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Lista de los objetos astronómicos más distantes

Imagen compuesta en color de la galaxia distante JADES-GS-z13-0 obtenida con JWST NIRCam. Curtis-Lake et al. confirmaron espectroscópicamente una muestra inicial de cuatro galaxias z>10 con corrimientos al rojo z~10,4-13,2. Las galaxias más distantes con corrimientos al rojo z=13,20 y z=12,63 fueron descubiertas recientemente por las imágenes obtenidas con JADES NIRCam, mientras que las galaxias z=10,38 y z=11,58 confirman las estimaciones previas de corrimientos al rojo fotométricos de la literatura. Los colores amarillo-naranja-rojo reflejan la absorción de los flujos F115W y F150W de estas galaxias distantes por el medio intergaláctico intermedio.
JADES-GS-z13-0 es una galaxia distante .

Este artículo documenta los objetos astronómicos más distantes descubiertos y verificados hasta ahora, y los períodos de tiempo en los que fueron clasificados así.

Para realizar comparaciones con la distancia recorrida por la luz de los objetos astronómicos enumerados a continuación, la edad del universo desde el Big Bang se estima actualmente en 13,787 ± 0,020 mil millones de años. [1]

Las distancias a objetos remotos, distintos de los que se encuentran en galaxias cercanas, casi siempre se infieren midiendo el corrimiento al rojo cosmológico de su luz. Por su naturaleza, los objetos muy distantes tienden a ser muy débiles, y estas determinaciones de distancia son difíciles y están sujetas a errores. Una distinción importante es si la distancia se determina mediante espectroscopia o utilizando una técnica de corrimiento al rojo fotométrico . La primera es generalmente más precisa y también más confiable, en el sentido de que los corrimientos al rojo fotométricos son más propensos a ser erróneos debido a la confusión con fuentes de corrimiento al rojo más bajo que pueden tener espectros inusuales. Por esa razón, un corrimiento al rojo espectroscópico se considera convencionalmente necesario para que la distancia de un objeto se considere definitivamente conocida, mientras que los corrimientos al rojo determinados fotométricamente identifican fuentes "candidatas" muy distantes. Aquí, esta distinción se indica con un subíndice "p" para los corrimientos al rojo fotométricos.

La distancia propia proporciona una medida de qué tan lejos está una galaxia en un momento fijo en el tiempo. En el momento actual la distancia propia es igual a la distancia comóvil ya que el factor de escala cosmológico tiene valor uno: . La distancia propia representa la distancia obtenida como si uno fuera capaz de congelar el flujo del tiempo (establecido en la métrica FLRW ) y caminar todo el camino hasta una galaxia mientras usa un metro. [2] Por razones prácticas, la distancia propia se calcula como la distancia recorrida por la luz (establecida en la métrica FLRW ) desde el momento de emisión por una galaxia hasta el momento en que un observador (en la Tierra) recibe la señal luminosa. Se diferencia de la “distancia de viaje de la luz” ya que la distancia propia tiene en cuenta la expansión del universo, es decir, el espacio se expande a medida que la luz viaja a través de él, lo que resulta en valores numéricos que ubican las galaxias más distantes más allá de la esfera de Hubble y por lo tanto con velocidades de recesión mayores que la velocidad de la luz c . [3]   

Los objetos más distantes confirmados espectroscópicamente

Objetos candidatos más distantes

Desde el inicio de las operaciones científicas del telescopio espacial James Webb (JWST) en junio de 2022, se han descubierto numerosas galaxias distantes mucho más allá de lo que podía verse con el telescopio espacial Hubble (z = 11) gracias a la capacidad del JWST de ver lejos en el infrarrojo . [45] [46] Anteriormente, en 2012, había alrededor de 50 posibles objetos z = 8 o más lejos, y otros 100 candidatos en z = 7, según las estimaciones de corrimiento al rojo fotométrico publicadas por el proyecto Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) a partir de observaciones realizadas entre mediados de 2002 y diciembre de 2012. [47] Algunos objetos incluidos aquí se han observado espectroscópicamente, pero solo se detectó tentativamente una línea de emisión y, por lo tanto, los investigadores todavía los consideran candidatos. [48] [49]

Lista de objetos más distantes por tipo

Cronología de los objetos astronómicos más distantes que poseen récords

Los objetos de esta lista se consideraron los más distantes en el momento en que se determinó su distancia, que con frecuencia no coincide con la fecha de su descubrimiento.

Las distancias a los objetos astronómicos se pueden determinar mediante mediciones de paralaje , el uso de referencias estándar como las variables cefeidas o las supernovas de tipo Ia , o mediante la medición del corrimiento al rojo . Se prefiere la medición del corrimiento al rojo espectroscópico , mientras que la medición del corrimiento al rojo fotométrico también se utiliza para identificar posibles fuentes de alto corrimiento al rojo. El símbolo z representa el corrimiento al rojo.

Lista de objetos por año de descubrimiento que resultaron ser los más distantes

Esta lista contiene una lista de los objetos más distantes por año de descubrimiento del objeto, no la determinación de su distancia. Los objetos pueden haber sido descubiertos sin determinación de la distancia y posteriormente se encontró que eran los más distantes conocidos en ese momento. Sin embargo, el objeto debe haber sido nombrado o descrito. Un objeto como OJ 287 se ignora a pesar de que fue detectado ya en 1891 utilizando placas fotográficas, pero se ignoró hasta la llegada de los radiotelescopios.

Véase también

References

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