Esta lista de dominios de nivel superior ( TLD ) de Internet contiene dominios de nivel superior , que son aquellos dominios en la zona raíz DNS del Sistema de nombres de dominio de Internet . En la base de datos de la zona raíz se mantiene una lista de los dominios de nivel superior de la Autoridad de Números Asignados de Internet (IANA). [1] La IANA también supervisa el proceso de aprobación de nuevos dominios de nivel superior propuestos para la ICANN . En abril de 2021 [update], su dominio raíz contiene 1502 dominios de nivel superior. [2] [3] A marzo de 2021 [update], la base de datos raíz de la IANA incluye 1589 TLD. Eso también incluye 68 que no están asignados (revocados), 8 que están retirados y 11 dominios de prueba . [1] Estos no están representados en el listado de la IANA [2] y no están en el archivo root.zone (el archivo root.zone también incluye un dominio raíz ). [4]
Tipos
La IANA distingue los siguientes grupos de dominios de nivel superior: [5]
Dominios de nivel superior originales
Siete dominios genéricos de alto nivel se crearon al principio del desarrollo de Internet y son anteriores a la creación de ICANN en 1998.
Dominios de nivel superior de infraestructura
Dominios de nivel superior con código de país
Al 20 de mayo de 2017, había 255 dominios de nivel superior con código de país , exclusivamente en alfabeto latino, que utilizaban códigos de dos caracteres. En junio de 2022 [update], el número era 316, con la adición de dominios internacionalizados. [1]
ccTLD internacionalizados propuestos
Se han propuesto nombres de dominio internacionalizados para Japón y Libia .
Dominios genéricos de alto nivel de la era de la ICANN
Inglés
A
B
C
D
mi
F
GRAMO
h
I
j
k
l
METRO
norte
oh
PAG
q
R
S
t
Ud.
V
W.
X
Y
z
Chino
Francés
Alemán
hindi
italiano
portugués
Español
Dominios genéricos de primer nivel internacionalizados
Todos estos TLD son nombres de dominio internacionalizados (IDN) y admiten IDN de segundo nivel.
escritura árabe
caracteres chinos
escritura cirílica
caracteres japoneses
Otro guión
Geographic top-level domains
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Internationalized geographic top-level domains
Brand and corporate top-level domains
Internationalized brand top-level domains
Special-Use Domains
ICANN/IANA has created some Special-Use domain names which are meant for special technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the Special-Use domain names.[238]
Non-IANA domains
Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.
Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs
The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.
Blockchain-registered
Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[244] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them
Alternate roots
In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
Internet Domain Notes
- ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as New Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Edge, LLC
- ^ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
- ^ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
- ^ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
- ^ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Dale, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Castle, LLC
- ^ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Top Level Design
- ^ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
- ^ Operating as John McCook, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
- ^ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as June Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
- ^ a b Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
- ^ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
- ^ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Little Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC
Citations
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- ^ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
- ^ J. Postel; J. Reynolds (October 1984). Domain requirements. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0920. RFC 920. Unknown.
- ^ a b Postel, Jon (March 1994). Domain Name System Structure and Delegation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Informational.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "FFM acquired by GRS, immediate price changes". 3 September 2018.
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Only ASCII characters are used
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- ^ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
- ^ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
- ^ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
- ^ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
- ^ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
- ^ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ^ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ a b This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
- ^ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
- ^ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Special-Use Domain Names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
- ^ Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "ICANN Proposed Top-Level Domain String for Private Use". ICANN. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
- ^ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Tupui, Tupui. "Soroban Domains".
External links
- IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format
- The Internet Domain Survey
- The Public Suffix List / PSL – Maintained by Mozilla
- Registry Agreements at ICANN
- Registry Agreement Termination Info Page at ICANN