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Lista de medidas electorales del estado de Washington

El estado de Washington, en Estados Unidos , ha tenido un sistema de votación directa desde que obtuvo la condición de estado en 1889. Tanto los ciudadanos como la legislatura estatal tienen la capacidad de colocar nueva legislación, o legislación recientemente aprobada por la legislatura estatal, en la boleta para una votación popular. Washington tiene tres tipos de medidas electorales que pueden ser sometidas a votación en una elección general: iniciativas , referendos y enmiendas constitucionales referidas por la legislatura . Para ser incluidas en la boleta, los partidarios de una medida deben reunir firmas de votantes registrados. [1] De 1898 a 1912, las únicas medidas electorales permitidas fueron las enmiendas constitucionales referidas por la legislatura. En 1912, una enmienda fue aprobada con éxito para crear un proceso dirigido por los ciudadanos para iniciativas y referendos, y la primera iniciativa exitosa se aprobó en 1914. [2]

Desde que se adoptó este proceso, las propuestas de ley se han vuelto ampliamente aceptadas como parte del sistema electoral de Washington. Hasta 2020, se habían presentado más de 2000 iniciativas diferentes en el estado, junto con un número significativamente menor de referendos. [3] [4] [5] [6] De ellas, solo una fracción ha recibido las firmas necesarias para ser incluidas en la boleta. [2] En los últimos años, las propuestas de ley se han utilizado para legalizar políticas políticamente polémicas como el suicidio asistido, el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y el consumo de marihuana. [7] [8] [9] El uso de recolectores de firmas (trabajadores pagados para recolectar firmas para propuestas de ley) ha generado una gran controversia en el estado, al igual que el enfoque agresivo de algunos activistas con respecto a las propuestas de ley. [10] [11]

Fondo

Un grupo de tres mujeres colocan carteles en el lateral de un edificio de madera. El cartel situado más a la derecha dice "Las mujeres votan". El siguiente cartel dice "Lincoln dijo que las mujeres debían votar". El tercer cartel dice "Roosevelt instó al sufragio femenino". El último cartel dice "Mark Twain dijo que las mujeres debían votar".
Partidarios de la campaña por el sufragio femenino en 1910

Washington ingresó a los Estados Unidos como territorio en 1853 y fue admitido como el 42.º estado el 11 de noviembre de 1889. [12] La Constitución de Washington , que había sido aprobada por el voto del pueblo, estableció las primeras pautas para las medidas electorales. El Artículo XXIII, Sección 1 dictaba que las enmiendas constitucionales debían aprobarse por una mayoría de dos tercios de los votos en la legislatura estatal y ser aprobadas por la mayoría de los votantes en las siguientes elecciones generales. Esta sección también exigía que los detalles de la enmienda se publicaran en los periódicos de todo el estado antes del día de las elecciones. [13]

En 1912, se aprobó la Enmienda Constitucional, Artículo II, Sec. 1. Esta enmienda otorgó a los ciudadanos el poder de incluir medidas en la boleta electoral en cada elección mediante una petición. Para que una de estas medidas fuera válida, necesitaba las firmas de apoyo de al menos el ocho por ciento de la población votante, según la participación en la elección anterior. [13] Las iniciativas permitían a los ciudadanos proponer nuevas leyes y los referendos permitían a los ciudadanos impugnar las leyes aprobadas por la legislatura. Este sistema de "legislación directa" había sido implementado previamente en Oregón por William Simon U'Ren . Desde la aprobación de esta enmienda, las iniciativas y los referendos se han convertido en una parte importante del panorama electoral de Washington. [2]

La importancia de las medidas de votación, especialmente las presentadas por los ciudadanos, ha permitido a Washington liderar la nación en cuestiones sociales. En 1910, la gente aprobó una enmienda que otorgaba a las mujeres el derecho a votar, convirtiendo a Washington en el quinto estado en garantizar el sufragio femenino. [14] La aprobación de la Iniciativa de Medida 1000 (la "Ley de Muerte con Dignidad") en 2008 convirtió a Washington en el segundo estado de la nación en legalizar el suicidio asistido . [7] El año siguiente, los votantes aprobaron la Medida de Referéndum 71 , que marcó la primera vez que los votantes habían ampliado el reconocimiento de las relaciones homosexuales en las urnas. [15] En 2012, se aprobó la Medida de Referéndum 74 , convirtiendo a Washington en el noveno estado en reconocer el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y el tercero en hacerlo por votación popular. [8] Ese mismo año, la aprobación de la Iniciativa de Medida 502 llevó a Washington a convertirse en el primer estado en legalizar completamente la marihuana para uso recreativo. [9]

Aunque la ley estatal sobre la recolección de firmas incluye una recomendación de que no se debe pagar a los organizadores por recolectar firmas, la práctica de pagar a los trabajadores por cada firma recolectada ha sido legal en Washington desde 1994. [16] Los partidarios de la práctica afirman que permite a las campañas extender su alcance y hace que el acceso a las papeletas sea más accesible y señalan medidas que han sido aprobadas con un amplio apoyo público como prueba. La práctica ha sido criticada por permitir potencialmente que las campañas "compren su lugar en las papeletas", sobre todo por el ex secretario de Estado Ralph Munro . [17] [10] Algunos recolectores de firmas pagados han sido arrestados por cargos de falsificación y fraude electoral por colocar firmas falsas en peticiones. [18] [19]

Desde que patrocinó su primera medida en 1997, Tim Eyman ha sido el patrocinador más prolífico de iniciativas y referendos en el estado. [20] Ha tenido 17 iniciativas en la boleta electoral hasta 2021, de las cuales 11 fueron aprobadas. De ellas, solo dos no han sido revocadas o modificadas por los tribunales. [11] [21] La Iniciativa de Ley 960 de Eyman de 2007 se aprobó con el 51% de los votos y creó un nuevo sistema de "votos consultivos" para todos los aumentos de impuestos aprobados por la legislatura en Washington. Si bien la mayor parte de esta iniciativa fue revocada por la Corte Suprema de Washington en 2013, este sistema aún se mantiene. Los votos consultivos no son legalmente vinculantes y existen únicamente para medir la aprobación pública, como tal, no se consideran medidas electorales. [22] [23]

Tipos de medidas electorales

Una foto de una papeleta electoral. En la foto se ven dos medidas. La primera es el Referéndum 74, una medida que legalizó el matrimonio homosexual en el estado de Washington. La segunda es la Iniciativa 502, una medida que legalizó la marihuana en el estado de Washington. Ambas medidas tienen la burbuja del "Sí" rellena.
Una boleta de 2012 que muestra el Referéndum 74 y la Iniciativa 502, que legalizaron el matrimonio homosexual y la marihuana.

Iniciativas

Hay dos tipos de iniciativas en Washington.

Referendos

En Washington hay dos tipos de referendos.

Enmiendas constitucionales remitidas por vía legislativa

Las enmiendas constitucionales que se someten a votación legislativa son cambios a la Constitución del estado de Washington que han sido aprobados por la legislatura, pero que requieren la aprobación del pueblo. Requieren una votación de dos tercios en la legislatura estatal antes de ser incluidas en la boleta electoral. [13]

1800

1898

1900–1949

1900

1904

1906

1908

1910

1912

1914

1916

1918

1920

1922

1924

1926

1928

1930

1932

1934

1936

1938

1940

1942

1944

1946

1948

1950–1999

1950

1952

1954

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000–present

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2018

2019

2020

2024

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Overturned in 2013 by League of Educ. Voters v. State[134]
  2. ^ Overturned in 2000 by Amalgamated Transit Union Local 587 v. State of Washington[148]
  3. ^ Overturned by the Supreme Court in 2007[153]
  4. ^ Temporarily overturned in 2003 by a King County Superior Court judge, but reinstated by the Supreme Court that year.[156]
  5. ^ Partly overturned in 2013 by League of Educ. Voters v. State[167]
  6. ^ Overturned in 2013 by League of Educ. Voters v. State[174]
  7. ^ Overturned in 2013 by League of Educ. Voters v. State[167]
  8. ^ Overturned in 2016 by Huff v. Wyman[185]
  9. ^ Overturned in 2020 by Garfield County Transp. Auth. et al v. State et al.[192]

References

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