Portal:Vino

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El Portal del Vino

Una botella de vino holandesa elaborada en el siglo XVII, en la Galería de Arte y Museo Higgins

P:VINO

El vino es una bebida alcohólica elaborada a partir de la fermentación del jugo de uva . El equilibrio químico natural de las uvas es tal que pueden fermentar sin la adición de azúcares , ácidos , enzimas u otros nutrientes . Aunque también se pueden fermentar otras frutas además de las uvas, los vinos resultantes normalmente reciben el nombre de la fruta de la que se producen (por ejemplo, vino de manzana ) y se conocen como vino de frutas (o vino de campo). Otros, como el vino de cebada y el vino de arroz (por ejemplo, el sake ), se elaboran a partir de materiales a base de almidón y se parecen más a la cerveza que al vino; El vino de jengibre se enriquece con brandy . En estos casos, el uso del término "vino" es una referencia al mayor contenido de alcohol, más que al proceso de producción. El uso comercial de la palabra "vino" (y su equivalente en otros idiomas) está protegido por ley en muchas jurisdicciones . El vino se produce fermentando uvas trituradas utilizando varios tipos de levaduras que consumen los azúcares que se encuentran en las uvas y las convierten en alcohol . Se utilizan diversas variedades de uvas y cepas de levaduras según los tipos de vino producido.

El vino tiene su origen en una extensa y rica historia que se remonta a unos 8.000 años y se cree que se originó en lo que hoy es Georgia o Irán . Se cree que el vino apareció en Europa hace unos 6.500 años en las actuales Bulgaria y Grecia y era muy común en las antiguas Grecia y Roma ; el dios griego Dioniso y su homólogo romano Liber representaban el vino. El vino sigue desempeñando un papel en las ceremonias religiosas, como el Kiddush en el judaísmo y la Eucaristía en el cristianismo . ( Articulo completo... )

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Imagen 1
Un sumiller italiano ( FISAR ) con un gusto al cuello

Un sumiller ( / s ɒ m əl j eɪ / o / s ʌ m əl ˈ j eɪ / o / s ɒ ˈ m ɛ l i j eɪ / ; pronunciación francesa: [ sɔməlje] ), o administrador de vinos , es un profesional capacitado. y profesional del vino con conocimientos , que normalmente trabaja en buenos restaurantes , que se especializa en todos los aspectos del servicio del vino, así como en el maridaje de vino y comida . El papel del sumiller en la buena mesa hoy en día es mucho más especializado e informado que el de un camarero de vinos . Sommeliers Australia afirma que el papel está estratégicamente a la par del del chef de cocina . ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 2
A glass of Champagne exhibiting the characteristic bubbles associated with the wine

Champagne (/ʃæmˈpeɪn/, French: [ʃɑ̃paɲ]) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, which demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, specific grape-pressing methods and secondary fermentation of the wine in the bottle to cause carbonation.
The grapes Pinot noir, Pinot meunier, and Chardonnay are used to produce almost all Champagne, but small amounts of Pinot blanc, Pinot gris (called Fromenteau in Champagne), Arbane, and Petit Meslier are vinified as well. (Full article...)
Image 3
Vineyards and hillsides near the comune of Barbaresco.

Barbaresco is an Italian wine made with the Nebbiolo grape. Barbaresco is produced in the Piedmont region in an area of the Langhe immediately to the east of Alba and specifically in the comunes of Barbaresco, Treiso and Neive plus that area of the frazione San Rocco Seno d'Elvio which was once part of the comune of Barbaresco and now belongs to the comune of Alba. It was granted Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status in 1966 and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status in 1980. The wine is often compared with Barolo—another Nebbiolo-based wine from the Piedmont area. Though the wines do share many similarities, there are some distinct differences between them. (Full article...)
Image 4

Roussanne in Viala & Vermorel

Roussanne is a white wine grape grown originally in the Rhône wine region in France, where it is often blended with Marsanne. It is the only other white variety, besides Marsanne, allowed in the northern Rhône appellations of Crozes-Hermitage AOC, Hermitage AOC and Saint-Joseph AOC. In the southern Rhône appellation of Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC it is one of six white grapes allowed, where it may be blended into red wines. Roussanne is also planted in various wine-growing regions of the New World, such as California, Washington, Texas, South Africa and Australia as well as European regions such as Crete, Tuscany and Spain.

The berries are distinguished by their russet color when ripe—roux is French for the reddish-brown color russet, and is probably the root for the variety's name. The aroma of Roussanne is often reminiscent of a flowery herbal tea. In warm climates, it produces wines of richness, with flavors of honey and pear, and full body. In cooler climates it is more floral and more delicate, with higher acidity. In many regions, it is a difficult variety to grow, with vulnerability to mildew, poor resistance to drought and wind, late and/or uneven ripening, and irregular yields. (Full article...)
Image 5
Commandaria (also called Commanderia and Coumadarka; Greek: κουμανδαρία, κουμανταρία and Cypriot Greek κουμανταρκά) is an amber-coloured sweet dessert wine made in the Commandaria region of Cyprus on the foothills of the Troödos Mountains. Commandaria is made from sun-dried grapes of the varieties Xynisteri and Mavro. While often a fortified wine, through its production method it often reaches high alcohol levels, around 15%, already before fortification. It represents an ancient wine style documented in Cyprus back to 800 BC and has the distinction of being the world's oldest named wine still in production, with the name Commandaria dating back to the crusades in the 12th century. (Full article...)
Image 6
A bottle of ordinary Tuscan table wine in the kind of traditional fiasco formerly used for Chianti

Chianti is an Italian red wine produced in the Chianti region of central Tuscany, principally from the Sangiovese grape. It was historically associated with a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco ("flask"; pl.: fiaschi). However, the fiasco is now only used by a few makers of the wine; most Chianti is bottled in more standard-shaped wine bottles. In the latter nineteenth century, Baron Bettino Ricasoli (later Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy) helped establish Sangiovese as the blend's dominant grape variety, creating the blueprint for today's Chianti wines.

The first definition of a wine area called Chianti was made in 1716. It described the area near the villages of Gaiole, Castellina and Radda; the so-called Lega del Chianti and later Provincia del Chianti (Chianti province). In 1932 the Chianti area was completely redrawn and divided into seven sub-areas: Classico, Colli Aretini, Colli Fiorentini, Colline Pisane, Colli Senesi, Montalbano and Rùfina. Most of the villages that in 1932 were added to the newly defined Chianti Classico region added in Chianti to their names, for example Greve in Chianti, which amended its name in 1972. Wines labelled Chianti Classico come from the largest sub-area of Chianti, which includes the original Chianti heartland. Only Chianti from this sub-zone may display the black rooster (gallo nero) seal on the neck of the bottle, which indicates that the producer of the wine is a member of the Chianti Classico Consortium, the local association of producers. Other variants, with the exception of Rufina north-east of Florence and Montalbano south of Pistoia, originate in the named provinces: Siena for the Colli Senesi, Florence for the Colli Fiorentini, Arezzo for the Colli Aretini and Pisa for the Colline Pisane. In 1996 part of the Colli Fiorentini sub-area was renamed Montespertoli. (Full article...)
Image 7
The World of Fine Wine, abbreviated WFW, is a British quarterly publication for a wealthy audience of wine enthusiasts and collectors. Originally published by Quarto Magazines Ltd, and now published by New Statesman Media Group (formerly Progressive Media International), the first issue was released in June 2004. It has been described as "an up-market Decanter, with longer, more in-depth features, more credible tastings and less advertising". Hugh Johnson describes The World of Fine Wine as "not a consumer magazine, but the first cultural journal of the wine world".

The World of Fine Wine won the 2009 Gourmand World Cookbook Award for Best Wine Magazine in the World. and in September 2010 and 2012 the journal won the Louis Roederer Award for International Wine Publication of the Year. (Full article...)
Image 8

View of Chablis, Burgundy, from the north, vineyard of Vaulorent in the foreground

Chablis (pronounced [ʃabli]) is the northernmost Appellation d'origine contrôlée of the Burgundy region in France. Its cool climate produces wines with more acidity and less fruitiness than Chardonnay vines grown in warmer ones. These often have a "flinty" note, sometimes described as "goût de pierre à fusil" ("tasting of gunflint"), and sometimes as "steely". The Chablis AOC is required to use Chardonnay grapes solely.

The grapevines around the town of Chablis make a dry white wine renowned for the purity of its aroma and taste. In comparison with the white wines from the rest of Burgundy, Chablis wine has typically much less influence of oak. The amount of barrel maturation, if any, is a stylistic choice which varies widely among Chablis producers. Many Grand Cru and Premier Cru wines receive some maturation in oak barrels, but typically the time in barrel and the proportion of new barrels is much smaller than for white wines of Côte de Beaune. Wines not vinified in barrel will instead be vinified in stainless steel. (Full article...)
Image 9
The entrance of Robert Mondavi Winery.

Robert Gerald Mondavi (June 18, 1913 – May 16, 2008) was an American winemaker. His technical and marketing strategies brought worldwide recognition for the wines of the Napa Valley in California. From an early period, Mondavi promoted labeling wines varietally rather than generically, which became the standard for New World wines. The Robert Mondavi Institute (RMI) for Wine and Food Science at the University of California, Davis opened in October 2008 in his honor. (Full article...)
Image 10
The Languedoc-Roussillon wine region and the location of the region's appellations.

Languedoc-Roussillon wine, including the vin de pays labeled Vin de Pays d'Oc, is produced in southern France. While "Languedoc" can refer to a specific historic region of France and Northern Catalonia, usage since the 20th century (especially in the context of wine) has primarily referred to the northern part of the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France, an area which spans the Mediterranean coastline from the French border with Spain to the region of Provence. The area has around 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) under vines and is the single biggest wine-producing region in the world, being responsible for more than a third of France's total wine production. In 2001, the region produced more wine than the United States. (Full article...)
Image 11
A glass of red wine

The health effects of wine are mainly determined by its active ingredient – alcohol. Preliminary studies found that drinking small quantities of wine (up to one standard drink per day for women and one to two drinks per day for men), particularly of red wine, may be associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, stroke, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and early death. Other studies found no such effects.

Drinking more than the standard drink amount increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and cancer. Mixed results are also observed in light drinking and cancer mortality. (Full article...)
Image 12
A glass and bottle of Spanish Tempranillo wine, from Bodegues Ramon Roqueta, Catalunya DOP

Spanish wine (Spanish: vinos españoles) includes red, white, and sparkling wines produced throughout the country. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 1.2 million hectares (2.9 million acres) planted in wine grapes, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the second largest producer of wine in the world, behind Italy and ahead of France and the United States. This is due, in part, to the very low yields and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the Spanish wine regions. The country is ninth in worldwide consumption with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native grape varieties, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes — including the reds Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites Albariño, Airén, Verdejo, Palomino, and Macabeo; and the three Cava grapes Parellada, Xarel·lo, and Macabeo.

Major Spanish wine regions include the Rioja and Ribera del Duero, which are known for their Tempranillo production; Jumilla, known for its Monastrell production; Jerez de la Frontera, the home of the fortified wine Sherry; Rías Baixas in the northwest region of Galicia that is known for its white wines made from Albariño and Catalonia which includes the Cava and still wine-producing regions of the Penedès as well the Priorat region. (Full article...)
Image 13

Tempranillo in Viala & Vermorel

Tempranillo (also known as Ull de Llebre, Cencibel, Tinto Fino and Tinta del Pais in Spain, Aragonez or Tinta Roriz in Portugal, and several other synonyms elsewhere) is a black grape variety widely grown to make full-bodied red wines in its native Spain. Its name is the diminutive of the Spanish temprano ("early"), a reference to the fact that it ripens several weeks earlier than most Spanish red grapes. Tempranillo has been grown on the Iberian Peninsula since the time of Phoenician settlements. It is the main grape used in Rioja, and is often referred to as Spain's noble grape. The grape has been planted throughout the globe's wine regions.

In 2015, Tempranillo was the fourth most widely planted wine grape variety worldwide with 232,561 hectares (574,670 acres) under vine, of which 87% was in Spain where it is the most planted red grape variety. (Full article...)
Image 14
Greek influence in the 6th century BC

The influence of wine in ancient Greece helped ancient Greece trade with neighboring countries and regions. Many mannerisms and cultural aspects were associated with wine. It led to great change in Ancient Greece as well.
The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of viticulture and wine production that they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now France, Italy, Austria and Russia, as well as others, through trade and colonization. Along the way, they markedly influenced the ancient European winemaking cultures of the Celts, Etruscans, Scythians and ultimately the Romans. (Full article...)
Image 15

Pinot noir grapes in Bué, Centre-Val de Loire, France

Pinot noir (French: [pino nwaʁ]) or Pinot nero is a red-wine grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. The name may also refer to wines created predominantly from pinot noir grapes. The name is derived from the French words for pine and black. The word pine alludes to the grape variety having tightly clustered, pinecone–shaped bunches of fruit.

Pinot noir is grown around the world, mostly in cooler climates, and the variety is chiefly associated with the Burgundy region of France. Pinot noir is now used to make red wines around the world, as well as champagne, sparkling white wines such as the Italian Franciacorta, and English sparkling wines. Regions that have gained a reputation for red pinot noir wines include the Willamette Valley of Oregon; the Carneros, Central Coast, Sonoma Coast, and Russian River AVAs of California; the Elgin and Walker Bay wine regions of South Africa; the Mornington Peninsula, Adelaide Hills, Great Southern, Tasmania, and Yarra Valley in Australia; and the Central Otago, Martinborough, and Marlborough wine regions of New Zealand. Pinot noir is the most planted varietal (38%) used in sparkling wine production in Champagne and other wine regions. (Full article...)

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... que la bodega Louis M. Martini comenzó a vender vino el 5 de diciembre de 1933, día en que se derogó la Prohibición en Estados Unidos ?
... que Adele redujo la duración de " I Drink Wine " de quince a seis minutos porque su sello pensó que nadie tocaría una canción de quince minutos en la radio?
... que los anglosajones pudieron haber utilizado una mezcla de ajo, otro Allium , vino y bilis bovina como medicamento para los ojos?
... que Benjamin Wallace escribió un libro sobre botellas de vino supuestamente propiedad de Thomas Jefferson ?
... ¿esa ilustradora Abigail Larson diseñó una vez la etiqueta de una botella de vino para el Museo Edgar Allan Poe ?
... que la bodega del Hotel Barclay de la ciudad de Nueva York está en el segundo piso?
... que si bien Joseph Longworth pensó que sería recordado sólo como "el hijo de su padre y el padre de su hijo ", hoy hay un ala del Museo de Arte de Cincinnati que lleva su nombre?
... ¿que el vino de Cisco recibió el sobrenombre de " crack líquido "?

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Groot Constantia

Groot Constantia es la finca vinícola más antigua de Sudáfrica y un monumento nacional en el suburbio de Constantia en Ciudad del Cabo , Sudáfrica . "Groot" en holandés se traduce como "grande" (como en grande) en inglés.

Groot Constantia fue fundada en 1684 por el gobernador de la VOC del Cabo de Buena Esperanza, Simon van der Stel , y se utilizaba para producir vino , así como otras frutas y verduras, y para la cría de ganado. Tras la muerte de Van der Stel en 1712, la finca se dividió y se vendió en tres partes.

En 1778, la parte de la finca que rodeaba la casa solariega de estilo holandés del Cabo de Van der Stel se vendió a la familia Cloete, que plantó extensos viñedos y amplió y mejoró la mansión encargando al arquitecto Thibault . La casa permaneció en posesión de la familia Cloete hasta 1885, período durante el cual la finca se hizo famosa por su producción de vino de postre Constantia .

En 1885, el gobierno del Cabo de Buena Esperanza compró Groot Constantia y se utilizó como finca agrícola y vitivinícola experimental. Tras un desastroso incendio en 1925, la casa fue restaurada en profundidad. En 1969, la casa solariega pasó a formar parte del Museo de Historia Cultural de Sudáfrica y en 1993 la finca pasó a ser propiedad de Groot Constantia Trust. La exposición en la casa está administrada por los Museos de Ciudad del Cabo y se centra particularmente en la esclavitud rural y la vida de los esclavos durante el período colonial temprano del Cabo. ( Articulo completo... )

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Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con el vino en Wikipedia.

Image 1Un viñedo del Valle de Napa al costado de una carretera (de Viticultura )
Image 2Se forma una capa de pieles de uva en la superficie del vino tinto en fermentación. (de Enología )
Image 3Mosaicos helenísticos descubiertos cerca de la ciudad de Pafos que representan a Dioniso , dios del vino (de Historia del vino )
Image 4Una etiquetadora de vino con etiquetas adhesivas en Francia (de Winemaking )
Image 5El sinfín de alimentación en forma de sacacorchos se encuentra encima de una trituradora-despalilladora mecánica. Los racimos de uva se introducen en la máquina, donde primero se trituran y luego se despalillan. Los tallos salen por el final, mientras que el jugo, la piel, las semillas y algunos restos salen por el fondo. (de Enología )
Image 6Bodeguero monástico degustando vino, de Li Livres dou Santé (manuscrito francés, finales del siglo XIII) (de Historia del vino )
Image 7La exportación mundial de vino 2020 muestra la producción anual de exportación de vino de varios países. (de Enología )
Image 8Transporte de vino en la Galia romana: las ánforas (arriba) eran los recipientes tradicionales del Mediterráneo, pero los galos introdujeron el uso de barriles. (de Historia del vino )
Image 9Anatomía de una uva, mostrando los componentes extraídos de cada prensado (de Enología )
Image 10Componente central de un despalillado mecánico. Las paletas situadas encima de las pequeñas ranuras circulares giran para retirar los trozos más grandes de tallos. Las uvas se arrancan de los tallos y caen por los agujeros. Por lo general, es conveniente conservar una pequeña cantidad de partículas del tallo con las uvas para darle estructura a los taninos. (de Enología )
Image 11En la antigüedad, las bayas se trituraban con el pie en un barril o en un hoyo. (de Enología )
Image 12Recipientes de fermentación de acero inoxidable y barricas nuevas de roble en Three Choirs Vineyard, Gloucestershire , Inglaterra (de Winemaking )
Image 13Yacimientos arqueológicos del Neolítico , Edad del Cobre y Alta Edad del Bronce en los que se han encontrado vestigios de viticultura y olivicultura . (de Historia del vino )
Image 14Ejemplos de mildiú velloso y polvoriento en una hoja de parra (de Viticultura )
Image 15Vendimia manual de uva (procedente de Viticultura )
Image 16Uva estrujada saliendo de la estrujadora (de Enología )
Image 17Uvas Cabernet Sauvignon cosechadas (de vinificación )
Image 18Prueba del nivel de dióxido de azufre en el vino (de Enología )
Image 19Uvas para vino en Long Island (de Viticultura )
Image 20Uvas de vino del Valle de Guadalupe en Ensenada, Baja California, México (de Vinificación )
Image 21Sátiro trabajando en un lagar de esteras de mimbre ( relieve del siglo I d. C. ). (de Historia del vino )
Image 22Vendimia representada en un libro de horas medieval (de Viticultura )
Image 23Cosecha nocturna a mano de uvas para vino en Napa, California (de Winemaking )
Image 24Viñedos en Italia (de la vinificación )
Image 25Entrada a la cueva Areni-1 en el sur de Armenia, cerca de la ciudad de Areni , donde una bodega data de c. 4100 aC fue encontrado en 2007. (de Historia del vino )
Image 26Detalle de un relieve en la escalera oriental del Palacio Apadana , Persépolis , que representa a los embajadores armenios llevando vino al emperador persa . (de Historia del vino )
Image 27Una máquina despalilladora mecánica en uso en la bodega Chateau Montelena en Napa Valley (de Winemaking )
Image 28El chico del vino en un simposio griego (de Historia del vino )
Image 29Cultivo de uva, elaboración de vino y comercio en el antiguo Egipto c. 1500 aC (de Historia del vino )
Image 30Cosecha mecánica de uvas Sauvignon blanc en Côtes de Duras , Francia (de Viticultura )
Image 31Antiguo lagar de madera frente a viñedos declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad (de Winemaking )
Image 32Un viñedo en Brhlovce , Eslovaquia (de Viticultura )
Image 33Dioniso en un viñedo; ánfora que data de finales del siglo VI a. C. (de Historia del vino )
Image 34 Kvevri georgiano , vasija fechada en el VI milenio a.C. hallada en el yacimiento de Shulaveri ( Museo Nacional de Georgia ). (de Historia del vino )