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Australian Antarctic Medal

The Australian Antarctic Medal (stylised AAM as post-nominal), originally designated the Antarctic Medal until 18 December 1997, is a meritorious service award of the Australian honours and awards system, instituted by Letters Patent[note 1] on 2 June 1987 (amended 18 December 1997 and 13 December 2011).[10]

Unique among the Australian meritorious service awards, the Australian Antarctic Medal may be awarded to the same person more than once.[11] The medal may be awarded to anyone who has given outstanding service in connection with an Antarctic expedition, in scientific research, exploration, or in support of such work.[12] Except in exceptional circumstances however, the medal will only be awarded if the nominee has also worked at least 12 months (cumulative) in Antarctic climates south of latitude 60° South, or in similar climate and terrain conditions elsewhere in the Antarctic region.[13]

The Australian Antarctic Medal is also unique in that (other than the first time when it was awarded, which occurred on 22 June 1987) awardees are announced in their own Midwinter's Day (21 June) awards list.[14]

The Australian Antarctic Medal has only in one instance been awarded to the same person twice - to Graham Robertson - and only four times posthumously (to Howard Burton, Neil Adams, John Oakes, and Patrick Quilty AM).[15]

Design

The Australian Antarctic Medal is a nickel-silver octagonal medal, 32 mm in diameter, ensigned with a hexagonal ice-crystal device, surmounted by a plain suspender bar.[3] The obverse (front of the medal) bears a depiction of the Southern Hemisphere showing Australia and the Antarctic enclosed by the inscription "FOR OUTSTANDING SERVICE IN THE ANTARCTIC".[3]

Reverse of Australian Antarctic Medal

The reverse (back) of the Australian Antarctic Medal has an Antarctic expeditioner outside Mawson's hut, leaning into a blizzard as they use an ice-axe.[16]

The Australian Antarctic Medal is suspended on a 32 mm snow-white moire ribbon,[note 2] with 3 mm edging of three shades of blue that merge into the white of the ribbon (representing the transition of water to ice as one approaches Antarctica).[3] A date bar, being a nickel-silver clasp of 30 mm wide and 6 mm high, inscribed with the year the eligible service was rendered, is attached to the ribbon of the medal.[3]

Second and subsequent awards of the Australian Antarctic Medal are recognised by the awarding of another nickel-silver date bar clasp, worn on the ribbon above the medal (and positioned above any earlier date bar clasps), and by the use of 9 mm replicas of the ice-crystal device for each subsequent award on the ribbon bar (worn on uniforms when not wearing the medal).[3]

The miniature of the Australian Antarctic Medal is a half-sized replica of the medal, suspended from a miniature of the ribbon that is 16 mm wide.[3] Half-sized replicas of date bar clasps are worn on the ribbon of the miniature medal.[3]

A lapel badge, being a 10 mm wide replica of the hexagonal ice-crystal device used on the medal, is also provided to awardees.[3]

History

Prior to 2 June 1987,[note 3] eligible service on Australian Antarctic expeditions (known as Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions at that time) was recognised by the Polar Medal under the Imperial honours system.[19]

Origins

When Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke came to power in 1983, he declared his government would no longer be making any recommendations for Imperial honours and awards.[20] The Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee, which had been set up by Ministerial appointment, declared at its meeting of 3 December 1984 that an Australian award should be created to honour outstanding achievement in the Australian Antarctic Territory, including for scientific achievement and exploration, and outlined some design specifications for the proposed medal.[21] On 26 January 1986, Hawke announced the intention to seek Letters Patent for a new meritorious service award to recognise extraordinary service in the Antarctic region by Australian polar expeditioners, to be called the Australian Antarctic Medal.[22]

Initial designs of the medal were drafted by Michael Tracey, but the Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee expressed some dissatisfaction with some of his design elements, and Stuart Devlin AO CMG replaced him as designer (although Tracey's map on the obverse of the medal was retained).[23] Stuart Devlin's final design was approved by the government on 21 January 1987.[24]

On 2 June 1987, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent instituting the Antarctic Medal.[25]

Production delays

Although 16 inaugural awardees of the Antarctic Medal were announced on 22 June 1987, covering meritorious service as far back as 1981, extended production delays with the Antarctic Medal and its ribbon resulted in it taking two years before these medals were presented to them.[26]

Renaming and post-nominals

In 1993, the then Keating federal government established a Review of Australian Honours and Awards Committee, to make recommendations about the Australian honours and awards system.[27] The committee delivered its report in 1995, and one of its recommendations was that the Antarctic Medal be renamed the Australian Antarctic Medal, and be granted the post-nominal AAM (the preceding Imperial Polar Medal and the Antarctic Medal had no entitlement to use of a post-nominal).[28]

On 18 December 1997, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent authorising the amendment of the original Letters Patent to change the designation of the Antarctic Medal to the Australian Antarctic Medal and authorised the use of the AAM post-nominal to those who had been awarded this medal.[29]

Expansion of eligibility

Prior to 13 December 2011, the conditions for the award of the Australian Antarctic Medal were that, except in exceptional circumstances, only those who had accumulated 12 months or more in Antarctic climate and terrain conditions, and who had given outstanding service in (either directly, or in support of) scientific research or exploration, in the course of, or in connection with, an Australian Antarctic expedition were eligible to be considered for this meritorious award.[30]

On 13 December 2011, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent authorising the amendment of the original Letters Patent (and its regulations) to allow eligibility for the Australian Antarctic Medal to be expanded so that persons representing an Australian agency or institution on foreign Antarctic expeditions could also be considered for this medal.[31]

List of recipients

As at Midwinter's Day (21 June) 2020, the Australian Antarctic Medal (also known as the Antarctic Medal prior to 1998) has been awarded 104 times to 103 individuals (one person has received the medal twice).[32] In four cases the medal was awarded posthumously.[33] Apart from its inaugural award, which occurred on 22 June 1987, it has always been awarded on Midwinter's Day, although in some years no awards have been made (2003, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019).[34]

From 1987 to 1991, no short citation was given when the medal was awarded.[35] From 1992 to 1997, the short citation For outstanding service in connection with Australian Antarctic expeditions was used.[36] In 1998, the short citation For outstanding service in support of Australia's Antarctic Program was used.[37] From 1999 to 2011 the short citation For outstanding service in support of Australian Antarctic expeditions was used.[38] Generic short citations were replaced with individual short citations from 2012 until 2016, when short citations were no longer given.[39]

The only awardee to have received the Australian Antarctic Medal twice (where an additional clasp is given to the recipient, to place on the ribbon of the medal, and the ice crystal device is worn on the ribbon bar, when the medal is not worn) is Graham Robertson (who received his medal in 1989, and his additional clasp in 2012).[40]

The four posthumous awards made to date are to Howard Burton (d. 5 November 1993) in 1994, Neil Adams (d. 23 March 2012) in 2012, John Oakes (d. 23 July 2016) in 2018, and Patrick Quilty (d. 26 August 2018) in 2020.[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Australia, Letters Patent are an official prerogative instrument of law making, made under the royal prerogative (which is that power of the Crown still existing and not superseded by parliamentary legislation), enabled by section 61 of the Australian Constitution. As the Sovereign has remained the font of "all honour and dignity" in Australia, the practice of instituting Australian honours and awards via Letters Patent continues, although in practice the role of the Sovereign is very limited, as Letters Patent are drafted by the government of the day and by convention the Sovereign is guided by the advice of that government to sign them, making the role taken by the Sovereign overwhelmingly symbolic.[9]
  2. ^ Formally known as the riband.[17]
  3. ^ The last award of the Polar Medal under the Imperial honours system in Australia was on 5 May 1982. Before 1968, the Polar Medal was not a meritorious service medal but recognised those who had wintered in the Arctic and Antarctic while on expedition.[18]
  4. ^ Ulrich Schmitter was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 23 December 1980, and is whom Schmitter Peak, a small mountain peak in the Prince Charles Mountains region of Antarctic, is named after.[55]
  5. ^ Dr Ian Allison received the Phillip Law Medal in 2013 for outstanding service to Antarctic science.[60]
  6. ^ Denise Allen participated in the Australian Antarctic culture oral history project, which can be accessed via the reference.[67]
  7. ^ Willem Barnaart was the first person to have been station leader at all four permanent Australian Antarctic stations (Mawson, Davis, Casey and Macquarie Island).[69]
  8. ^ Dave McCormack was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 23 December 1980. David McCormack also received the Phillip Law Medal in 2017 for outstanding service in the recovery and preservation of Antarctic heritage artefacts.[71]
  9. ^ Dudley Twigg was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 21 July 1961 (Polar Medals before 1968 were not a meritorious service medal but recognised those who had wintered in the Arctic and Antarctic while on expedition).[80]
  10. ^ Dr Patricia Selkirk received the Phillip Law Medal in 2018 for outstanding contributions to Antarctic science.[126]
  11. ^ Professor Patrick Quilty received the Phillip Law Medal in 2016 for outstanding service to Antarctic science.[154]

References

  1. ^ Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 42. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 61. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  4. ^ Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 43. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  5. ^ Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 39. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Australian Antarctic Medal". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020. the first recipients of the Australian Antarctic Medal were announced on 22 June 1987.
  7. ^ Governor-General Annual Report 2022-23 (PDF). Governor General of Australia. 6 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  8. ^ Refer:
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  9. ^ Jordan, Roy (8 September 2003). "A Rare Form of Law Making: Legislation Made Outside Parliament" (PDF). Department of the Parliamentary Library: Research Note. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1–2.
  10. ^ Refer:
    • Letters Patent Constituting the Antarctic Medal 1997, cl 2
    • Letters Patent (1997) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Antarctic Medal, cl 3
    • Letters Patent (2011) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Australian Antarctic Medal, cl 3
    • Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  11. ^ Refer:
    • Australian Antarctic Medal Regulations (Cth) reg 4(2)
    • "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 25 June 2020. Unique among the Meritorious Service Awards, the Australian Antarctic Medal can be awarded to the same person for a second and subsequent occasion, and there is no quota imposed on the number of awards per year. The medal can be awarded posthumously and it may also be withdrawn.
  12. ^ Refer:
    • Australian Antarctic Medal Regulations (Cth) reg 4(2)
    • Letters Patent (2011) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Australian Antarctic Medal, cl 3
  13. ^ Australian Antarctic Medal Regulations (Cth) reg 4(3)
  14. ^ Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  15. ^ Refer:
    • Robertson - 1st "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 204. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Robertson - 2nd "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  16. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 57. Canberra, Australia. 16 February 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 61. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Orders, Decorations, and Medals". Army Manual of Dress (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 6-4.
  18. ^ "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 87. Canberra, Australia. 5 May 1982. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Australian Antarctic Medal". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  20. ^ "Prime Minister" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 8 April 1983. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  21. ^ "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  22. ^ "Prime Minister" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 26 January 1986. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  23. ^ "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  24. ^ "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  25. ^ Refer:
    • Letters Patent Constituting the Antarctic Medal 1997, cl 2
    • Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 39. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  26. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
    • "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  27. ^ "Review of Australian Honours and Awards" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 28 May 1993. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  28. ^ Refer:
    • A matter of honour: the report of the Review of Australian Honours and Awards. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 1995. ISBN 0644456205.
    • John Howard, Prime Minister (29 October 1997). "Questions on Notice: Review of Australian Honours and Awards" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. col. 10198. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  29. ^ Refer:
    • Letters Patent (1997) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Antarctic Medal, cl 3
    • Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 40. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  30. ^ "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. pp. 295–296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  31. ^ Letters Patent (2011) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Australian Antarctic Medal, cl 3
  32. ^ Refer:
    • Robertson - 1st "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 204. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Robertson - 2nd "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  33. ^ Refer:
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  34. ^ "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  35. ^ Refer:
    • 1987 "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • 1988 "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • 1989 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 204. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • 1990 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 160. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1990. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • 1991 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 161. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  36. ^ Refer:
    • 1992 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 156. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
    • 1993 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 178. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1993. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
    • 1994 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 214. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1995 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 227. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1995. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1996 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 212. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1996. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1997 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 216. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1997. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  37. ^ 1998 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 294. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1998. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  38. ^ Refer:
    • 1999 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 257. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1999. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 2000 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 320. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2000. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2001 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 218. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2001. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2002 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 194. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2002. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2003 No awards
    • 2004 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 208. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2004. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2005 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 107. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2005. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2006 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 96. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2006. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2007 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 114. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2008 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 123. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2009 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 107. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2009. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2010 No awards
    • 2011 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 99. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2011. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  39. ^ Refer:
    • 2012 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2013 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 68. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2013. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2014 No awards
    • 2015 No awards
    • 2016 "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2016. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2017 No awards
    • 2018 "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2019 No awards
    • 2020 "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  40. ^ Refer:
    • Robertson - 1st "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 204. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Robertson - 2nd "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  41. ^ Refer:
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 75. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  42. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Ricky Besso - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  43. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "David Andrew Blaby - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  44. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Harry Roy Burton - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  45. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "John Gerard Corcoran - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  46. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Charles Henry Lewis Cosgrove - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  47. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  48. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Anthony Peter Everett - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  49. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Lloyd Douglas Fletcher - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  50. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Raymond John Morris - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  51. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Robert Campbell Orchard - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  52. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "David Arnold Pottage - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  53. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Donald Alexander Reid - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Vale Donald Alexander Reid AAM" (PDF). ANARE Club. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  54. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Shane Anthony Rollins - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  55. ^ Refer
    • "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. S 275. Canberra, Australia. 23 December 1980. p. 1. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
    • "Schmitter Peak". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  56. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Ulrich Schmitter - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  57. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Peter Graham Sullivan - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  58. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 8. Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Herman Henk Edward Westerhoff - Antarctic Medal recipient 1987". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  59. ^ Ref:
    • For AO "Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) entry for Dr Ian Allison, AAM". Australian Honours Database. Canberra, Australia: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2020. For distinguished service to the environment as a glaciologist, to furthering international understanding of the science of the Antarctic region, and to climate research.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
    • For FAA "Dr Ian Allison receives top scientific honour". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Recipient of the Phillip Law Medal 2013 - Dr Ian Allison". ANARE Club. 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  61. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Ian Frederick Allison - Antarctic Medal recipient 1988". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  62. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Martin Stephen Betts - Antarctic Medal recipient 1988". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
    • "Green pastures and white horizons". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  63. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Neil Joseph Conrick - Antarctic Medal recipient 1988". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  64. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "Maxwell Cecil Dietrich - Antarctic Medal recipient 1988". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  65. ^ Refer:
    • "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. GN 22. Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • "William Leslie Robinson - Antarctic Medal recipient 1988". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
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