El término "Estados Unidos" y la sigla "US", utilizadas como sustantivos o adjetivos en inglés, son nombres cortos comunes para el país. La sigla "USA", un sustantivo, también es común. [28] "United States" y "US" son los términos establecidos en todo el gobierno federal de los EE. UU., con reglas prescritas. [o] En inglés, el término "America" rara vez se refiere a temas no relacionados con los Estados Unidos, a pesar del uso de " the Americas " como la totalidad de América del Norte y del Sur. [30] "The States" es una abreviatura coloquial establecida del nombre, utilizada particularmente desde el extranjero. [31]
Durante un siglo, los colonos estadounidenses habían proporcionado sus propias tropas y material en los conflictos con los pueblos indígenas y los rivales coloniales de Gran Bretaña, especialmente Francia, y los estadounidenses habían comenzado a desarrollar un sentido de autodefensa y autosuficiencia independiente de Gran Bretaña. La guerra franco-india (1754-1763) adquirió un nuevo significado para todos los colonos norteamericanos después de que el Parlamento dirigido por William Pitt el Viejo concluyera que era necesario dedicar importantes recursos militares a América del Norte para ganar la guerra contra Francia. Por primera vez, el continente se convirtió en uno de los principales escenarios de lo que podría denominarse una " guerra mundial ". La posición de las colonias británicas como parte integral del Imperio británico se hizo más evidente durante la guerra, y los funcionarios militares y civiles británicos se convirtieron en una presencia más significativa en la vida estadounidense.
La guerra también aumentó el sentimiento de identidad estadounidense. Hombres que de otro modo nunca hubieran abandonado su propia colonia ahora viajaban a través del continente para luchar junto a hombres de orígenes decididamente diferentes pero que no eran menos "estadounidenses". Los oficiales británicos entrenaron a oficiales estadounidenses para la batalla, en particular a George Washington ; estos oficiales prestarían sus habilidades y experiencia a la causa de los colonos durante la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos que vendría después. Además, las legislaturas y los funcionarios coloniales consideraron necesario cooperar intensamente en pos de un esfuerzo militar coordinado a nivel continental. [64] Finalmente, el deterioro de las relaciones entre el estamento militar británico y los colonos, relaciones que ya eran menos que positivas, preparó el terreno para una mayor desconfianza y aversión hacia las tropas británicas.
La revolución americana y los comienzos de la república (1765-1800)
Los Artículos de la Confederación fueron ratificados en 1781 y establecieron un gobierno descentralizado que funcionó hasta 1789. [65] Después de la rendición británica en el asedio de Yorktown en 1781, la soberanía estadounidense fue reconocida internacionalmente por el Tratado de París (1783), a través del cual Estados Unidos ganó territorio que se extendía al oeste hasta el río Misisipi, al norte hasta el actual Canadá y al sur hasta la Florida española . [70] La Ordenanza del Noroeste (1787) estableció el precedente por el cual el territorio del país se expandiría con la admisión de nuevos estados , en lugar de la expansión de los estados existentes. [71] La Constitución de los Estados Unidos fue redactada en la Convención Constitucional de 1787 para superar las limitaciones de los Artículos. Entró en vigor en 1789, creando una república federal gobernada por tres ramas separadas que juntas aseguraban un sistema de controles y equilibrios . [72] George Washington fue elegido el primer presidente del país bajo la Constitución, y la Declaración de Derechos fue adoptada en 1791 para disipar las preocupaciones de los escépticos sobre el poder del gobierno más centralizado. [73] [74] Su renuncia como comandante en jefe después de la Guerra Revolucionaria y su posterior negativa a postularse para un tercer mandato como primer presidente del país establecieron un precedente para la supremacía de la autoridad civil en los Estados Unidos y la transferencia pacífica del poder , respectivamente. [75] [76]
Expansión hacia el oeste y Guerra Civil (1800-1865)
Las Montañas Rocosas , al oeste de las Grandes Llanuras, se extienden de norte a sur por todo el país, alcanzando un pico de más de 14.000 pies (4.300 m) en Colorado . [178] Más al oeste se encuentran la rocosa Gran Cuenca y los desiertos de Chihuahua , Sonora y Mojave . [179] En la esquina noroeste de Arizona , tallado por el río Colorado durante millones de años, se encuentra el Gran Cañón , un cañón de lados empinados y un popular destino turístico conocido por su abrumador tamaño visual y su intrincado y colorido paisaje.
Los estados que bordean el Golfo de México son propensos a huracanes, y la mayoría de los tornados del mundo ocurren en el país , principalmente en Tornado Alley . [187] En general, Estados Unidos recibe más incidentes climáticos extremos de alto impacto que cualquier otro país. [188] [189] El clima extremo se volvió más frecuente en los EE. UU. en el siglo XXI, con tres veces el número de olas de calor reportadas que en la década de 1960. En el suroeste estadounidense , las sequías se volvieron más persistentes y más severas. [190]
Estados Unidos es uno de los 17 países megadiversos que contienen un gran número de especies endémicas : alrededor de 17.000 especies de plantas vasculares se encuentran en los Estados Unidos contiguos y Alaska, y más de 1.800 especies de plantas con flores se encuentran en Hawái, pocas de las cuales se encuentran en el continente. [192] Estados Unidos alberga 428 especies de mamíferos , 784 especies de aves, 311 reptiles, 295 anfibios , [193] y alrededor de 91.000 especies de insectos. [194]
Según el Índice de Derechos Humanos de 2023 del Instituto V-Dem , Estados Unidos ocupa uno de los puestos más altos del mundo en materia de derechos humanos . [213]
Gobierno nacional
El gobierno federal, compuesto por tres poderes, todos con sede en Washington, DC, es el gobierno nacional de los Estados Unidos y está regulado por un sólido sistema de controles y contrapesos . [214]
El Congreso de los Estados Unidos , una legislatura bicameral , compuesta por el Senado y la Cámara de Representantes , crea leyes federales , declara la guerra , aprueba tratados, tiene el poder de la bolsa , [215] y tiene el poder de juicio político . [216] El Senado tiene 100 miembros (2 de cada estado), elegidos por un período de seis años. La Cámara de Representantes tiene 435 miembros, cada uno elegido por un período de dos años; todos los representantes sirven en un distrito congresional de población equivalente. [217] El Congreso también organiza una colección de comités , cada uno de los cuales maneja una tarea o deber específico. Una de las funciones no legislativas más importantes del Congreso es el poder de investigar y supervisar el poder ejecutivo. [218] La supervisión del Congreso generalmente se delega a comités y se facilita mediante el poder de citación del Congreso. [219] El nombramiento para un comité permite a un miembro desarrollar un conocimiento especializado de los asuntos bajo su competencia. Los distintos comités supervisan las operaciones gubernamentales en curso, identifican cuestiones que pueden ser objeto de revisión legislativa, reúnen y evalúan información y recomiendan cursos de acción al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, incluyendo, entre otros, la nueva legislación. Los dos partidos políticos principales tienen el poder de designar a los miembros de cada comité. La presidencia de los comités se asigna a un miembro del partido mayoritario.
El presidente de los Estados Unidos es el comandante en jefe de las fuerzas armadas y el jefe ejecutivo del gobierno federal, con la capacidad de vetar proyectos de ley legislativos del Congreso de los Estados Unidos antes de que se conviertan en ley. Sin embargo, los vetos presidenciales pueden ser anulados por una votación de supermayoría de dos tercios en ambas cámaras del Congreso. El presidente nombra a los miembros del Gabinete , sujeto a la aprobación del Senado, y nombra a otros funcionarios que administran y hacen cumplir las leyes federales a través de sus respectivas agencias . [220] El presidente también tiene poder de clemencia para delitos federales y puede emitir indultos . Finalmente, el presidente tiene el derecho de emitir " órdenes ejecutivas " expansivas, sujetas a revisión judicial , en varias áreas de políticas. Los candidatos a presidente hacen campaña con un compañero de fórmula para vicepresidente . Ambos candidatos son elegidos juntos, o derrotados juntos, en una elección presidencial. A diferencia de otras votaciones en la política estadounidense, esta es técnicamente una elección indirecta en la que el ganador será determinado por el Colegio Electoral de los Estados Unidos . Allí, los votos son emitidos oficialmente por electores individuales seleccionados por la legislatura de su estado . [221] En la práctica, sin embargo, cada uno de los 50 estados elige un grupo de electores presidenciales que deben confirmar al ganador del voto popular de su estado. Este grupo de electores es igual al número de representantes de los Estados Unidos de su estado, más dos electores más para los dos senadores estadounidenses que el estado envía al Congreso. (El Distrito de Columbia, sin representantes ni senadores, tiene asignados tres votos electorales). Tanto el presidente como el vicepresidente cumplen un mandato de cuatro años, y el presidente puede ser reelegido para el cargo solo una vez , por un mandato adicional de cuatro años. [r]
El poder judicial federal de los Estados Unidos , cuyos jueces son nombrados de por vida por el presidente con la aprobación del Senado, está formado principalmente por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos , los tribunales de apelaciones de los Estados Unidos y los tribunales de distrito de los Estados Unidos . La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos interpreta las leyes y revoca las que considera inconstitucionales . [222] La Corte Suprema tiene nueve miembros encabezados por el Presidente de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos . Los miembros son nombrados por el presidente en funciones cuando se produce una vacante. [223] En varios sentidos, el sistema de tribunales federales funciona de manera diferente a los tribunales estatales. Para los casos civiles , esto es evidente en los tipos de casos que se pueden escuchar en el sistema federal. Su jurisdicción limitada los restringe a los casos autorizados por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos o los estatutos federales . En los casos penales, los estados solo pueden presentar procesos penales en los tribunales estatales, y el gobierno federal solo puede presentar procesos penales en el tribunal federal. El primer nivel en los tribunales federales es el tribunal de distrito federal para cualquier caso bajo " jurisdicción original ", como los estatutos federales, la Constitución o los tratados . Existen doce circuitos federales que dividen el país en diferentes regiones para los tribunales federales de apelaciones. Una vez que un tribunal federal de distrito ha decidido un caso, se puede apelar ante un tribunal de apelaciones de los Estados Unidos. El siguiente tribunal y el más alto del sistema es la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. Tiene el poder de decidir apelaciones sobre todos los casos presentados en un tribunal federal o aquellos presentados en un tribunal estatal pero que tratan sobre leyes federales. Sin embargo, a diferencia de las apelaciones ante los tribunales de circuito, normalmente no se requiere que la Corte Suprema escuche la apelación. Se puede presentar una " petición de auto de certiorari " ante el tribunal, pidiéndole que escuche el caso. Si se concede, la Corte Suprema tomará los escritos y realizará los argumentos orales . Si no se concede, se mantiene la opinión del tribunal inferior. El certiorari no se concede a menudo, y menos del 1% de las apelaciones ante la Corte Suprema son escuchadas por ella. Por lo general, la Corte solo escucha casos cuando hay decisiones contradictorias en todo el país sobre un tema en particular, o cuando hay un error obvio en un caso.
La Constitución no menciona los partidos políticos, pero estos se desarrollaron de forma independiente en el siglo XVIII con los partidos federalista y antifederalista . [225] Desde entonces, Estados Unidos ha funcionado como un sistema bipartidista de facto , aunque los partidos en ese sistema han sido diferentes en diferentes momentos. [226] Los dos principales partidos nacionales son actualmente el Demócrata y el Republicano . El primero se percibe como relativamente liberal en su plataforma política, mientras que el segundo se percibe como relativamente conservador . [227]
Las fuerzas de defensa estatales (SDF) son unidades militares que operan bajo la autoridad exclusiva de un gobierno estatal. Las SDF están autorizadas por la ley estatal y federal, pero están bajo el mando del gobernador del estado . [267] [268] [269]
Se diferencian de las unidades de la Guardia Nacional del estado en que no pueden convertirse en entidades federalizadas. Sin embargo, el personal de la Guardia Nacional de un estado puede federalizarse según las Enmiendas a la Ley de Defensa Nacional de 1933 , que crearon la Guardia y prevén la integración de las unidades y el personal de la Guardia Nacional del Ejército en el Ejército de los EE. UU. y (desde 1947) en la Fuerza Aérea de los EE. UU. [270]
En Estados Unidos no existe un "sistema de justicia penal" unificado. El sistema penitenciario estadounidense es en gran medida heterogéneo, con miles de sistemas relativamente independientes que operan en los niveles federal, estatal, local y tribal. En 2023, "estos sistemas [albergaban] a casi 2 millones de personas en 1.566 prisiones estatales, 98 prisiones federales, 3.116 cárceles locales, 1.323 centros correccionales para menores, 181 centros de detención de inmigrantes y 80 cárceles en territorios indígenas, así como en prisiones militares , centros de internamiento civil, hospitales psiquiátricos estatales y prisiones en los territorios estadounidenses". [275] A pesar de los dispares sistemas de confinamiento, dominan cuatro instituciones principales: las prisiones federales , las prisiones estatales , las cárceles locales y los centros correccionales para menores . [276] Las prisiones federales están dirigidas por la Oficina de Prisiones de Estados Unidos y albergan a personas que han sido condenadas por delitos federales, incluidos los detenidos en espera de juicio. [276] Las prisiones estatales, administradas por el departamento de corrección oficial de cada estado, albergan a personas sentenciadas que cumplen condenas de prisión (generalmente más de un año) por delitos graves. [276] Las cárceles locales son instalaciones del condado o municipales que encarcelan a los acusados antes del juicio; también albergan a quienes cumplen sentencias cortas (generalmente menos de un año). [276] Los centros correccionales para jóvenes son administrados por los gobiernos locales o estatales y sirven como lugares de internamiento a largo plazo para cualquier menor juzgado como delincuente y al que un juez ordene su encarcelamiento. [277]
Los sistemas ferroviarios de pasajeros y mercancías, los sistemas de autobuses, los transbordadores acuáticos y las represas pueden ser de propiedad y operación pública o privada. Las aerolíneas civiles estadounidenses son todas de propiedad privada. La mayoría de los aeropuertos estadounidenses son propiedad de las autoridades gubernamentales locales y están operados por ellas, y también hay algunos aeropuertos privados. La Administración de Seguridad del Transporte ha proporcionado seguridad en la mayoría de los aeropuertos principales desde 2001.
Los ferrocarriles y trenes de propiedad privada fueron el modo de transporte dominante en los EE. UU. hasta mediados del siglo XX. La introducción de aviones a reacción y aeropuertos que servían las mismas rutas de las principales ciudades aceleró una disminución en la demanda de servicio de pasajeros por ferrocarril interurbano en la década de 1960. La finalización del Sistema de Autopistas Interestatales también aceleró la marcada reducción del servicio de pasajeros por parte de los ferrocarriles. Estos avances significativos llevaron a la creación de la Corporación Nacional de Pasajeros de Ferrocarril, ahora llamada Amtrak , por parte del gobierno federal de los EE. UU . en 1971. Amtrak ayuda a mantener un servicio de pasajeros por ferrocarril interurbano limitado en la mayor parte del país. Sirve a la mayoría de las principales ciudades de EE. UU., pero fuera del Noreste , California e Illinois , generalmente opera solo unos pocos trenes por día. El servicio más frecuente de Amtrak está disponible en los corredores regionales entre ciertas ciudades importantes, en particular el Corredor Noreste entre Washington, DC , Filadelfia , la ciudad de Nueva York y Boston ; entre la ciudad de Nueva York y Albany ; en el área metropolitana de Chicago ; y en partes de California y el noroeste del Pacífico . Amtrak no presta servicio a varios destinos importantes de EE. UU., incluidos Las Vegas y Phoenix, Arizona .
La gran mayoría de las carreteras de los Estados Unidos son propiedad de los gobiernos estatales y locales, quienes las mantienen. Las carreteras mantenidas únicamente por el gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos se encuentran generalmente en tierras federales (como parques nacionales ) o en instalaciones federales (como bases militares). El sistema de autopistas interestatales , con sus grandes autopistas abiertas que unen los estados, está financiado en parte por el gobierno federal, pero es propiedad y está mantenido por el gobierno estatal que alberga su sección de la autopista. Algunos estados financian y construyen sus propias autopistas grandes, a menudo llamadas " parkways " o " turnpikes ", que generalmente utilizan peajes para pagar la construcción y el mantenimiento. Asimismo, algunas carreteras de propiedad privada pueden utilizar peajes para este propósito.
El transporte público en los Estados Unidos incluye autobús , tren de cercanías , ferry y, a veces, servicio de aerolíneas . Los sistemas de transporte público sirven a áreas de mayor densidad de población donde la demanda es mayor. Sin embargo, muchas ciudades, pueblos y suburbios de EE. UU. dependen del automóvil, y el transporte público allí es menos común y el servicio mucho menos frecuente. La mayoría de las áreas urbanas de EE. UU. tienen algún tipo de transporte público, en particular autobuses urbanos, mientras que las más grandes (por ejemplo, Nueva York, Chicago, Atlanta, Filadelfia, Boston, San Francisco y Portland, Oregón) operan sistemas extensos que también incluyen subterráneos o trenes ligeros . [366] La mayor parte del servicio de transporte público en los Estados Unidos está a cargo de los gobiernos locales, pero las líneas de cercanías nacionales y regionales sirven a los principales corredores urbanos de EE. UU.
El Oldsmobile Curved Dash y el Ford Model T , ambos automóviles estadounidenses, se consideran los primeros automóviles producidos en masa [375] y asequibles para las masas [376] , respectivamente. A partir de 2023, Estados Unidos es el segundo mayor fabricante de vehículos de motor [377] y es el hogar de Tesla , la empresa de automóviles más valiosa del mundo. [378] La empresa automotriz estadounidense General Motors mantuvo el título de fabricante de automóviles más vendido del mundo desde 1931 hasta 2008. [379] La industria automotriz estadounidense es el segundo mercado de automóviles más grande del mundo por ventas, habiendo sido superado por China en 2010, [380] y Estados Unidos tiene la mayor propiedad de vehículos per cápita del mundo, [381] con 910 vehículos por cada 1000 personas. [382] Por valor, Estados Unidos fue el mayor importador y el tercer mayor exportador de automóviles del mundo en 2022. [383]
Demografía
Población
La Oficina del Censo de Estados Unidos informó que había 331 449 281 habitantes al 1 de abril de 2020, [t] [386] lo que convierte a Estados Unidos en el tercer país más poblado del mundo, después de China e India. [172] Según el Reloj de población de Estados Unidos de la Oficina , el 1 de julio de 2024, la población de Estados Unidos tuvo una ganancia neta de una persona cada 16 segundos, o alrededor de 5400 personas por día. [387] En 2023, el 51 % de los estadounidenses de 15 años o más estaban casados, el 6 % eran viudos , el 10 % estaban divorciados y el 34 % nunca se había casado. [388] En 2023, la tasa de fertilidad total de Estados Unidos se situó en 1,6 hijos por mujer, [389] y, con un 23 %, tuvo la tasa más alta del mundo de niños que viven en hogares monoparentales en 2019. [390]
Estados Unidos tiene una población diversa; 37 grupos de ascendencia tienen más de un millón de miembros. [391] Los estadounidenses blancos con ascendencia de Europa, Oriente Medio o el norte de África forman el grupo racial y étnico más grande con el 57,8% de la población de los Estados Unidos. [392] [393] Los hispanos y latinoamericanos forman el segundo grupo más grande y son el 18,7% de la población de los Estados Unidos. Los afroamericanos constituyen el tercer grupo de ascendencia más grande del país y son el 12,1% de la población total de los Estados Unidos. [391] Los estadounidenses de origen asiático son el cuarto grupo más grande del país, y componen el 5,9% de la población de los Estados Unidos. Los 3,7 millones de nativos americanos del país representan aproximadamente el 1%, [391] y unas 574 tribus nativas están reconocidas por el gobierno federal. [394] En 2022, la edad media de la población de los Estados Unidos era de 38,9 años. [395]
Idioma
Los idiomas más hablados en EE.UU.
Aunque se hablan muchos idiomas en los Estados Unidos, el inglés es, con diferencia, el más hablado y escrito. [396] Aunque no hay un idioma oficial a nivel federal, algunas leyes, como los requisitos de naturalización de los Estados Unidos , estandarizan el inglés, y la mayoría de los estados lo han declarado idioma oficial. [397] Tres estados y cuatro territorios estadounidenses han reconocido lenguas locales o indígenas además del inglés, entre ellos Hawái ( hawaiano ), [398] Alaska ( veinte lenguas nativas ), [u] [399] Dakota del Sur ( sioux ), [400] Samoa Americana ( samoano ), Puerto Rico ( español ), Guam ( chamorro ) y las Islas Marianas del Norte ( carolinio y chamorro). En total, se hablan 169 lenguas nativas americanas en los Estados Unidos. [401] En Puerto Rico, el español se habla más que el inglés. [402]
Según la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense de 2010, de los 308 millones de habitantes de Estados Unidos, unos 229 millones hablaban solo inglés en casa. Unos 37 millones hablaban español en casa, lo que lo convierte en el segundo idioma más utilizado. Otros idiomas hablados en casa por un millón de personas o más son el chino (2,8 millones), el tagalo (1,6 millones), el vietnamita (1,4 millones), el francés (1,3 millones), el coreano (1,1 millones) y el alemán (1 millón). [403]
La población inmigrante de Estados Unidos, de casi 51 millones, es por lejos la más grande del mundo en términos absolutos . [404] [405] En 2022, había 87,7 millones de inmigrantes e hijos de inmigrantes nacidos en Estados Unidos en los Estados Unidos, lo que representa casi el 27% de la población general de Estados Unidos. [406] En 2017, de la población estadounidense nacida en el extranjero, alrededor del 45% (20,7 millones) eran ciudadanos naturalizados, el 27% (12,3 millones) eran residentes permanentes legales, el 6% (2,2 millones) eran residentes legales temporales y el 23% (10,5 millones) eran inmigrantes no autorizados. [407] En 2019, los principales países de origen de los inmigrantes fueron México (24% de los inmigrantes), India (6%), China (5%), Filipinas (4,5%) y El Salvador (3%). [408] En el año fiscal 2022, más de un millón de inmigrantes (la mayoría de los cuales ingresaron a través de la reunificación familiar ) obtuvieron la residencia legal . [409] Estados Unidos lideró el mundo en reasentamiento de refugiados durante décadas, admitiendo más refugiados que el resto del mundo en conjunto. [410]
Religión
Afiliación religiosa en EE. UU., según una encuesta de Gallup de 2023 : [7]
Alrededor del 82% de los estadounidenses viven en áreas urbanas , incluidos los suburbios; [172] aproximadamente la mitad de ellos residen en ciudades con poblaciones de más de 50.000 habitantes. [423] En 2022, 333 municipios incorporados tenían poblaciones de más de 100.000 habitantes, nueve ciudades tenían más de un millón de residentes y cuatro ciudades ( Nueva York , Los Ángeles , Chicago y Houston ) tenían poblaciones que superaban los dos millones. [424] Muchas poblaciones metropolitanas de EE. UU. están creciendo rápidamente, particularmente en el sur y el oeste. [425]
Salud
El Centro Médico de Texas en Houston es el complejo médico más grande del mundo. [427] [428] En 2018 [update], empleaba a 120.000 personas y trataba a 10 millones de pacientes al año. [429]
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[439] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,[440] an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.[441] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[442] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[172][443] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[444][445]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[446][447] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[448]
As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[449] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[450]student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[451] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.[452]
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.[468] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[469] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[470][471] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.[472][473][474] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[475] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[476][477] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[478]
While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[503] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[504][505] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,[506] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[507][508] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[509] As of 2024 there have been 12 American laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature.[510]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[515]About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[516][517] With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.[518]
As of 2022[update], the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.[519] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[520]
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.[521] By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show.[522] The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.[523]
Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.[524]
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[527] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[479]
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[528]
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[532] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.[533]Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[534][535] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.[536]
Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[537]Country music developed in the 1920s,[538] rock and roll in the 1930s,[536] and bluegrass[539] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[540] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.[541] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[542]
The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[552] Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[553] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[554]
The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as pre teens. There has been a trend in the United States fashion towards sustainable clothing.[555] New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;[556] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[557][558]
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[559][560][561] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[562][563] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[564] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[565] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[566]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[567] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[568][569] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[570] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[571] The 21st century was marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.[572][573]
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[574] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.[575][576]New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[577]
The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[585][586] and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.[585] It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.[587][588] The United States is home to over 220 Michelin Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[589] Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[590][591][592] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[593][594]
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[601] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[602]Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[603] The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[604]
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[605] the National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[606] However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[607][608]
On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[609] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[610] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[611]
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[612] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[613][614][615]
^Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.
^The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
^ a b cAt 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China. Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19] Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
^The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock
^The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages,"[29] "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United States Steel Corporation).[29]
^A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[308] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.[309]
^ a bAreas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov. August 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.
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