needed]

List of sultans

List of sultans from 1405 to 1936

The following list details the holders of the title of sultan between 1405 and 1936.[3]

List of sultans from 1936 to 1950

By the early 20th century, the sultanate had already declined. Any claimed political sovereignty of the sultanate was formally abolished in 1915.[9][10][11][12] The descendants of the royal family are still recognised and honoured as de facto royalty by the people in Sulu and by others.[citation needed].

After the death of Sultan Jamalul-Kiram II in 1936, the Philippine Government, the successors in sovereignty to the United States of America, decided not to recognise the continued existence of the Sulu sultanate, according to a letter to the governor of North Borneo dated 28 July 1936, from the British Consul General in Manila.[citation needed] After that decision several legitimate claimants and pretenders to the throne of Sulu appeared. During World War II, Japanese and American forces exerted influence in sultanate's affairs, each recognising a pretender supportive of their agenda.[citation needed]

List of sultans from 1950 to 1986

A genealogy released by the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines at the height of the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff.

In 1962, the Philippine government under President Diosdado Macapagal officially recognised the continued existence of the Sulu sultanate and, on 24 May 1974, officially recognised Sultan Mohammad Mahakuttah Kiram (reigned 1974–1986), under Memo Order 427, which was issued by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, and which stated that "The Government has always recognised the Sultanate of Sulu as the legitimate claimant to the historical territories of the Republic of Philippines" and that Mahakuttah A. Kiram is officially recognised as the Sultan of Sulu with the government being obligated to support his coronation on that date, his 8-year-old eldest son, Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, being crowned beside his father as Raja Muda (Crown Prince). On 16 February 1986, Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, succeeded his father to become the head of the Sulu royal house. As the eldest son of the former Sultan Mahakuttah, he is the legitimate heir to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu.[14]

The following list details the holders of the title Sultan between 1950 and 1986, who are officially recognised by the Philippine Government.

List of self-proclaimed sultans from 1980 to 2013, as recognised by the provincial government of Sulu

After the death of Sultan Mahakuttah A. Kiram, the Philippine national government has not formally recognised a new sultan. Mahakutta's Crown Prince Muedzul Lail Kiram, the heir to the throne according to the line of succession as recognised by the Philippine governments from 1915 to 1986, was 20 years old upon his father's death.[18] Due to his young age, he failed to claim the throne at a time of political instability in the Philippines that led to peaceful revolution and the subsequent removal of President Marcos. The gap in the sultanate leadership was filled by claimants from rival branches. Therefore, the following sultans were not crowned with the support of, nor received formal recognition from, the Philippine government as their predecessors had until 1986. However, the Philippine national government has participated in discussions with one or more of these claimants regarding issues concerning the sultanate's affairs.[1]

Current claimants

These are the current claimants.

Genealogical chart

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Chronological Self Rule and Sultanate". Provincial Government of Sulu, Philippines. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  2. ^ Usman, Edd (10 February 2010). "Heirs of Sulu Sultanate urged to attend general convention". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  3. ^ Adib Majul, Cesar (1999). Muslims in the Philippines. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 971-542-188-1.
  4. ^ Asian Studies. Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System. 1978. p. 15.
  5. ^ Majul, Cesar Adib. "An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu"". Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives: 15.
  6. ^ International Court of Justice (2003). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997-2002. United Nations Publications. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-92-1-133541-5.
  7. ^ Ariff, Mohamed (1991). The Muslim Private Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-981-3016-09-5.
  8. ^ Allison, K. J. (1979). English Pilipino Sama Sibutu, Basic Vocabulary. Summer Institute of Linguistics--Philippines. p. 59.
  9. ^ a b "Why 'Sultan' is dreaming". Daily Express. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  10. ^ Graham Kemp; Douglas P. Fry (2004). Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies Around the World. Psychology Press. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-415-94761-9.
  11. ^ K. S. Nathan; Mohammad Hashim Kamali (January 2005). Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-981-230-282-3.
  12. ^ "Memorandum: Carpenter Agreement". Government of the Philippines. 22 March 1915. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  13. ^ "THE PHILIPPINES: Wasit to Paradise". Time. 30 November 1936. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008.
  14. ^ "Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era". 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  15. ^ a b Juanito Alli Bruno (1973). The Social World of the Tausug: A Study in Philippine Culture and Education. Centro Escolar University, Research and Development Center.
  16. ^ "Memorandum Order No. 427, s. 1974". Official Gazette. Office of the President of the Philippines. 10 May 1974. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  17. ^ "Structure of Sultanate". Royal House of Sulu. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. [unreliable source?]
  18. ^ Karon David. "Datu Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, iginiit na siya ang karapat-dapat na lider ng mga taga-Sulu". GMA News (in Tagalog). YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2013. [unreliable source?]
  19. ^ "Welcome to the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu & Sabah Official Website". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)[unreliable source?]
  20. ^ "So, who's the real sultan?". The Star. 13 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  21. ^ "Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Press Statement: Meeting with the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, H.E. Albert F. del Rosario on 4 March 2013". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  23. ^ "Semporna villagers beat to death ex-Moro commander". The Star. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  24. ^ "Sabahans will not forget Lahad Datu incident — Musa". The Borneo Post. Bernama. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  25. ^ Calleja Ramos, Marlon (12 March 2013). "Sabah pullout talks begin". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  26. ^ "Malaysia lists Sulu heir as terrorist to repel US$14 billion Sabah claim". South China Morning Post. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  27. ^ "Malaysia Lists Sulu Heir as a Terrorist in Claim Over Sabah". Bloomberg.com. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  28. ^ "H.M. Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, Sultan of Sulu". Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  29. ^ "Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era". Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. Government of the Philippines. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

External links