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Lista de estados históricos no reconocidos

Estas listas de estados o gobiernos históricos no reconocidos o parcialmente reconocidos ofrecen una visión general de las entidades geopolíticas extintas que deseaban ser reconocidas como estados soberanos , pero que no gozaban de reconocimiento diplomático mundial . Las entradas enumeradas aquí tenían control de facto sobre el territorio que reclamaban y eran autónomas con el deseo de lograr la independencia total; o si carecían de dicho control sobre su territorio, eran reconocidas por al menos otra nación reconocida.

Criterios de inclusión

Los criterios de inclusión en esta lista son similares a los de la lista de estados con reconocimiento limitado . Para ser incluido aquí, un sistema político debe haber reclamado soberanía , no haber sido reconocido por al menos un estado ampliamente aceptado durante una parte significativa de su existencia de facto , y:

África

El número total de países del continente africano varía debido a la inestabilidad que reina en toda la región. Consulte el artículo Lista de estados soberanos y territorios dependientes de África para obtener una lista actualizada.

La corrupción de los dirigentes de África occidental creó una gran inestabilidad . [1]

Muchos dirigentes marginaron a los grupos étnicos y avivaron los conflictos étnicos (algunos de los cuales habían sido exacerbados o incluso creados por el régimen colonial) para obtener beneficios políticos. En muchos países, se consideraba que los militares eran el único grupo capaz de mantener eficazmente el orden, y durante los años setenta y principios de los ochenta gobernaron muchas naciones de África. Entre principios de los años sesenta y finales de los ochenta, África sufrió más de setenta golpes de Estado y trece asesinatos presidenciales. Las disputas fronterizas y territoriales también eran habituales, y las fronteras impuestas por los europeos en muchas naciones eran ampliamente disputadas mediante conflictos armados.

Se han atribuido otras causas a la inestabilidad política de África, entre ellas los conflictos de la Guerra Fría entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética , la excesiva dependencia de la ayuda extranjera [2] , así como las políticas del Fondo Monetario Internacional [3] . Cuando un país se independizaba por primera vez, a menudo se alineaba con una de las dos superpotencias para obtener apoyo. Muchos países del norte de África recibieron ayuda militar soviética, mientras que muchos de África central y meridional recibieron el apoyo de Estados Unidos, Francia o ambos. En la década de 1970 se produjo una escalada, ya que Angola y Mozambique, recién independizados , se alinearon con la Unión Soviética, y Occidente y Sudáfrica intentaron contener la influencia soviética financiando movimientos insurgentes. Hubo una gran hambruna en Etiopía , cuando cientos de miles de personas murieron de hambre. Algunos afirmaron que las políticas marxistas/soviéticas empeoraron la situación. El conflicto militar más devastador en el África independiente moderna ha sido la Segunda Guerra del Congo ; este conflicto y sus secuelas han matado a unos 5,5 millones de personas. [4] Desde 2003 se ha producido un conflicto en Darfur que se ha convertido en un desastre humanitario. Otro acontecimiento trágico notable es el genocidio de Ruanda de 1994 , en el que se calcula que fueron asesinadas unas 800.000 personas. El SIDA también ha sido un problema de gran prevalencia en el África poscolonial.

Sin embargo, en el siglo XXI, el número de conflictos armados en África ha disminuido de manera constante. [a] Por ejemplo, la guerra civil en Angola llegó a su fin en 2002 después de casi 30 años. La mejora de la estabilidad y las reformas económicas han llevado a un gran aumento de la inversión extranjera en muchas naciones africanas, principalmente de China, [6] lo que ha estimulado un rápido crecimiento económico en muchos países, poniendo fin aparentemente a décadas de estancamiento y declive. Varias economías africanas estaban entre las de más rápido crecimiento del mundo en 2011 y ese crecimiento continúa hasta 2019. [7]

Siglos XVIII y XIX

Siglos XX y XXI

Américas

Siglos XVII al XIX

Siglos XX y XXI

Asia

Siglos XVII al XIX

Siglos XX y XXI

Europa

Siglos X al XIX

Siglos XX y XXI

Oceania

19th century

20th and 21st centuries

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence, use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time".[5]

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