stringtranslate.com

List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

This is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.

The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.

The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]

The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.

Rise (1299–1453)

  Ottoman victory
  Ottoman defeat
  Another result

Classical Age (1453–1566)

Transformation (1566–1703)

Old Regime (1703–1789)

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

Dissolution (1908–1922)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[127]
  2. ^ From 1854
  3. ^ a b From 1855
  4. ^ Until 1855
  5. ^ Until 1854

References

  1. ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
  2. ^ Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.
  3. ^ Streusand 2011, p. 83.
  4. ^ Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
  5. ^ Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.
  6. ^ Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.
  7. ^ Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  8. ^ "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
  9. ^ Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
  10. ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.
  11. ^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
  12. ^ Battles of Poland: Varna (1443–1444), Kosovo (1448), Vaslui (1475), Mohács (1526)
  13. ^ Battles of Lithuania: Golubac (1428), Varna (1443–1444), Vaslui (1475)
  14. ^ Battles of HRE: Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
  15. ^ Battles of Papal States: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
  16. ^ Battles of Aragon: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396)
  17. ^ Battles of Naples: Otranto (1480–1481)
  18. ^ Battles of Venice: Nicopolis (1396)
  19. ^ Battles of Genoa: Nicopolis (1396)
  20. ^ Battles of Bulgaria: Nicopolis
  21. ^ Battles of France: Nicopolis (1396)
  22. ^ Battles of Knights of Rhodes: Nicopolis (1396)
  23. ^ Battles of Bosnia: Nicopolis (1396)
  24. ^ Battles of Savoy: Nicopolis (1396)
  25. ^ Battles of England: Nicopolis (1396)
  26. ^ Battles of Teutonic Order: Nicopolis (1396), Varna (1443–1444)
  27. ^ Battles of Byzantium: Nicopolis (1396)
  28. ^ Battles of Castile: Nicopolis (1396)
  29. ^ Battles of Portugal: Nicopolis (1396)
  30. ^ Battles of Navarre: Nicopolis (1396)
  31. ^ Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
  32. ^ Treadgold (1997), p. 780
  33. ^ "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  34. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, p. 385
  35. ^ Jovetić, Jovan (1985). Odjeci Srpske prošlosti: eseji, govori, polemike. Jovan Jovetić. p. 29.
  36. ^ Fine 1994, p. 390.
  37. ^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 45. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
  38. ^ Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1.
  39. ^ (Fine 1994, p. 410)

    Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.

  40. ^ (Emmert 1990, p. ?)

    Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.

  41. ^ Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
  42. ^ Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
  43. ^ John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
  44. ^ John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
  45. ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
  46. ^ Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
  47. ^ Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
  48. ^ Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
  49. ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
  50. ^ Fine 1994, p. 575.
  51. ^ Fine 1994, p. 355.
  52. ^ Fine 1994, p. 424
  53. ^ Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
  54. ^ Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
  55. ^ Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
  56. ^ Taeschner, Franz (1990). "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 5 (1). Necmi Ülker, çev. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü: 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
  57. ^ Baştav 1989, p. 91.
  58. ^ Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
  59. ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
  60. ^ a b The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
  61. ^ Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
  62. ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
  63. ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
  64. ^ Siege of Smyrna
  65. ^ a b c Purković 1978, p. 69.
  66. ^ Purković 1978, p. 69, Ruvarac 1879, p. 190
  67. ^ Purković 1978, pp. 69–70.
  68. ^ Tuchman, 548
  69. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 104.
  70. ^ Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4. The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
  71. ^ Vojni muzej JNA (1957). Vesnik. Belgrade. p. 223.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  72. ^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 110.
  73. ^ İnalcık, Halil (2010). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302-1481). İsam Yayınları. p. 194. ISBN 9789753898997.
  74. ^ Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134
  75. ^ Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148
  76. ^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207
  77. ^ The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.
  78. ^ Villari (1904), p. 251
  79. ^ Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.
  80. ^ a b c Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.
  81. '^ Battle of Breadfield (1479), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.
  82. ^ Portuguese expedition to Otranto
  83. ^ a b Mikhail, Alan (2020). God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571331925.
  84. ^ Finkel, Caroline (2012). Osman's Dream. John Murray Press. ISBN 9781848547858. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  85. ^ a b Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691159324. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  86. ^ Brummett, Palmira Johnson (January 1994). Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791417010.
  87. ^ The Portuguese period in East Africa – p. 112
  88. ^ Welch, Sidney R. (1950). Portuguese rule and Spanish crown in South Africa, 1581–1640. Juta. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8426-1588-4.
  89. ^ Stanley, Bruce (2007). "Mogadishu". In Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
  90. ^ Four centuries of Swahili verse: a literary history and anthology – p. 11
  91. ^ Page 21 1509 nolu Rize şeriyye sicili ışığında Rizede sosyal hayat. Ü Erkan.
  92. ^ Page 19 Gürcistanın yeni jeopolitiği. C Küçükali.
  93. ^ From Dynastic Principality to Imperial District: The Incorporation of Guria Into the Russian Empire to 1856. Kenneth Church. University of Michigan., 2001.
  94. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 483. ISBN 978-1851096725.
  95. ^ David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.
  96. ^ Morgan, David O. The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2010. p.210 "Although the Safavids experienced military defeat at Chāldirān, the political outcome of the battle was a stalemate between the Ottomans and Safavids, even though the Ottomans ultimately won some territory from the Safavids. The stalemate was largely due to the ‘scorched earth’ strategy that the Safavids employed, making it impossible for the Ottomans to remain in the region"
  97. ^ Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139991507 p 336
  98. ^ Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Following Čālderān, the Ottomans briefly occupied Tabriz.
  99. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, Tabriz
  100. ^ Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna, (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.
  101. ^ Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Sultanate Reconsidered, Robert Irwin, The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society, ed. Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, (Brill, 2004) 127
  102. ^ Matthee, Rudolph (Rudi). "Safavid Persia:The History and Politics of an Islamic Empire". Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  103. ^ a b Soylu, H. (2011). TARİHTE ÖNEMİ AZALAN YERLEŞMELERE BİR ÖRNEK: KİĞI . Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 12 (17), 87-110 .
  104. ^ ERZİNCAN TARİHİ. CİLT II. “ORTAÇAĞ DÖNEMİNDE ERZİNCAN”. Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kemal TAŞCI Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kader ALTIN Bu kitabın tüm hakları Erzincan Valiliği ve Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü’ne aittir. Erzincna Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  105. ^ XVII. YÜZYILIN ORTALARINA DOĞRU KELKİD KAZASI. İbrahim Etem Çakır, Selçuk Demir. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi.
  106. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill, 1960.
  107. ^ Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 207–13.
  108. ^ Drews, Robert (August 2011). "Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" (PDF). Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization. Vanderbilt University.
  109. ^ İbrahim Erdoğdu. Sancaktan Mukâta’aya Geçiş Sürecinde Harput Sancağında Ehl-i Örf Taifesi.
  110. ^ Sertel, S. "1927 NÜFUS SAYIMI SONUÇLARINA GÖRE ELAZIĞ NÜFUSU". Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 25 (2016 ): 303-316
  111. ^ Arslan, Zeynep. Mamuretü’l-aziz (Elazığ) ve Çevresinde Asayiş (1914-1923). Marmara Universitesi (Turkey) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2012. 28582949.
  112. ^ "With the fall of Tlemcen Uruj became master of a territory as large as the modern French colony of Algeria, and his exploits made many of the rulers about the Mediterranean quake in their shoes." in The book of pirates Henry Gilbert, 207–208
  113. ^ "Naskah Surat Sultan Zainal 'Abidin (Wafat 923 H/1518 M)". Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  114. ^ "Sultan Ma'ruf Syah, Semoga Allah Merahmatinya". Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  115. ^ "1048 to the present day".
  116. ^ Steven Béla Várdy, "The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism." Hungarian Studies Review 10.1 (1983): 21+ online
  117. ^ Anna Boreczky, "Historiography and Propaganda in the Royal Court of King Matthias: Hungarian Book Culture at the End of the Middle Ages and Beyond." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti 43 (2019): 23–35.
  118. ^ Andreu Martínez d’Alòs-Moner; Conquistadores, Mercenaries, and Missionaries: The Failed Portuguese Dominion of the Red Sea. Northeast African Studies 1 April 2012; 12 (1): The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast: Ḥaḍramī Chronicles, with Yemeni and European Accounts of Dutch Pirates Off Mocha in the Seventeenth Century, 1963, Clarendon Press, p. 57
  119. ^ ابن حميد الكندي, العدّة المفيدة الجامعة لتواريخ قديمة وحديثة مكتبة الإرشاد، صنعاء عام 1991م, صفحة 168 [1]
  120. ^ The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
  121. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
  122. ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1107245082.
  123. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 698. ISBN 978-1598843361.
  124. ^ Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p.61
  125. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
  126. ^ a b Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (27 March 2019). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  127. ^ a b Hattendorf & King 2013, p. 32.
  128. ^ Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria, IB Tauris, 2014, p.  195
  129. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  130. ^ At least two companies of Spanish Tercios took part in the defence of Fort St Elmo. Cañete, Hugo A. (3 July 2020). "La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar". Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  131. ^ Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9780275985059.
  132. ^ Lieber (1845), p. 345.
  133. ^ Dupuy (1970), p. 501.
  134. ^ Coppée (1864), pp. 562–565.
  135. ^ Nafziger & Walton (2003), p. 105
  136. ^ a b Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN 963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
  137. ^ Bläsing, Uwe; Arakelova, Victoria; Weinreich, Matthias, eds. (2015). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian. Brill. p. 93.
  138. ^ Ateş 2013, p. 22.
  139. ^ Hochedlinger 2015, p. 67.
  140. ^ Pálffy 2021, p. 134.
  141. ^ Tucker 2019, p. 1311.
  142. ^ Lipp 2011, p. 200.
  143. ^ Bentkowska, Anna (2003). "John Sobieski [Jan III; Jana III; John III], King of Poland". Oxford Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. p. 416. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T045004. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.
  144. ^ "Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович Феодальные междоусобицы кумыкских владетелей во второй половине XVII века", ИСОМ, no. 4, C.33, 2014, retrieved 2023-05-26
  145. ^ "Historien om Karl XII i Turkiet" [The History of Charles XII in Turkey] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2010.
  146. ^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
  147. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica : "In 1775 the Wakil sent his brother (Moḥammad) Ṣādeq Khan to besiege Basra in Ottoman Iraq, which after a yearlong siege was taken and occupied until Karim Khan's death in 1779"
  148. ^ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E : page 113 : "Jealous of the Turkish port of Basra, Persian Regent Karim Khan sent a siege force under his brother Sadiq Khan. an Omani fleet broke the blocade but a relief force from Baghdad was repulsed and Governor Sulayman Aqa was finally starved into surrender"
  149. ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.
  150. ^ Ingrao, Charles W. (2000). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 210.
  151. ^ Strathern 2008, p. 351.
  152. ^ Daniel Panzac (2005). Barbary Corsairs. Brill. ISBN 9789004125940.
  153. ^ Meriage, Lawrence P. (27 January 2017). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question". Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684. S2CID 222355180.
  154. ^ a b Pollo 1984.
  155. ^ Şimşek, K. "MEHMET ALİ PAŞA VE VEHHÂBÎLER". Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 (2021 ): 19-46
  156. ^ Altun, Bekir. P.39: Selefilik-Vehhabilik ve Türkiye'deki Faaliyetleri. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ. 2015.
  157. ^ a b Dupuy and Dupuy (1993), p. 851.
  158. ^ a b Kohn (1999), p. 502.
  159. ^ Wood, Anthony (1984). Europe, 1815-1960. Longman. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-582-35349-7.
  160. ^ Phillimore, Robert (1854). Commentaries Upon International Law. T. & J. W. Johnson. p. 332. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  161. ^ Kokkinos, P. (1965). Կոկինոս Պ., Հունահայ գաղութի պատմությունից (1918–1927) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. pp. 14, 208–209. ISBN 9789609952002. Cited in Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) [The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)]]. akunq.net (in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  162. ^ Gyula Andrássy, Bismarck, Andrássy, and Their Successors, Houghton Mifflin, 1927, p. 273.
  163. ^ Македония и Одринско 1893–1903. Мемоар на Вътрешната организация. [Macedonia and Adrianople Region 1893–1903. A Memoir of the Internal Organization.] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. 1904.
  164. ^ "Там /в Плевенско и Търновско/ действително се говори, че тези черкези отвличат деца от българи, загинали през последните събития." (Из доклада на английския консул в Русе Р. Рийд от 16.06.1876 г. до английския посланик в Цариград Х. Елиот. в Н. Тодоров, Положението, с. 316)
  165. ^ Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. Kafkasya'da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün (PDF). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  166. ^ BOA, HR. SYS. 1219/5, lef 28, p. 4
  167. ^ Karataş, Ömer. The Settlement of the Caucasian Emigrants in the Balkans during lkans duringthe 19th Century Century
  168. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
  169. ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. ISBN 9798840949085. The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
  170. ^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022. Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
  171. ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino – Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
  172. ^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
  173. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.

Sources

Further reading