El 21 de febrero de 2022, Rusia reconoció a la RPD y la RPL como estados soberanos. Tres días después, lanzó una invasión a gran escala de Ucrania , en parte con el pretexto de proteger a las repúblicas. Las fuerzas rusas capturaron más del óblast de Donetsk, que pasó a formar parte de la RPD. En septiembre de 2022, Rusia proclamó la anexión de la RPD y otros territorios ocupados, tras referendos que los comentaristas calificaron ampliamente de fraudulentos . La Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas aprobó una resolución en la que instaba a los países a no reconocer lo que llamó el "intento de anexión ilegal" y exigió que Rusia "se retirara de forma inmediata, completa e incondicional". [15] [16]
La policía antidisturbios ucraniana vigila la entrada del edificio RSA el 7 de marzo de 2014Bloqueos militares ucranianos en la región de Donetsk el 8 de mayo de 2014
Las Repúblicas Populares de Luhansk y Donetsk están ubicadas en la histórica región del Donbás , en el este de Ucrania . Desde la independencia de Ucrania de la Unión Soviética en 1991, Ucrania oriental y occidental suelen votar por candidatos diferentes en las elecciones presidenciales. Viktor Yanukovych , nativo de Donetsk, fue elegido presidente de Ucrania en 2010. La insatisfacción de Ucrania oriental con el gobierno también se puede atribuir a las protestas de Euromaidán que comenzaron en noviembre de 2013, [22] así como al apoyo ruso [23] debido a la tensión en las relaciones entre Rusia y Ucrania sobre la orientación geopolítica de Ucrania. [24] El derrocamiento del presidente Yanukovych en la revolución ucraniana de 2014 provocó protestas en el este de Ucrania, que gradualmente se intensificaron hasta convertirse en un conflicto armado entre el gobierno ucraniano recién formado y las milicias armadas locales. [25] El malestar prorruso en Ucrania se caracterizó originalmente por disturbios y protestas que finalmente se intensificaron hasta convertirse en asaltos a oficinas gubernamentales. [26]
El 7 de abril, entre 1.000 y 2.000 [29] personas asistieron a una manifestación en Donetsk para presionar a favor de un referéndum al estilo de Crimea sobre la independencia de Ucrania. Los medios ucranianos afirmaron que el referéndum propuesto no tenía la opción de mantener el statu quo. [30] Después, entre 200 y 1.000 separatistas [31] [29] irrumpieron y tomaron el control de los dos primeros pisos de la sede del gobierno de la Administración Estatal Regional (RSA), rompiendo puertas y destrozando ventanas. Los separatistas exigieron un referéndum para unirse a Rusia, y dijeron que de lo contrario tomarían el control unilateral y destituirían al gobierno electo. [32] [33] [34] Cuando la sesión no se celebró, los separatistas no electos celebraron una votación dentro del edificio de la RSA y apoyaron abrumadoramente la declaración de una República Popular de Donetsk. [35] Según la agencia rusa ITAR-TASS , la declaración fue votada por algunos legisladores regionales, mientras que los medios ucranianos afirmaron que ni el ayuntamiento de Donetsk ni los consejos de distrito de la ciudad delegaron ningún representante en la sesión. [36] [37]
El liderazgo político inicialmente consistió en Denis Pushilin , autoproclamado presidente del gobierno, [38] [39] mientras que Ígor Kakidzyanov fue nombrado comandante del Ejército Popular. [40] Vyacheslav Ponomarev se convirtió en el autoproclamado alcalde de la ciudad de Sloviansk . [41] El activista prorruso nacido en Ucrania Pavel Gubarev , [42] [43] un activista anti-Maidan , ex miembro del grupo paramilitar neonazi Unidad Nacional Rusa en 1999-2001 y ex miembro del nazbol Partido Socialista Progresista de Ucrania , se autoproclamó Gobernador Popular de la Región de Donetsk. [44] [45] [46] [47] Fue arrestado por cargos de separatismo y toma ilegal del poder, pero liberado en un intercambio de rehenes. [48] [42] Alexander Borodai , un ciudadano ruso que afirmaba haber participado en la anexión rusa de Crimea, fue nombrado primer ministro, mientras que Igor Girkin fue nombrado ministro de Defensa. Borodai había trabajado en el pasado para el periódico ruso abiertamente antisemita y fascista Zavtra , que había llamado a realizar pogromos contra los judíos. [49] [50]
En la mañana del 8 de abril, las "Fuerzas Patrióticas del Donbas", un grupo pro-Kiev que se formó el 15 de marzo de ese mismo año por 13 ONG, partidos políticos e individuos pro-Kiev, [51] [52] emitieron una declaración "cancelando" la declaración de independencia del otro grupo, citando quejas de los lugareños. [53] [54] [55]
La organización República de Donetsk continuó ocupando la RSA y mantuvo todos los llamamientos previos a un referéndum y a la liberación de su líder Pavel Gubarev . [56] [b] El 8 de abril, unas mil personas se congregaron frente a la RSA para escuchar discursos sobre la República Popular de Donetsk y música soviética y rusa . [57] Los medios de comunicación ucranianos afirmaron que varios ciudadanos rusos, incluido un líder de un grupo militante de extrema derecha, también habían participado en los acontecimientos. [58]
El 12 de abril comenzó un conflicto militar. El nacionalista ruso y ex oficial de inteligencia Igor "Strelkov" Girkin lideró un equipo armado de 52 voluntarios y mercenarios de Crimea, donde había participado en la ocupación rusa de la península, para apoderarse de edificios de la policía y del gobierno en Sloviansk, óblast de Donetsk. [59] : 14–17 La unidad de Girkin repelió una respuesta inicial del Servicio de Seguridad de Ucrania (SBU) y sucesivos asaltos del gobierno, en lo que se convertiría en un asedio de ochenta y cuatro días . [59] : 14–17 Girkin dijo más tarde que había sido "el que apretó el gatillo de la guerra". [60]
El 15 de abril de 2014, el presidente interino de Ucrania, Olexander Turchynov, anunció el inicio de una contraofensiva militar para enfrentar a los militantes prorrusos y, el 17 de abril, las tensiones se redujeron cuando Rusia, los EE. UU. y la UE acordaron una hoja de ruta para finalmente poner fin a la crisis. [61] [62] Sin embargo, los funcionarios de la República Popular ignoraron el acuerdo y prometieron continuar con sus ocupaciones hasta que se aceptara un referéndum o el gobierno de Kiev renunciara. [63]
La OSCE informó de que todas las principales instituciones de la ciudad observadas por la Misión de Observación parecían funcionar con normalidad el 16 de abril. [64] El 22 de abril, los separatistas acordaron liberar la sala de sesiones del edificio junto con dos pisos a funcionarios estatales. [65] Los pisos noveno y décimo fueron liberados más tarde el 24 de abril. [66] El segundo día de la República, los organizadores decidieron tirar todo el alcohol y anunciar una ley de prohibición después de que surgieran problemas debido al consumo excesivo de alcohol en el edificio. [67]
El 7 de mayo, el presidente ruso, Vladimir Putin, pidió a los separatistas que pospusieran el referéndum propuesto para crear las condiciones necesarias para el diálogo. A pesar de los comentarios de Putin, el grupo de la República de Donetsk dijo que de todos modos llevarían a cabo el referéndum. [68] El mismo día, el servicio de seguridad de Ucrania (SBU) publicó una supuesta grabación de audio de una llamada telefónica entre un líder separatista de Donetsk y el líder de uno de los grupos escindidos del ex partido Unidad Nacional Rusa , Alexander Barkashov . [69] En la llamada, la voz que se dice que es Barkashov insistió en falsificar los resultados del referéndum. [70] El SBU declaró que esta cinta es una prueba definitiva de la participación directa del gobierno ruso en los preparativos para el referéndum. [69]
Las autoridades ucranianas liberaron al líder separatista Pavel Gubarev y a otras dos personas a cambio de tres personas detenidas por la República de Donetsk. [71]
Las encuestas realizadas durante este período indicaron que alrededor del 18 por ciento de los residentes de la provincia de Donetsk apoyaban la confiscación de los edificios administrativos, mientras que el 72 por ciento la desaprobaba. El 12 por ciento estaba a favor de que Ucrania y Rusia se unieran en un solo estado, una cuarta parte estaba a favor de la secesión regional para unirse a Rusia, el 38,4 por ciento apoyaba la federalización, el 41,1 por ciento apoyaba una Ucrania unitaria con poder descentralizado y el 10,6 por ciento apoyaba el statu quo. [72] [73] En una encuesta de agosto de 2015, con 6.500 encuestados de 19 ciudades de la provincia de Donetsk, el 29 por ciento apoyaba a la RPD y el 10 por ciento se consideraba patriotas rusos. [74]
Referéndum de independencia del 11 de mayo
El referéndum previsto se celebró el 11 de mayo, a pesar de la petición de Vladimir Putin de aplazarlo. [75] Los organizadores afirmaron que el 89% votó a favor del autogobierno, frente al 10% en contra, con una participación de casi el 75%. Los resultados de los referéndums no fueron reconocidos oficialmente por ningún gobierno; [76] Alemania y los Estados Unidos también afirmaron que los referéndums no tenían "ninguna legitimidad democrática", [77] mientras que el gobierno ruso expresó su respeto por los resultados e instó a una implementación civilizada. [78]
Al día siguiente del referéndum, el Soviet Popular de la RPD proclamó a Donetsk como un estado soberano con fronteras indefinidas y pidió a Rusia "considerar la cuestión de la adhesión de nuestra república a la Federación Rusa ". [ cita requerida ] También anunció que no participaría en las elecciones presidenciales ucranianas que tuvieron lugar el 25 de mayo. [79]
El primer Gobierno pleno de la RPD fue designado el 16 de mayo de 2014. [80] Estaba formado por varios ministros que anteriormente eran funcionarios de Donetsk, un miembro del Ayuntamiento de Makiivka , un ex fiscal de Donetsk , un ex miembro del Grupo Alfa de la policía especial , un miembro del Partido de las Regiones (que supuestamente coordinó a " Titushky " ( partidarios de Viktor Yanukovych ) durante Euromaidán ) y ciudadanos rusos . [80] Este gobierno impuso la ley marcial el 16 de julio. [81]
Las elecciones en la RPD y la RPL se celebraron el 2 de noviembre de 2014, después de que los territorios boicotearan las elecciones parlamentarias ucranianas de 2014 el 26 de octubre. [82] Los resultados no fueron reconocidos por ningún país. [83] [84]
El 5 de febrero de 2015, la RPD adoptó un memorando en el que se declaraba sucesora de la República Soviética de Donetsk-Krivoy Rog y al revolucionario bolchevique Fyodor Sergeyev —mejor conocido por su alias "Artyom"— como el padre fundador del país. [85]
Punto muerto (2015-2022)
El 1 de enero de 2015, el rublo ruso entró en circulación oficial y se permitió la circulación paralela de la grivna ucraniana hasta el 1 de septiembre de 2015; sin embargo, los impuestos y tasas debían pagarse únicamente en rublos y los salarios de los empleados de las organizaciones receptoras de presupuesto también debían pagarse en rublos. [86]
El 12 de febrero de 2015, los líderes de la RPD y la RPL, Alexander Zakharchenko e Igor Plotnitsky , firmaron el acuerdo Minsk II . [87] Según el acuerdo, se deberían introducir enmiendas a la constitución ucraniana , incluido "el elemento clave de la cual es la descentralización " y la celebración de elecciones en la RPL y la RPD dentro de las líneas del Memorando de Minsk . A cambio, el territorio controlado por los rebeldes se reintegraría a Ucrania. [87] [88] En un esfuerzo por estabilizar el alto el fuego en la región, en particular en la disputada y estratégicamente importante ciudad de Debaltseve , el presidente ucraniano Petro Poroshenko pidió una operación de mantenimiento de la paz dirigida por la ONU en febrero de 2015 para supervisar el cumplimiento del acuerdo de Minsk. [89] La Verjovna Rada no ratificó los cambios en la constitución necesarios para el acuerdo de Minsk. [90] [91] [92]
El 20 de mayo de 2015, los dirigentes del Estado Federal de Novorossiya , una confederación propuesta de la DPR y la LPR, anunciaron la terminación del proyecto de confederación. [93] [94]
La emisión de los primeros pasaportes de la RPD en marzo de 2016 por el líder de la RPD, Aleksandr Zakharchenko , fue asesinado en 2018. [97]
El 2 de julio de 2015, el líder de la RPD , Aleksandr Zakharchenko, ordenó la celebración de elecciones locales el 18 de octubre de 2015 "de conformidad con los acuerdos de Minsk II". [98] Las elecciones locales ucranianas de 2015 se fijaron para el 25 de octubre de 2015. [99] Ucrania condenó esta decisión. [98]
El 4 de septiembre de 2015 se produjo un cambio repentino en el gobierno de la RPD: Denis Pushilin sustituyó a Andrey Purgin en el cargo de presidente del Consejo Popular y, en su primera decisión, despidió a Aleksey Aleksandrov, jefe de gabinete del consejo y aliado cercano de Purgin. Esto ocurrió en ausencia de Purgin y Aleksandrov, que se encontraban detenidos en la frontera entre Rusia y la RPD, lo que impidió su regreso a la república. Aleksandrov fue acusado por el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública de la república de "actividades destructivas" y de "intento de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera". Los medios de comunicación rusos y ucranianos comentaron estos acontecimientos como otro golpe de Estado en las autoridades de la república. [100] [101]
Después de una reunión de los cuatro en Normandía en la que los participantes acordaron que las elecciones en los territorios controlados por la DPR y la LPR debían celebrarse de acuerdo con las reglas de Minsk II, ambos aplazaron sus elecciones previstas al 21 de febrero de 2016. [102] Vladimir Putin utilizó su influencia para lograr este retraso. [103] Las elecciones se aplazaron entonces al 20 de abril de 2016 y de nuevo al 24 de julio de 2016. [104] El 22 de julio las elecciones se aplazaron de nuevo al 6 de noviembre. [105]
En julio de 2016, más de mil personas, principalmente propietarios de pequeñas empresas, protestaron en Horlivka contra la corrupción y los impuestos, que incluían el cobro de tasas aduaneras sobre los bienes importados. [106]
El 2 de octubre de 2016, la RPD y la RPL celebraron elecciones primarias en las que los votantes votaron para nominar candidatos para participar en las elecciones del 6 de noviembre de 2016. [107] Ucrania denunció que estas primarias eran ilegales. [107] La RPD finalmente celebró elecciones el 11 de noviembre de 2018. Estas fueron descritas como "predeterminadas y sin candidatos alternativos" [108] y no fueron reconocidas externamente. [109]
El 16 de octubre de 2016, un destacado ciudadano ruso y líder militar de la RPD, Arsen Pavlov, fue asesinado por un artefacto explosivo improvisado en el ascensor de su apartamento de Donetsk. [110] Otro comandante militar de la RPD, Mikhail Tolstykh , murió por una explosión mientras trabajaba en su oficina de Donetsk el 8 de febrero de 2017. [111] El 31 de agosto de 2018, el jefe y primer ministro Alexander Zakharchenko murió en una explosión en un café en Donetsk. [112] Después de su muerte, Dmitry Trapeznikov fue designado jefe del gobierno hasta septiembre de 2019, cuando fue nominado alcalde de Elista , capital de la República Kalmyk en Rusia. [113] Según las autoridades ucranianas, 50 soldados ucranianos murieron en enfrentamientos con los separatistas de Donbas en 2020. [114]
En enero de 2021, la RPD y la RPL declararon en una "doctrina Donbas ruso" que su objetivo era apoderarse de todos los territorios de las provincias de Donetsk y Luhansk bajo control del gobierno ucraniano "en un futuro próximo". [115] El documento no indicaba específicamente la intención de la RPD y la RPL de ser anexionadas por Rusia. [115]
Invasión rusa de Ucrania (desde 2022)
La movilización general en la República Popular de Donetsk comenzó el 19 de febrero de 2022, cinco días antes del inicio de la invasión a gran escala de Ucrania por parte de Rusia . Decenas de miles de residentes locales fueron movilizados por la fuerza para la guerra . Según el Grupo de Derechos Humanos del Este, a mediados de junio, alrededor de 140.000 personas fueron movilizadas por la fuerza en la RPD y la RPL, de las cuales entre 48.000 y 96.000 fueron enviadas al frente y el resto a apoyo logístico. [116] [117]
El 21 de febrero de 2022, Rusia reconoció la independencia de la RPD y la RPL. [118] Al día siguiente, el Consejo de la Federación de Rusia autorizó el uso de la fuerza militar y las fuerzas rusas avanzaron abiertamente hacia los territorios separatistas. [119] El presidente ruso, Vladimir Putin, declaró que los acuerdos de Minsk "ya no existían" y que Ucrania, no Rusia, era la culpable de su colapso. [120] Un ataque militar ruso en territorio controlado por el gobierno ucraniano comenzó la mañana del 24 de febrero, [121] cuando Putin anunció una "operación militar especial" para " desmilitarizar y desnazificar " Ucrania. [122] [123]
En el curso de la invasión rusa de Ucrania , alrededor del 55% del óblast de Donetsk quedó bajo el control de Rusia y la RPD en junio de 2022. [124] En el sur del óblast de Donetsk, las Fuerzas Armadas rusas sitiaron Mariupol durante casi tres meses. [125] Según fuentes ucranianas, se estima que 22.000 civiles fueron asesinados [126] y entre 20.000 y 50.000 fueron deportados ilegalmente a Rusia en junio de 2022. [127] [128] [129] Un convoy de vehículos de 82 griegos étnicos pudo salir de la ciudad a través de un corredor humanitario. [130] [131]
El 19 de abril de 2022, se habría organizado una asamblea municipal en Rozivka , ocupada por Rusia , en la que la mayoría de los asistentes (principalmente personas mayores) votaron a mano para unirse a la República Popular de Donetsk. Esto se produjo a pesar de dos obstáculos: el raion estaba fuera de las fronteras reclamadas por la RPD y no existía desde el 18 de julio de 2020. Se afirmó que la votación estaba amañada y los organizadores amenazaron con arrestar a cualquiera que votara en contra. [132] [133]
El 21 de mayo de 2022, la ciudad de Oskil , en el óblast de Járkov, fue declarada parte de la RPD. [134] Posteriormente, las fuerzas ucranianas recuperaron la ciudad durante la contraofensiva de Járkov .
Dmitry Medvedev , expresidente ruso y a partir de julio de 2022 vicepresidente del Consejo de Seguridad de Rusia, compartió en julio de 2022 un mapa de Ucrania donde la mayor parte de Ucrania, incluida la RPD, había sido absorbida por Rusia. [135]
Der Spiegel informó que los hombres reclutados a la fuerza del Donbass fueron utilizados como carne de cañón . Según funcionarios de la RPD, más de 3.000 murieron y más de 13.000 resultaron heridos, "una tasa de bajas del 80 por ciento de la fuerza de combate inicial". [136] Los activistas de derechos humanos informaron de una enorme cifra de muertos (hasta 30.000 personas en agosto de 2022) entre los reclutas movilizados en enfrentamientos con las bien entrenadas Fuerzas Armadas de Ucrania . [116] [117] El 16 de agosto de 2022, Vladimir Putin declaró que "los objetivos de esta operación están claramente definidos: garantizar la seguridad de Rusia y de nuestros ciudadanos, proteger a los residentes del Donbass del genocidio". [137]
Anexión por parte de Rusia
El 20 de septiembre de 2022, el Consejo Popular de la República Popular de Donetsk programó un referéndum sobre la entrada de la república en Rusia como sujeto federal para el 23 al 27 de septiembre. [138] Fue ampliamente descrito como un referéndum simulado por los comentaristas y denunciado por varios países. El 21 de septiembre, el presidente ruso Putin anunció una movilización parcial en Rusia. Dijo que "para proteger nuestra patria, su soberanía e integridad territorial, y para garantizar la seguridad de nuestro pueblo y el pueblo en los territorios liberados", decidió declarar una movilización parcial. [139] El 30 de septiembre de 2022, el presidente de Rusia, Vladimir Putin, anunció la anexión de la RPD junto con la República Popular de Luhansk y otras dos provincias de Ucrania en un discurso ante ambas cámaras del parlamento ruso . El 12 de octubre de 2022, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas votó en la Resolución ES-11/4 para condenar la anexión . La resolución recibió una gran mayoría de 143 países a favor de condenar la anexión de Rusia, 35 abstenciones y sólo 5 en contra de condenar la anexión de Rusia. [16]
A principios de abril de 2014, se formó un Consejo Popular de Donetsk a partir de manifestantes que ocuparon el edificio del Consejo Regional de Donetsk el 6 de abril de 2014. [32] [33] [140] El New York Times describió al autoproclamado estado como neosoviético , [141] mientras que Al Jazeera lo describió como neoestalinista y un " estado totalitario , similar a Corea del Norte". [142] La administración propiamente dicha en los territorios de la RPD estaba a cargo de las autoridades que realizaban estas funciones antes de la guerra en el Donbás. [143] El liderazgo de la RPD también ha designado alcaldes. [144] [145] Algunas fuentes describieron a la "República Popular de Donetsk" durante este período como un gobierno títere ruso . [146] [147] [148]
El 5 de febrero de 2020, Denis Pushilin nombró inesperadamente a Vladimir Pashkov , ciudadano ruso y ex vicegobernador de la región de Irkutsk , Rusia , como presidente del gobierno. [149] Este nombramiento fue recibido en Ucrania como una demostración del control directo de Rusia sobre la RPD. [150]
En junio y julio de 2022, varios funcionarios rusos fueron nombrados para ocupar puestos en el gabinete y en el cargo de primer ministro de la RPD. [151]
Cabeza
El Jefe de la República Popular de Donetsk ( en ruso : Глава Донецкой Народной Республики , romanizado : Glava Donetskoy Narodnoy Respubliki ) es el cargo más alto de la República Popular de Donetsk. Las siguientes personas han ocupado el cargo:
Dmitry Trapeznikov (nacido en 1981) En funciones desde el 31 de agosto de 2018 hasta el 7 de septiembre de 2018. Independiente [154]
Denis Pushilin (nacido en 1981) 7 de septiembre de 2018 – Titular ( en funciones: 7 de septiembre de 2018 – 20 de noviembre de 2018 ). Partido político: República de Donetsk, posteriormente Rusia Unida [155]
Legislatura
El Parlamento de la República Popular de Donetsk es el Consejo Popular [156] y tiene 100 diputados. [82]
Pasaportes y ciudadanía
En marzo de 2016, la RPD comenzó a emitir pasaportes [157] a pesar de una declaración de 2015 de Zakharchenko de que, sin un reconocimiento al menos parcial de la RPD, los pasaportes locales serían un "desperdicio de recursos". [157] En noviembre de 2016, la RPD anunció que todos sus ciudadanos tenían doble ciudadanía, la de Ucrania y la de la República Popular de Donetsk. [158]
En junio de 2019, Rusia comenzó a entregar pasaportes rusos a los habitantes de la RPD y la República Popular de Luhansk bajo un procedimiento simplificado supuestamente por "razones humanitarias" (como permitir viajes internacionales a residentes del este de Ucrania cuyos pasaportes han expirado). [159] Desde diciembre de 2019, los pasaportes ucranianos ya no se consideran un documento de identificación válido en la RPD, y las matrículas ucranianas han sido declaradas ilegales. [160] Mientras tanto, la opinión favorable anterior del presidente ucraniano Volodymyr Zelensky en la prensa de la RPD fue reemplazada por acusaciones personales de genocidio y "crímenes contra el Donbas", y propuestas de organizar un tribunal contra él en ausencia . [160] En marzo de 2020 se declaró que el ruso era el único idioma estatal de la RPD; [161] [ ¿ fuente poco confiable? ] anteriormente en su constitución de mayo de 2014, la RPD había declarado tanto el ruso como el ucraniano como sus idiomas oficiales. [80]
Según la prensa ucraniana , a mediados de 2021, los residentes locales recibieron medio millón de pasaportes rusos. [162] El subjefe del Estado Mayor del Kremlin, Dmitry Kozak , declaró en una entrevista de julio de 2021 con Politique internationale que 470.000 residentes locales habían recibido pasaportes rusos; añadió que "tan pronto como se resuelva la situación en el Donbass ... se restablecerá el procedimiento general para conceder la ciudadanía". [163]
Militar
Bandera del Ministerio de Defensa
La Milicia Popular del Donbás fue formada por Pavel Gubarev , quien fue elegido Gobernador Popular del Óblast de Donetsk e Igor Girkin , designado Ministro de Defensa de la República Popular de Donetsk. [164]
La Milicia Popular de la RPD ( en ruso : Вооружённые силы ДНР ) comprende las fuerzas separatistas rusas en la RPD . El 10 de enero de 2020, el presidente de la Abjasia prorrusa no reconocida acusó a la RPD de organizar un golpe de Estado en su país. El comandante de la RPD, Akhra Avidzba, estaba al mando en el lugar. [165] A diferencia de Osetia del Sur , Abjasia no había reconocido entonces a la RPD. [166]
El premio Héroe de la República Popular de Donetsk ( ruso : Герой Донецкой Народной Республики ) fue otorgado a
Ramzan Kadyrov , jefe de la República de Chechenia [168]
Problemas de gobernanza
Policías de Donetsk con insignias de la República Popular de Donetsk, 20 de septiembre de 2014Desfile militar de la RPD en Donetsk, 9 de mayo de 2018
El 20 de junio de 2014, los observadores de la OSCE se reunieron con el autoproclamado alcalde de Sloviansk , Volodymyr Pavlenko. [169] Según él, los sistemas de alcantarillado de Sloviansk habían colapsado, lo que había provocado el vertido de al menos 10.000 litros de aguas residuales sin tratar en el río Sukhyi Torets , un afluente del Seversky Donets . Lo calificó de "catástrofe ambiental" y dijo que tenía el potencial de afectar tanto a Rusia como a Ucrania. [169]
En mayo de 2014, el Gobierno ucraniano pagaba los salarios y las pensiones de los habitantes de la RPD. [170] [171] [172] El cierre de sucursales bancarias provocó problemas para recibirlas, [173] [174] [175] especialmente porque el Banco Nacional de Ucrania ordenó a los bancos suspender las transacciones financieras en lugares que no estuvieran controlados por las autoridades ucranianas el 7 de agosto de 2014. [176] Solo el Oschadbank ( Banco de Ahorros Estatal de Ucrania ) siguió funcionando en los territorios controlados por la RPD, pero también cerró sus sucursales allí el 1 de diciembre de 2014. [176] [177] En respuesta, decenas de miles de pensionistas han registrado su dirección como si estuvieran en áreas controladas por Ucrania mientras siguen viviendo en áreas controladas por los separatistas, y deben viajar fuera de las áreas separatistas para cobrar sus pensiones mensualmente. [178]
En octubre de 2014, la RPD anunció la creación de su propio banco central y oficina de impuestos, obligando a los residentes a registrarse en la RPD y pagarle impuestos. [179] Algunos empresarios locales se negaron a registrarse. [179]
Según el Consejo de Seguridad Nacional y Defensa de Ucrania , se han producido varios motines locales debido al impago de salarios y pensiones; el consejo afirma que el 24 de noviembre de 2014, el "Batallón de Resistencia de Mujeres" local presentó a Zakharchenko un ultimátum para que abandonara Donetsk en dos meses. [180]
Desde abril de 2015, la DPR emite sus propias matrículas para vehículos. [181]
La Misión Especial de Observación de la OSCE en Ucrania informó de que en la RPD han comenzado a funcionar "sistemas judiciales paralelos". [182] Constataron que este nuevo poder judicial "no es transparente, está sujeto a cambios constantes, carece de recursos suficientes y, en muchos casos, es completamente inoperante". [182]
Orden público
El Ministerio del Interior es el organismo de la RPD encargado de implementar la ley y el orden. [183]
En 2014, la RPD introdujo la pena de muerte para casos de traición, espionaje y asesinato de líderes políticos. Ya había habido acusaciones de ejecución extrajudicial . [184] Después de 2015, varios comandantes de campo de la RPD y la RPL y otras figuras importantes fueron asesinados o removidos del poder. [185] [186] Esto incluyó al comandante cosaco Pavel Dryomov, comandante de la Compañía Militar Privada ( ЧВК ) Dmitry Utkin ("Wagner"), Alexander Bednov ("Batman"), Aleksey Mozgovoy , Yevgeny Ishchenko, Andrei Purgin y Dmitry Lyamin (los dos últimos arrestados). [187] [188] En agosto de 2016, Igor Plotnitsky , jefe de la RPL , resultó gravemente herido en un ataque con coche bomba en Luhansk . [189] En septiembre de 2016, Evgeny Zhilin (Yevhen Zhylin), líder de la unidad separatista "Oplot", fue asesinado en un restaurante cerca de Moscú. [190] [191] En octubre de 2016, el comandante militar Arseniy Pavlov ("Motorola") fue asesinado por un IED colocado en su casa. [192] En febrero de 2017, una bomba colocada en una oficina mató a Mikhail Tolstykh ("Givi"). [193] El 31 de agosto de 2018, el líder de la RPD, Alexander Zakharchenko, fue asesinado por una bomba en un restaurante en Donetsk . [153] La RPD y Rusia culparon al Servicio de Seguridad de Ucrania ; Ucrania rechazó estas acusaciones, afirmando que la muerte de Zakharchenko fue el resultado de los conflictos civiles en la RPD. [186]
En mayo de 2015, el presidente ucraniano, Petro Poroshenko, firmó cuatro leyes sobre la descomunización en Ucrania . Varias ciudades y muchos pueblos del Donbás fueron renombrados. Las leyes de descomunización ucranianas fueron condenadas por la RPD. [194]
Además de los prisioneros de guerra ucranianos , hay informes de "miles" de prisioneros que fueron arrestados como parte de luchas internas entre varios grupos militantes dentro de la RPD. [195]
El politólogo Stephen Shenfield resume el relato de un testigo sobre la vida en la RPD como
Según Marlène Laruelle , los ideólogos separatistas en el Donbás produjeron una ideología compuesta por tres vertientes del nacionalismo ruso : neofascista , ortodoxo y neosoviético . [199] El periodista Andrew Kramer observó que la RPD había institucionalizado efectivamente la nostalgia por la Unión Soviética en los territorios bajo su control y reintroducido algunas políticas estatales socialistas, incluida la nacionalización de la industria minera y la agricultura comercial. [141]
Miembros y ex miembros del grupo neonazi Unidad Nacional Rusa (RNU), así como del Partido Nacional Bolchevique , la Unión de la Juventud Euroasiática y grupos cosacos , formaron filiales para reclutar voluntarios para los separatistas. [198] [200] [201] [202] Un ex miembro de la RNU, Pavel Gubarev , fue el fundador de la Milicia Popular del Donbás y el primer "gobernador" de la República Popular de Donetsk. [198] [203] La RNU está particularmente vinculada al Ejército Ortodoxo Ruso , [198] una de varias unidades separatistas descritas como nacionalistas "prozaristas" y "ortodoxos extremistas". [204] [198] La unidad neonazi ' Rusich ' [198] es parte del Grupo Wagner , un grupo mercenario ruso en Ucrania que ha sido vinculado al extremismo de extrema derecha. [205] [206]
Algunos de los nacionalistas de extrema derecha más influyentes entre los separatistas rusos son neoimperialistas, que buscan revivir el Imperio ruso . [198] Estos incluyeron a Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin , el ministro de defensa de la República Popular de Donetsk, que defiende el neoimperialismo y el etnonacionalismo rusos. [198] El Movimiento Imperial Ruso , un grupo militante de supremacía blanca , [205] ha reclutado a miles de voluntarios para unirse a los separatistas. [204] Algunos separatistas han ondeado la bandera imperial rusa negra, amarilla y blanca, [198] como el Batallón Esparta . En 2014, voluntarios del Movimiento de Liberación Nacional se unieron a la Milicia Popular de la República Popular de Donetsk con retratos del zar Nicolás II . [200] La bandera nacional de la Unión Soviética también se muestra comúnmente en eventos oficiales, desfiles y celebraciones en la RPD. [141]
En julio de 2015, el jefe de la República Popular de Donetsk, Alexander Zakharchenko, dijo en una conferencia de prensa que respetaba al partido de extrema derecha de Ucrania Sector Derecho "cuando golpearon a los homosexuales en Kiev y cuando intentaron derrocar a Poroshenko". [208]
Si bien los activistas de extrema derecha desempeñaron un papel en los primeros días del conflicto, su importancia fue a menudo exagerada y su importancia en ambos lados del conflicto disminuyó con el tiempo. El clima político en Donetsk empujó aún más a los grupos de extrema derecha a los márgenes. [198]
En abril de 2022, los medios de comunicación señalaron que un video publicado en el sitio web de la República Popular de Donetsk mostraba a Denis Pushilin otorgando una medalla al teniente Roman Vorobyov ( Batallón de Somalia ) mientras Vorobyov llevaba parches afiliados al neonazismo : el Totenkopf utilizado por la 3.ª División Panzer de las SS y el valknut . Sin embargo, el video no mostraba a Vorobyov recibiendo su medalla cuando se publicó en el sitio web de Pushilin. [209] [210]
Estatus internacional
Crimea , que Rusia se anexionó en 2014, se muestra en rosa. El rosa en la región del Donbás representa las áreas que estaban bajo el control de la RPD/LPR en septiembre de 2014 (las ciudades en rojo)
La República Popular de Donetsk (RPD) inicialmente solicitó el reconocimiento como estado soberano tras su declaración de independencia en abril de 2014. Posteriormente, la RPD se adhirió voluntariamente a la Federación Rusa como sujeto federal ruso en septiembre-octubre de 2022, dejando efectivamente de existir como estado soberano en cualquier capacidad y revocando su condición de tal a los ojos de la comunidad internacional. La RPD reclama la sucesión directa del óblast de Donetsk de Ucrania.
De 2014 a 2022, Ucrania, las Naciones Unidas y la mayor parte de la comunidad internacional consideraron a la RPD como una entidad ilegal que ocupaba una parte de la provincia ucraniana de Donetsk (véase: Sanciones internacionales durante la guerra ruso-ucraniana ) . La República Popular de Luhansk (LPR), que tenía una historia similar, fue considerada de la misma manera. El estatus de Crimea recibió un trato ligeramente diferente desde que Rusia anexó ese territorio inmediatamente después de su declaración de independencia en marzo de 2014.
Hasta febrero de 2022, Rusia no reconoció a la RPD, aunque mantuvo relaciones informales con ella. El 21 de febrero de 2022, Rusia reconoció oficialmente a la RPD y a la RPL al mismo tiempo, [211] lo que marcó una importante escalada en la crisis diplomática de 2021-2022 entre Rusia y Ucrania . Tres días después, el 24 de febrero de 2022, Rusia lanzó una invasión a gran escala de todo el país de Ucrania, en parte con el pretexto de proteger a la RPD y la RPL. La guerra tuvo repercusiones de amplio alcance para Ucrania, Rusia y la comunidad internacional en su conjunto (véase: Crímenes de guerra , Impacto humanitario , Impacto medioambiental , Impacto económico y Patrimonio cultural ucraniano ) . En septiembre de 2022, Rusia tomó medidas para consolidar los territorios que había ocupado en Ucrania, incluidos los óblasts de Donetsk , Jersón , Luhansk y Zaporizhia . Rusia anexó oficialmente estos cuatro territorios en septiembre-octubre de 2022.
Entre febrero de 2022 y octubre de 2022, además de recibir el reconocimiento ruso, la RPD fue reconocida por Corea del Norte (13 de julio de 2022) [212] y Siria (29 de junio de 2022). [213] [214] Esto significa que tres Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas reconocieron a la RPD en total durante su período de independencia reclamada. La RPD también fue reconocida por otras tres entidades separatistas: la RPL, Osetia del Sur (19 de junio de 2014), [215] y Abjasia (25 de febrero de 2022). [216]
Relaciones con Ucrania
El gobierno ucraniano aprobó la "Ley sobre el estatus especial de Donbass [uk] " el 16 de septiembre de 2014, que designó un estatus especial dentro de Ucrania para ciertas áreas de las regiones de Donetsk y Luhansk, de acuerdo con los acuerdos de Minsk . [ cita requerida ] El estatus duró tres años, y luego se extendió anualmente varias veces. [217]
Desde el 18 de febrero de 2017, Rusia reconoce los documentos de identidad, diplomas, certificados de nacimiento y matrimonio y matrículas de vehículos emitidos por la RPD y la RPL [219], lo que permite a las personas que viven en territorios controlados por la RPD viajar, trabajar o estudiar en Rusia. [219] Según el decreto, se firmó "para proteger los derechos humanos y las libertades" de conformidad con "los principios ampliamente reconocidos del derecho internacional humanitario". [220]
El 21 de febrero de 2022, el presidente ruso , Vladimir Putin, firmó acuerdos de amistad, cooperación y asistencia con la RPD y la RPL, coincidiendo con el reconocimiento oficial por parte de Rusia de los dos cuasi-estados. [211] La Duma Estatal rusa había aprobado un proyecto de resolución en el que se le pedía que reconociera a ambos cuasi-estados el 15 de febrero. [221] Poco después, Abjasia también reconoció la independencia de la RPD.
Miembros del grupo de extrema derecha Acción Serbia en el Donbass.
Además de los grupos rusos de extrema derecha (véase #Nacionalismo de derecha ), la RPD ha cultivado relaciones con otros grupos y activistas europeos de extrema derecha. El Instituto Lansing para Estudios de Amenazas Globales y Democracias adquirió un memorando de cooperación entre la RPD y el Movimiento Imperial Ruso de extrema derecha, que capacita a voluntarios extranjeros; incluidos miembros de la División Atomwaffen neonazi y Der Dritte Weg . [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] Anton Shekhovtsov , un experto en movimientos de extrema derecha en Rusia y en el extranjero, informó en 2014 que el grupo neofascista polaco "Falanga", el grupo de extrema derecha italiano "Millennium" y euroasiáticos franceses se habían unido a los separatistas del Donbás. [228] [229] [230] Los miembros de Acción Serbia también se han unido a los separatistas del Donbás. [231]
Según el periódico italiano La Repubblica , el conocido neofascista italiano Andrea Palmeri (ex miembro del partido de extrema derecha Nueva Fuerza ) ha estado luchando por la RPD desde 2014, y fue aclamado por el líder de la RPD, Gubarev, como un "verdadero fascista". [232] Otros activistas de extrema derecha con vínculos con la RPD incluyen al eurodiputado francés de extrema derecha Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, el nacionalista italiano Alessandro Musolino, el periodista neonazi alemán Manuel Ochsenreiter y Emmanuel Leroy, un asesor de extrema derecha de Marine Le Pen , ex líder del Agrupamiento Nacional . [233] [234]
Los neonazis finlandeses han sido reclutados para las fuerzas prorrusas por partidos locales de extrema derecha prorrusos . [235] [236] [ 237] [238] [239] Además de reclutar, Janus Putkonen también dirige la DONi (Agencia Internacional de Noticias del Donbass) financiada por Rusia y MV-media , que publica propaganda prorrusa sobre la RPD. [240] [241]
Extrema izquierda
La RPD también ha cultivado relaciones con varios grupos de extrema izquierda. Un pequeño número de socialistas españoles viajó a Ucrania para luchar por los separatistas, y algunos explicaron que estaban "devolviendo el favor" a Rusia por el apoyo de la URSS a los republicanos durante la Guerra Civil Española . [242] Los combatientes españoles fundaron la "Brigada Internacional Carlos Palomino", que enarboló la bandera de la Segunda República Española . En 2015, según se informa, tenía menos de diez miembros y luego se disolvió. [243]
Se dice que una mujer miembro del Partido Comunista de Israel también luchó por los separatistas en 2015. [244] Otros ejemplos de grupos de extrema izquierda que lucharon por los separatistas fueron la 'DKO' (Unidad Comunista Voluntaria) y la Interunidad, que ha estado inactiva desde 2017. [245] [246]
La RPD tiene su propio banco central, el Banco Republicano de Donetsk. La economía de la república se describe con frecuencia como dependiente del contrabando y el tráfico de armas [249] , y algunos la califican de estado mafioso . El ingreso en las formaciones militares o en el servicio civil de la RPD se ha convertido en una de las pocas garantías de unos ingresos estables en la RPD [ 143] .
A finales de octubre de 2014, muchos bancos y otros negocios en la RPD cerraron y la gente a menudo se quedó sin pagos de beneficios sociales. [179] Fuentes (que se negaron a ser identificadas, citando preocupaciones de seguridad) dentro de la administración de la RPD han dicho a Bloomberg News que Rusia transfiere 2.500 millones de rublos rusos (37 millones de dólares) para pensiones cada mes. [250] A mediados de febrero de 2016, Rusia había enviado 48 convoyes humanitarios al territorio controlado por los rebeldes que se dice que entregaron más de 58.000 toneladas de carga, incluyendo alimentos, medicamentos, materiales de construcción, generadores diésel y combustible y lubricantes. [251] El presidente Poroshenko calificó esto como una "violación flagrante del derecho internacional" y Valentyn Nalyvaychenko dijo que era una "invasión directa". [252]
En junio de 2015, debido a problemas logísticos y de transporte, los precios en el territorio controlado por la RPD eran significativamente más altos que en el territorio controlado por Ucrania. [143] Esto condujo a un aumento de los suministros (de productos más caros y de menor calidad) desde Rusia. [143] Las minas y las instalaciones de la industria pesada dañadas por los bombardeos se vieron obligadas a cerrar, lo que socavó la cadena más amplia de vínculos económicos en la región. [253] Tres instalaciones industriales estaban bajo "gestión temporal" de la RPD a fines de octubre de 2014. [253] A principios de junio de 2015, el 80% de las empresas ubicadas físicamente en la República Popular de Donetsk se habían vuelto a registrar en territorio bajo control ucraniano. [249]
Las nuevas élites gobernantes de la RPD han desplazado a las estructuras oligárquicas anteriores en la región. [254] Los nuevos detentadores del poder expropiaron empresas rentables. Por ejemplo, Rinat Akhmetov perdió el control sobre sus activos en la región después de que estos fueran nacionalizados. Bajo la dirección de Rusia, la república estableció monopolios comerciales y de producción a través de los cuales se organiza el comercio de carbón y acero. Al carecer de bancos privados, moneda propia y acceso directo al Mar Negro, la supervivencia de la RPD depende exclusivamente del apoyo económico de Rusia y del comercio a través de la frontera común. [255]
Un funcionario de la RPD prometió a menudo apoyo financiero de Rusia sin dar detalles específicos. [179] El primer ministro Aleksandr Zakharchenko a finales de octubre de 2014 declaró que "Tenemos el acuerdo de principio de la Federación Rusa para concedernos condiciones especiales en (entregas) de gas". [179] Zakharchenko también afirmó que "Y, finalmente, logramos vincularnos con la estructura financiera y bancaria de la Federación Rusa". [179] Cuando Reuters intentó obtener más detalles de una fuente cercana a Zakharchenko la única respuesta fue "Al dinero le gusta el silencio". [179] A principios de octubre de 2014 Zakharchenko declaró: "La economía estará completamente orientada, si es posible, hacia el mercado ruso. Consideramos a Rusia nuestro socio estratégico". Según Zakharchenko esto "aseguraría nuestra economía de los impactos externos, incluso de Ucrania". [256] Según Yury Makohon, del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Estratégicos de Ucrania, "el volumen comercial entre Rusia y la región de Donetsk ha experimentado una caída masiva desde principios de 2014". [257] Como Rusia no reconoció el estatus legal de la autoproclamada república, todo el comercio que realizó con ella se basó en la ley ucraniana. [249]
Las autoridades de la RPD han creado una zona multidivisa en la que se pueden utilizar tanto el rublo (la moneda de Rusia) como la grivna (la moneda de Ucrania), y también el euro y el dólar estadounidense . [143] [256] La escasez de efectivo es generalizada y, debido a la falta de rublos, la grivna es la moneda más utilizada. [143] Según los servicios de seguridad de Ucrania, solo en mayo de 2016, el gobierno ruso ha pasado 19 millones de dólares en efectivo para financiar la administración de la RPD, así como 35.000 pasaportes rusos en blanco. [258]
Desde finales de febrero de 2015, los territorios controlados por la RPD reciben su gas natural directamente de Rusia. [259] Según Rusia, Ucrania debería pagar por estos suministros; Ucrania afirma que no recibe pagos por los suministros del territorio controlado por la RPD. [259] [260] El 2 de julio de 2015, el Ministro de Energía ucraniano, Volodymyr Demchyshyn, anunció que "no esperaba" que Ucrania suministrara gas natural al territorio controlado por las tropas separatistas en la temporada de calefacción 2015-2016. [261] Desde el 25 de noviembre de 2015, Ucrania ha detenido todas sus importaciones (y pagos) de gas natural desde Rusia. [262]
La RPD creó su propio operador de red móvil , llamado Feniks, que debía estar en pleno funcionamiento a finales del verano de 2015. [263] El 5 de febrero de 2015, Kyivstar afirmó que Feniks utilizaba ilegalmente equipos que había entregado oficialmente en territorios controlados por separatistas prorrusos. [263] El 18 de abril de 2015, el Primer Ministro Zakharchenko emitió un decreto que establecía que todo el equipo entregado por Kyivstar quedaba bajo el control de los separatistas con el fin de "satisfacer las necesidades de la población en los servicios de comunicación". [263] Las tarjetas SIM de Feniks muestran el eslogan "Conexión para la victoria". [264]
Se dice que las minas de antracita bajo control de la RPD suministran carbón a Polonia a través de empresas fantasma rusas para ocultar su verdadero origen. [266]
Según los medios de comunicación ucranianos y rusos, la empresa exportadora de carbón Vneshtorgservis, propiedad de Serhiy Kurchenko , tiene deudas masivas con las minas de carbón ubicadas en territorio controlado por los separatistas y otras empresas locales. [267]
En una entrevista en 2020, el ex diputado de la milicia de la RPD, Serguéi Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), afirmó que durante el tiempo que Igor Girkin era comandante de la milicia, se producían desmantelamientos a gran escala de equipos mineros para obtener chatarra y otras formas de saqueo de forma rutinaria , y que Girkin se llevaba importantes cantidades de dinero a Moscú. Grupos de milicianos como "Vostok" y "Oplot", así como varias "formaciones cosacas", participaban en saqueos de forma sistemática. [268] [269]
Derechos humanos
Un informe de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos de principios de marzo de 2016 afirmó que las personas que vivían en zonas controladas por los separatistas estaban experimentando "una ausencia total de estado de derecho, informes de detenciones arbitrarias, torturas y detenciones en régimen de incomunicación, y ningún acceso a mecanismos de reparación reales". [270]
Freedom House evalúa los territorios del este del Donbás controlados por la RPD y la RPL como "no libres", con una puntuación de 4 sobre 100 en su índice de Libertad en el Mundo de 2022, señalando problemas de severa represión política y mediática, numerosos informes de tortura y detenciones arbitrarias. [271] The Guardian señaló el 17 de febrero de 2022 que "la oposición pública en la RPD es prácticamente inexistente". [255]
Un informe de las Naciones Unidas del 18 de noviembre de 2014 sobre el este de Ucrania afirmó que la RPD se encontraba en un estado de "ruptura total del orden público". [272] El informe señaló que "se seguían denunciando casos de graves abusos de los derechos humanos por parte de los grupos armados, entre ellos tortura, detenciones arbitrarias y en régimen de incomunicación, ejecuciones sumarias , trabajos forzados, violencia sexual, así como la destrucción y confiscación ilegal de bienes, que pueden constituir crímenes contra la humanidad ". [272] El informe de noviembre también afirmaba que "la HRMMU seguía recibiendo denuncias de violencia sexual y de género en las regiones orientales. En un incidente denunciado, miembros del Batallón Vostok prorruso "arrestaron" a una mujer por violar un toque de queda y la golpearon con palos de metal durante tres horas. La mujer también fue violada por varios rebeldes prorrusos del batallón. El informe también afirma que la misión de la ONU "siguió recibiendo informes de tortura y malos tratos por parte de los organismos de aplicación de la ley y los batallones de voluntarios ucranianos y por parte de los grupos armados (separatistas prorrusos), incluidas palizas, amenazas de muerte, tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes , y falta de acceso a asistencia médica". [273] En una conferencia de prensa del 15 de diciembre de 2014 en Kiev , el Secretario General Adjunto de la ONU para los derechos humanos , Ivan Šimonović, afirmó que la mayoría de las violaciones de los derechos humanos se cometieron en zonas controladas por rebeldes prorrusos. [274]
El 24 de julio, Human Rights Watch acusó a los combatientes prorrusos de no tomar medidas para evitar acampar en zonas civiles densamente pobladas. [279] [280] También acusó a las fuerzas del gobierno ucraniano y a los batallones de voluntarios progubernamentales de ataques indiscriminados contra zonas civiles, afirmando que "el uso de cohetes indiscriminados en zonas pobladas viola el derecho internacional humanitario o las leyes de la guerra y puede constituir crímenes de guerra". [279] [280]
En un informe de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) , publicado el 2 de marzo de 2015, se describían publicaciones en los medios de comunicación y vídeos en línea que indicaban que los grupos armados prorrusos de la RPD habían llevado a cabo "ejecuciones sumarias, extrajudiciales o arbitrarias" de soldados ucranianos capturados. En un incidente, se encontraron cadáveres de militares ucranianos con "las manos atadas con un cable eléctrico blanco" después de que los grupos rebeldes prorrusos capturaron el Aeropuerto Internacional de Donetsk . En enero, un dirigente de la RPD afirmó que las fuerzas rebeldes estaban deteniendo a hasta cinco "subversivos" de entre 18 y 35 años por día. Varios prisioneros de guerra capturados fueron obligados a marchar en Donetsk mientras eran atacados por soldados rebeldes y espectadores. En el informe también se decía que los organismos de aplicación de la ley ucranianos habían incurrido en una "patrón de desapariciones forzadas, detenciones secretas y malos tratos" de personas sospechosas de "separatismo" y "terrorismo". [281] El informe también menciona vídeos en los que se ve a miembros de una unidad prorrusa hablando de la gestión de una sala de torturas en el sótano de una biblioteca de Luhansk. El jefe de la unidad en cuestión era el comandante separatista prorruso Aleksandr Biednov, conocido como "Batman" (que más tarde fue asesinado) y el "jefe" de la cámara de tortura era un rebelde llamado "Maniac" que "supuestamente utilizaba un martillo para torturar a los prisioneros y un equipo quirúrgico para asustarlos y extraerles confesiones". [281] [282]
En septiembre de 2015, la OSCE publicó un informe sobre los testimonios de las víctimas detenidas en lugares de detención ilegal en el Donbás. [283] En diciembre de 2015, un equipo dirigido por Małgorzata Gosiewska publicó un informe exhaustivo sobre los crímenes de guerra en el Donbás. [284]
Acusaciones de antisemitismo
Presuntos miembros de la República de Donetsk , portando la bandera de la Federación Rusa, [285] distribuyeron un folleto a los judíos que informaba a todos los judíos mayores de 16 años que tendrían que presentarse ante el Comisionado de Nacionalidades en el edificio de la Administración Regional de Donetsk y registrar sus propiedades y religión. También afirmaba que a los judíos se les cobraría una "tarifa de registro" de 50 dólares. [286] Si no cumplían, se les revocaría la ciudadanía, se enfrentarían a una "expulsión forzosa" y verían sus bienes confiscados. El folleto afirmaba que el propósito del registro era porque "la comunidad judía de Ucrania apoyaba a Bandera Junta " y "se oponía a la República Popular proeslava de Donetsk". [285] La autenticidad del folleto no pudo verificarse de forma independiente. [287] The New York Times , Haaretz y The New Republic dijeron que los folletos eran "muy probablemente un engaño". [288] [289] [290] France 24 también informó sobre la dudosa autenticidad de los folletos. [291] Según Efraim Zuroff del Centro Simon Wiesenthal , los folletos parecían una especie de provocación y un intento de pintar a las fuerzas prorrusas como antisemitas . [292] El rabino jefe de Donetsk, Pinchas Vishedski, declaró que el folleto era falso y que pretendía desacreditar a la autoproclamada república, [293] y dijo que los incidentes antisemitas en el este de Ucrania son "raros, a diferencia de Kiev y el oeste de Ucrania" [294] y cree que los hombres estaban "tratando de utilizar a la comunidad judía de Donetsk como un instrumento en el conflicto"; [295] sin embargo, también llamó al secretario de prensa de la RPD, Aleksander Kriakov, "el antisemita más famoso de la región" y cuestionó la decisión de la RPD de nombrarlo. [296]
Religión
Religión en el Donbás (Donetsk + Luhansk) (2016) [297]
En un primer momento, la RPD adoptó una constitución que establecía que la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa del Patriarcado de Moscú era la religión oficial del estado autoproclamado. [298] [299] Esto cambió con la promulgación de una ley "sobre la libertad de conciencia y organización religiosa" en noviembre de 2015, respaldada por tres diputados que profesaban la Rodnovery (fe nativa eslava), cuyos miembros organizaron el Batallón Svarozhich (de la Brigada Vostok) y la Compañía Rusich. [300] [301] La nueva ley provocó el descontento del Metropolitano Hilarión de Donetsk y Mariupol de la iglesia del Patriarcado de Moscú. [302]
Cientos de familias romaníes huyeron de Donbas en 2014. [303] The News of Donbas informó que miembros de la Milicia Popular de Donbas participaron en asaltos y robos contra la población romaní (también conocida como gitanos) de Sloviansk . Los separatistas armados golpearon a mujeres y niños, saquearon casas y se llevaron los bienes robados en camiones, según testigos presenciales. [304] [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] [305] [306] [307] Los romaníes huyeron en masa para vivir con familiares en otras partes del país, por temor a la limpieza étnica, el desplazamiento y el asesinato. Algunos hombres que decidieron quedarse formaron grupos de milicias para proteger a sus familias y hogares. [306] El alcalde de la RPD, Ponomarev, dijo que los ataques fueron solo contra gitanos que estaban involucrados en el tráfico de drogas, y que estaba "limpiando la ciudad de drogas". [308] La misión de Estados Unidos ante la OSCE y el primer ministro ucraniano Yatsenyuk condenaron estas acciones. [304] [305] [309]
Comunidad LGBT
El 8 de junio de 2014, se informó de que militantes armados de la República de Donetsk atacaron un club gay en la capital, Donetsk, hiriendo a varias personas. Los testigos dijeron que 20 personas entraron a la fuerza en el club, robaron joyas y otros objetos de valor; los agresores dispararon en el club y varias personas resultaron heridas. [310] En julio de 2015, un portavoz del Ministerio de Información de la RPD declaró que "no hay gays en Donetsk, ya que todos se fueron a Kiev ". [311] En 2015, el Viceministro de Asuntos Políticos de la República Popular de Donetsk declaró: "Se está extendiendo una cultura de la homosexualidad ... Por eso debemos matar a cualquiera que esté involucrado en esto". [312]
Prejuicios contra los hablantes de ucraniano
El 18 de abril de 2014, Vyacheslav Ponomarev pidió a los habitantes de Sloviansk que denunciaran a todas las personas sospechosas, especialmente si hablaban ucraniano. También prometió que los medios de comunicación locales publicarían un número de teléfono para denunciarlas. [313]
En un informe de las Naciones Unidas del 18 de noviembre de 2014 sobre el este de Ucrania se afirmaba que la RPD violaba los derechos de los niños de habla ucraniana porque las escuelas de las zonas controladas por los rebeldes enseñaban únicamente en ruso y prohibían a los alumnos hablar ucraniano. [272] En su constitución de mayo de 2014, el régimen de la RPD declaró el ruso y el ucraniano como sus idiomas oficiales. [80] Sin embargo, en marzo de 2020, el ruso fue declarado el único idioma oficial de la RPD. [161]
Secuestros
El Comité para la Protección de los Periodistas afirmó que los separatistas habían capturado a diez periodistas extranjeros durante la semana siguiente al derribo del avión malasio . [314] El 22 de julio de 2014, hombres armados de la RPD secuestraron al periodista independiente ucraniano Anton Skiba cuando llegó con un equipo de la CNN a un hotel en Donetsk . [314] La RPD a menudo contrarresta tales acusaciones señalando a organizaciones no gubernamentales, como los informes de Amnistía Internacional de que los batallones paramilitares voluntarios proucranianos, como el Batallón Aidar , el Batallón Donbas y el Batallón Azov , a menudo actuaban como "bandas renegadas" y estaban implicados en torturas, secuestros y ejecuciones sumarias. [278] [315] Amnistía Internacional y la (ACNUDH) también plantearon preocupaciones similares sobre el líder del Partido Radical y diputado ucraniano Oleh Lyashko y su milicia. [316]
En Donetsk también se ha observado un aumento significativo de los delitos violentos (homicidios, violaciones, incluidas las de víctimas menores de edad) bajo el control de las fuerzas separatistas. [317] En julio de 2015, las autoridades locales de Druzhkovka, anteriormente ocupada por fuerzas separatistas, expusieron un antiguo lugar de tortura en uno de los sótanos de la ciudad. [318]
Sergey Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), ex diputado de la milicia de la RPD, confirmó en 2020 que Igor Girkin ejecutó personalmente a prisioneros de guerra que consideraba "traidores" o "espías". [268] [269] Esta declaración fue hecha por primera vez en la entrevista de Girkin a principios de ese año, aunque Girkin insistió en que las ejecuciones eran parte de su "tribunal militar basado en las leyes de la guerra". Girkin también confesó que estuvo involucrado en el asesinato de Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak , un representante de Horlivka que fue secuestrado el 17 de abril de 2014 después de intentar izar una bandera ucraniana: "Naturalmente, Rybak, como persona que se opuso activamente a las "milicias", era un enemigo a mis ojos. Y su muerte, probablemente, también es en cierta medida responsabilidad mía". [327]
Pasaportación forzosa
Según un estudio estadounidense, los ucranianos en los territorios ocupados que se niegan a aceptar pasaportes rusos se enfrentan a amenazas, intimidación y posible detención o deportación. [328] [329] En abril de 2022, Rusia aprobó una ley que permite a las autoridades detener o deportar a los residentes sin pasaportes rusos. A partir de julio de 2024, los residentes sin ciudadanía rusa serán considerados "extranjeros" o "apátridas". En junio de 2023, el jefe de la llamada "República Popular de Donetsk" anunció un grupo de planificación para estudiar las instalaciones para detener a los residentes sin pasaportes rusos con miras a su deportación. [328]
Educación
Al comienzo del año escolar 2015-2016, las autoridades de la RPD habían revisado el plan de estudios . [330] Las lecciones de idioma ucraniano se redujeron de aproximadamente ocho horas semanales a dos horas; mientras que el tiempo dedicado a las lecciones de lengua y literatura rusas se incrementó. [330] Las clases de historia se cambiaron para dar mayor énfasis a la historia de Donbas. [330] El sistema de calificación se cambió del esquema de 12 puntos (de Ucrania) al sistema de calificación de cinco puntos que también se usa en Rusia. [330] Según el director de una universidad en Donetsk "Les damos a los estudiantes la opción entre los dos, pero el ruso se tiene más en cuenta". [330] Los graduados de la escuela recibirán un certificado ruso, lo que les permitirá ingresar tanto a universidades locales como a instituciones en Rusia . [330]
En abril de 2016, las autoridades de la RPD diseñaron "clases de concienciación sobre la condición de Estado" que se introdujeron en las escuelas (en el territorio controlado por ellas). [331]
^The population of the entire Donetsk Oblast in 2022 was estimated to be 4,059,372, while 2,576,738 resided in areas under the control of the Donetsk People's Republic. Figures are from before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
^The group stated they: 1) do not recognise the Ukrainian government; 2) consider themselves the legitimate authority; 3) "dismiss" of all law enforcement officials appointed by the central government and Governor Serhiy Taruta; 4) "appoint" on the 11 May referendum about self-determinat Donetsk; 5) require the extradition of their leader Pavel Gubarev and other already detained separatists; 6) require Ukraine to withdrawal its troops and paramilitary forces; 7) start the process of finding mechanisms of cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (since 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union, also including Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) and other separatist groups (in Kharkiv and Luhansk).[56]
References
^"Южный федеральный округ" (in Russian). 1 January 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^"Путин: Россия признала ДНР и ЛНР в границах Донецкой и Луганской областей". BBC Russia. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
^"Ukraine crisis: Protesters declare Donetsk 'republic'". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^"Donetsk oblast". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
^"Новые субъекты РФ официально перейдут на московское время". Interfax.ru (in Russian). 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^"МВД опубликовало коды автомобильных номеров для новых субъектов России" [The Ministry of Internal Affairs has published vehicle registration codes for the new regions of Russia.]. РБК (in Russian). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
^Ledur, Júlia (21 November 2022). "What Russia has gained and lost so far in Ukraine, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W.; Lawlor, Katherine; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (30 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 30". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2022). "The First Four Years of the Donetsk People's Republic". The War in Ukraine's Donbas. Central European University Press. pp. 43–66. doi:10.7829/j.ctv26jp68t.7. ISBN 9789633864203. S2CID 245630627. This state was born as a result of the extreme polarization of Ukrainian society, has survived the military conflict with its former suzerain (Ukraine), and, at a certain stage of state building, began to enjoy Russia's support.
^Toal, Gerard (2017). Near Abroad : Putin, the West, and the contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. New York. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-025331-8. OCLC 965543300. this does not mean that the Kremlin was behind all forms of protest against Euromaidan—this is clearly not the case—or that the Kremlin controlled the actions of all secessionist leaders, also clearly not so. Secessionist leaders and later rebel fighters had their own motivations. Having said that, there is considerable evidence to indicate that Russian state security structures worked in partnership with ostensibly private but functionally extended state networks of influence—oligarchic groups, veteran organizations, nationalist movements, biker gangs, and organized criminal networks—to encourage, support, and sustain separatist rebellion in eastern Ukraine from the very outset.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Johnson, Jamie; Parekh, Marcus; White, Josh; Vasilyeva, Nataliya (4 August 2022). "Officer who 'boasted' of killing civilians becomes Russia's first female commander to die". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
^Bershidsky, Leonid (13 November 2018). "Eastern Ukraine: Why Putin Encouraged Sham Elections in Donbass". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
^von Twickel, Nikolaus; Sasse, Gwendolyn; Baumann, Mario (19 March 2018). "Russian Analytical Digest No 214: The Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
^"Ukraine: UN General Assembly demands Russia reverse course on 'attempted illegal annexation'". The United Nations. 12 October 2022.
^ a b"Ukraine war: UN General Assembly condemns Russia annexation". BBC News. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 1 March 2022. The ideas of Russian imperial (and, to some extent, ethnic) nationalism and Orthodox fundamentalism shaped the official ideology of the DNR and LNR. ... It can therefore be argued that the official ideology of the DNR and LNR, which developed under the influence of Russian far-right activists, is largely right-wing, conservative and xenophobic in character.
^Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 1 March 2022. Members of far-right groups played a much greater role on the Russian side of the conflict than on the Ukrainian side, especially at the beginning.
^Bachelet, Michelle (5 July 2022). "Ukraine: High Commissioner updates Human Rights Council". Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (United Nations). Retrieved 6 February 2023. We are also concerned about confirmed allegations of forced conscription by Russian-affiliated armed groups at the end of February 2022, in Donetsk and Luhansk.
^Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (18 November 2022). "3 convicted in 2014 downing of Malaysian jet over Ukraine". Associated Press.
^"Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics as terrorist organizations". Kyiv Post. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^Steinzova, Lucie; Oliynyk, Kateryna (22 November 2018). "Fight For Dignity: Remembering The Ukrainian Revolution". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^Wilson, Andrew (20 April 2016). "The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War". Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (4): 631–652. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1176994. ISSN 0966-8136. S2CID 148334453.
^Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^Petro, Nicolai N., Understanding the Other Ukraine: Identity and Allegiance in Russophone Ukraine (1 March 2015). Richard Sakwa and Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska, eds., Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives, Bristol, United Kingdom: E-International Relations Edited Collections, 2015, pp. 19–35. Available at SSRN 2574762
^"Pro-Russia Protesters Storm Donetsk Offices". NBC News. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ a b"Regional legislators proclaim industrial center Donetsk People's Republic". ITAR-TASS. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^"обращение народа Донбасса к Путину В.В." Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2020 – via YouTube.
^ a bKendall, Bridget (7 April 2014). "Ukraine: Pro-Russians storm offices in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^"Pro-Russians fortify barricade of gubernatorial building in Donetsk". Kyiv Post. 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014.
^Протестующие в Донецке требуют провести референдум о вхождении в РФ [Protesters in Donetsk want to hold a referendum on joining the Russian Federation] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014.
^ a bВоскресный штурм ДонОГА в фотографиях. novosti.dn.ua (in Russian). 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
^ a bДонецькі сепаратисти готуються сформувати "народну облраду" та приєднатися до РФ [Donetsk separatists are preparing to form a "people's regional council" and join Russia]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^Сепаратисты выставили ультиматум: референдум о вхождении Донецкой области в состав РФ. Donbas News (in Russian). 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^"Ukraine crisis: Protesters declare Donetsk 'republic'". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
^Донецька міськрада просить громадян не брати участь у протиправних діях [Donetsk city council asks citizens not to participate in unlawful activities]. NGO.Donetsk.ua (in Ukrainian). 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014.
^"Donetsk City Council urges leaders of protests held in the city to hold talks, lay down arms immediately – statement". Interfax-Ukraine. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^Luhn, Alec (8 April 2014). "Donetsk's pro-Russian activists prepare referendum for 'new republic'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^Rachkevych, Mark (11 April 2014). "Donetsk separatists hold oblast government headquarters". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^"Demonstrators in Donetsk plan to create 'people's army'". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
^Harding, Luke (12 June 2014). "Pro-Russian mayor of Slavyansk sacked and arrested". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a b"Pro-Russian Gubarev, a symbol of east Ukraine separatism". GlobalPost. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^""Донецька республіка" поки ще є і хоче в Митний союз" ["Donetsk Republic" while there is still and wants the Customs Union]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014. require the release of its leader Paul Gubarev and other detained separatists;
^Coynash, Halya (18 March 2014). "Far-Right Recruited as Crimea Poll Observers". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. Pavel Gubarev, a former member of the neo-Nazi, Russian chauvinist Russian National Unity movement
^Snyder, Timothy (17 March 2014). "Far-Right Forces are Influencing Russia's Actions in Crimea". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. In Donetsk Gubarov was known as a neo-Nazi and as a member of the fascist organization Russian National Unity.
^Matsuka, Oleksiy (10 April 2014). "Russia's deep ties to Donetsk's Kremlin collaborators". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. In Donetsk, Pavel Gubarev, a Ukrainian citizen and former member of the Russian National Unity movement, attempted to head the protest.
^"Kremlin turns a blind eye to the rampant Nazism in the country". TSN. 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2015. It is worth noting that Gubarev was recently an activist of the Russian radical nationalist organization – Russian National Unity, which is included in the International Union of National Socialists.
^Moyon, Germain (9 March 2014). "Pro-Russian Gubarev, a symbol of east Ukraine separatism". Digital Journal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Hearst, David (14 July 1999). "Russian neo-Nazi stabs prominent Jew". the Guardian.
^Balmforth, Tom (17 August 2014). "From The Fringes Toward Mainstream: Russian Nationalist Broadsheet Basks In Ukraine Conflict". RFE/RL.
^"Патриотические силы Донбасса организовались и скоординировались. Манифест". OstroV. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^В Донецке отменили создание Донецкой республики [The creation of the "Donetsk Republic" was cancelled in Donetsk] (in Russian). News.bigmir.net. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^Донецкая республика не продержалась и дня? [Donestk Republic did not last a day?]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Russian). 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^"Решение о создании "Донецкой народной республики" отменено" [Decision to establish a "people's republic of Donetsk" canceled]. Gazeta.ru. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^"Ukraine forces retake Kharkiv building, pro-Russians hold out elsewhere". Euronews. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014.
^ a b""Донецька республіка" поки ще є і хоче в Митний союз" [""Donetsk Republic" while there is still and wants the Customs Union"]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^Rosenberg, Steve (8 April 2014). "Pro-Russian terrorists build barricades at Donetsk city hall". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^"Граждане России продолжают митинговать в Донецке за отделение Донбасса" [Russian citizens continue to rally in Donetsk Donbas secession]. Novosti Donetsk. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
^ a bGaleotti, Mark (2019). Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine. Elite 228. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9781472833440. OCLC 1091651615.
^Bidder, Benjamin (18 March 2015). "The Ukraine War from Perspective of Russian Nationalists". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^"Ukraine says Donetsk 'anti-terror operation' under way". BBC News. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018. "Ukraine crisis: Deal to 'de-escalate' agreed in Geneva". BBC News. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^Gordon, Michael R (17 April 2014). "U.S. and Russia Agree on Pact to Defuse Ukraine Crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^Sonne, Paul; White, Gregory L. (18 April 2014). "Eastern Ukraine's Pro-Russian Activists Stand Fast". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
^"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – Monday, 14 April 2014". OSCE. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014.
^"Сепаратисти в Донецьку вирішили звільнити кілька поверхів" [Separatists in Donetsk decided to release several floors]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^Сепаратисты освободили 9 и 10 этажи Донецкой ОГА ФОТОФАКТ [Separatists give up floors 9 and 10 of the Donetsk Regional Administration offices, in pictures]. Novosti Donetsk. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014.
^Ostrovsky, Simon (12 April 2014). "Russian Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch Twenty Three)". VICE News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. It's day 2 of the People's Republic of Donetsk, and it smells like there was a huge frat party here because earlier today they decided to pour all their alcohol out onto the barricades out front because apparently there's been a problem with a little bit too much drinking inside the building.
^Leonard, Peter (7 May 2014). "Putin: Troops have pulled back from Ukraine border". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
^ a bVendyk, Yury (7 May 2014). "Баркашов советует "впарить" Донецку итоги референдума". BBC Russian (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 May 2014.
^"SBU Audio Links Donetsk Republic to Russian Involvement". Ukrainian Policy. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^"Пленных сотрудников Альфы обменяли на трех лидеров сепаратистов – СБУ" (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^Babiak, Mat (19 April 2014). "Southeast Statistics". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
^"The views and opinions of South-Eastern regions residents of Ukraine: April 2014". Kyiv Institute of Sociology. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^"Poll in DPR: Less than third of residents support separatists". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 12 September 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
^Chivers, Christopher John; Herzenhorn, David M. (8 May 2014). "Separatists in Ukraine Vow to Proceed With Autonomy Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^Kramer, Andrew E.; Cowell, Alan (12 May 2014). "Russia Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^"Ukraine: Donetsk polling stations gear up for Sunday referendum". Euronews. 10 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^Sonne, Paul; Shishkin, Philip (12 May 2014). "Russia Calls for 'Civilized Implementation' of East Ukraine Referendum Results". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana (12 May 2014). "Donetsk region asks to join Russia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ a b c dNaberezhnov, Grigory; Sotnikova, Asya; Artemiev, Alexander (16 May 2014). В самопровозглашенной Донецкой народной республике (ДНР) избрали правительство. Премьер-министром стал гражданин России Александр Бородай [The self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) elected a government. Russian citizen Alexander Boroday became Prime Minister.] (in Russian). RBC Information Systems. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^Luxmoore, Matthew (16 July 2014). "Donetsk People's Republic imposes martial law, cuts off Ukrainian TV channels". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ a b"Date of elections in Donetsk, Luhansk People's republics the same – Nov. 2". tass.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"EU not to recognize elections organized by DPR and LPR". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Russia to respect, but not necessarily recognize elections". RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014.
^"The DPR became a legal successor of the Donetsk-Krivoy-Rog Republic". novorossia.today. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
^"Рубль стал основной валютой в ДНР". Интерфакс.
^ a b"Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements" (Press release) (in Russian). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
^"Minsk agreement on Ukraine crisis: text in full". The Daily Telegraph. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
^"Ukraine conflict: Poroshenko calls for UN peacekeepers". BBC News. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^Olszański, Tadeusz A. (2 September 2015). "Ukraine is divided over constitutional reform". OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^"Ukraine's parliament avoids implementation of Minsk agreements". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^Kramer, Andrew E. (18 March 2016). "Ex-Professor Upsets Ukraine Politics, and Russia Peace Accord". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^"Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses". Ukraine Today. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Проект "Новороссия" закрыт [Project "New Russia" is closed] (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
^Dergachev, Vladimir; Kirillov, Dmitry (20 May 2015). Проект "Новороссия" закрыт [Project "New Russia" is closed] (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
^Kanygin, Pavel (15 June 2015). "Глава ДНР Захарченко вышел к митингующим за прекращение войны жителям на костылях (Онлайн)". Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^Lilenko, Inna (15 June 2015). "Захарченко, оправдываясь, признался, что его боевики ведут обстрелы с территории школы | InfoResist". Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^"Alexander Zakharchenko: Mass turnout for Ukraine rebel's funeral". BBC. 2 September 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ a b"Local elections in DPR to take place on October 18 – Zakharchenko" Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (2 July 2015) "DPR, LPR attempts to hold separate elections in Donbas on Oct 18 to have destructive consequences – Poroshenko" Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (2 July 2015)
^"Poroshenko says local elections in Ukraine will be held on Oct. 25, date on which they will be held in Donbas is hard to predict – Jun. 11, 2015". Kyiv Post. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Глава "народного совета" ДНР отправлен в отставку – BBC Русская служба". 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^MacDonald, Euan; Lavrov, Vlad; Trach, Nataliya (5 September 2015). "'Power struggle' in Donetsk prompts flurry of speculation in Kyiv and beyond". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^Zinets, Natalia; Polityuk, Pavel (6 October 2015). "Pro-Russian rebels in Ukraine postpone disputed elections". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. "Ukraine rebels to delay elections". The Washington Post. 6 October 2015.
^Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russian rebels 'delay disputed elections' Archived 7 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (6 October 2015) Hollande: Elections In Eastern Ukraine Likely To Be Delayed Archived 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (2 October 2015) Ukraine Is Being Told to Live With Putin Archived 6 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News (5 October 2015)
^"Захарченко відклав "вибори"". pda.pravda.com.ua. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Захарченко переніс вибори в "ДНР" на листопад" [Zakharchenko postponed elections "DNR" in November]. pda.pravda.com.ua. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Large protest in occupied Horlivka against crippling militant 'taxes' :: khpg.org". khpg.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. Более тысячи частных предпринимателей Горловки выразили недоверие администрации города [More than a thousand private entrepreneurs Gorlovka expressed distrust of the city administration] (in Russian). Gorlivka Today. 16 July 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ a bDefying Minsk process, Russian-backed separatists hold illegal elections Archived 3 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (2 October 2016) Donbass militia leader announces autumn primaries in Donetsk Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, TASS news agency (23 May 2016)
^Coynash, Halya (9 November 2018). "Russia lies about Minsk Agreement to justify support for fake 'elections' in occupied Donbas". Human Rights in Ukraine. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^"Statement by the NATO Spokesperson on the reported elections in eastern Ukraine". NATO. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^Walker, Shaun (17 October 2016). "Prominent rebel warlord Arseny 'Motorola' Pavlov dies in Donetsk blast". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Separatist commander Mikhail Tolstykh, 'Givi', killed in eastern Ukraine". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^Zverev, Anton; Vasina, Olena (31 August 2018). "Rebel leader in east Ukraine killed in blast". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^"Russian Town Rallies Against New Mayor From Rebel-Held Eastern Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 2 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
^"Ukraine conflict: Moscow could 'defend' Russia-backed rebels". BBC News. 9 April 2021.
^ a b"Бойовики представили свою "доктрину": передбачає захоплення всього Донбасу" [Militants presented the "doctrine": provides capture of all Donbas]. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a bGolod, Gleb (5 September 2022). "Жизнь здесь катится в хреновую сторону. В ЛНР и ДНР на войну с Украиной забрали десятки тысяч жителей. Без них в тылу не работают предприятия, а спецслужбы преследуют даже жен призывников". Meduza. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ a b""Облавы будут на первое сентября". Правозащитник о принудительной мобилизации в "ДНР", "ЛНР" и охоте на уклоняющихся". Настоящее время. 20 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^Hernandez, Joe (22 February 2022). "Why Luhansk and Donetsk are key to understanding the latest escalation in Ukraine". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
^Hodge, Nathan (22 February 2022). "Russia's Federation Council gives consent to Putin on use of armed forces abroad, Russian agencies report". Moscow: CNN. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
^"Ukraine conflict: Biden sanctions Russia over 'beginning of invasion'". BBC News. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^Nikolskaya, Polina; Osborn, Andrew (24 February 2022). "Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine". Reuters. Moscow. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
^Grunau, Andrea; von Hein, Matthias; Theise, Eugen; Weber, Joscha (25 February 2022). "Fact check: Do Vladimir Putin's justifications for going to war against Ukraine add up?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^Waxman, Olivia B. (3 March 2022). "Historians on What Putin Gets Wrong About 'Denazification' in Ukraine". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^"Ukrainian forces now control nearly 45% of Donetsk, says official". Business Standard India. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^Gunter, Joel; Lukov, Yaroslav (2 March 2022). "Ukrainian city of Mariupol 'near to humanitarian catastrophe' after bombardment". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^"At least 22,000 civilians killed in Mariupol – mayor's adviser". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^"Mariupol Mayor Cites 'Thousands' Dead, Says 'Complete Evacuation' Needed". Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^Bondarenko, Khrystyna; Watson, Ivan; Stapleton, AnneClaire; Booth, Tom; Alasaar, Alaa (19 March 2022). "Mariupol residents are being forced to go to Russia, city council says". CNN. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^"Occupying forces have deported more than 50,000 Mariupol residents to Russia and temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
^Nedos, Vassilis. "Greek convoy makes it out of Mariupol | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
^"Humanitarian corridor for Greek expatriates in Mariupol". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^"Thomas van Linge on Twitter: "#Ukraine 🇺🇦: the separatist entity #DNR has started to claim areas outside of the #Donbass region as part of its own. Today a sham referendum was held in the village of Rozivka (blue on the map), located in the #Zaporizhzhya oblast, not #Donetsk (orange)" / Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^"A hall filled with pensioners in the occupied village of Rozovka in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast voted to join the "DNR" Rozivka - Ukraine Interactive map - Ukraine Latest news on live map - liveuamap.com". Ukraine Interactive map - Ukraine Latest news on live map - liveuamap.com. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^"Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
^"Medvedev dreams of the collapse of Ukraine and showed a "map"". odessa-journal.com. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Arsu, Şebnem; Boy, Ann-Dorit; Chernyshev, Alexander; Esch, Christian; Hebel, Christina; Imhof, Oliver; Popp, Maximilian; Schaap, Fritz; Schröder, Thore (23 September 2022). "Putin Bets It All in Ukraine". Der Spiegel.
^Teslova, Elena (16 August 2022). "Putin says West tries to contain formation of multipolar world". Anadolu Agency.
^"В ДНР заявили, что референдум о вхождении в состав России состоится с 23 по 27 сентября". tass.ru. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^"Putin speech on partial mobilisation: What exactly did he say?". Al Jazeera. 21 September 2022.
^Сепаратисты выставили ультиматум: референдум о вхождении Донецкой области в состав РФ [Separatists put an ultimatum: a referendum on joining the Donetsk region with the Russian Federation]. novosti.dn.ua (in Russian). 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ a b cKramer, Andrew (14 October 2014). "Rebels in Eastern Ukraine Dream of Reviving Soviet Heyday". New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
^Mirovalev, Mansur. "Donetsk and Luhansk: What you should know about the 'republics'". Aljazeera. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
^ a b c d e fPiechal, Tomasz (17 June 2015). "The War republics in the Donbas one year after the outbreak of the conflict". Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^Quinn-Judge, Paul (3 March 2016). "Ukraine's eastern separatist leaders turn on each other". New Eastern Europe. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^Rudenko, Serhiy (3 March 2016). Коментар: Мінськ помер у Москві [Commentary: Minsk died in Moscow] (in Ukrainian). Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^Hutchinson, Bill; Reevell, Patrick (4 March 2022). "What are the Ukraine 'separatist' regions at the crux of the Russian invasion". ABC News. Retrieved 14 October 2022. The Donbas contains two provinces, Donetsk and Luhansk, that touch the Russian border and since 2014 have been controlled by two puppet separatist governments that Moscow armed and helped establish.
^"Russia's invasion of Ukraine". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 14 October 2022. And some take in fighters from Russian-backed militias in the Luhansk and Donetsk people's republics—a pair of puppet governments in eastern ...
^Danylyuk, Oleksandr (2 February 2022). "Opinion | Why the Donbass is the Key to Putin's Gambit in Ukraine". Politico. Retrieved 14 October 2022. Russia also installed puppet governments inside the two so-called republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The local councils of Donbass elected before the war did not support Russian aggression, so Moscow created military dictatorships in the occupied territories, which were initially run by Russian citizens. Later, the Russians were replaced by local collaborators.
^Antoniuk, Daryna (7 February 2020). "Ex-Russian official becomes 'prime minister' of Donetsk militants". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^"Statement by Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Mr. Sergiy Kyslytsya at the United Nations Security Council briefing on Ukraine". Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020. How local is the recently appointed so-called acting head of "government of Donetsk" Vladimir Pashkov? The citizen of Russia, born in Siberia, graduated from the Russian Military Pacific Navy School and, until recently, the vice-governor of the Irkutsk region of Russia? Would you like to know how close is Irkutsk to Donetsk? Some insignificant 6 000 km. Still local enough, in the opinion of Moscow, to rule in Donbas and to be talked to about its future.
^"Пушилин назначил министрами "ДНР" четырех чиновников из России для "скорейшего перехода в российское правовое поле"". The Insider (in Russian). 2 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^The head of Oplot told about lobbying of the Zakharchenko's candidacy on a post of the head of DPR (Глава "Оплота" рассказал о лоббировании кандидатуры Захарченко на пост главы "ДНР"). TV Rain. 4 November 2014
^ a b"Pro-Russian rebel leader killed in eastern Ukraine blast". The Washington Post. 31 August 2018.
^"Парламент ДНР сменил исполняющего обязанности главы республики". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^"Head of self-proclaimed 'DNR' 'promises new phase of combat operations' after 'becoming part of Russia'". Meduza. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^Rosenberg, Steve (8 June 2014). "The Ukrainians who are nostalgic for their Soviet past". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014.
^ a bGrigas, Agnia (23 March 2016). "Separatists Launch New "Passportization" Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^У "ДНР" заявили, що запровадили "подвійне громадянство" [The "DNR" said that they have introduced "dual citizenship"]. Espreso TV. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^"Russia starts giving passports to Ukrainians". dw.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a bKazanskyi, Denys (7 March 2020). "The march of dis-integration". The Ukrainian Week. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a bShilov, Vladimir (6 March 2020). Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком [The Russian language has become the sole state language in the DPR]. Российская газета (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^(in Ukrainian) The leader of fighters Pushilin gathered in "United Russia" Archived 15 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainska Pravda (15 July 2021) (in Ukrainian) "United Russia" went on the offensive in the Donbass Archived 15 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (15 July 2021)
^"У Путіна запевняють: Роздаємо паспорти РФ на Донбасі не для анексії ОРДЛО" [At Putin assure: We distribute passports of the Russian Federation in Donbass not for annexation of ORDLO]. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Gorst, Isabel (1 March 2014). "In northeast Ukraine, pro-Maidan occupiers are routed by counter-demonstrators". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^Tadtaev, Georg (10 January 2020). "В Абхазии заявили об участии украинцев в попытке госпереворота" [Abkhazia announces the Involvement of Ukrainians in Attempted Coup]. RBK Group (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^Morrison, Thea (3 October 2018). "Russia Advises Abkhazia to Recognize Lugansk and Donetsk". Georgia Today. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^"Захарченко сделал Кобзона 20-м "Героем ДНР" (+видео)". Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^"Chechen armed forces assemble to honour Putin and his ally Kadyrov". Reuters. 7 October 2022.
^ a b"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received until 22 June 2014" (Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^"Separatists urge Russia to annex Donetsk in wake of referendum". Financial Times. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022.
^Shishkin, Philip (9 July 2014). "Rebel Stronghold in Ukraine Braces for Its Showdown". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^"Militants steal Hr 15 million in Donetsk bank". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^McLaughlin, Daniel (23 July 2014). "Fear grips Donetsk as Ukraines forces vow to crush pariah rebels". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^Karatnycky, Adrian (8 July 2014). "Putin's Ukraine Assault: In a Shambles but Far From Over". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^Kuprijanova, Inna; Jolkver, Nikita (7 December 2014). "Calm before the storm in Donetsk". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^ a bTereshchenko, Andriy (8 September 2014). "Навіщо Ощадбанк порушує заборону НБУ на роботу в зоні АТО" [Why Oschadbank violates the NBU's ban on work in the ATO zone]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian and Russian). Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
^Sukhov, Oleg (11 December 2014). "Pensioners travel outside of separatist areas to get their cash". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.
^ a b c d e f g hGrove, Thomas; Baczynska, Gabriela (30 October 2014). "East Ukraine separatists hold vote to gain legitimacy, promise normalcy". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
^"Жінки дали бойовикам 2 місяці на те, щоб забратися з Донецька – РНБО" [Women gave militants two months to get out of Donetsk – NSDC]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014.
^"'Donetsk People's Republic' seeks sense of nationhood". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017.
^ a b"Non-transparent 'justice systems' set up in rebel-controlled Donbas areas mostly non-functional – OSCE SMM". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015.
^"О Министерстве | МИНИСТЕРСТВО ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ ДОНЕЦКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ". xn–b1aea3ais.xn–p1acf. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^"Donetsk Separatists Introduce Death Penalty for Treason". The Moscow Times. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^"Russia and the Separatists in Eastern Ukraine" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 5 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2016.
^ a bJanjevic, Darko (31 August 2018). "Ukraine: Top rebel leader killed in blast". dw.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Losh, Jack (10 February 2016). "Paranoia and Purges: The Dark and Dirty Battle for Power in Rebel-Held Ukraine". VICE News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
^"Донбасс. Грязь и кровь "братской войны"". Росбалт. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
^"В Луганске взорвали машину главы ЛНР". tvrain.ru. 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
^"Pro-Russian militant leader from Eastern Ukraine shot dead near Moscow – media". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^Balmforth, Tom (20 September 2016). "Prominent Ukrainian Anti-Maidan Activist Killed in Moscow Restaurant". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^Pavlov, Arsen (16 October 2016). Командир ополчения ДНР Моторола убит в Донецке. Interfax.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^"В ДНР погиб командир батальона "Сомали" Гиви". tvrain.ru. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^"Ukraine lawmakers ban 'Communist and Nazi propaganda'". Deutsche Welle. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^""Газета.ру" рассказала о том, как в плену "ДНР" и "ЛНР" пытали своих же". Gazeta.ru. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^Shenfield, Stephen D. (2022). "In Isolation: Dispatches from Occupied Donbas by Stanislav Aseyev, and: From the Fires of War: Ukraine's Azov Movement and the Global Far Right by Michael Colborne (review)". Slavonic and East European Review. 100 (2): 391–393. doi:10.1353/see.2022.0034. ISSN 2222-4327.
^"Ukraine: Russia-backed separatists lift death penalty moratorium". www.aljazeera.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k lLikhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 18–28. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ a bAverre, Derek (2018). Wolczuk, Kataryna (ed.). The Ukraine Conflict: Security, Identity and Politics in the Wider Europe. Routledge. pp. 90–91. doi:10.4324/9781315170770-9. ISBN 978-1-315-17077-0. S2CID 240042370. Separatist ideologues in the Donbas, such as they are, have therefore produced a strange melange since 2014. Of what Marlène Laruelle (2016) has called the 'three colours' of Russian nationalism designed for export—red (Soviet), white (Orthodox) and brown (fascist) ... there are arguably more real fascists on the rebel side than the Ukrainian side
^ a bYudina, Natalia (2015). "Russian nationalists fight Ukrainian war", in: Journal on Baltic Security, Volume 1, Issue 1 (de Gruyter). pp.47–69. doi:10.1515/jobs-2016-0012.
^ a bLaruelle, Marlene (26 June 2014). "Is anyone in charge of Russian nationalists fighting in Ukraine?". The Washington Post. Many mercenaries are related, directly or indirectly, to the Russian National Unity (RNU) movement of Alexander Barkashov ... The RNU is supposedly closely associated to members of the self-proclaimed government of Donetsk and in particular of Dmitri Boitsov, leader of the Orthodox Donbass organization ... The volunteers come from several other Russian nationalist groups: the Eurasianist Youth inspired by the Fascist and neo-Eurasianist geopolitician Alexander Dugin; the now-banned Movement Against Illegal Immigration led by Alexander Belov; the group 'Sputnik and Pogrom'; the national-socialist Slavic Union of Dmitri Demushkin; several small groups inspired by monarchism such as the Russian Imperial Movement
^Saunders, Robert; Strukov, Vlad (2019). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. pp. 581–582. ISBN 978-0-8108-5475-8. OCLC 465681761. Russian National Unity (RNU), banned ultranationalist political party ... a number of RNU members joined separatist forces in the breakaway republics of Donetsk and Lugansk
^Snyder, Timothy (17 March 2014). "Far-Right Forces are Influencing Russia's Actions in Crimea". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a bKuzio, Taras (2015). Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism. ABC-CLIO. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-1-4408-3502-5. OCLC 898167438. the Russian Orthodox Army, one of a number of separatist units fighting for the "Orthodox faith," revival of the Tsarist Empire, and the Russkii Mir. Igor Girkin (Strelkov [Shooter]), who led the Russian capture of Slovyansk in April 2014, was an example of the Russian nationalists who have sympathies to pro-Tsarist and extremist Orthodox groups in Russia. ... the Russian Imperial Movement ... has recruited thousands of volunteers to fight with the separatists. ... such as the Russian Party of National Unity who uses a modified swastika as their party symbol and Dugin's Eurasianist movement. The paramilitaries of both of these ... are fighting alongside separatists.
^ a bTownsend, Mark (20 March 2022). "Russian mercenaries in Ukraine linked to far-right extremists". The Guardian. Russian mercenaries fighting in Ukraine, including the Kremlin-backed Wagner Group, have been linked to far-right extremism ... Much of the extremist content, posted on Telegram and the Russian social media platform VKontakte (VK), relates to a far-right unit within the Wagner Group called Rusich ... One post on the messaging app Telegram, dated 15 March, shows the flag of the Russian Imperial Movement (RIM), a white-supremacist paramilitary ... Another recent VK posting lists Rusich as part of a coalition of separatist groups and militias including the extreme far-right group, Russian National Unity.
^Šmíd, Tomáš; Šmídová, Alexandra (1 June 2021). "Anti-government Non-state Armed Actors in the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine". Mezinárodní vztahy. 56 (2): 48–49. doi:10.32422/mv-cjir.1778. ISSN 2570-9429. S2CID 236341469. Another group of Russian citizens who became involved in the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine were members of the so-called right-wing units of the Russian Spring
^Afrinogenov, Gregory (2 March 2022). "The Seeds of War". Dissent.
^"Захарченко заявил, что зауважал Правый сектор". Korrespondent.net (in Russian). 18 July 2015.
^Cole, Brendan (5 April 2022). "Pro-Russian Fighter With Nazi Patches Gets Medal for Killing 'Nazis'". Newsweek. Retrieved 1 May 2022. Video shared by Storyful shows a soldier, named as Lieutenant Roman Vorobyov from the "Somalia" motorized rifle battalion, receiving the "St. George's Cross II" award while wearing far-right insignia.
^Loh, Matthew (6 April 2022). "A soldier with neo-Nazi symbols on his arm was given a medal by a Russia-backed separatist republic for killing Ukrainian 'nationalists'". Business Insider. The head of the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic in Ukraine has been seen in a video awarding a medal to a fighter ... Published on April 3 through the Russia-backed republic's website, the footage also shows the fighter wearing symbols used by neo-Nazis. [...] the video posted on Pushilin's official website did not show Vorobyov receiving his medal
^ a b"Путин подписал указы о признании ЛНР и ДНР". TASS (in Russian). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^"Ukraine cuts N Korea ties over recognition of separatist regions". Al Jazeera. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^Wagdy, Lilian; Najem, Lina (29 June 2022). Evans, Catherine (ed.). "Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk -state news agency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^McFall, Caitlin (16 June 2022). "Syria to become first to recognize Donetsk, Luhansk 'republics' in Ukraine in support of Russia's war". Fox News. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^"South Ossetia Recognizes 'Luhansk People's Republic'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^"Abkhazia recognises Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk". OC Media. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^"Ukraine Extends Donbas Special Status Law By One Year". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^"Pro-Russian rebels officially labelled terrorists by Ukraine government". CBC News. 27 January 2015.
^ a bMaria Kiselyova; Pavel Polityuk (18 February 2017). Adrian Croft (ed.). "Putin orders Russia to recognize documents issued in rebel-held east Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^"Putin Signs Decree Temporarily Recognizing Passports Issued By Separatists In Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Light, Felix (15 February 2022). "Russian Parliament Backs Plan to Recognize Breakaway Ukrainian Regions". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^Coynash, Halya (11 May 2014). "Four years of Kremlin's 'Donbas republics' and their far-right and left-wing friends". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Retrieved 6 April 2022. politicians, usually from the far-right or extreme left, give when they appear for their all-expenses-paid visits, via Russia, to Donbas.
^Sierra, Gustavo (14 June 2020). "Club Partizan, el campo de entrenamiento militar en Rusia para los neonazis del mundo (Club Partizan, the military training ground in Russia for the neo-Nazis of the world)". Infobae. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement". Malcontent News. 6 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Combat training for European neo-Nazis in Russia". Lansing Institute. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^Vorkapić, Mirko (14 October 2022). "V 'denacifikacijo' Ukrajine tudi ruski neonacisti" [Russian neo-Nazis are also involved in the 'denazification' of Ukraine]. 24ur.com.
^Shekhovtsov, Anton (6 June 2014). "Polish fascists are joining with pro-Russian right-wing extremists". Anton Shekhovtsov's blog.
^Shekhovtsov, Anton (11 June 2014). "Anton Shekhovtsov's blog: Italian fascists from Millennium ally with pro-Russian right-wing extremists". Anton Shekhovtsov's blog.
^Shekhovtsov, Anton (27 August 2014). "Anton Shekhovtsov's blog: French Eurasianists join (pro-)Russian extremists in Eastern Ukraine". Anton Shekhovtsov's blog.
^Šmíd, Tomáš & Šmídová, Alexandra. (2021). Anti-government Non-state Armed Actors in the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Czech Journal of International Relations, Volume 56, Issue 2. pp.51–52.
^Bulfon, Floriana (5 April 2022). "Simboli nazisti sull'uniforme del combattente premiato dai filo-russi di Donetsk". la Repubblica (in Italian).
^Vaux, Pierre (14 May 2015). "Marine Le Pen's Closest Advisor Comes Out of the Shadows in Donetsk". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^"German neo-Nazi demonstrators with a Kremlin-backed militant cause". khpg.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^"Some 20 Finns fought against Ukraine in Donbas, facing no consequences in Finland – media". Euromaidan Press. 13 May 2024. "Johan Backman says that he continues to help Finns who have gone to Eastern Ukraine to fight. He does not feel responsible for the people he recruits." Johan Bäckman is an important central figure for Finnish fighters, who had organized their travel from Finland to the Donbas and engaged them in illegal activities there. Janus Kostia Putkonen arrived in Donbas from Moscow via Rostov, southern Russia, in March 2015.
^"Itä-Ukrainassa Venäjän puolesta taistelleet suomalaiset kehuskelevat kokemuksillaan – muualla Euroopassa vierastaistelijoita on tuomittu rikoksista". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Wednesday's papers: Neo-nazi training, employment discrimination, fighting swans". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Finnish Neo-Nazis attend paramilitary trainings in Russia". European Jewish Congress. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Suomen uusnatsit hankkivat nyt oppia Venäjältä: järjestön koulutuskeskus järjestää haulikko- ja pistooliammuntaa, "partisaanikursseja" ja kieltää kiroilun". Helsingin Sanomat. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"The curious case of Janus Putkonen. How propaganda abroad becomes a threat at home". Uacrisis.org. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Analyysi: Itä-Ukrainan propagandisti Janus Putkonen lyö Putinin leiman Helsingin Convoy-protestiin – monologeissa talvisota sotketaan Venäjän uhkapuheisiin". Kaleva (in Finnish). Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^Jackson, Patrick (1 September 2014). "Ukraine war pulls in foreign fighters". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^"Un grupo de españoles resucitan las Brigadas Internacionales y acuden a Ucrania a combatir" [A group of Spaniards resuscitate the International Brigades and go to Ukraine to fight] (in Spanish). Europapress. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
^Sokol, Sam (20 August 2015). "Israeli communist joins Ukrainian rebels to fight 'fascists and neo-Nazis'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^Координационный центр помощи Новороссии [Coordinational Centre for the assistance of Novorossia] (in Russian). kcpn.info/. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^Susan Witt-Stahl (17 September 2016). "Ucraina, un reportage sulla Brigata Fantasma". contropiano.org (in Italian).
^Rubino, Monica (8 May 2017). "Ucraina, Forenza e "Banda Bassotti" in Donbass con la Carovana antifascista. Kiev li vuole processare per terrorismo". la Repubblica (in Italian).
^Tsalov, Yordan (28 July 2020). "Andrej Hunko and the Party Borotba: Propaganda from the Kremlin to the Bundestag". Bellingcat.
^ a b c"Енріке Менендес: Чи є сенс у блокаді Донбасу?" [Enrique Menendez: Does it make sense to blockade Donbas?]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Russian). 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
^The Central Bank With No Currency, No Interest Rates, But ATMs Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News (16 16 September 2015)
^Official: Moscow will return control over eastern border to Kiev after crisis is settled Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Russian News Agency TASS (15 February 2016)
^"Ukraine crisis: Russia aid convoy 'invades Ukraine'". BBC News. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ a b c"Ukraine Oligarch Put on Spot as Pro-Russian Rebels Nibble at His Empire". The Moscow Times. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^Ion Marandici & Alexandru Leșanu (2021) The Political Economy of the Post-Soviet De Facto States: A Paired Comparison of Transnistria and the Donetsk People's Republic, Problems of Post-Communism, 68:4, 339–351, doi:10.1080/10758216.2020.1785317 "The Political Economy of the Post-Soviet de Facto States: A Paired Comparison of Transnistria and the Donetsk People's Republic | Request PDF". Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a bRoth, Andrew (17 February 2022). "What is the background to the separatist attack in east Ukraine?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^"Separatists cause economic slump in Donbas". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^"Ukraine's intel reveals how much cash Moscow forwards to militants in May". uatoday.tv. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ a bRussian gas for the Donbas: the games being played with Kyiv and Brussels Archived 4 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for Eastern Studies (25 February 2015)
^"Russia, Ukraine Clash Over Politics, Gas". Voice of America. Reuters. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^"Ukraine not planning to supply gas to uncontrolled areas of Donbas in 2015/2016 heating season – energy minister". Interfax-Ukraine. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
^Ukraine closes airspace to all Russian planes Archived 23 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (25 November 2015)
^ a b cKremlin-separatist area gets its own mobile operator Archived 6 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (5 June 2015) Kyivstar switches off mobile network in militant-controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk region Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (5 February 2015)
^"Mobile connection partially restored in war-torn east Ukraine". Yahoo! News. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^"Less gas, more coal: Poland's contradictory approach to Russian energy imports". Notes From Poland. 28 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^The age of marauders Archived 3 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (2 February 2020)
^ a b""Интервью с Гордоном – просто фарс": Герой Донбасса рассказал о "работе на понты" Стрелкова-Гиркина". tsargrad.tv (in Russian). 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ a bKazanskiy, Denis (2020). "Соратник Стрелкова рассказал всю правду о преступлениях "ополчения" ДНР". YouTube. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^Ukraine: growing despair among over three million civilians in a conflict zone – UN report Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations (3 March 2016) Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016 (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 3 March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
^"Eastern Donbas: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ a b c dAlmost 1,000 dead since east Ukraine truce – UN Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (21 November 2014) Ukraine death toll rises to more than 4,300 despite ceasefire – U.N. Archived 16 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters (21 November 2014)
^"7th Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 November 2014" (PDF). OHCHR. 20 November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^Majority of human rights violations in Ukraine committed by militants – UN Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (15 December 2014)
^Bershidsky, Leonid (12 June 2015). "Ukraine's Neo-Nazis Won't Get U.S. Money". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^Parfitt, Tom (11 August 2014). "Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^"Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 November 2014" (PDF). OHCHR. 15 November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ a b"Eastern Ukraine: Humanitarian disaster looms as food aid blocked" (Press release). Amnesty International. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ a b"Human Rights Watch: Ukrainian forces are rocketing civilians Archived 20 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine". The Washington Post. 25 July 2014.
^ a b"Ukraine: Unguided Rockets Killing Civilians – Stop Use of Grads in Populated Areas". Human Rights Watch. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ a b"Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine: 1 December 2014 to 15 February 2015" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2 March 2015. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^"Who killed Batman? Pro-Russian separatist's death blamed on Ukraine and other separatists". International Business Times. 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^"Surviving hell – testimonies of victims on places of illegal detention in Donbas". Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights. osce.org. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^Gosiewska, Małgorzata (2 March 2016). "Report: Russian War Crimes in Eastern Ukraine in 2014 (First published December 2015)" (PDF). donbasswarcrimes.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ a b"Jews ordered to register in east Ukraine". USA Today. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Michael Salberg, director of the international affairs at the New York City-based Anti-Defamation League, said it's unclear if the leaflets were issued by the pro-Russian leadership or a splinter group operating within the pro-Russian camp.
^Margalit, Michal. "Donetsk leaflet: Jews must register or face deportation". Ynet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^Mezzofiore, Gianluca (16 April 2014). "Donetsk Pro-Russians Order Jews to 'Register or be Deported' for Supporting Kiev Rule". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^Nyhan, Brendan (24 April 2014). "The Downside of Registering Outrage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^"Flier calling on Donetsk Jews to register now widely seen as fake". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^"Relax Ukraine is Not Ordering Its Jews to Register". New Republic. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^"Ukraine: authenticity of anti-Semitic leaflets under scrutiny in Donetsk". France 24. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^"Ukraine Leaflets Calling for Jewish Registration 'Were Faked'". International Business Times. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^Luhn, Alec. "Antisemitic flyer 'by Donetsk People's Republic' in Ukraine a hoax". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^Vasovic, Aleksandar; MacDonald, Alastair (19 April 2014). "Ukraine rabbi seeks end to anti-Semitism row – in vain". Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
^Luhn, Alec (18 April 2014). "Antisemitic flyer 'by Donetsk People's Republic' in Ukraine a hoax". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^Nemtsova, Anna (17 April 2014). "Jews in East Ukraine Are Being Threatened, But By Whom?". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^РЕЛІГІЯ, ЦЕРКВА, СУСПІЛЬСТВО І ДЕРЖАВА: ДВА РОКИ ПІСЛЯ МАЙДАНУ (Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan) Archived 22 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 2016 report by Razumkov Center in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches. pp. 27–29.
^Blair, David (18 June 2014). "Beaten and threatened: the 'Donetsk People's Republic' turns on city's priests". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ a bMiletitch, Nicolas (3 June 2014). "Ukraine crisis deepens rift between Orthodox Churches". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^Pistone, Luca (15 August 2015). "Paganos de Rodnovery también participan en el conflicto ucraniano" [Rodnovery Pagans are also involved in the Ukrainian conflict] (in Spanish). es-us.noticias.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015.
^"Locked up in the Donbas A look at the mass arrests and torture of civilians in Donetsk and Lugansk" Archived 2 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Meduza, 7 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^"Донецкий митрополит недоволен "законом ДНР" "О свободе совести"". 62.ua – Сайт города Донецка. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015.
^"Ukrainian Roma: The government treats us like stepchildren". Romea.cz. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ a b"Pro-Russian Separatists Loot, Assault Romani in Sloviansk". Ukrainian Policy. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^ a b"Statement of Concern Regarding Attacks on gypsies in Ukraine". USOSCE. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ a b"Russia and Fascism: When the thief cries "Stop thief!"". Romea.cz. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
^"В Славянске снова устроили ромский погром" [Another pogrom against the gypsies occurred in Sloviansk]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^Сепаратисты объяснили погромы ромов в Славянске [Separatists explained the gypsy pogroms in Sloviansk] (in Russian). Novosti Donetsk. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
^Яценюк поручил привлекать к ответственности за распространение антисемитизма и ксенофобии [Yatsenyuk orders prosecutions of those spreading anti-Semitism and xenophobia] (in Russian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^"Ukraine News One: Donetsk gay club attacked by separatists (VIDEO)". Kyiv Post. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
^Gays in Donetsk face fear as Russian influence takes grip Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (31 July 2015)
^"Violation of LGBTI Rights in Crimea and Donbass: The Problem of Homophobia in Territories Beyond Ukraine's Control" (PDF). Center for Civil Liberties. 2016. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
^"Сепаратисты в Славянске объявили "охоту" на украиноязычных – СМИ" [Sloviansk separatists declared a "hunt" for people speaking the Ukrainian language]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 18 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
^ a bWatson, Ivan; Formanek, Ingrid (24 July 2014). "Journalist working for CNN detained in Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^"Ukraine: Mounting evidence of war crimes and Russian involvement" (Press release). Amnesty International. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^"Impunity reigns for abductions and ill-treatment by pro-Kyiv vigilantes in eastern Ukraine" (Press release). Amnesty International. 6 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^"Ужасные кадры из пыточной террористов в Дружковке (ВИДЕО)". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^"Urgent Action: Imprisoned Journalist Must Be Released" (PDF) (Press release). Amnesty International. 21 July 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^"OSCE Representative calls for immediate release of Donetsk journalist Stanislav Aseev one year after his illegal detention" (Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^"The land of Stas". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 December 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
^"EFJ calls again for immediate release of Donetsk journalist Stanislav Aseev". European Federation of Journalists. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^"Украина: Блогер удерживается про-российскими сепаратистами" (in Russian). Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^"STANISLAV ASEYEV'S DETENTION APPROACHES TWO-YEAR MARK AMID GLOBAL PLEAS FOR HIS RELEASE". PEN America. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^"US at OSCE urges to release Stanislav Aseyev and other imprisoned Ukrainians". Ukrinform. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^"For a Ukrainian Journalist, War Evokes Scars From Captivity". The New York Times. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^"Гиркин признался в убийстве трех украинцев". gordonua.com. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ a bSullivan, Helen (3 August 2023). "Russia 'systematically' forcing Ukrainians to accept citizenship, US report finds". the Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
^Conflict Observatory Publication Portal Redirection. 25 May 2023 https://hub.conflictobservatory.org/portal/apps/sites/#/home/pages/passport-1. Retrieved 3 August 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c d e fLosh, Jack (16 August 2015). "Rebel-held Ukraine overhauls education system as it aligns itself with Russia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^"Self-proclaimed Donetsk republic introduces 'statehood lessons' at schools". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ a b c d eBarros, George; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Gasparyan, Davit; Ganzeveld, Annika (16 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 September 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on September 16 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to northwestern Andriivka (further southeast of Chasiv Yar), confirming Russian claims from May 23 that Russian forces seized the settlement [...] Russian sources began reporting at least by September 6 that Ukrainian forces successfully counterattacked in Selydove and pushed Russian forces out of the eastern part of the town, and Russian and Ukrainian sources have both reported that the frontline in the Selydove area is now located at the railway line between Mykhailivka and Selydove — consistent with available geolocated evidence [...] Geolocated footage published on September 16 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to Buriaka Street in northern Zhelanne Pershe (southeast of Pokrovsk).
^Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Mappes, Grace; Philipson, Layne; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 28". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Geolocated imagery shows that Russian forces likely captured Ozarianivka (a village about 15km southwest of Bakhmut) around November 27 and 28. Multiple Russian sources claimed that Russian forces also captured Kurdiumivka (13km southwest of Bakhmut), Klishchiivka (7km southwest of Bakhmut), Andriivka (10km southwest of Bakhmut), Zelenopillia
^Bailey, Riley; Williams, Madison; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 December 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 1". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Social media sources and a Russian milblogger posted photos on December 1 showing Russian forces south of Bakhmut in Kurdyumivka and Ozarianivka. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces completely control Andriivka
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Williams, Madison; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 December 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 22". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024. A Russian journalist posted footage on December 22 from Andriivka (10km south of Bakhmut) indicating that Russian forces are in the settlement.
^Balmforth, Tom; Pruchnicka, Anna (15 September 2023). "Ukraine troops retake village south of Bakhmut, military says". Reuters. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 May 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces [...] are conducting reconnaissance-in-force operations near Ivanivka's southern outskirts. [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized Andriivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 22 [...] likely indicates that Russian forces recently seized Umanske
^ a b c d e fHarward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ a bBailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (1 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2 May 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces [...] been operating within southern Arkhanhelske (northeast of Ocheretyne and north of Avdiivka) for the past two days. [...] Geolocated footage published on May 1 indicates that Russian forces advanced in southern Urozhaine
^Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^"Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians". New York Times. 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Ilyushina, Mary (23 May 2023). "Russia controls Bakhmut, for now, but holding it will be difficult". The Washington Post.
^"Putin congratulates Russia troops, Wagner for 'capturing Bakhmut'". Al Jazeera. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 27". The Institute for the Study of War. 27 December 2022.
^ a b c d e fBailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^ a bBailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Russian milbloggers largely claimed on February 29 that Russian forces captured Berdychi (northwest of Avdiivka) and Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) on February 28 and most or all of Orlivka (west of Avdiivka) amid continued heavy fighting on February 29
^Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina (1 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on March 1 indicates that elements of the Russian 15th Motorized Rifle Brigade (2nd Combined Arms Army [CAA], Central Military District [CMD]) recently advanced into eastern Berdychi (northwest of Avdiivka).
^Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (12 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 12 shows that Russian forces recently marginally advanced north of Berdychi
^Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina (21 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 April 2024. Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces seized Berdychi
^ a b c d e fHird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 26". ISW. 27 July 2022.
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George; Clark, Mason. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 11, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ a bHird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George (8 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 8 shows that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Bohdanivka
^ a bHarward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 January 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. Russian sources, including the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD), claimed that Russian forces captured Vesele (northeast of Bakhmut) on January 18 [...] Geolocated footage published on January 17 shows that Russian forces recently made a marginal gain in the residential area in northern Bohdanivka (northwest of Bakhmut).
^"LPR Interior Ministry confirms preparations for advance on Slavyansk". TASS. 11 July 2022.
^"Ukrainian forces regained Bohorodychne and likely moved forward in Donetsk Oblast". Euromaidan Press. 12 September 2022.
^ a bKhurshudyan, Isabelle; Hendrix, Steve; Lamothe, Dan; Rauhala, Emily; Stern, David L. (12 September 2022). "Ukraine extends battlefield gains as Kremlin reels from setback". The Washington Post. Kyiv, Ukraine.
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 May 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed on May 18 that Russian forces entered Myasozharivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 18 indicates that Russian forces advanced during mechanized assaults on May 17 and 18 within and southeast of the Kanal Microraion [...] Geolocated footage published on May 19 indicates that Russian forces advanced [...] in eastern Paraskoviivka
^ a b cHarward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina (4 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 April 2024. Russian forces conducted a roughly reinforced company-sized mechanized assault towards Chasiv Yar (west of Bakhmut) on April 4 and advanced up to the eastern outskirts of the settlement. [...] Geolocated footage published on April 3 indicates that Russian forces [...] also seized a large portion of southern Ivanivske
^"Hope and fear on Donetsk streets after Putin move". Reuters. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ a b c dMappes, Grace; Barros, George; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole (3 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 July 2024. Geolocated footage published on July 3 confirms that Russian forces have advanced over one kilometer from the previously confirmed Russian front line of own troops towards the eastern outskirts of Druzhba (east of Toretsk) and gained new positions along Sadova Street. Additional geolocated footage published on July 2 and July 3 shows that Russian forces advanced about 1.8 kilometers west along Kalynova Street towards the eastern outskirts of the Pivnichne-Druzhba area (also east of Toretsk) and into southeastern Pivnichne
^ a b c d e fEvans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (18 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
^ a b c dMappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (19 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 June 2024. A prominent Russian milblogger reported on June 17 and 18 that Ukrainian forces seized Tykhe [...] suggesting that Ukrainian forces likely seized the settlement [...] Geolocated footage published on June 10 and 18 shows that Ukrainian forces also recently recaptured areas in southern and central Starytsya [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced to eastern Pivnichne [...], to the administrative borders of Zalizne [...], and on the outskirts of Niu York
^ a b cGrynszpan, Emmanuel (4 May 2022). "War in Ukraine: Le Monde's reporter covering the Donbas answers readers' questions". Le Monde. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace (3 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 September 2024. Geolocated footage published on September 3 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Halytsynivka (southeast of Pokrovsk), and ISW assesses that Russian forces have likely seized the settlement.
^ a b c dBarros, George; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (31 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 31, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 30 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced south of Karlivka (southeast of Pokrovsk) and seized the Chervonoarmiiska Filtration Station, and geolocated footage published on August 31 indicates that Russian forces recently seized northern Halytsynivka (southeast of Pokrovsk).
^ a b cEvans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George (14 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024. Geolocated footage published on June 14 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Heorhiivka and advanced within eastern Maksymilyanivka
^Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (15 January 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 January 2024. Geolocated footage published on January 15 shows that Russian forces advanced on the eastern outskirts of Heorhiivka (west of Donetsk City)
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (5 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 June 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to 1 kilometer within Paraskoviivka [...] Milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces advanced in a windbreak near Kostyantynivka [...] Some milbloggers also claimed [...] that there are some unconfirmed reports that Russian troops seized all of Heorhiivka.
^Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (6 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 14 June 2024. Russian milbloggers continued to claim that Russian forces seized Heorhiivka
^ a b c dKagan, Frederick W.; Zehrung, Haley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (26 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 September 2024. Geolocated footage published on September 24, 25, and 26 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into eastern Mykolaivka (east of Pokrovsk and just west of Hrodivka), north and northeast of Mykolaivka, and into northern Hirnyk (southeast of Pokrovsk and Selydove) [...] The spokesperson for a Ukrainian brigade defending near Kostyantynivka reported that Ukrainian forces also maintain defensive positions near the settlement and are defending against ongoing Russian mechanized assaults in the area.
^Bailey, Riley; Gasparyan, Davit; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
^ a b"Russia invades Ukraine". Reuters. 9 March 2022.
^ a b cWells, Katherine; Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley; Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley (12 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 14 September 2024. Geolocated footage published on September 11 of Russian soldiers freely operating in southern Ukrainsk (southeast of Pokrovsk) and interacting with Ukrainian civilian volunteers indicates that Russian forces have recently advanced in the southern part of the town [...] Geolocated footage published on September 12 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into Hostre
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (22 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 September 2024. A Kremlin-affiliated Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces seized Nelipivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Hostre
^ a b c d e f g h i jHird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole (15 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that elements of the Russian 109th Motorized Rifle Regiment (1st "Slovyansk" Motorized Rifle Brigade, 1st Donetsk People's Republic [DNR] Army Corps [AC]) seized Zalizne (southeast of Toretsk) [...] Geolocated footage published on August 14 and 15 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced within Hrodivka (east of Pokrovsk), Mykolaivka, Zhelanne, and Orlivka (all southeast of Pokrovsk) and likely seized Zhelanne and Orlivka [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces also advanced towards Novohrodivka [...] Russian forces conducted offensive operations northeast of Pokrovsk near [...] Novohrodivka [...] on August 14 and 15.
^ a b"The enemy occupied Lysychne, Ivanivka, Svyrydonivka and advanced in Hrodivka, Kostiantynivka, Nevelske, near Serhiyivka, Pishchane and Novotoretske. The enemy was pushed back near Stelmakhivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 13 August 2024.
^ a b c dWolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 4 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced further within Vesele (east of Pokrovsk) and have seized most of the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to a kilometer in depth and 2.35 kilometers in width west of Novoselivka Persha towards Mezhove (southeast of Pokrovsk) and advanced further within Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk).
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna (13 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 August 2024. Mashovets and a Russian milblogger stated that Russian forces advanced in Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk) on August 13, indicating that Russian forces likely seized the settlement.
^ a b cBailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit; Parry, Andie (25 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 July 2024. Geolocated footage published on July 24 indicates that Russian forces advanced up to the southeastern outskirts of Kostyantynivka (southwest of Donetsk City) during a reinforced battalion-size mechanized assault.
^ a b"The enemy advanced near Prohres, Lysychne, Vesele, Zhelanne and Panteleimonivka. Fighting continues in Zaliznychne and near Ivano-Daryivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 25 July 2024.
^Hird, Karolina; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (2 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 2, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 August 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces operating northwest of Avdiivka advanced in fields southwest of Tymofiivka and Prohres and entered southeastern Ivanivka.
^Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina (9 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 9 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Novooleksandrivka and within Ivanivka (both east of Pokrovsk).
^""Russian Army Claims Seized Ukrainian Village Near Bakhmut"". The Moscow Times. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 March 2024. Some Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to Sadova Street in eastern Ivanivske
^Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (4 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 March 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 3 shows that Russian forces advanced into central Ivanivske (west of Bakhmut).
^Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Carter, Brian; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 March 2024. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on March 23 that Russian forces captured Ivanivske
^Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (3 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 2 shows that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Ivanivske
^ a b c d e fBailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^ a b c dStepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (17 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (14 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 14, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
^Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (30 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 June 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced into central Kalynivka
^Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 June 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on May 31 shows a Russian MT-LB cross the Siverskyi Donets Donbas Canal near Kalynivka
^ a bBarros, George; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit (27 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 August 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on August 27 indicates that Russian forces have marginally advanced in southeastern Hrodivka (east of Pokrovsk and northeast of Novohrodivka) and have seized Kalynove
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (15 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 June 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed on June 15 that Russian forces entered Karlivka [...] A Russian milblogger claimed on June 14 that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces from Paraskoviivka
^ a b c d e f gHird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (23 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
^Hlushchenko, Olha (31 August 2024). "Russians reportedly occupy Karlivka in Donetsk Oblast". Ukrainska Pravda.
^Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 November 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 29, 2023". Critical Threats. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces captured Khromove (on the western outskirts of Bakhmut).
^Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (30 December 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 30, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^Karolina Hird; Riley Bailey; Angelica Evans; Kateryna Stepanenko; Frederick W. Kagan (17 September 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 September 2023. A Russian milblogger claimed that artillery and occasional combat engagements occur near Strilecha (25km northeast of Kharkiv City) on the international border.
^Christina Harward; Nicole Wolkov; Angelica Evans; Kateryna Stepanenko; Frederick W. Kagan (22 September 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 22, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ a b cHarward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (20 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 20, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ a b cStepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 May 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to 280 meters along Sadova Street within Starytsya [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that elements of the 6th Motorized Rifle Division (3rd Army Corps [AC]) seized Klishchiivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 20 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced up to the eastern outskirts of Novooleksandrivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 21 and 22 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced within southern Staromayorske
^ a b c d e f g hHird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (22 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 22 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Ptyche (southeast of Pokrovsk) and advanced further south of the settlement, and ISW assesses that this confirms Russian claims that Russian forces had previously seized the remainder of the east bank of the Karlivske Reservoir in the area.
^"The enemy captured Komyshivka, Zavitne and Novozhelanne and advanced near Mykolaivka. The advance of the Ukrainian Defense Forces in the Kursk region has been updated". DeepStateMap.Live. 21 August 2024.
^Balachuk, Iryna (10 March 2022). "За добу російські війська на Донбасі вбили 11 людей, серед них – дитина" [During the day, Russian troops in the Donbas killed 11 people – among them, a child]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^"Five civilians injured in Russia's shelling of Kostiantynivka". www.ukrinform.net. 17 September 2022.
^ a b cBarros, George; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina (28 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 August 2024. Russian and some Ukrainian sources reported that Russian forces have reached the eastern outskirts of Selydove (further southeast of Pokrovsk) and are advancing into the town following Ukrainian withdrawals from some positions in eastern Selydove. [...] Mashovets reported on August 28 that elements of the 90th Tank Division (41st CAA, CMD), with support of elements of the 27th Motorized Rifle Division managed to break through towards Selydove from the north along the E50 Selydove-Karlivka route, which is consistent with recent Russian claims of Russian advances into Selydove via Mykhailivka (just east of Selydove) [...] The Ukrainian General Staff [...] noted that over half of the Russian ground attacks in the Pokrovsk direction on August 28 were concentrated near Selydove and Novohrodivka [...] Geolocated footage published on August 27 shows Russian forces, reportedly of the Republic of Tatarstan volunteer-based 1st "Timer" Battalion of the 57th Motorized Rifle Regiment (6th Motorized Rifle Division, 3rd AC), planting a flag in western Kostyantynivka (northeast of Vuhledar) at a position along Shakhtarska Street, indicating that Russian forces have likely seized the whole settlement.
^"Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
^ a bHird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 September 2024. Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka.
^ a b c d e f g h iBarros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bergeron, Thomas. "Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (9 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 April 2024. Russian forces recently advanced west of Avdiivka and likely captured Pervomaiske (southwest of Avdiivka) as of April 9. [...] Geolocated footage published on April 8 shows that Russian forces made gains along Vatutin Street in southeastern Krasnohorivka
^ a b c dBailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (24 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
^ a bHarding, Luke (1 October 2022). "Ukrainian forces perform victory dance after liberating eastern city of Lyman". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^ a b"Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response". Reuters. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason; Barros, George (26 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 26". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^"Russia squeezes Ukrainian strongholds in eastern Donbas region". AP NEWS. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^"Russia claims seizure of key Ukrainian transport hub in boost for Putin". The Daily Telegraph. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 12". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^Grove, Thomas (2 October 2022). "Ukraine Gains Full Control of Lyman, Days After Putin Claimed Russia Rules There". The Wall Street Journal. Kyiv, Ukraine.
^ a b c dBailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (26 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George; Bailey, Riley (16 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Clark, Mason. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ a b cEvans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2024. Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced in eastern Maksymilyanivka [...] Elements of the Russian 238th Artillery Brigade reportedly continue operating near Maksymilyanivka
^ a b"Defense forces advanced near Martynivka. The enemy occupied Mezhove, Skuchne and Zhuravka, and advanced near Hrodivka and Zavetne. Heavy fighting for New York continues". DeepStateMap.Live. 19 August 2024.
^ a b"Ukraine war: Russia captures key town near Donetsk". BBC. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 24". ISW. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina (23 April 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 23". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^"Ukraine Hits Major Russian Warship, but Loses Ground in the East". The New York Times. 26 December 2023.
^ a bStashevskyi, Ciaran McQuillan and Oleksandr (17 May 2022). "Longest battle ends as Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steel mill". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
^ a bBarros, George; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (1 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 September 2024. Geolocated footage published on September 1 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Mykhailivka and within central Dolynivka (both southeast of Pokrovsk), and ISW assesses that Russian forces likely seized the settlements.
^ a bBailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit (18 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
^Himtak, Olga (26 August 2024). "ЗС РФ просунулися у трьох населених пунктах поблизу Покровська, — DeepState (карта)" [Russian Armed Forces advanced in three settlements near Pokrovsk, — DeepState (map)]. Focus (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
^ a b c d eBarros, George; Angelica, Evans; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (29 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 August 2024. Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces are fighting on the northeastern outskirts of Ukrainsk [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to the southeastern outskirts of Myrnohrad (immediately east of Pokrovsk) and have begun small arms battles with Ukrainian forces in the town, although a Ukrainian military observer described the Russian forces operating in the town as sabotage and reconnaissance groups [...] The reported Russian advance from Novohrodivka to Myrnohrad's outskirts [...] Reported Russian advances into Selydove [...] Geolocated footage posted on August 29 indicates that Russian forces advanced to central Mykhailivka.
^ a bBarros, George; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Gasparyan, Davit (24 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
^Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna (16 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 August 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed on August 16 that Russian forces operating southeast of Pokrovsk advanced southeast of Zhelanne and seized Mykolaivka.
^"The enemy occupied Mykolaivka and advanced near Vodiane, Novozhelanne and Zhelanne. The enemy was pushed back near Otruba". DeepStateMap.Live.
^ a b c d e fBarros, George; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Ganzeveld, Annika (6 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 September 2024. Geolocated footage published on September 5 further clarified the visually-confirmed maximum extent of the Russian forward line of own troops in northern and eastern Niu York, north of Niu York, and into eastern Nelipivka (all south of Toretsk).
^ a b c d e f g hHird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (19 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 August 2024. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on August 19 that elements of the Russian Central Grouping of Forces seized Zalizne [...] Several Russian milbloggers additionally claimed that Russian forces seized all of Niu York [...] Geolocated footage published on August 18 showing a Russian flag in southern Zavitne (southeast of Pokrovsk) indicates that Russian forces recently seized Zavitne and Novozhelanne [...] Some Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces have reached the outskirts of [...] Novohrodivka
^ a bHarward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 May 2024. Another Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces are attacking Prylipka [...] Russian sources claimed that elements of the Russian 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR Army Corps) and other unspecified units forced Ukrainian forces to withdraw from Netaylove.
^ a bHird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (17 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to the southeastern outskirts of Ocheretyne and entered the northern outskirts of Netaylove
^Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 28 and 29 indicates that Russian forces advanced in [...], and in Netaylove
^ a bHarward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (10 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 August 2024. Russian forces likely recently seized Nevelske (southeast of Pokrovsk). Geolocated footage published on August 9 shows Russian forces raising a Russian flag in northwestern Nevelske on the settlement's westernmost administrative border, and Russian sources credited elements of the Russian 110th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR AC) with the seizure of the settlement [...] Russian sources also claimed that Russian forces [...] seized Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk).
^Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (12 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 March 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 11 indicated that Russian forces recently advanced east of Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka), while the Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized the entire settlement on March 12.
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (16 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 March 2024. Russian forces likely captured Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) and Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka) no later than March 16.
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (5 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Russian forces recently seized Kotlyarivka (southeast of Kupyansk) no later than May 4 [...] Geolocated footage published on May 4 indicates that Ukrainian forces may have regained positions in Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka) on an unspecified date. [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces made marginal gains [...] in eastern Paraskoviivka
^ a bRybar (14 May 2024). "Кризисные регионы мира: итоги 13-14 мая" [Crisis regions of the world: results of May 13-14]. RUTUBE (in Russian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ a b c dMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (12 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole (4 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 July 2024. Ukrainian Kharkiv Group of Forces Spokesperson Colonel Yuriy Povkh stated on July 4 that a Russian sabotage and reconnaissance group entered the village of Sotnytskyi Kozachok [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces have almost "completely" seized the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed on July 3 and 4 that Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defenses and advanced into the southwestern outskirts of Niu York
^ a b cHarward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 25 indicates that Russian forces advanced into central Solovyove (northwest of Avdiivka) from Novobakhmutivka after likely seizing all of Novobakhmutivka on the night of April 24 to 25. Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized all of Solovyove on April 25
^ a b cHird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Ganzeveld, Annika; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to and within Novobakhmutivka [...] Geolocated footage published on April 22 shows elements of the Russian 155th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet) planting a flag in western Novomykhailivka
^"As Ukraine waits for US military aid, Russia makes further advances in the east". CNN. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (24 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 April 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Novobakhmutivka
^ a bKorshak, Stefan (28 August 2024). "Russia's Donbas Offensive Rolls On Against Outgunned Ukrainian Troops". Kyiv Post. Russian tanks and infantry backed by powerful artillery and air strikes captured a key settlement and gained new ground in the eastern Donbas sector on Tuesday [...] Ukrainian troops fighting at a 4-to-1 firepower disadvantage were widely reported to have abandoned Novohrodivka [...] Ukrainian mainstream and social media on Wednesday said Kyiv's troops had been pushed out of Novohrodivka
^ a b"Russia advances in eastern Ukraine: Control of Novohrodivka and the strategic push towards Pokrovsk". India Today. 29 August 2024.
^ a b c"The enemy occupied Zhelanne and Orlivka, and advanced in New York, Mykolaivka, Zhuravka and Krasnohorivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 14 August 2024.
^ a b cEvans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Riley, Bailey; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (23 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
^"Ukrainian Defense Forces achieved success near Novovodyane. The enemy advanced near Novohrodivka, Zavitne, Toretsk and Ptyche". DeepStateMap.Live. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
^"Even as it humiliates Russia, Ukraine's line is crumbling in the Donbas". The Economist. 29 August 2024. By the end of General Syrsky's press conference [on 27 August], Russian forces had moved fully into the mining town of Novohrodivka, less than 9km from Pokrovsk.
^Kononuchenko, Vitalii (29 August 2024). "Battle for Pokrovsk. Will Donbas Become Ukrainian Verdun?". Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. As of the evening of August 27, Russian troops completely occupied Novohrodivka
^Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Chistina; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024. Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced to the T-0511 highway in Novokalynove
^Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on April 18 shows that Russian forces entered southeastern Novokalynove
^"В Светлодарске появится "администрация ДНР"" ["DPR administration" will appear in Svitlodarsk]. Kochegarka (in Russian). Chasiv Yar. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^Zinets, Natalia (27 July 2022). "Russian forces capture Ukraine's second biggest power plant, Ukraine says". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
^"Ukraine war: Ukrainians say they have hit an ammunitions site used by the Russians". Sky News. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Kagan, Fredrick W. (6 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 February 2024. Geolocated footage published on February 3 confirms that Russian forces captured Vesele (northwest of Bakhmut). [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to the eastern outskirts of Novomykhailivka - claims consistent with available geolocated evidence.
^"Russia Says Seized Village in East Ukraine's Donetsk Region". 22 April 2024.
^ a b cEvans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024. Geolocated footage posted on April 22 shows Russian forces raising a Russian flag over the Ocheretyne Military-Civilian Administration building in central Ocheretyne [...] Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces have pushed Ukrainian forces out of Semenivka [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on April 22 that Russian forces seized Novomykhailivka
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (11 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 11, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Karr, Liam; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 May 2024. Russian milbloggers subsequently claimed that the capture of Kotlyarivka allowed elements of the Russian 1st Guards Tank Army (Moscow Military District [MMD]) to completely seize Kyslivka [...] Russian milbloggers also claimed [...] that Russian forces reached the outskirts of Novooleksandrivka
^ a b cBailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (8 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Geolocated footage published on May 8 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] towards the eastern outskirts of Novooleksandrivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 8 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] in southern Urozhaine [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces entered Staromayorske [...] and seized up to half of the settlement
^ a bHarward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (8 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (13 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024. Geolocated footage published on June 13 shows that Russian forces advanced to the eastern outskirts of Rozdolivka [...]. Russian milbloggers claimed that elements of the Russian 106th Airborne (VDV) Division have been operating on the eastern outskirts Rozdolivka since June 12 [...] Geolocated footage published on June 13 shows Russian forces raising a flag in western Novopokrovske, and Russian milbloggers widely claimed on June 13 that Russian forces seized the village
^Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (7 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced westward in fields east of Novopokrovske [...] and up to the settlement's southern outskirts.
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (10 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Russian forces conducted a limited cross-border incursion into Sumy Oblast on June 9 but likely have not established a significant or enduring presence in this area. [...] Mysynk stated [...] that Ryzhivka is a contested "gray zone" because of its proximity to the international border. [...] Another milblogger claimed that elements of the Russian 228th Motorized Rifle Regiment [...] entered Novopokrovske [...] Geolocated footage published on June 10 shows that Russian forces advanced to northern Staromayorske [...] and have likely seized the whole settlement.
^ a b c d eMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit (29 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 29 July 2024. Geolocated footage published on July 29 shows that Russian forces hold positions in western Novoselivka Persha (northwest of Avdiivka), confirming that Russian forces recently seized the entire settlement [...] Elements of the Russian 433rd Motorized Rifle Regiment (27th Motorized Rifle Division, 2nd Combined Arms Army [CAA], Central Military District [CMD]) reportedly recently seized Yevhenivka (northwest of Avdiivka).
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 11, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 July 2024. Geolocated footage published on July 11 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Voskhod [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Voskhod as early as July 4 [...] Geolocated footage published on July 11 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced westward in the fields east of Novoselivka Persha [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced up to Novoselivka Persha's eastern outskirts on July 11, and another Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces crossed the Vovcha River and entered Novoselivka Persha.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason (4 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
^WION Video Team (13 March 2022). "Russia releases village of Novotroitske, 'Z' painted on military convoy vehicles". WION. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Redattore Sociale (6 May 2022). "Festa della mamma, due madri ucraine: grazie Italia, i nostri figli sono salvi". Redattore Sociale (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^ a bHird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 March 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 24 and 25 shows that Russian forces recently advanced further into western Orlivka
^ a bWolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna (2 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 2, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2 March 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 1 and 2 indicates that Russian forces advanced in central and eastern Orlivka (west of Avdiivka). Geolocated footage published on March 2 indicates that Russian forces also advanced in Tonenke (west of Avdiivka). A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces out of Tonenke, but other Russian milbloggers denied claims that Russian forces controlled the settlement.
^Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 March 2024. The Russian MoD claimed on March 19 that elements of the Central Grouping of Forces seized Orlivka
^ a bStepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Philipson, Layne; Howard, Angela; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. (14 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 14". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 March 2024. Geolocated footage posted on November 12 showed that Russian forces advanced into northwestern outskirts of Opytne [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) and Russian news outlets claimed that Russian troops captured Pavlivka (45km southwest of Donetsk City) on November 14 after Ukrainian forces conducted unsuccessful counterattacks near Pavlivka and Nikolske on November 13.
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 11". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 March 2024. A Russian source claimed that Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) forces captured Opytne. [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized Pavlivka in western Donetsk Oblast on November 11 amid reports of continued fighting. Geolocated footage shows Russian forces raising a flag in the southeast corner of the village.
^"In Artemivsk, DPR supporters captured city council and obstructed journalists". imi.org.ua. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^"Ukraine says forces retake two more rebel-held cities". BBC News. 6 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^"Latest Developments in Ukraine: Feb. 17". VOA. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ a b c"The War in Ukraine".
^"Рыбарь".
^"Russian pro-war channels allege capture of Pervomaiske village, publish videos". Kyiv Independent. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 31". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (30 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 July 2024. The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized Pivdenne (southeast of Toretsk)
^Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 June 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces [...] entered the outskirts of Pivnichne
^ a b c"DeepStateMAP | Map of the war in Ukraine".
^ a bStepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Soltani, Amin; Braverman, Alexandra; Carter, Brian; Fitzpatrick, Kitaneh; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
^Polityuk, Pavel; Hunder, Max (25 May 2022). "Russian assault targets key towns in eastern Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 June 2024. Russian sources also claimed that Russian forces entered eastern Stelmakhivka
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley (5 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 September 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on September 5 shows reported elements of the Russian 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet, Eastern Military District [EMD]) raising a Russian flag in northwestern Prechystivka, indicating that Russian forces have likely seized the settlement.
^"Південь Донеччини: армія РФ наближається до Вугледару" [South Donetsk: Russian army is approaching Vuhledar]. Radio Svaboda (in Ukrainian). 4 September 2024.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 26, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b c d eWolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (3 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 2 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced north of Rozdolivka (south of Siversk), confirming that Russian forces previously seized the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced into southeastern Serhiivka and western Zhelanne
^ a b cMappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
^"The enemy advanced in Prohres and occupied Rozdolivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 19 July 2024.
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (28 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 September 2024. Russian forces recently advanced into Selydove (southeast of Pokrovsk) [...] Geolocated footage published on September 27 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into southern Selydove along Shevchenka Street and south of the settlement.
^Hodunova, Kateryna (28 August 2024). "Russian forces approaching town of Selydove in Donetsk Oblast, media reports". Kyiv Independent.
^Novikov, Illia (29 February 2024). "Russian offensive targets more Ukrainian towns and villages as Ukraine says it shot down 3 warplanes". PBS. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^Walsh, Nick Paton (1 April 2024). "Russian assault piles pressure on fragile Ukrainian defensive line in the east". CNN. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (20 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 20, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024. another Russian source later claimed that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR AC) seized Semenivka.
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on April 26 indicates that Russian forces recently made marginal advances within central Solovyove (northwest of Avdiivka) and in central Semenivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized the remainder of Semenivka
^ a b cBailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 July 2024. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to the eastern outskirts of Vesele (northwest of Avdiivka), entered the settlement, and seized up to roughly a third of Vesele, although ISW has not observed confirmation of these claims [...] Russian forces continued offensive operations north of Avdiivka near Kalynove; northwest of Avdiivka near Vozdvyzhenka, Novooleksandrivka, Vesele, Serhiivka, Tymofiivka, Novoselivka Persha, Vovche, Zhelanne, Mezhove, and Lysychne;
^"The enemy advanced near Vodiane, Umanske, Novoselivka Persha, Zhelanne, Vesele and Krasnohorivka. Fighting continues near Urozhayne and in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 27 July 2024.
^"The enemy captured Serhiivka and advanced near Pereyizne, Vodyane, Novoselivka Persha, Tymofiyivka, Lysychne, Hrodivka, Novozhelanne, in Zhelanne and Ivanivka. The Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed back the enemy in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 7 August 2024.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024. Russian milbloggers also continued to claim that Russian forces seized Serhiivka (southeast of Pokrovsk).
^"The enemy captured Serhiivka and advanced near Pereyizne, Vodyane, Novoselivka Persha, Tymofiyivka, Lysychne, Hrodivka, Novozhelanne, in Zhelanne and Ivanivka. The Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed back the enemy in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 7 August 2024.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna (26 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
^"For Russia's Putin, military and diplomatic pressures mount". AP. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Barros, George (25 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 25". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George (22 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 June 2024. A Ukrainian source claimed on June 21 that Russian forces seized Shumy
^ a b cBailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a bHird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 February 2024. Geolocated footage published on February 26 shows that Russian forces entered the southeastern part of Sieverne (west of Avdiivka). Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces completely captured Sieverne and Tonenke
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Barros, George (25 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 25". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^ a bKagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace (6 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 July 2024. Russian forces recently marginally advanced east of Pishchane [...] Russian forces likely recently seized Sokil [...] Geolocated footage published on July 6 shows elements of the Russian "Black Hussars" detachment raising a flag in western Sokil, and the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized the settlement.
^Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 June 2024. Geolocated footage published on May [...] 27 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] northeast of Sokil
^Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Karr, Liam; Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 11 June 2024. some milbloggers claimed that Russian forces managed to advance as far as central Sokil
^Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (7 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Geolocated footage published on June 7 shows Ukrainian forces operating in southwestern Hlyboke [...], suggesting that Ukrainian forces conducted a local counterattack. [...] Geolocated footage published on June 7 indicates that Russian forces advanced [...] in central Sokil
^"Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar". MSN. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 19". Institute for the Study of War. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 17". Institute for the Study of War. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022. Russian troops also reportedly conducted a ground attack near Spirne, about 20km southeast of Siversk.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Lawlor, Katherine; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (15 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 15". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2023. Both Ukrainian and Russian official sources confirmed fighting in Spirne (east of Siversk)
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. Geolocated combat footage posted on June 20 shows Ukrainian forces repelling a Russian armored assault east of Spirne [...] ISW geolocated footage published on June 21 that shows continued Ukrainian control of Pyatykhatky.
^Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 December 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 27, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Geolocated footage published on December 27 indicates that Russian forces advanced closer to the eastern outskirts of Spirne (northeast of Bakhmut). [...] Geolocated footage published on December 26 shows that Russian forces advanced in the western part of Krynky on the east bank and north of Bilohrudove (9.5km southwest of Kherson City).
^Karolina Hird; Riley Bailey; Grace Mappes; Angelica Evans; Christina Harward; Frederick W. Kagan (27 July 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 27, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 July 2023. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky posted footage on July 27 showing that Ukrainian forces liberated Staromayorske (9km south of Velyka Novosilka) in western Donetsk Oblast following heavy fighting in the area.
^DeepState (8 May 2024). "Мапу оновлено!" [The map has been updated!]. Telegram (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 May 2024.
^"Moscow Says Captured Village in Southeastern Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (13 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 13". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 November 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 11, 2023". Critical Threats. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason; Barros, George (8 June 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 8". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
^Ochman, Oleksandra; Kesaiev, Yulia; Krever, Mick; Smith, Karen (14 June 2022). "Mayor of captured Ukrainian town switches sides". CNN. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
^"Ukraine's National Guard confirms recapture of Sviatohirsk". Ukrinform. 12 September 2022.
^ a bNovikov, Sergey (24 May 2022). "Російські війська увійшли до Світлодарська, - місцева ВГА" [Russian troops entered Svitlodarsk - local CMA]. РБК-Україна (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b"Російські загарбники зайняли Світлодарськ, що у Бахмутському районі, — очільник ВЦА" [Russian invaders occupied Svitlodarsk in the Bakhmut area — the head of the CMA]. Вільне Радіо (in Ukrainian). 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b cBatashvili, David (3 October 2022). "The Battle of Ukraine, Special Issue 76, from 30 September, 13:00 to 3 October, 15:00 Kyiv Time". Rondeli Foundation. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 July 2024. The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Ukrainian forces repelled a Russian assault near Sotnytskyi Kozachok [...] on the evening of June 26 [...] Another milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces likely advanced east of Terny but that the information is unconfirmed.
^ a bEvans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 March 2024. The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces captured Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) amid continued positional fighting west of Avdiivka on March 21.
^Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace (5 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2024. Russian forces recently advanced near Toretsk amid continued fighting in the area on July 5. Geolocated footage published on July 4 and 5 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced in southern Pivnichne [...] Russian forces continued offensive operations near Toretsk; northeast of Toretsk near Druzhba; east of Toretsk near Pivnichne; and southeast of Toretsk near Niu York, Yurivka, and Zalizne on July 4 and 5
^"Ukrainian Defense Forces achieved success near Novovodyane. The enemy advanced near Novohrodivka, Zavitne, Toretsk and Ptyche". DeepStateMap.Live. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
^"Institute for the Study of War".
^ a bBarros, George; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Evans, Angelica (17 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 September 2024. Additional geolocated footage published on September 17 shows elements of the Russian 144th Motorized Rifle Brigade (51st Combined Arms Army [CAA], formerly 1st Donetsk People's Republic [DNR] Army Corps [AC]) raising several flags within Ukrainsk (southeast of Pokrovsk), indicating that Russian forces recently seized the settlement.
^"Russian occupiers advance in Ukrainka and near Krasnohorivka — DeepState". The New Voice of Ukraine. 7 September 2024.
^Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (9 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Geolocated footage published on May 9 shows that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade [...] advanced into central Umanske
^ a b cWolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (13 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
^ a b"The enemy occupied Urozhayne and advanced near Oleksandropol, Novoselivka Persha and in Makiivka. Fighting continues in Zalizne and Klishchiyivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 13 July 2024.
^Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Clark, Mason (16 August 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 16, 2023". Institute for the Study of War.
^ a b"The enemy occupied Vesele and advanced near Lysychne, Ivanivka, Serhiyivka and Zhelanne". DeepStateMap.Live. 1 August 2024.
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 August 2024. Geolocated footage published on August 1 shows that Russian forces have advanced further within Vesele towards the T0511 road, placing the current furthest confirmed Russian advance about 3.5 kilometers from the outskirts of Hrodivka.
^ a bMappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (1 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 April 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 31 shows that elements of the 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st Donetsk People's Republic Army Corps [DNR AC]) have advanced along Haharin Street in Vodyane (southwest of Avdiivka) and have reached the western outskirts of the settlement.
^"Russia claims to have captured village in Ukraine's Donetsk region". France24. 5 April 2024.
^ a bHodunova, Kateryna (9 September 2024). "Russia ramps up offensive on Vuhledar, Ukrainian stronghold in the east". Kyiv Independent. managed to occupy the village of Prechystivka, approaching Vuhledar from the southwest, and took over Vodiane
^Hlushchenko, Olha (9 September 2024). "Russian forces occupy Vodiane in Donetsk Oblast". Ukrainska Pravda.
^Varenikova, Maria; Bigg, Matthew Mpoke (9 September 2024). "Russian Forces Capture 2 Villages in Eastern Ukraine, Analysis Shows". The New York Times.
^"Russia-backed forces capture Volnovakha, reports say". BBC. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"The enemy advanced near New York, Tsukuryno, Hirnyk, Vodiane, Vuhledar, Prechystivka and Toretsk". DeepStateMap.Live. 22 September 2024.
^Korshak, Stefan (10 September 2024). "Russia Makes Gains Near 'Fortress' Vuhledar as Its Donbas Offensive Rolls On". Kyiv Post. After months of relative calm around Vuhledar, Russian forces kicked off repeated attacks in late August aimed at capturing the heavily fortified industrial city. Russian progress has been slow but continuous
^ a b"Война в Украине: ВСУ вошли в Лиман, в Харьковской области нашли расстрелянную автоколонну - Новости на русском языке". 7 October 2022.
^Veljco Palamar (5 May 2022). "Ucraina, si allungano i tempi del conflitto?". Rivista Italiana Difesa. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ a b"В "ДНР" решили, что управлять селами Лиманского района будут в… Енакиево" [In the "DPR", they decided that villages of the Lyman Raion will be governed in… Yenakiieve]. Kochegarka (in Russian). Chasiv Yar. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^Brugen, Isabel van (28 September 2022). "Ukraine troops encircling Russian forces as Putin faces major defeat". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
^"Пушилин заявил об отсутствии полного контроля над поселком Ямполь". РБК (in Russian). 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Russia Says Captured Another Village In Eastern Ukraine". Barron's. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"A year after fighting stops, depressed Yenakiyeve waits for recovery under Russian occupation". Kyiv Post. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^"The enemy occupied Yevhenivka and advanced near Yurivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 10 July 2024.
^"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 6". Institute for the Study of War. 6 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ a b"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 6". Institute for the Study of War. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^Clark, Mason; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (27 April 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 27". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^"Ukraine: Russia continues offensive in east of country as of May 1 /update 86". Crisis24. GardaWorld. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^"The enemy occupied Vesele and advanced near Lysychne, Ivanivka, Serhiyivka and Zhelanne". DeepStateMap.Live. 1 August 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donetsk People's Republic.
.jpg/1280px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_03_(23-09-2022).jpg)
