List of versions of the Java programming language
El lenguaje Java ha sufrido varios cambios desde JDK 1.0, así como numerosas incorporaciones de clases y paquetes a la biblioteca estándar . Desde J2SE 1.4, la evolución del lenguaje Java ha sido gobernada por el Proceso de la Comunidad Java (JCP), que utiliza las Solicitudes de Especificación de Java (JSR) para proponer y especificar adiciones y cambios a la plataforma Java . El lenguaje está especificado por la Especificación del Lenguaje Java (JLS); los cambios a la JLS se gestionan según JSR 901. En septiembre de 2017, Mark Reinhold, arquitecto jefe de la Plataforma Java, propuso cambiar el tren de lanzamiento a "un lanzamiento de características cada seis meses" en lugar del cronograma de dos años vigente en ese momento. [1] [2] Esta propuesta entró en vigencia para todas las versiones posteriores y sigue siendo el cronograma de lanzamiento actual.
Además de los cambios de lenguaje, se han realizado otros cambios en la biblioteca de clases de Java a lo largo de los años, que ha crecido desde unos pocos cientos de clases en JDK 1.0 a más de tres mil en J2SE 5. Se han introducido API completamente nuevas , como Swing y Java2D , y muchas de las clases y métodos originales de JDK 1.0 han quedado obsoletos , y se han eliminado muy pocas API (al menos una, para subprocesamiento, en Java 22 [3] ). Algunos programas permiten la conversión de programas Java de una versión de la plataforma Java a una más antigua (por ejemplo, Java 5.0 retroportado a 1.4) (consulte Herramientas de retroportación de Java ).
En cuanto a la hoja de ruta de soporte de Oracle Java SE , [4] la versión 23 es la más reciente, y las versiones 21, 17, 11 y 8 son las versiones de soporte a largo plazo (LTS) actualmente admitidas, en las que los clientes de Oracle recibirán Oracle Premier Support. Oracle continúa lanzando actualizaciones públicas gratuitas de Java 8 para desarrollo [4] y uso personal de manera indefinida. Oracle también continúa lanzando actualizaciones públicas gratuitas de Java 17 LTS para todos los usuarios, incluido el uso comercial y de producción hasta septiembre de 2024. [5]
En el caso de OpenJDK , tanto el soporte comercial a largo plazo como las actualizaciones de software gratuitas están disponibles en múltiples organizaciones de la comunidad más amplia . [6]
Java 23 se lanzó el 17 de septiembre de 2024.
Tabla de liberación
JDK 1.0
La primera versión se lanzó el 23 de enero de 1996. [16] [17] La primera versión estable, JDK 1.0.2, se llama Java 1. [17]
JDK 1.1
Las principales novedades del lanzamiento del 19 de febrero de 1997 incluyeron: [18]
J2SE 1.2
El lanzamiento del 8 de diciembre de 1998 y los lanzamientos posteriores hasta J2SE 5.0 fueron renombrados retrospectivamente como Java 2 y el nombre de la versión "J2SE" ( Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition ) reemplazó a JDK para distinguir la plataforma base de J2EE ( Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition ) y J2ME ( Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition ). Este fue un lanzamiento muy significativo de Java ya que triplicó el tamaño de la plataforma Java a 1520 clases en 59 paquetes. Las principales adiciones incluyeron: [20]
J2SE 1.3
Los cambios más notables en la versión del 8 de mayo de 2000 fueron: [21] [22]
Java 1.3 es la última versión de Java que soporta oficialmente Microsoft Windows 95. [ 23]
J2SE 1.4
La versión del 6 de febrero de 2002 fue la primera versión de la plataforma Java desarrollada bajo el Proceso de la Comunidad Java como JSR 59. Los cambios principales incluyeron: [24] [25]
- Cambios de idioma
assert
Palabra clave (especificada en JSR 41)
- Mejoras en la biblioteca
- Expresiones regulares modeladas a partir de expresiones regulares de Perl
- El encadenamiento de excepciones permite que una excepción encapsule la excepción original de nivel inferior.
- Compatibilidad con el Protocolo de Internet versión 6 ( IPv6 )
- E/S sin bloqueo (denominada NIO) (especificada en JSR 51)
- API de registro (especificada en JSR 47)
- API de E/S de imagen para leer y escribir imágenes en formatos como JPEG y PNG
- Analizador XML integrado y procesador XSLT ( JAXP ) (especificado en JSR 5 y JSR 63)
- Extensiones de seguridad y criptografía integradas ( JCE , JSSE , JAAS )
- Java Web Start incluido (Java Web Start se lanzó por primera vez en marzo de 2001 para J2SE 1.3) (especificado en JSR 56)
- API de preferencias (
java.util.prefs
)
El soporte público y las actualizaciones de seguridad para Java 1.4 finalizaron en octubre de 2008. Las actualizaciones de seguridad pagas para los clientes de Oracle finalizaron en febrero de 2013. [26]
Java SE 5
La versión publicada el 30 de septiembre de 2004 se bautizó originalmente como 1.5, que todavía se utiliza como número de versión interna. El número se modificó para "reflejar mejor el nivel de madurez, estabilidad, escalabilidad y seguridad de J2SE". [27] Esta versión se desarrolló según JSR 176.
Java SE 5 entró en su período de finalización de actualizaciones públicas el 8 de abril de 2008; las actualizaciones ya no están disponibles para el público a partir del 3 de noviembre de 2009. Las actualizaciones estuvieron disponibles para los clientes pagos de Oracle hasta mayo de 2015. [4]
Tiger agregó una serie de nuevas características de lenguaje importantes: [28] [29]
- Genéricos : proporciona seguridad de tipos en tiempo de compilación (estática) para colecciones y elimina la necesidad de la mayoría de las conversiones de tipos (especificadas por JSR 14)
- Metadatos : también llamados anotaciones ; permiten que las construcciones del lenguaje, como clases y métodos, se etiqueten con datos adicionales, que luego pueden procesarse mediante utilidades que reconocen metadatos (especificados por JSR 175)
- Autoboxing /unboxing: conversiones automáticas entre tipos primitivos (como
int
) y clases contenedoras primitivas (como Integer
) (especificadas por JSR 201) - Enumeraciones : la
enum
palabra clave crea una lista ordenada y segura de valores (como Day.MONDAY
, Day.TUESDAY
, etc.); anteriormente esto solo se podía lograr con números enteros constantes no seguros o clases construidas manualmente (patrón de enumeración seguro) (especificado por JSR 201) - Varargs : el último parámetro de un método ahora se puede declarar usando un nombre de tipo seguido de tres puntos (por ejemplo,
void drawtext(String... lines)
); en el código de llamada se puede usar cualquier número de parámetros de ese tipo y luego se colocan en una matriz para pasarlos al método o, alternativamente, el código de llamada puede pasar una matriz de ese tipo - Bucle mejorado
for each
: la for
sintaxis del bucle se extiende con una sintaxis especial para iterar sobre cada miembro de una matriz o cualquier Iterable
, como las Collection
clases estándar (especificadas por JSR 201) - Semántica de ejecución mejorada para programas Java multiproceso; el nuevo modelo de memoria Java aborda problemas de complejidad, eficacia y rendimiento de especificaciones anteriores [30]
- Importaciones estáticas
También se produjeron las siguientes mejoras en las bibliotecas estándar:
- Generación automática de stubs para objetos RMI
- Swing : Nueva apariencia personalizable , llamada synth
- Las utilidades de concurrencia en el paquete java.util.concurrent [31]
- Clase de escáner para analizar datos de varios flujos de entrada y buffers
Java 5 es la última versión de Java que admitió oficialmente Microsoft Windows 98 y Windows ME , [32] mientras que Windows Vista fue la versión más nueva de Windows en la que se admitió Java SE 5 antes de que Java 5 dejara de funcionar en octubre de 2009. [26]
Java 5 Update 5 (1.5.0_05) es la última versión de Java que funciona en Windows 95 (con Internet Explorer 5.5 instalado) y Windows NT 4.0 . [33]
Java 5 estuvo disponible por primera vez en Apple Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) [34] y fue la versión predeterminada de Java instalada en Apple Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).
El soporte público y las actualizaciones de seguridad para Java 1.5 finalizaron en noviembre de 2009. Las actualizaciones de seguridad pagas para los clientes de Oracle finalizaron en abril de 2015.
Cambio de versiones
Esta versión introdujo un nuevo sistema de versiones para el lenguaje Java, aunque el antiguo sistema de versiones continuó utilizándose para las bibliotecas de desarrolladores:
Tanto el número de versión "1.5.0" como el "5.0" se utilizan para identificar esta versión de Java 2 Platform Standard Edition. La versión "5.0" es la versión del producto, mientras que "1.5.0" es la versión para desarrolladores. El número "5.0" se utiliza para reflejar mejor el nivel de madurez, estabilidad, escalabilidad y seguridad de J2SE.
— "¿Versión 1.5.0 o 5.0?", Notas de la versión de Java [35]
Esta correspondencia continuó en versiones posteriores (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, y así sucesivamente).
Java SE 6
A partir de la versión lanzada el 11 de diciembre de 2006, Sun reemplazó el nombre "J2SE" por Java SE y eliminó el ".0" del número de versión. [36] La numeración interna para desarrolladores sigue siendo 1.6.0. [37]
Esta versión fue desarrollada bajo JSR 270.
Durante la fase de desarrollo, se lanzaron nuevas versiones que incluían mejoras y correcciones de errores aproximadamente una vez por semana. Las versiones beta se lanzaron en febrero y junio de 2006, hasta llegar a la versión final, que tuvo lugar el 11 de diciembre de 2006.
Cambios importantes incluidos en esta versión: [38] [39]
Java 6 se puede instalar en Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) que se ejecuta en máquinas con procesadores de 64 bits (Core 2 Duo y superiores). [43] Java 6 también es compatible con máquinas de 32 y 64 bits que ejecutan Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard).
Java 6 llegó al final de su vida útil en febrero de 2013, momento en el que se programó la detención de todas las actualizaciones públicas, incluidas las de seguridad. [44] [45] Oracle lanzó dos actualizaciones más de Java 6 en marzo y abril de 2013, que solucionaron algunas vulnerabilidades de seguridad. [46] [47]
Actualizaciones de Java 6
Después del lanzamiento de Java 6, Sun, y más tarde Oracle, lanzaron varias actualizaciones que, si bien no cambiaron ninguna API pública, mejoraron la usabilidad del usuario final o corrigieron errores. [48]
Java SE 7
Java 7 fue una actualización importante que se lanzó el 7 de julio de 2011 [86] y se puso a disposición de los desarrolladores el 28 de julio de 2011. [87] El período de desarrollo se organizó en trece hitos; el 6 de junio de 2011, se terminó el último de los trece hitos. [87] [88] En promedio, se lanzaron 8 compilaciones (que generalmente incluían mejoras y correcciones de errores) por hito. La lista de características del proyecto OpenJDK 7 enumera muchos de los cambios.
Las novedades en Java 7 incluyen: [89]
- Soporte de JVM para lenguajes dinámicos , con el nuevo
invokedynamic
bytecode bajo JSR-292, [90] siguiendo el trabajo de creación de prototipos que se realiza actualmente en la Máquina Virtual Multilenguaje - Punteros de 64 bits comprimidos [91] (disponibles en Java 6 con
-XX:+UseCompressedOops
) [92] - Estos pequeños cambios en el lenguaje (agrupados bajo un proyecto llamado Coin): [93]
- Cadenas en el conmutador [94]
- Gestión automática de recursos en la declaración try, también conocida como declaración try-with-resources [95]
- Inferencia de tipos mejorada para la creación de instancias genéricas, también conocida como operador de diamante
<>
[96] - Declaración simplificada del método varargs [97]
- Literales enteros binarios [98]
- Permitir guiones bajos en literales numéricos [99]
- Captura de múltiples tipos de excepciones y nueva generación de excepciones con verificación de tipos mejorada [100]
Lambda (la implementación de funciones lambda de Java ), Jigsaw (la implementación de módulos de Java ) y parte de Coin se eliminaron de Java 7 y se lanzaron como parte de Java 8 (a excepción de Jigsaw , que se lanzó en Java 9). [106] [107]
Java 7 fue la versión predeterminada para descargar en java.com desde abril de 2012 hasta que se lanzó Java 8. [108]
Actualizaciones de Java 7
Oracle publicó actualizaciones públicas para la familia Java 7 trimestralmente [109] hasta abril de 2015, cuando el producto llegó al final de su disponibilidad pública. [110] Las actualizaciones posteriores para JDK 7, que continuaron hasta julio de 2022, solo están disponibles para clientes con un contrato de soporte. [111]
Java SE 8
Java 8 se lanzó el 18 de marzo de 2014, [147] [148] e incluyó algunas características que estaban planeadas para Java 7 pero que luego se pospusieron. [149]
El trabajo sobre las características se organizó en términos de Propuestas de Mejora del JDK (JEP). [150]
- JSR 335, JEP 126: Soporte a nivel de lenguaje para expresiones lambda (oficialmente, expresiones lambda; extraoficialmente, cierres ) bajo el Proyecto Lambda [151] y métodos predeterminados ( métodos de extensión virtual ) [152] [153] [154] que se pueden usar para agregar métodos a interfaces sin romper las implementaciones existentes. Hubo un debate en curso en la comunidad Java sobre si agregar soporte para expresiones lambda. [155] [156] Sun declaró más tarde que las expresiones lambda se incluirían en Java y solicitó la opinión de la comunidad para refinar la característica. [157] El soporte de expresiones lambda también permite operaciones de estilo funcional en flujos de elementos, como transformaciones inspiradas en MapReduce en colecciones. Un autor de una API puede usar métodos predeterminados para agregar nuevos métodos a una interfaz sin romper el código anterior al usarlos. Aunque no era su intención principal, [152] los métodos predeterminados también se pueden usar para la herencia múltiple de comportamiento (pero no de estado).
- JEP 174: Proyecto Nashorn, un entorno de ejecución de JavaScript que puede ejecutar código JavaScript integrado en aplicaciones
- JEP 104: Anotación sobre tipos de Java
- Aritmética de números enteros sin signo [158]
- JEP 120: Anotaciones repetidas
- JEP 150: API de fecha y hora
- JEP 178: Bibliotecas JNI enlazadas estáticamente
- JEP 153: Ejecutar aplicaciones JavaFX (ejecutar directamente archivos JAR de aplicaciones JavaFX)
- JEP 122: Eliminar la generación permanente
Java 8 no es compatible con Windows XP [159] pero, a partir de la actualización 25 de JDK 8, aún se puede instalar y ejecutar en Windows XP. [160] Las actualizaciones anteriores de JDK 8 se podían ejecutar en XP descargando un archivo comprimido en formato zip y descomprimiéndolo para obtener el ejecutable. La última versión de Java 8 que se podía ejecutar en XP es la actualización 251.
Desde octubre de 2014, Java 8 fue la versión predeterminada para descargar (y luego la descarga reemplazó a Java 9) desde el sitio web oficial. [161] "Oracle continuará brindando actualizaciones públicas y actualizaciones automáticas de Java SE 8, indefinidamente para usuarios personales". [162]
Actualizaciones de Java 8
Java SE 9
Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, 2017[240] due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee[241] which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns and to refine some critical technical questions. In the last days of June 2017, Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme.[242]
- JSR 376: Modularization of the JDK under Project Jigsaw (Java Platform Module System)[107]
- JavaDB was removed from JDK[243]
- JEP 193: Variable handles, define a standard means to invoke the equivalents of various
java.util.concurrent.atomic
and sun.misc.Unsafe
operations - JEP 213: Milling Project Coin, allow @SafeVarargs on private instance methods; Allow effectively-final variables to be used as resources in the try-with-resources statement; Allow diamond with anonymous classes if the argument type of the inferred type is denotable; Complete the removal, begun in Java SE 8, of underscore from the set of legal identifier names; Support for private methods in interfaces
- JEP 222: jshell: The Java Shell (Read-Eval-Print Loop): JShell is a REPL command-line interface for the Java language.[244]
- JEP 254: Compact Strings
- JEP 263: HiDPI graphics: automatic scaling and sizing
- JEP 266: More concurrency updates, it includes a Java implementation of Reactive Streams,[245] including a new
Flow
class[246] that included the interfaces previously provided by Reactive Streams[247] - JEP 268: XML catalogs
- JEP 282: jlink: The Java Linker, create a tool that can assemble and optimize a set of modules and their dependencies into a custom run-time image. It effectively allows to produce a fully usable executable including the JVM to run it
- JEP 295: Ahead-of-Time Compilation, ahead-of-time compilation provided by GraalVM
The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, 2017.[248] The first stable release of Java 9 was on September 21, 2017.[249]
History
At JavaOne 2011, Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in 2016.[250] Java 9 should include better support for multi-gigabyte heaps, better native code integration, a different default garbage collector (G1, for "shorter response times")[251] and a self-tuning JVM.[252] In early 2016, the release of Java 9 was rescheduled for March 2017[253] and later again postponed four more months to July 2017.[254]
Java 9 updates
Java SE 10
OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, 2018, with twelve new features confirmed.[260] Among these features were:
- JEP 286: Local-Variable Type Inference
- JEP 296: Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository
- JEP 304: Garbage-Collector Interface
- JEP 307: Parallel Full GC for G1
- JEP 310: Application Class-Data Sharing
- JEP 312: Thread-Local Handshakes
- JEP 313: Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)
- JEP 314: Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions
- JEP 316: Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices
- JEP 317: Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler
- JEP 319: Root Certificates
- JEP 322: Time-Based Release Versioning
The first of these JEP 286 Local-Variable Type Inference, allows the var
keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler. So we can do:
var list = new ArrayList<String>(); // infers ArrayList<String>var stream = list.stream(); // infers Stream<String>
Java 10 updates
Java SE 11
JDK 11 was released on September 25, 2018 and the version is currently open for bug fixes. It offers LTS, or Long-Term Support. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as:[266]
- JEP 181: Nest-Based Access Control
- JEP 309: Dynamic Class-File Constants
- JEP 315: Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics
- JEP 318: Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector
- JEP 320: Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules
- JEP 321: HTTP Client (Standard)
- JEP 323: Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters
- JEP 324: Key Agreement with Curve25519 and Curve448
- JEP 327: Unicode 10
- JEP 328: Flight Recorder
- JEP 329: ChaCha20 and Poly1305 Cryptographic Algorithms
- JEP 330: Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs
- JEP 331: Low-Overhead Heap Profiling
- JEP 332: Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3
- JEP 333: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector (Experimental)
- JEP 335: Deprecate the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
- JEP 336: Deprecate the Pack200 Tools and API
A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available. JavaFX, Java EE and CORBA modules have been removed from JDK.[267]
Java 11 updates
Java SE 12
JDK 12 was released on March 19, 2019. Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as:[314]
- JEP 189: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector (Experimental)
- JEP 230: Microbenchmark Suite
- JEP 325: Switch Expressions (Preview)
- JEP 334: JVM Constants API
- JEP 340: One AArch64 Port, Not Two
- JEP 341: Default CDS Archives
- JEP 344: Abortable Mixed Collections for G1
- JEP 346: Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1
The preview feature JEP 325 extends the switch
statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression. No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield
statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE 14.
int ndays = switch(month) { case JAN, MAR, MAY, JUL, AUG, OCT, DEC -> 31; case APR, JUN, SEP, NOV -> 30; case FEB -> { if (year % 400 == 0) yield 29; else if (year % 100 == 0) yield 28; else if (year % 4 == 0) yield 29; else yield 28; }};
Java 12 updates
Java SE 13
JDK 13 was released on September 17, 2019. Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".[320]
- JEP 350: Dynamic CDS Archives
- JEP 351: ZGC: Uncommit Unused Memory
- JEP 353: Reimplement the Legacy Socket API
- JEP 354: Switch Expressions (Preview)
- JEP 355: Text Blocks (Preview)
JEP 355 Text Blocks allows multiline string literals:
String html = """ <html lang="en"> <body> <p>Hello, world</p> </body> </html> """;
Java 13 updates
Java SE 14
JDK 14 was released on March 17, 2020. Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".[325]
- JEP 305: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)
- JEP 343: Packaging Tool (Incubator)
- JEP 345: NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1
- JEP 349: JFR Event Streaming
- JEP 352: Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers
- JEP 358: Helpful NullPointerExceptions
- JEP 359: Records (Preview)
- JEP 361: Switch Expressions (Standard)
- JEP 362: Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports
- JEP 363: Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
- JEP 364: ZGC on macOS
- JEP 365: ZGC on Windows
- JEP 366: Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination
- JEP 367: Remove the Pack200 Tools and API
- JEP 368: Text Blocks (Second Preview)
- JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)
JEP 305, Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof
test being immediately followed by cast, replacing
if (obj instanceof String) { String s = (String)obj; System.out.println(s.length());}
with
if (obj instanceof String s) { System.out.println(s.length());}
JEP 359 Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple-like classes.[326]
record Point(int x, int y) { }Point p = new Point(3, 4);System.out.println(p.x());
Java 14 updates
Java SE 15
JDK 15 was released on September 15, 2020. Java 15 adds e.g. support for multi-line string literals (aka Text Blocks). The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors (latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC) are now ready for use in production (i.e. no longer marked experimental). Support for Oracle's Solaris operating system (and SPARC CPUs) is dropped (while still available in e.g. Java 11). The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed. Also removed some root CA certificates.
- JEP 339: Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
- JEP 360: Sealed Classes (Preview)
- JEP 371: Hidden Classes
- JEP 372: Remove the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
- JEP 373: Reimplement the Legacy DatagramSocket API
- JEP 374: Disable and Deprecate Biased Locking
- JEP 375: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Second Preview)
- JEP 377: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector
- JEP 378: Text Blocks
- JEP 379: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector
- JEP 381: Remove the Solaris and SPARC Ports
- JEP 383: Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 384: Records (Second Preview)
- JEP 385: Deprecate RMI Activation for Removal
JEP 360 Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits
clause may extend the class or interface.
package com.example.geometry;public abstract sealed class Shape permits Circle, Rectangle, Square {...}
Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of. They all form part of a system for "Pattern matching in Java" first discussed by Gavin Bierman and Brian Goetz, in September 2018.[332]
Java 15 updates
Java SE 16
JDK 16 was released on March 16, 2021. Java 16 removes Ahead-of-Time compilation (and Graal JIT) options.[338] The Java implementation itself was and is still written in C++, while as of Java 16, more recent C++14 (but still not e.g. C++17 or C++20) is allowed. The code was also moved to GitHub, dropping Mercurial as the source control system.
- JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)
- JEP 347: Enable C++14 Language Features
- JEP 357: Migrate from Mercurial to Git
- JEP 369: Migrate to GitHub
- JEP 376: ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing
- JEP 380: Unix-Domain Socket Channels
- JEP 386: Alpine Linux Port – not yet stable
- JEP 387: Elastic Metaspace
- JEP 388: Windows/AArch64 Port
- JEP 389: Foreign Linker API (Incubator)
- JEP 390: Warnings for Value-Based Classes
- JEP 392: Packaging Tool
- JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)
- JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof
- JEP 395: Records
- JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
- JEP 397: Sealed Classes (Second Preview)
Java 16 updates
Java SE 17
JDK 17 was released in September 2021.[344] Java 17 is the 2nd long-term support (LTS) release since switching to the new 6-month release cadence (the first being Java 11).
- JEP 306: Restore Always-Strict Floating-Point Semantics
- JEP 356: Enhanced Pseudo-Random Number Generators
- JEP 382: New macOS Rendering Pipeline
- JEP 391: macOS/AArch64 Port
- JEP 398: Deprecate the Applet API for Removal
- JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals
- JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)
- JEP 407: Remove RMI Activation
- JEP 409: Sealed Classes
- JEP 410: Remove the Experimental AOT and JIT Compiler
- JEP 411: Deprecate the Security Manager for Removal
- JEP 412: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)
- JEP 414: Vector API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 415: Context-Specific Deserialization Filters
JEP 406 extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions. It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns
Object o = ...;return switch (o) { case null -> "Null"; case String s -> "String %s".formatted(s); case Long l -> "long %d".formatted(l); case Double d -> "double %f".formatted(d); case Integer i && i > 0 // refining patterns -> "positive int %d".formatted(i); case Integer i && i == 0 -> "zero int %d".formatted(i); case Integer i && i < 0 -> "negative int %d".formatted(i); default -> o.toString();};
Java 17 updates
Java SE 18
JDK 18 was released on March 22, 2022.[369]
- JEP 400: UTF-8 by Default
- JEP 408: Simple Web Server
- JEP 413: Code Snippets in Java API Documentation
- JEP 416: Reimplement Core Reflection with Method Handles
- JEP 417: Vector API (Third Incubator)
- JEP 418: Internet-Address Resolution SPI
- JEP 419: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 420: Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)
- JEP 421: Deprecate Finalization for Removal
Java 18 updates
Java SE 19
JDK 19 was released on 20 September 2022.[378]
- JEP 405: Record Patterns (Preview)
- JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port
- JEP 424: Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)
- JEP 425: Virtual Threads (Preview)
- JEP 426: Vector API (Fourth Incubator)
- JEP 427: Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)
- JEP 428: Structured Concurrency (Incubator)
JEP 405 allows record patterns, extending the pattern matching capabilities of instanceof operators, and switch expressions, to include record patterns that explicitly refer to the components of the record.
record Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h) {}int area(Object o) { if (o instanceof Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h)) { return w * h; } return 0;}
Such patterns can include nested patterns, where the components of records are themselves records, allowing patterns to match more object graphs.
Java 19 updates
Java SE 20
Java 20 was released on 21 March 2023.[384] All JEPs were either incubators or previews.
- JEP 429: Scoped Values (Incubator)
- JEP 432: Record Patterns (Second Preview)
- JEP 433: Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth Preview)
- JEP 434: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview)
- JEP 436: Virtual Threads (Second Preview)
- JEP 437: Structured Concurrency (Second Incubator)
- JEP 438: Vector API (Fifth Incubator)
Java 20 updates
Java SE 21
Java 21 was released on 19 September 2023.[390] There are eight JEPs that are not in preview or incubating, compared to Java 20 which only had previewing and incubating JEPs. Java 21 introduces features first previewed in Java 17 (pattern matching for switch statements) and Java 19 (record patterns). The 32-bit version of Java for Windows on x86 has been deprecated for removal.
- JEP 430: String Templates (Preview)
- JEP 431: Sequenced Collections
- JEP 439: Generational ZGC
- JEP 440: Record Patterns
- JEP 441: Pattern Matching for switch
- JEP 442: Foreign Function & Memory API (Third Preview)
- JEP 443: Unnamed Patterns and Variables (Preview)
- JEP 444: Virtual Threads
- JEP 445: Unnamed Classes and Instance Main Methods (Preview)
- JEP 446: Scoped Values (Preview)
- JEP 448: Vector API (Sixth Incubator)
- JEP 449: Deprecate the Windows 32-bit x86 Port for Removal
- JEP 451: Prepare to Disallow the Dynamic Loading of Agents
- JEP 452: Key Encapsulation Mechanism API
- JEP 453: Structured Concurrency (Preview)
JEP 445, previewing unnamed classes, allows for a barebones Main class without boilerplate code:
void main() { System.out.println("Hello, World!");}
instead of :
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); }}
Java 21 updates
Java SE 22
Java 22 was released on March 19, 2024.[398][399]
- JEP 423: Region Pinning for G1
- JEP 447: Statements before super(...) (Preview)
- JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API
- JEP 456: Unnamed Variables & Patterns
- JEP 457: Class-File API (Preview)
- JEP 458: Launch Multi-File Source-Code Programs
- JEP 459: String Templates (Second Preview)
- JEP 460: Vector API (Seventh Incubator)
- JEP 461: Stream Gatherers (Preview)
- JEP 462: Structured Concurrency (Second Preview)
- JEP 463: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Second Preview)
- JEP 464: Scoped Values (Second Preview)
At least one API has been removed from Java; i.e. a very rarely-used API (for threading) was removed from Java 22.[3][400]
Java SE 23
Java 23 was released on September 17, 2024.[401][402][403]
- JEP 455: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Preview)
- JEP 466: Class-File API (Second Preview)
- JEP 467: Markdown Documentation Comments
- JEP 469: Vector API (Eighth Incubator)
- JEP 473: Stream Gatherers (Second Preview)
- JEP 471: Deprecate the Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe for Removal
- JEP 474: ZGC: Generational Mode by Default
- JEP 476: Module Import Declarations (Preview)
- JEP 477: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Third Preview)
- JEP 480: Structured Concurrency (Third Preview)
- JEP 481: Scoped Values (Third Preview)
- JEP 482: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Second Preview)
The preview feature of String Templates was removed due to design issues.[404]
Java SE 24
As of August 2024[update], the specification for Java 24 has not yet been finalized. Java 24 is scheduled for release in March 2025.[405]
- JEP 472: Prepare to Restrict the Use of JNI
Future features
- Project Valhalla: Value classes, whose objects lack identity, but can in certain cases get an improved memory layout (with less indirection), or have their allocation optimized away entirely.
- Project Panama:
- Improved interoperability with native code, to enable Java source code to call functions and use data types from other languages, in a way that is easier and has better performance than today (this part of Project Panama is getting stabilized in Java 22 under JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API).
- Vector API, a portable and relatively low-level abstraction layer for SIMD programming. Its stabilization is dependent on Project Valhalla.
- Project Lilliput: Reduce the size of Java object headers. First down to 64 bits, and then down to 32 bits.
- Reducing startup time and warm-up time (time to peak performance) in JIT mode:
- Project CRaC enables making snapshots of whole JVM (together with the running application) and restoring it with necessary adjustments (reopening files, sockets, etc).
- Project Leyden, among other things, will allow partial or (in the long term) full AOT compiling, reducing overall dynamism (by adopting so called "closed-world constraints") to reduce dynamic compiling overhead.
- Project Babylon aims to extend the Java language's reach to alternative programming models with an enhancement to its reflective programming abilities, called code reflection (i.e., reflection over code itself). The stated main goal is to run Java code on GPUs, with SQL and other programming models as secondary targets.
Implementations
The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java's early history as proprietary software. In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat, which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment.
Visual J++ and the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine were created as incompatible implementations. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the .NET platform. In 2021, Microsoft started distributing compatible "Microsoft Build of OpenJDK" for Java 11 first then also for Java 17. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS.
Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul's Zing. Azul offers certified open source OpenJDK builds under the Zulu moniker.
Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun's implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform. Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in 2012.
The Apache Harmony project was started shortly before the release of OpenJDK. After Sun's initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license, in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK. Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Android incorporated parts of the Harmony project, supplemented with Google's own Dalvik virtual machine and ART. Apache Harmony has since been retired, and Google has switched its Harmony components with equivalent ones from OpenJDK.
Both Jikes and Jikes RVM are open-source research projects that IBM developed.
Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9[406] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation. JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions.
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Enlaces externos
- Descargas oficiales de Java SE
- Versiones compatibles y fin de vida útil de Sun Java
- Archivo de descargas para versiones anteriores de Java
- Versiones del JDK
- El almanaque de la versión Java