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Filadelfia

Filadelfia , conocida coloquialmente como Philly , es la ciudad más poblada del estado estadounidense de Pensilvania [11] y la sexta ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos , con una población de 1.603.797 en el censo de 2020. La ciudad es el núcleo urbano del valle de Delaware más grande , también conocido como el área metropolitana de Filadelfia, la octava región metropolitana más grande de la nación con 6,245 millones de residentes en su área estadística metropolitana y 7,366 millones de residentes en su área estadística combinada . [12]

Filadelfia ha desempeñado un papel importante en la historia de los Estados Unidos . La ciudad fue fundada en 1682 por William Penn , un cuáquero inglés y defensor de la libertad religiosa . La ciudad sirvió como capital de la colonia de Pensilvania durante la era colonial británica [3] [13] y pasó a desempeñar un papel histórico y vital como lugar de reunión central para los padres fundadores de la nación durante la Revolución estadounidense y la posterior Guerra de la Independencia . Filadelfia fue sede del Primer Congreso Continental en 1774, preservó la Campana de la Libertad y fue sede del Segundo Congreso Continental durante el cual los 56 fundadores de la nación formaron el Ejército Continental y eligieron a George Washington como su comandante en 1775, y adoptaron por unanimidad la Declaración de Independencia el 4 de julio de 1776. Durante nueve meses, desde septiembre de 1777 hasta junio de 1778, la ciudad cayó bajo ocupación británica durante la campaña de Filadelfia de la guerra . [14] En 1787, la Constitución de los Estados Unidos fue ratificada en Filadelfia en la Convención de Filadelfia . Filadelfia siguió siendo la ciudad más grande del país hasta 1790, y sirvió como la primera capital del país desde el 10 de mayo de 1775 hasta el 12 de diciembre de 1776, y en cuatro ocasiones posteriores hasta 1800, cuando se completó la construcción de la nueva capital nacional en Washington, DC . [15]

Filadelfia mantiene una amplia influencia contemporánea en los negocios y la industria , la cultura , los deportes y la música . [16] [17] Con 17 universidades y colegios de cuatro años en la ciudad, Filadelfia es uno de los principales centros de educación superior e investigación académica del país . [18] [19] La ciudad es un centro cultural nacional, que alberga más esculturas al aire libre y murales que cualquier otra ciudad del país. [20] [21] Fairmount Park , cuando se combina con el adyacente Wissahickon Valley Park en la misma cuenca hidrográfica , tiene 2052 acres (830 ha), lo que representa uno de los parques urbanos más grandes del país y el 54.º más grande del mundo . [22] Filadelfia es conocida por sus artes, cultura , gastronomía e historia de la era colonial y revolucionaria; en 2016, atrajo a 42 millones de turistas nacionales que gastaron $ 6.8 mil millones, lo que representa $ 11 mil millones en impacto económico para la ciudad y sus condados circundantes de Pensilvania. [23] Con cinco equipos deportivos profesionales y una de las bases de fanáticos más leales y apasionadas del país, Filadelfia a menudo se clasifica como la mejor ciudad del país para los fanáticos de los deportes profesionales. [24] [25] [26] [27] La ​​ciudad tiene una comunidad LGBTQ+ cultural y filantrópicamente activa . Filadelfia también ha desempeñado un papel histórico y continuo inmensamente influyente en el desarrollo y la evolución de la música estadounidense, especialmente el R&B , el soul y el rock . [28] [29]

En 2022 , el área metropolitana de Filadelfia tenía un producto metropolitano bruto de 518 500 millones de dólares estadounidenses [9] y alberga cinco sedes corporativas de Fortune 500. [30] El área metropolitana de Filadelfia se ubica como uno de los cinco grandes centros de capital de riesgo de EE. UU. , facilitado por su proximidad geográfica tanto a los ecosistemas empresariales como financieros de la ciudad de Nueva York y al entorno regulatorio federal de Washington, DC [31] El área metropolitana de Filadelfia también es un centro de biotecnología . La Bolsa de Valores de Filadelfia , propiedad de Nasdaq desde 2008, es la bolsa de valores más antigua del país y líder mundial en operaciones con opciones . [32] La estación de la calle 30 , la principal estación ferroviaria de la ciudad, es el tercer centro de Amtrak más concurrido del país, y la infraestructura de transporte y logística multimodal de la ciudad también incluye el Aeropuerto Internacional de Filadelfia , una importante puerta de entrada transatlántica y centro transcontinental; [33] el puerto marítimo PhilaPort , de rápido crecimiento ; [34] y la Interestatal 95 , la columna vertebral del sistema de autopistas de norte a sur a lo largo de la costa este de los Estados Unidos .

Filadelfia es una ciudad de muchas primicias, entre ellas la primera biblioteca de la nación (1731), [35] hospital (1751), [35] escuela de medicina (1765), [36] capital nacional (1774), [37] universidad (según algunos relatos) (1779), [38] banco central (1781), [39] bolsa de valores (1790), [35] zoológico (1874), [40] y escuela de negocios (1881). [41] Filadelfia contiene 67 Monumentos Históricos Nacionales , incluido el Independence Hall . [42] [43] [19] Desde la fundación de la ciudad en el siglo XVII hasta el presente, Filadelfia ha sido el lugar de nacimiento o el hogar de un gran número de estadounidenses prominentes e influyentes .

Historia

Pueblos originarios

Antes de la llegada de los europeos a principios del siglo XVII, la zona de Filadelfia era el hogar de los indios Lenape en el pueblo de Shackamaxon . También se les llamaba indios Delaware, [44] y su territorio histórico estaba a lo largo de la cuenca del río Delaware , el oeste de Long Island y el valle inferior del Hudson . [a] La mayoría de los Lenape fueron expulsados ​​de la región durante el siglo XVIII por la expansión de las colonias europeas, lo que se vio agravado por las pérdidas por conflictos intertribales. [44] Las comunidades Lenape se vieron debilitadas por las enfermedades recién introducidas, principalmente la viruela , y el conflicto con los europeos. Los iroqueses ocasionalmente lucharon contra los Lenape. Los Lenape sobrevivientes se trasladaron al oeste, a la cuenca superior del río Ohio . Después de la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos y la posterior formación de unos Estados Unidos independientes, los Lenape comenzaron a trasladarse más al oeste. En la década de 1860, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos envió a la mayoría de los Lenape que quedaban en el este de los Estados Unidos al Territorio Indio en la actual Oklahoma y los territorios circundantes como parte de la política de expulsión de los indios .

Colonial

William Penn (sosteniendo un papel) y el rey Carlos II representados en El nacimiento de Pensilvania 1680 de Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
El Tratado de Shackamaxon de 1682 de William Penn con la tribu Lenape representado en el Tratado de Penn con los indios , un retrato de 1772 de Benjamin West
Un retrato de la ciudad de Filadelfia, por Thomas Holme
Un retrato de Filadelfia de 1683 realizado por Thomas Holme , que se cree que es el primer mapa de la ciudad.

Los primeros europeos llegaron a Filadelfia y al valle circundante de Delaware a principios del siglo XVII. Los primeros asentamientos fueron fundados por colonos holandeses , que construyeron Fort Nassau en el río Delaware en 1623 en lo que hoy es Brooklawn, Nueva Jersey . Los holandeses consideraban que todo el valle del río Delaware era parte de su colonia de Nueva Holanda . En 1638, los colonos suecos liderados por holandeses renegados establecieron la colonia de Nueva Suecia en Fort Christina , ubicada en la actual Wilmington, Delaware , y rápidamente se extendieron por el valle. En 1644, Nueva Suecia apoyó a los susquehannocks en su guerra contra los colonos de Maryland . [45] En 1648, los holandeses construyeron Fort Beversreede en la orilla oeste del Delaware, al sur del río Schuylkill cerca de la actual sección Eastwick de Filadelfia, para reafirmar su dominio sobre el área. Los suecos respondieron construyendo el Fuerte Nya Korsholm , o Nuevo Korsholm , llamado así por una ciudad de Finlandia con mayoría sueca.

En 1655, una campaña militar holandesa dirigida por el director general de Nueva Holanda, Peter Stuyvesant, tomó el control de la colonia sueca, poniendo fin a su reivindicación de independencia. Los colonos suecos y finlandeses continuaron teniendo su propia milicia , religión y corte, y disfrutaron de una autonomía sustancial bajo el control de los holandeses. Una flota inglesa capturó la colonia de Nueva Holanda en 1664, aunque la situación no cambió sustancialmente hasta 1682, cuando la zona fue incluida en la carta de William Penn para Pensilvania. [46]

En 1681, en pago parcial de una deuda, Carlos II de Inglaterra le otorgó a Penn una carta para lo que se convertiría en la colonia de Pensilvania . A pesar de la carta real, Penn compró la tierra a los lenape locales en un esfuerzo por establecer buenos términos con los nativos americanos y asegurar la paz para la colonia. [47] Penn hizo un tratado de amistad con el jefe lenape Tammany bajo un olmo en Shackamaxon , en lo que ahora es el barrio Fishtown de la ciudad. [3] Penn nombró a la ciudad Filadelfia, que en griego significa "amor fraternal", derivado de los términos griegos antiguos φίλος phílos (amado, querido) y ἀδελφός adelphós (hermano, fraternal). Hubo varias ciudades llamadas Filadelfia en el Mediterráneo oriental durante los períodos griego y romano, incluida la moderna Alaşehir , mencionada como el sitio de una congregación cristiana primitiva en el Libro del Apocalipsis . Como cuáquero , Penn había sufrido persecución religiosa y quería que su colonia fuera un lugar donde cualquiera pudiera practicar su religión libremente. Esta tolerancia, que excedía la de otras colonias, condujo a mejores relaciones con las tribus nativas locales y fomentó el rápido crecimiento de Filadelfia hasta convertirse en la ciudad más importante de Estados Unidos. [48]

Penn planeó una ciudad en el río Delaware que sirviera como puerto y sede del gobierno. Con la esperanza de que Filadelfia se pareciera más a un pueblo rural inglés en lugar de a una ciudad, Penn trazó caminos en un plano de cuadrícula para mantener las casas y los negocios alejados entre sí, con áreas para jardines y huertos .

Sin embargo, los habitantes de la ciudad no siguieron los planes de Penn y, en su lugar, abarrotaron el actual puerto de Filadelfia en el río Delaware y subdividieron y revendieron sus lotes. [49] Antes de que Penn abandonara Filadelfia por última vez, emitió la Carta de 1701 que la establecía como ciudad. Aunque pobre al principio, Filadelfia se convirtió en un importante centro comercial con condiciones de vida tolerables en la década de 1750. Benjamin Franklin , un ciudadano destacado, ayudó a mejorar los servicios de la ciudad y fundó otros nuevos que estuvieron entre los primeros del país, incluida una compañía de bomberos , una biblioteca y un hospital .

Se formaron varias sociedades filosóficas que eran centros de la vida intelectual de la ciudad, entre ellas la Sociedad de Filadelfia para la Promoción de la Agricultura (1785), la Sociedad de Pensilvania para el Fomento de las Manufacturas y las Artes Útiles (1787), la Academia de Ciencias Naturales (1812) y el Instituto Franklin (1824). [50] Estas sociedades desarrollaron y financiaron nuevas industrias que atrajeron a inmigrantes cualificados y conocedores de Europa.

Revolución americana

El Comité de los Cinco presenta su borrador de la Declaración de Independencia en el Independence Hall el 28 de junio de 1776, representado en una pintura de 1818 de John Trumbull ; el historiador Joseph Ellis llamó a la Declaración "las palabras más potentes y consecuentes en la historia estadounidense". [51]
La Casa Presidencial en Market Street sirvió como mansión presidencial para los dos primeros presidentes de la nación , George Washington y John Adams , desde 1790 hasta 1800, antes de la finalización de la Casa Blanca y el desarrollo de Washington, DC como la nueva capital de la nación.
Salón de la Independencia en Chestnut Street entre las calles 5 y 6, donde se firmó la Declaración de Independencia y se ratificó la Constitución , el 4 de julio de 1776 y el 21 de junio de 1788, respectivamente

La importancia de Filadelfia y su ubicación central en las colonias la convirtieron en un centro natural para los revolucionarios de Estados Unidos . En la década de 1750, Filadelfia superó a Boston como la ciudad más grande y el puerto más activo de la América británica , y la segunda ciudad más grande de todo el Imperio británico después de Londres . [52] [53] En 1774, cuando el resentimiento por las prácticas coloniales británicas y el apoyo a la independencia estaban en auge en las colonias, Filadelfia fue sede del Primer Congreso Continental .

De 1775 a 1781, Filadelfia fue sede del Segundo Congreso Continental , [54] que adoptó la Declaración de Independencia en lo que entonces se llamaba la Casa del Estado de Pensilvania y más tarde pasó a llamarse Independence Hall. El historiador Joseph Ellis , en 2007, describió la Declaración de Independencia, escrita predominantemente por Thomas Jefferson , como "las palabras más potentes y consecuentes de la historia estadounidense", [14] y su adopción representó una declaración de guerra contra el Ejército británico , que entonces era la fuerza militar más poderosa del mundo. Desde la adopción de la Declaración el 4 de julio de 1776, su firma ha sido citada globalmente y en repetidas ocasiones por varios pueblos del mundo que buscan la independencia y la libertad. También ha sido, desde su adopción, la base de la celebración anual de los estadounidenses; en 1938, esta celebración de la Declaración se formalizó como el Día de la Independencia , uno de los únicos once días festivos federales designados en Estados Unidos .

Después de la derrota de George Washington en la batalla de Brandywine en el municipio de Chadds Ford , el 11 de septiembre de 1777, durante la campaña de Filadelfia , la capital revolucionaria de Filadelfia estaba indefensa y la ciudad se preparó para lo que se percibía como un ataque británico inevitable. Debido a que las campanas podían ser fácilmente refundidas en municiones, la Campana de la Libertad , entonces conocida como la Campana del Estado de Pensilvania, y las campanas de dos iglesias de Filadelfia, Christ Church y St. Peter's Church , fueron desmontadas apresuradamente y transportadas en una caravana de carros fuertemente custodiada fuera de la ciudad. La Campana de la Libertad fue llevada a la Iglesia Reformada Alemana de Sión en Northampton Town, que actualmente es Allentown , donde estuvo oculta bajo las tablas del piso de la iglesia durante nueve meses desde septiembre de 1777 hasta la partida del Ejército británico de Filadelfia en junio de 1778. [55] Dos batallas de la Guerra de la Independencia, el Asedio de Fort Mifflin , librado entre el 26 de septiembre y el 16 de noviembre de 1777, y la Batalla de Germantown , librada el 4 de octubre de 1777, tuvieron lugar dentro de los límites de la ciudad de Filadelfia.

En Filadelfia, el Segundo Congreso Continental adoptó los Artículos de la Confederación el 15 de noviembre de 1777, y la ciudad posteriormente sirvió como lugar de reunión de la Convención Constitucional , que ratificó la Constitución en el Independence Hall de Filadelfia el 17 de septiembre de 1787.

Filadelfia sirvió como capital de los Estados Unidos durante gran parte del período colonial y poscolonial, incluyendo durante una década, de 1790 a 1800, mientras Washington, DC , se construía y preparaba para servir como la nueva capital nacional. [56] En 1793, la mayor epidemia de fiebre amarilla en la historia de los EE. UU. mató aproximadamente entre 4000 y 5000 personas en Filadelfia, o alrededor del diez por ciento de la población de la ciudad en ese momento. [57] [58] La capital de los Estados Unidos se trasladó a Washington, DC en 1800 una vez completados los edificios de la Casa Blanca y el Capitolio de los EE. UU .

La capital del estado se trasladó de Filadelfia a Lancaster en 1799, y luego a Harrisburg en 1812. Filadelfia siguió siendo la ciudad más grande del país hasta finales del siglo XVIII. También fue el centro financiero y cultural del país hasta que finalmente fue eclipsada en población total por la ciudad de Nueva York en 1790. En 1816, la comunidad negra libre de la ciudad fundó la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal Africana , la primera denominación negra independiente del país, y la primera Iglesia Episcopal Negra . La comunidad negra libre también estableció muchas escuelas para sus niños con la ayuda de los cuáqueros . Los proyectos de construcción a gran escala de nuevas carreteras, canales y ferrocarriles hicieron de Filadelfia la primera ciudad industrial importante de los Estados Unidos.

Siglo XIX

Préstamo de la ciudad de Filadelfia, emitido el 7 de marzo de 1866
Ceremonias de inauguración de la Exposición del Centenario en el Memorial Hall de Fairmount Park en 1876, la primera feria mundial celebrada en los EE. UU. en el centenario de la fundación de la nación.

A lo largo del siglo XIX, Filadelfia albergó una variedad de industrias y negocios; el más grande fue la industria textil . Las corporaciones más importantes en los siglos XIX y principios del XX incluyeron Baldwin Locomotive Works , William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company y Pennsylvania Railroad . [59] Establecida en 1870, la Philadelphia Conveyancers' Association fue autorizada por el estado en 1871. Junto con el Centenario de los EE. UU. en 1876, la industria de la ciudad se celebró en la Exposición del Centenario , la primera feria mundial oficial en los EE. UU.

Los inmigrantes, en su mayoría de Irlanda y Alemania, se establecieron en Filadelfia y los distritos circundantes. Estos inmigrantes fueron en gran medida responsables de la primera huelga general en América del Norte en 1835, en la que los trabajadores de la ciudad ganaron la jornada laboral de diez horas. La ciudad fue un destino para miles de inmigrantes irlandeses que huyeron de la Gran Hambruna en la década de 1840; se desarrollaron viviendas para ellos al sur de South Street y luego fueron ocupadas por los inmigrantes que llegaron después. Establecieron una red de iglesias y escuelas católicas y dominaron el clero católico durante décadas. Los disturbios nativistas antiirlandeses y anticatólicos estallaron en Filadelfia en 1844. El aumento de la población de los distritos circundantes ayudó a conducir a la Ley de Consolidación de 1854 , que extendió los límites de la ciudad de las 2 millas cuadradas (5,2 km 2 ) del centro de la ciudad a las aproximadamente 134 millas cuadradas (350 km 2 ) del condado de Filadelfia . [60] [61] En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y a principios del siglo XX, inmigrantes de Rusia, Europa del Este e Italia, y afroamericanos del sur de los Estados Unidos se establecieron en la ciudad. [62]

Filadelfia estuvo representada por los Washington Grays en la Guerra Civil estadounidense . La población afroamericana de Filadelfia aumentó de 31.699 a 219.559 entre 1880 y 1930, en gran medida como resultado de la Gran Migración desde el Sur . [63] [64]

Siglo XX

Chestnut Street en el centro de la ciudad por la noche en febrero de 2016

En el siglo XX, Filadelfia contaba con una maquinaria política republicana arraigada y una población complaciente. [ aclaración necesaria ] [65] En 1910, una huelga general paralizó toda la ciudad. [66]

En 1917, tras la indignación por el asesinato en año electoral de un oficial de policía de Filadelfia, el Ayuntamiento se redujo de dos cámaras a solo una. [67] En julio de 1919, Filadelfia fue una de las más de 36 ciudades industriales a nivel nacional que sufrieron un motín racial durante el Verano Rojo en los disturbios posteriores a la Primera Guerra Mundial, ya que los inmigrantes recientes compitieron con los negros por los puestos de trabajo. En la década de 1920, el desacato público de las leyes de la Prohibición , el crimen organizado , la violencia de las turbas y la participación de la policía corrupta en actividades ilegales llevaron al nombramiento del general de brigada Smedley Butler del Cuerpo de Marines de los EE. UU. como director de seguridad pública de la ciudad, pero la presión política todavía impidió el éxito a largo plazo en la lucha contra el crimen y la corrupción. [68]

En 1940, los blancos no hispanos constituían el 86,8% de la población de la ciudad. [69] En 1950, la población alcanzó un máximo de más de dos millones de residentes, luego comenzó a declinar con la reestructuración de la industria que llevó a la pérdida de muchos empleos sindicalizados de clase media. Además, la suburbanización atrajo a muchos residentes adinerados a abandonar la ciudad hacia sus pueblos periféricos de cercanías y nuevas viviendas. La reducción resultante en la base impositiva de Filadelfia y los recursos del gobierno local hicieron que la ciudad luchara durante un largo período de ajuste, y se acercó a la bancarrota a fines de la década de 1980. [70] [71]

En 1985, se produjo el bombardeo del barrio de Cobbs Creek por parte de helicópteros de la ciudad, que mató a 11 personas y destruyó 61 casas. [72]

La revitalización y gentrificación de los barrios comenzó a fines de la década de 1970 y continúa en el siglo XXI, con gran parte del desarrollo ocurriendo en los barrios de Center City y University City . Pero esto amplió la escasez de viviendas asequibles en la ciudad. Después de que muchos fabricantes y empresas abandonaran Filadelfia o cerraran, la ciudad comenzó a atraer empresas de servicios y comenzó a promocionarse de manera más agresiva como destino turístico. A principios de la década de 1980 se construyeron en Center City rascacielos contemporáneos de vidrio y granito . Las áreas históricas como Old City y Society Hill fueron renovadas durante la era de alcaldes reformistas de la década de 1950 a la de 1980, lo que convirtió a ambas áreas en algunos de los barrios más deseables de Center City. Los inmigrantes de todo el mundo comenzaron a ingresar a los EE. UU. a través de Filadelfia como su puerta de entrada, lo que llevó a una reversión de la disminución de la población de la ciudad entre 1950 y 2000, durante la cual perdió aproximadamente el 25 por ciento de sus residentes. [73] [74]

Siglo XXI

Filadelfia finalmente comenzó a experimentar un crecimiento de su población en 2007, que continuó con aumentos anuales incrementales hasta el presente. [75] [76] Se ha establecido un patrón de migración de la ciudad de Nueva York a Filadelfia por parte de los residentes que optan por una ciudad grande con relativa proximidad y un menor costo de vida . [77] [78]

Geografía

Topografía

El centro geográfico de Filadelfia está aproximadamente a 40° 0′ 34″ de latitud norte y 75° 8′ 0″ de longitud oeste. El paralelo 40 norte pasa por barrios del noreste de Filadelfia , el norte de Filadelfia y el oeste de Filadelfia , incluido Fairmount Park . La ciudad abarca 142,71 millas cuadradas (369,62 km 2 ), de las cuales 134,18 millas cuadradas (347,52 km 2 ) son tierra y 8,53 millas cuadradas (22,09 km 2 ), o el 6 %, son agua. [79] Los cuerpos de agua naturales incluyen los ríos Delaware y Schuylkill , lagos en Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park y los arroyos Cobbs , Wissahickon y Pennypack . El cuerpo de agua artificial más grande es East Park Reservoir en Fairmount Park .

El punto más bajo es el nivel del mar y el punto más alto está en Chestnut Hill , a unos 446 pies (136 m) sobre el nivel del mar en Summit Street cerca de la intersección de Germantown Avenue y Bethlehem Pike en: 40.07815 N, 75.20747 W. [80] [81] Filadelfia está ubicada en la línea de caída de la costa atlántica que separa la llanura atlántica del Piamonte . [82] Los rápidos del río Schuylkill en East Falls se inundaron al completarse la presa en Fairmount Water Works . [83]

La ciudad es la sede de su propio condado . Limita con seis condados adyacentes: Montgomery al noroeste; Bucks al norte y noreste; Burlington County, Nueva Jersey al este; Camden County, Nueva Jersey al sureste; Gloucester County, Nueva Jersey al sur; y Delaware County al suroeste.

Paisaje urbano

Planificación urbana

El horizonte de Filadelfia visto desde el noroeste en el puente Spring Garden Street sobre el río Schuylkill en abril de 2018 (versión anotada)
El horizonte de Filadelfia al anochecer desde el suroeste en el puente South Street con el río Schuylkill a la izquierda en julio de 2016 (versión anotada)

Filadelfia fue creada en el siglo XVII, siguiendo el plan del topógrafo de William Penn , Thomas Holme . El centro de la ciudad está estructurado con calles largas y rectas que corren casi en línea recta de este a oeste y de norte a sur, formando un patrón de cuadrícula entre los ríos Delaware y Schuylkill que está alineado con sus cursos. El plan original de la ciudad fue diseñado para permitir un viaje fácil y mantener las residencias separadas por espacios abiertos que ayudarían a prevenir la propagación del fuego. [84] En consonancia con la idea de una "ciudad rural verde", e inspirado por los muchos tipos de árboles que crecían en la región, Penn nombró muchas de las calles este-oeste en honor a los árboles locales. [85] Penn planeó la creación de cinco parques públicos en la ciudad que fueron renombrados en 1824. [84] Centre Square pasó a llamarse Penn Square ; [86] Northeast Square pasó a llamarse Franklin Square ; Southeast Square pasó a llamarse Washington Square ; Southwest Square pasó a llamarse Rittenhouse Square ; y Northwest Square pasó a llamarse Logan Circle/Square . [87] Se estima que Center City tenía 183.240 residentes en 2015 , lo que lo convierte en la segunda zona céntrica más poblada de los Estados Unidos después de Midtown Manhattan en la ciudad de Nueva York. [88]

Los barrios de Filadelfia se dividen en seis grandes secciones que rodean el centro de la ciudad: norte de Filadelfia , noreste de Filadelfia , sur de Filadelfia , suroeste de Filadelfia , oeste de Filadelfia y noroeste de Filadelfia . Los límites geográficos de la ciudad se han mantenido prácticamente sin cambios desde que estos barrios se consolidaron en 1854. Sin embargo, cada una de estas grandes áreas contiene numerosos barrios, algunos de cuyos límites derivan de los distritos, municipios y otras comunidades que constituían el condado de Pensilvania antes de su inclusión dentro de la ciudad. [89]

La Comisión de Planificación de la Ciudad , encargada de guiar el crecimiento y desarrollo de la ciudad, ha dividido la ciudad en 18 distritos de planificación como parte del plan de desarrollo físico Philadelphia2035. [90] [91] Gran parte del código de zonificación de la ciudad de 1980 fue revisado entre 2007 y 2012 como parte de un esfuerzo conjunto entre los ex alcaldes John F. Street y Michael Nutter . Los cambios de zonificación tenían como objetivo rectificar mapas de zonificación incorrectos para facilitar el desarrollo futuro de la comunidad, ya que la ciudad pronostica que se agregarán 100.000 residentes adicionales y 40.000 puestos de trabajo para 2035.

La Autoridad de Vivienda de Filadelfia (PHA, por sus siglas en inglés) es la mayor empresa de alquiler de viviendas de Pensilvania. Fundada en 1937, la PHA es la cuarta autoridad de vivienda más importante del país y ofrece viviendas asequibles a unas 81.000 personas, además de emplear a 1.400 con un presupuesto de 371 millones de dólares. [92] La Autoridad de Estacionamiento de Filadelfia es responsable de garantizar un estacionamiento adecuado para los residentes, las empresas y los visitantes de la ciudad. [93]

Arquitectura

El Ayuntamiento de Filadelfia por la noche en diciembre de 2012
Dos de los edificios más altos y destacados del centro de Filadelfia : One Liberty Place , construido entre 1985 y 1987 (al fondo), y el Ayuntamiento de Filadelfia , construido entre 1871 y 1901 (en primer plano).

La historia arquitectónica de Filadelfia se remonta a la época colonial e incluye una amplia gama de estilos. Las primeras estructuras se construyeron con troncos , pero las estructuras de ladrillo eran comunes en 1700. Durante el siglo XVIII, el paisaje urbano estuvo dominado por la arquitectura georgiana , que incluía el Independence Hall y la Christ Church .

En las primeras décadas del siglo XIX, la arquitectura federal y de estilo neogriego fueron los estilos dominantes producidos por arquitectos de Filadelfia como Benjamin Latrobe , William Strickland , John Haviland , John Notman , Thomas Walter y Samuel Sloan . [94] Frank Furness es considerado el arquitecto más grande de Filadelfia de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Entre sus contemporáneos se encuentran John McArthur Jr. , Addison Hutton , Wilson Eyre , los hermanos Wilson y Horace Trumbauer . En 1871, comenzó la construcción del Ayuntamiento de Filadelfia de estilo Segundo Imperio . La Comisión Histórica de Filadelfia se creó en 1955 para preservar la historia cultural y arquitectónica de la ciudad. La comisión mantiene el Registro de Lugares Históricos de Filadelfia , agregando edificios, estructuras, sitios, objetos y distritos históricos según lo considere oportuno. [95]

En 1932, Filadelfia se convirtió en el hogar del primer rascacielos moderno de estilo internacional en los Estados Unidos, el edificio PSFS , diseñado por George Howe y William Lescaze . El Ayuntamiento de 548 pies (167 m) siguió siendo el edificio más alto de la ciudad hasta 1987, cuando se completó One Liberty Place . Numerosos rascacielos de vidrio y granito se construyeron en Center City a partir de fines de la década de 1980. En 2007, el Comcast Center superó a One Liberty Place para convertirse en el edificio más alto de la ciudad. El Comcast Technology Center se completó en 2018, alcanzando una altura de 1121 pies (342 m), como el edificio más alto de los Estados Unidos fuera de Manhattan y Chicago. [96]

Durante gran parte de la historia de Filadelfia, la vivienda típica ha sido la casa adosada . La casa adosada se introdujo en los Estados Unidos a través de Filadelfia a principios del siglo XIX y, durante un tiempo, las casas adosadas construidas en otras partes de los Estados Unidos se conocieron como "Fila de Filadelfia". [94] Se puede encontrar una variedad de casas adosadas en toda la ciudad, desde bloques continuos de estilo federal en Old City y Society Hill hasta casas de estilo victoriano en el norte de Filadelfia y casas adosadas gemelas en el oeste de Filadelfia . Si bien se han construido casas más nuevas recientemente, gran parte de las viviendas datan de los siglos XVIII, XIX y principios del XX, lo que ha creado problemas como la decadencia urbana y los lotes vacíos. Algunos vecindarios, incluidos Northern Liberties y Society Hill, se han rehabilitado a través de la gentrificación . [97] [98]

Parques

El parque Fairmount de Filadelfia , en el río Schuylkill , el parque público más grande de la ciudad y uno de los más grandes del mundo.

En 2014 , el espacio total de parques de la ciudad, incluidos los parques municipales, estatales y federales, asciende a 11 211 acres (17,5 millas cuadradas). [22] El parque más grande de Filadelfia es Fairmount Park , que incluye el zoológico de Filadelfia y abarca 2052 acres (3,2 millas cuadradas) del parque total. El parque Wissahickon Valley adyacente a Fairmount Park contiene 2042 acres (3,2 millas cuadradas). [100] Fairmount Park, cuando se combina con Wissahickon Valley Park, es una de las áreas de parques urbanos contiguos más grandes de los EE. UU. [22] Los dos parques, junto con las mansiones de estilo colonial renacentista , georgiano y federal en ellos, han sido incluidos como una entidad en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos desde 1972. [101]

Clima

Dentro de la clasificación climática de Köppen , Filadelfia se encuentra dentro de la periferia norte de la zona climática subtropical húmeda (Köppen Cfa ). [102] Dentro de la clasificación climática de Trewartha , Filadelfia tiene un clima marítimo templado ( Do ) limitado al norte por el clima continental ( Dc ). [103] Los veranos son típicamente calurosos y húmedos. El otoño y la primavera son generalmente suaves, y el invierno es moderadamente frío. Las zonas de rusticidad de la vida vegetal son 7a y 7b, que reflejan una temperatura mínima extrema anual promedio entre 0 y 10 °F (−18 y −12 °C). [104]

Las nevadas son muy variables. Algunos inviernos tienen solo nevadas ligeras, mientras que otros incluyen grandes tormentas de nieve. La nevada estacional normal promedia 22,4 pulgadas (57 cm), con nevadas raras en noviembre o abril, y rara vez una capa de nieve sostenida. [105] La acumulación de nevadas estacionales ha variado desde cantidades mínimas en 1972-73, hasta 78,7 pulgadas (200 cm) en el invierno de 2009-10. [105] [b] La nevada más intensa de una sola tormenta en la ciudad fue de 30,7 pulgadas (78 cm), que ocurrió en enero de 1996. [106]

Las precipitaciones se reparten generalmente a lo largo del año, con ocho a once días húmedos al mes, [107] a una tasa media anual de 1120 mm (44,1 pulgadas), pero que históricamente oscila entre 744 mm (29,31 pulgadas) en 1922 y 1634 mm (64,33 pulgadas) en 2011. [105] La mayor cantidad de lluvia registrada en un día se produjo el 28 de julio de 2013, cuando cayeron 204 mm (8,02 pulgadas) en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Filadelfia . [105] Filadelfia tiene un clima moderadamente soleado con una media de 2498 horas de sol al año. El porcentaje de sol oscila entre el 47% en diciembre y el 61% en junio, julio y agosto. [108]

La temperatura media diaria en enero es de 0,9 °C (33,7 °F). La temperatura sube frecuentemente a 10 °C (50 °F) durante los deshielos. En julio la temperatura media es de 25,9 °C (78,7 °F). Las olas de calor acompañadas de altos índices de humedad y calor son frecuentes, con máximas que alcanzan o superan los 32 °C (90 °F) durante 30 días del año. La ventana media de temperaturas bajo cero es del 6 de noviembre al 2 de abril, [105] lo que permite una temporada de crecimiento de 217 días. El comienzo del otoño y el final del invierno son generalmente secos, y febrero tiene la precipitación media más baja, con 70 mm (2,75 pulgadas). El punto de rocío en verano oscila en promedio entre 15 y 18 °C (59,1 y 64,5 °F). [105]

La temperatura más alta registrada fue de 106 °F (41 °C) el 7 de agosto de 1918. Las temperaturas de 100 °F (38 °C) o más no son comunes, y la última aparición de tal temperatura fue el 21 de julio de 2019. [109] La temperatura más baja registrada oficialmente fue de −11 °F (−24 °C) el 9 de febrero de 1934. [109] Las temperaturas de 0 °F (−18 °C) o menos son raras, y la última aparición de este tipo fue el 19 de enero de 1994 . [105] La temperatura mínima histórica fue de 5 °F (−15 °C) el 10 de febrero de 1899 y el 30 de diciembre de 1880. La temperatura mínima histórica fue de 83 °F (28 °C) el 23 de julio de 2011 y el 24 de julio de 2010. [110]

Serie temporal

Ver o editar datos gráficos sin procesar.

Calidad del aire

El condado de Filadelfia recibió una calificación de ozono de F y una calificación de contaminación de partículas de 24 horas de D en el informe State of the Air de 2017 de la American Lung Association , que analizó datos de 2013 a 2015. [115] [116] La ciudad ocupó el puesto 22 en ozono, el 20 en contaminación de partículas a corto plazo y el 11 en contaminación de partículas durante todo el año. [117] Según el mismo informe, la ciudad experimentó una reducción significativa en los días de alto ozono desde 2001, de casi 50 días por año a menos de 10, junto con menos días de alta contaminación de partículas desde 2000, de aproximadamente 19 días por año a aproximadamente 3, y una reducción aproximada del 30% en los niveles anuales de contaminación de partículas desde 2000. [116]

Cinco de las diez áreas estadísticas combinadas más grandes (CSA, por sus siglas en inglés) obtuvieron una clasificación más alta en ozono: Los Ángeles (1.º), Nueva York (9.º), Houston (12.º), Dallas (13.º) y San José, California (18.º). Muchas áreas estadísticas combinadas más pequeñas también obtuvieron una clasificación más alta en ozono, incluidas Sacramento (8.º), Las Vegas (10.º), Denver (11.º), El Paso (16.º) y Salt Lake City (20.º). Solo dos de esas mismas diez áreas estadísticas combinadas, San José y Los Ángeles, obtuvieron una clasificación más alta que Filadelfia en cuanto a contaminación por partículas tanto anual como a corto plazo. [117]

Demografía

Según el censo de EE. UU. de 2020 , había 1.603.797 personas residiendo en Filadelfia, lo que representa un aumento del 1,2 % con respecto a la estimación del censo de 2019. [76] La composición racial de la ciudad era 39,3 % solo negros (42,0 % solo negros o en combinación), 36,3 % solo blancos (41,9 % solo blancos o en combinación), 8,7 % solo asiáticos, 0,4 % solo indios americanos y nativos de Alaska, 8,7 % alguna otra raza y 6,9 % multirraciales. El 14,9 % de los residentes eran hispanos o latinos. [120]

El 34,8% tenía una licenciatura o un título superior. El 23,9% hablaba un idioma distinto del inglés en casa, siendo el más común el español (10,8%). El 15,0% de la población nació en el extranjero, de los cuales aproximadamente la mitad son ciudadanos estadounidenses naturalizados. El 3,7% de la población son veteranos. El ingreso familiar medio era de 52.889 dólares y el 22,8% de la población vivía en la pobreza. El 49,5% de la población conducía sola al trabajo, mientras que el 23,2% utilizaba el transporte público, el 8,2% compartía el coche, el 7,9% caminaba y el 7,0% trabajaba desde casa. El trayecto medio es de 31 minutos. [120]

Después del censo de 1950 , cuando se registró un máximo histórico de 2.071.605, la población de la ciudad comenzó un largo declive. La población cayó a un mínimo de 1.488.710 residentes en 2006 antes de comenzar a aumentar nuevamente. Entre 2006 y 2017, Filadelfia agregó 92.153 residentes. En 2017, la Oficina del Censo de los EE. UU. estimó que la composición racial de la ciudad era 41,3% negros (no hispanos), 34,9% blancos (no hispanos), 14,1% hispanos o latinos, 7,1% asiáticos, 0,4% nativos americanos, 0,05% isleños del Pacífico y 2,8% multirraciales. [121]

Orígenes étnicos en Filadelfia

Inmigración y diversidad cultural

El famoso mercado italiano de Filadelfia , en el sur de la ciudad
Un cartel de la calle Gayborhood cerca de Washington Square

Además del crecimiento económico de la ciudad, la población de la ciudad se ha visto impulsada por la inmigración extranjera. Según The Pew Charitable Trusts , la población nacida en el extranjero de la ciudad aumentó un 69% entre 2000 y 2016 para constituir casi el 20% de la fuerza laboral de Filadelfia, [125] y se duplicó entre 1990 y 2017 para constituir el 13,8% de la población total de la ciudad, siendo los cinco principales países de origen China por un margen significativo, seguida de República Dominicana , Jamaica , India y Vietnam . [126]

Los grupos étnicos europeos más numerosos de la ciudad son los de ascendencia irlandesa, italiana, alemana, polaca, inglesa, rusa, ucraniana y francesa . [128] Filadelfia tiene la segunda población irlandesa e italiana más grande de los Estados Unidos después de la ciudad de Nueva York . El sur de Filadelfia sigue siendo uno de los barrios italianos más grandes del país y alberga el mercado italiano .

El barrio de Pennsport y la sección Gray's Ferry del sur de Filadelfia, hogar de muchos clubes de Mummer , son bien conocidos como barrios irlandeses . Los barrios de Kensington , Port Richmond y Fishtown han sido históricamente predominantemente irlandeses y polacos. Port Richmond es un centro para la comunidad polaco-estadounidense en Filadelfia y sigue siendo un destino común para los inmigrantes polacos. El noreste de Filadelfia , aunque conocido por su población irlandesa e irlandesa-estadounidense, es el hogar de una población judía y rusa. Mount Airy en el noroeste de Filadelfia también contiene una comunidad judía. Cerca de Chestnut Hill se conoce históricamente como una comunidad protestante anglosajona .

La población afroamericana de Filadelfia es la cuarta más grande del país después de la ciudad de Nueva York , Chicago y Houston . El oeste y el norte de Filadelfia son barrios en su mayoría afroamericanos, pero muchos están abandonando esas áreas en favor de las secciones noreste y suroeste de Filadelfia. Una mayor proporción de musulmanes afroamericanos reside en Filadelfia que en la mayoría de las otras ciudades importantes de Estados Unidos. El oeste y el suroeste de Filadelfia albergan varias comunidades de inmigrantes afrocaribeños y africanos . [129]

La población puertorriqueña en Filadelfia es la segunda más grande en el territorio continental de los EE. UU. después de la ciudad de Nueva York, y la segunda de más rápido crecimiento después de Orlando . [130] El este del norte de Filadelfia, particularmente Fairhill y las áreas circundantes al norte y al este, tiene una de las concentraciones más altas de puertorriqueños fuera de Puerto Rico , con muchas grandes franjas de bloques cerca del 100% de puertorriqueños. [131] [132] Las poblaciones puertorriqueñas y dominicanas residen en el norte de Filadelfia y el noreste, y existen poblaciones mexicanas y centroamericanas en el sur de Filadelfia. [133] Los migrantes sudamericanos estaban siendo transportados en autobús desde Texas a Filadelfia a partir de 2022. [134]

La población asiático-estadounidense de Filadelfia incluye a chinos, indios, vietnamitas, surcoreanos, filipinos, camboyanos e indonesios. Más de 35.000 chino-estadounidenses vivían en la ciudad en 2015, [135] incluida una población fuzhounesa . El centro de la ciudad alberga un barrio chino al que llegan líneas de autobús de Chinatown con servicio desde/hacia Chinatown, Manhattan . [136] Una comunidad coreana se instaló inicialmente en el barrio de Olney en el norte de Filadelfia ; sin embargo, el Koreatown principal se ha desplazado posteriormente más al norte, a caballo entre la frontera de la ciudad con la vecina Cheltenham en el condado de Montgomery y Cherry Hill en el sur de Jersey . El sur de Filadelfia es el hogar de vietnamitas-estadounidenses en Little Saigon y camboyanos-estadounidenses en Cambodia Town , así como de comunidades tailandesas-estadounidenses , indonesias-estadounidenses y chino-estadounidenses .

El barrio gay de Filadelfia, cerca de Washington Square, alberga una concentración de negocios, restaurantes y bares amigables con los gays y las lesbianas. [137] [138]

Religión

En un estudio de 2014 del Pew Research Center , el 68% de la población de la ciudad se identificó como cristiana . [139] Aproximadamente el 41% de los cristianos de la ciudad y el área profesaban su asistencia a una variedad de iglesias que podrían considerarse protestantes , mientras que el 26% profesaba creencias católicas .

La comunidad cristiana protestante en Filadelfia está dominada por las principales denominaciones protestantes , incluidas la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana en América , la Iglesia Unida de Cristo , la Iglesia Episcopal en los Estados Unidos , la Iglesia Presbiteriana (EE. UU.) y las Iglesias Bautistas Americanas de EE. UU . Una de las jurisdicciones protestantes más importantes es la Diócesis Episcopal de Pensilvania . La Iglesia Metodista Episcopal Africana se estableció en Filadelfia. Históricamente, la ciudad tiene fuertes conexiones con los cuáqueros , el unitarismo universalista y el movimiento de cultura ética , todos los cuales continúan estando representados en la ciudad. La Conferencia General de los Amigos Cuáqueros tiene su sede en Filadelfia. Los protestantes evangélicos que representan menos del 15% de la población también prevalecieron.

Los organismos protestantes evangélicos incluían la Iglesia Anglicana en América del Norte , la Iglesia Luterana-Sínodo de Misuri , la Iglesia Presbiteriana en América y la Convención Nacional Bautista de América . La comunidad católica es atendida principalmente por la Arquidiócesis Católica Latina de Filadelfia , la Arquieparquía Católica Ucraniana de Filadelfia y la Eparquía Católica Sirio-Malankara de los Estados Unidos de América y Canadá , aunque existen algunas iglesias católicas independientes en Filadelfia y sus suburbios. La jurisdicción basada en la Iglesia Latina tiene su sede en la ciudad, y su sede es la Basílica Catedral de los Santos Pedro y Pablo . La jurisdicción católica ucraniana tiene su sede en Filadelfia y está ubicada en la Catedral de la Inmaculada Concepción .

Menos del 1% de los cristianos de Filadelfia eran mormones . El resto de la demografía cristiana se distribuye entre denominaciones protestantes más pequeñas y la Iglesia Ortodoxa Oriental y Oriental , entre otras. La Diócesis de Pensilvania Oriental ( Iglesia Ortodoxa en América ) y la Arquidiócesis Ortodoxa Griega de América ( Patriarcado Ecuménico ) dividen a la Iglesia Ortodoxa Oriental en Filadelfia. La Catedral de San Andrés de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa se encuentra en la ciudad. El mismo estudio dice que otras religiones componen colectivamente alrededor del 8% de la población, incluyendo el judaísmo , el hinduismo , el islam , el budismo y el sijismo . [140] Filadelfia tiene la quinta población musulmana más grande entre las ciudades de Estados Unidos. [141] El 24% restante no afirmó ninguna afiliación religiosa .

La población judía del área metropolitana de Filadelfia se estimó en 206.000 en 2001, lo que la convirtió en la sexta más grande de los EE. UU. en ese momento. [142] Los comerciantes judíos operaban en el sureste de Pensilvania mucho antes de William Penn . Los judíos de Filadelfia tomaron parte destacada en la Guerra de la Independencia . Aunque la mayoría de los primeros residentes judíos eran de ascendencia portuguesa o española, algunos de ellos habían emigrado de Alemania y Polonia . A principios del siglo XIX, varios judíos de estos últimos países, al encontrar desconocidos los servicios de la Congregación Mickvé Israel , decidieron formar una nueva congregación que utilizaría el ritual al que estaban acostumbrados.

Las religiones de la diáspora africana se practican en algunas comunidades latinas, hispanas y caribeñas del norte y el oeste de Filadelfia. [143] [144]

Idiomas

En 2010 , el 79,12% (1.112.441) de los residentes de Filadelfia de 5 años o más hablaban inglés en casa como lengua principal , mientras que el 9,72% (136.688) hablaba español, el 1,64% (23.075) chino, el 0,89% (12.499) vietnamita , el 0,77% (10.885) ruso, el 0,66% (9.240) francés, el 0,61% (8.639) otros idiomas asiáticos , el 0,58% (8.217) idiomas africanos , el 0,56% (7.933) camboyano ( mon-jemer ) y el 0,55% (7.773) de la población mayor de cinco años hablaba italiano como lengua principal . En total, el 20,88% (293.544) de la población de Filadelfia de 5 años o más hablaba una lengua materna distinta del inglés. [145]

Pobreza

Filadelfia es el hogar de muchos programas contra la pobreza alimentaria, de los cuales dos de los más grandes son Philabundance , que afirma alimentar a 90.000 personas por semana. [146] [147] [148] [149] y Share Food Program , que afirma alimentar a 1 millón de personas por mes. [150]

Economía

Las estrechas conexiones geográficas y de transporte de Filadelfia con otras grandes economías metropolitanas a lo largo de la costa este de los Estados Unidos se han citado como una ventaja competitiva significativa para la creación de empresas y el espíritu empresarial . [152] La ciudad es el centro de la actividad económica tanto en Pensilvania como en la región metropolitana de cuatro estados del valle de Delaware . Cinco empresas Fortune 500 tienen su sede en la ciudad. A partir de 2021 , se estima que el área metropolitana de Filadelfia produce un producto metropolitano bruto (PMB) de US$479 mil millones, [153] un aumento de los US$445 mil millones calculados por la Oficina de Análisis Económico para 2017, [154] lo que representa la novena economía metropolitana más grande de EE. UU .

Los sectores económicos de Filadelfia incluyen servicios financieros , atención médica, biotecnología , tecnología de la información , comercio y transporte, manufactura, refinación de petróleo , procesamiento de alimentos y turismo. El área metropolitana de Filadelfia es uno de los cinco principales centros de capital de riesgo estadounidenses, gracias a su proximidad a los ecosistemas financieros , tecnológicos y biotecnológicos de la ciudad de Nueva York . [31] Las actividades financieras representan el sector económico más grande del área metropolitana, que es uno de los centros de investigación y educación en salud más grandes de los Estados Unidos. Los dos empleadores más grandes de la ciudad son los gobiernos federal y municipal. El empleador privado más grande de Filadelfia es la Universidad de Pensilvania , seguida por el Hospital de Niños de Filadelfia . [155]

Finanzas y corporaciones

El edificio de la Bolsa de Valores de Filadelfia , la primera bolsa de valores del país , en 1411 Walnut Street

La Bolsa de Valores de Filadelfia , adquirida por Nasdaq en 2007, es líder mundial en operaciones con opciones . [32] La ciudad alberga la sede de Comcast , la corporación multinacional de telecomunicaciones más grande del país ; los conglomerados de seguros Cigna , Colonial Penn e Independence Blue Cross ; así como la empresa de servicios de alimentos Aramark , los fabricantes de productos químicos FMC Corporation y Rohm and Haas , las compañías farmacéuticas GlaxoSmithKline , Amicus Therapeutics , Spark Therapeutics , los minoristas de ropa Five Below y Urban Outfitters y su subsidiaria Anthropologie , el minorista de repuestos para automóviles Pep Boys y el productor de acero inoxidable Carpenter Technology Corporation .

Otras sedes corporativas en la ciudad incluyen RiteAid , Crown Holdings y Brandywine Realty Trust . La sede de Boeing Rotorcraft Systems y su principal fábrica de helicópteros se encuentran en el suburbio de Filadelfia de Ridley Park ; The Vanguard Group y la sede estadounidense de Siemens Healthineers tienen su sede en Malvern, Pensilvania , un suburbio de Filadelfia. El conglomerado de atención médica AmerisourceBergen está ubicado en el suburbio de Conshohocken, Pensilvania . Al otro lado del río Delaware , en el condado adyacente de Camden, Nueva Jersey , Campbell Soup Company y Subaru USA tienen su sede en la ciudad de Camden , y TD Bank (USA) tiene su sede en el suburbio cercano de Cherry Hill, Nueva Jersey .

Tecnología y biotecnología

Centro de tecnología de Comcast en el centro de la ciudad

Filadelfia es un centro de tecnología de la información y biotecnología . [156] Filadelfia y Pensilvania están atrayendo nuevas empresas de ciencias biológicas . [157] A partir de 2024, el Valle de Delaware se clasifica como uno de los cinco grandes centros de capital de riesgo de EE. UU. , gracias a su proximidad a los ecosistemas empresariales y financieros de la ciudad de Nueva York y al entorno regulatorio federal de Washington, DC [31] [157]

Turismo

La historia de Filadelfia atrae a muchos turistas, y el Parque Histórico Nacional de la Independencia , que incluye la Campana de la Libertad , el Independence Hall y otros sitios históricos, recibió más de 5 millones de visitantes en 2016. [158] La ciudad recibió a 42 millones de turistas nacionales en 2016 que gastaron $6.8 mil millones, generando un impacto económico total estimado de $11 mil millones en la ciudad y los cuatro condados circundantes de Pensilvania. [23] El Naked Bike Ride anual atrae a participantes de todo Estados Unidos e internacionalmente a Filadelfia.

Comercio y transporte

El Aeropuerto Internacional de Filadelfia , una importante puerta de entrada transatlántica y centro transcontinental, ha experimentado una expansión de infraestructura de $900 millones para aumentar la capacidad de pasajeros y aumentar la experiencia de los pasajeros, y el aeropuerto continúa un programa de gasto de capital en curso para mejorar las instalaciones y agregar más comodidades. [159] [160] El Puerto de Filadelfia , habiendo experimentado el mayor crecimiento porcentual por tonelaje cargado en 2017 entre los principales puertos marítimos de EE. UU., ha duplicado su capacidad de envío para acomodar buques de envío post-Panamax de gran tamaño desde 2018. [161] La estación de la calle 30 de Filadelfia es el tercer centro ferroviario de Amtrak más concurrido, después de Penn Station en Manhattan y Union Station en Washington, DC, transportando más de 4 millones de pasajeros de trenes interurbanos anualmente. [162]

Educación

Educación primaria y secundaria

William Penn Charter School , fundada en 1689, la escuela cuáquera más antigua del país.

La educación en Filadelfia es impartida por muchas instituciones públicas y privadas. El Distrito Escolar de Filadelfia es el distrito escolar local, que opera escuelas públicas en toda la ciudad. [163] El Distrito Escolar de Filadelfia es el octavo distrito escolar más grande de la nación [164] con 142.266 estudiantes en 218 escuelas públicas tradicionales y 86 escuelas autónomas en 2014. [ 165]

La matrícula de K-12 en las escuelas administradas por el distrito de la ciudad cayó de 156.211 estudiantes en 2010 a 130.104 estudiantes en 2015. Durante el mismo período de tiempo, la matrícula en las escuelas charter aumentó de 33.995 estudiantes en 2010 a 62.358 estudiantes en 2015. [155] Esta caída constante en la matrícula llevó a la ciudad a cerrar 24 de sus escuelas públicas en 2013. [166] Durante el año escolar 2014, la ciudad gastó un promedio de $12.570 por alumno, por debajo del promedio entre los distritos escolares urbanos comparables. [155]

Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, steadily increased in the ten years from 2005. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached their peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.[155]

Of the city's public high schools, including charter schools, only four performed above the national average on the SAT (1497 out of 2400[167]) in 2014: Masterman, Central, Girard Academic Music Program, and MaST Community Charter School. All other district-run schools were below average.[155]

Higher education

The University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia founded in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin and one of the world's highest-ranked universities
The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, one of the world's most prestigious business schools

Medical and research facilities of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Philadelphia has the third-largest student concentration on the East Coast, with more than 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area.[168] More than 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools are in the Philadelphia region. One of the founding members of the Association of American Universities is in the city, the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution with claims to be the First university in the United States.[169]

The city's largest university by student enrollment is Temple University, followed by Drexel University.[170] The city's nationally ranked research universities comprise the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Drexel University, and Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and Thomas Jefferson University's Sidney Kimmel Medical College. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015.[171]

Other institutions of higher learning within the city's borders include:

Culture

The Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts at 300 Broad Street, home of the Philadelphia Orchestra

Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks and one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell is housed, are among the city's most popular attractions. Other national historic sites include the homes of Edgar Allan Poe and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, and early government buildings, including the First and the Second Bank of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church.[172] Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country.[172]

Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Mütter Museum, and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Museum of the American Revolution, the Philadelphia History Museum, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the Masonic Temple, and the Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States's first zoo[173] and hospital,[174] as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks,[22] founded in 1855.[175]

The city is home to important archival repositories, including the Library Company of Philadelphia, established in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin at 1314 Locust Street,[176] and the Athenaeum of Philadelphia, founded in 1814.[177] The Presbyterian Historical Society is the country's oldest denominational historical society, organized in 1852.[178]

Arts

The Philadelphia Museum of Art
Keys To Community, a bust of Benjamin Franklin by James Peniston at 325 Arch Street in Center City

The city is home to multiple art museums, including the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum, which holds the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France. The city's largest art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, is one of the largest art museums in the world. The long flight of steps to the Art Museum's main entrance became famous after the film Rocky (1976).[179]

Annual events include the Philadelphia Film Festival, held annually each October, the 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade, the nation's longest-running continuously held Thanksgiving Day parade, and the Mummers Parade, the nation's longest continuously held folk parade, which is held every New Year's Day predominantly on Broad Street.

Areas such as South Street and the Old City section of the city have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, home of the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Academy of Music, home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet.[179] The Wilma Theatre and the Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre produce a variety of new plays.[180][181] Several blocks to the east are the Lantern Theater Company at St. Stephens Episcopal Church;[182] and the Walnut Street Theatre, a National Historic Landmark stated to be the oldest and most subscribed-to theatre in the English-speaking world, founded in 1809.[183] In May 2019, the Walnut Street Theatre announced a major expansion to begin in 2020.[184] New Freedom Theatre, Pennsylvania's oldest African-American theatre, is located on North Broad Street.

Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city.[185] In 1872, the Association for Public Art, formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association, was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning.[186] In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city.[187] The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.[188] The city has more murals than any other American city, due to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation's Mural Arts Program, which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists. The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional, staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia.[189]

The city is home to a number of art organizations, including the regional art advocacy nonprofit Philadelphia Tri-State Artists Equity,[190] the Philadelphia Sketch Club, one of the country's oldest artists' clubs,[191] and The Plastic Club, started by women excluded from the Sketch Club.[192] Many Old City art galleries stay open late on the First Friday event of each month.[193]

Music

The Curtis Institute of Music at 1726 Locust Street in Center City, one of the world's premier conservatories

The Philadelphia Orchestra is generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States. The orchestra performs at the Kimmel Center[194] and has a summer concert series at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts.[195] Opera Philadelphia performs at the nation's oldest continually operating opera house—the Academy of Music.[179] The Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale has performed its music all over the world.[196] The Philly Pops plays orchestral versions of popular jazz, swing, Broadway, and blues songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the mid-Atlantic region.[197] The Curtis Institute of Music is one of the world's premier conservatories and among the most selective institutes of higher education in the nation.[198]

Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the music of the United States. The culture of American popular music has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers, in both the recording and broadcasting industries. In 1952, the teen dance party program called Bandstand premiered on local television, hosted by Bob Horn. The show was renamed American Bandstand in 1957, when it began national syndication on ABC, hosted by Dick Clark and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles.[199] Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as teen idols to appeal to the young audience. Philadelphia-born singers such as Frankie Avalon, James Darren, Eddie Fisher, Fabian Forte, and Bobby Rydell, along with South Philly-raised Chubby Checker, topped the music charts, establishing a clean-cut rock and roll image.

Philly soul music of the late 1960s–1970s is a highly produced version of soul music which led to later forms of popular music such as disco and urban contemporary rhythm and blues.[200] On July 13, 1985, John F. Kennedy Stadium was the American venue for the Live Aid concert.[201] The city also hosted the Live 8 concert, which attracted about 700,000 people to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on July 2, 2005.[202]

Notable rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia and its suburbs include Bill Haley & His Comets, Nazz, Todd Rundgren, Hall & Oates, the Hooters, Cinderella, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Ween, Schoolly D, Pink, the Roots, Beanie Sigel, State Property, Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Meek Mill, Lil Uzi Vert, and others.

Cuisine

Pat's Steaks (foreground) and Geno's Steaks (background) in South Philadelphia

The city is known for its hoagies, stromboli, roast pork sandwich, scrapple, soft pretzels, water ice, Irish potato candy, tastykakes, and the cheesesteak sandwich which was developed by Italian immigrants.[203] The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks, including restaurants, taverns, delicatessens and pizza parlors.[204][205][206] The originator of the thinly-sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s, initially without cheese, is Pat's King of Steaks, which faces its rival Geno's Steaks, founded in 1966,[207] across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the Italian Market of South Philadelphia.[208]

McGillin's Olde Ale House, opened in 1860 on Drury Street in Center City, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.[209] The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th-century building first opened in 1773, demolished in 1854 after a fire, and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of Independence National Historical Park.[210] The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.[211]

The Reading Terminal Market is a historic food market founded in 1893 in the Reading Terminal building, a designated National Historic Landmark. The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country, hosting over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties, artisan cheese and meat, locally grown groceries, and specialty and ethnic foods.[212]

Dialect

The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some linguists to be the most distinctive accent in North America.[213] The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of a larger Mid-Atlantic American English family, a designation that also includes the Baltimore dialect. Additionally, it shares many similarities with the New York accent. Owing to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov, the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.[214][215][f] The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working-class neighborhoods.[216] Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms.[217]

Sports

Citizens Bank Park, home of the Phillies since 2004, and Lincoln Financial Field, home of the Eagles since 2003
The Philadelphia Eagles are presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy after winning Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018
Wells Fargo Center in South Philadelphia, home of the two-time Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL) and three-time champion Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA)
Historic Boathouse Row at night on the Schuylkill River, a symbol of the city's rich rowing history

Philadelphia's first professional sports team was baseball's Athletics, organized in 1860.[218] The Athletics were initially an amateur league team that turned professional in 1871, and then became a founding team of the current National League in 1876.[219] The city is one of 13 U.S. cities to have teams in all four major league sports: the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL), the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).[220] The Phillies, formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884,[221] are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports.[222]

The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer (MLS). The Union began playing their home games in 2010 at PPL Park, a soccer-specific stadium in Chester, Pennsylvania.[223] The stadium's name was changed to Talen Energy Stadium in 2016[224] and to Subaru Park in 2020.[225]

Philadelphia was the second of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL and NBA), and also has a title in soccer from the now-defunct North American Soccer League in the 1970s. The city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship, from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win[226] until the Phillies 2008 World Series win.[227][228] The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty Place became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall's tower in 1987.[229] After nine years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first Super Bowl following the 2017 season.[230] In 2004, ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities.[231][232] Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by GQ magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of "Meanest Fans in America" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing.[233][234]

Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but later moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team, which played in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962[235] and the Oakland Athletics baseball team, which was originally the Philadelphia Athletics and played in Philadelphia from 1901 to 1954.[236]

Philadelphia is home to professional, semi-professional, and elite amateur teams in cricket, rugby league (Philadelphia Fight), and rugby union. Major running events in the city include the Penn Relays (track and field), the Philadelphia Marathon, and the Broad Street Run. The Collegiate Rugby Championship is played every June at Talen Energy Stadium in Chester.[237]

Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century.[238] Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse.[239] Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, which is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in North America with more than 100 U.S. and Canadian colleges and universities participating;[240] the annual Stotesbury Cup Regatta, which is billed as the world's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students;[241][242] and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta.[243] The regattas are held on the Schuylkill River and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.[244]

The Philadelphia Spinners were a professional ultimate team in Major League Ultimate (MLU) until 2016. The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) that began in 2012. They played at Franklin Field and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016.[245] The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016.[246] As of 2018, the Philadelphia Phoenix continue to play in the AUDL.[247]

Philadelphia is home to the Philadelphia Big 5, a group of five NCAA Division I college basketball programs. The Big 5 include La Salle, Penn, Saint Joseph's, Temple, and Villanova universities.[248] The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University. Villanova won the 1985,[249] 2016,[250] and 2018[251] championship of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. Philadelphia will be one of the eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[252]

Law and government

Old City Hall at 5th and Chestnut Street, Philadelphia's town hall from 1800 to 1854

Philadelphia County is a legal nullity. All county functions were assumed by the city in 1952.[253] The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854.[61]

Philadelphia's 1952 Home Rule Charter was written by the City Charter Commission, which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an act of April 1949, and a city ordinance of June 1949. The existing city council received a proposed draft in February 1951, and the electors approved it in an election held in April 1951.[254] The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951, and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952.[253]

The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.[254]

Courts

Philadelphia County is coterminous with the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the city, hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000. The court has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts, and some administrative agencies and boards. The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters, along with about one thousand other employees.[255] The court has a family division with 25 judges[256] and an orphans' court with three judges.[257]

As of 2018, the city's District Attorney is Larry Krasner, a Democrat.[258] The last Republican to hold the office is Ronald D. Castille, who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014.[259]

The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles traffic cases, misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years, and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ($15,000 in real estate and school tax cases), and all landlord-tenant disputes. The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters.[260]

Pennsylvania's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the court of last resort in the state, regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall.[261] The Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania also sit in Philadelphia several times a year.[262][263] Judges for these courts are elected at large.[264] The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy prothonotary offices in Philadelphia.[265][266]

Philadelphia is home to the federal United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, both of which are housed in the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse.[267][268]

Politics

Musical Fund Hall at 808 Locust Street hosted the first nominating Republican National Convention in 1856
Cherelle Parker, (D), the 100th and current Mayor of Philadelphia

The current mayor is Cherelle Parker who won the election in November 2023.[269] Parker's predecessor, Jim Kenney, served two terms from 2016 to January 2024.[270] Parker is a member of the Democratic Party. For over seven decades, since 1952, every Philadelphia mayor has been a Democrat.

Philadelphia City Council is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at-large, all of whom are elected to four-year terms.[271] Democrats are currently the majority and hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at-large seats. Republicans hold one seat: the Northeast-based Tenth District. The Working Families Party holds two at-large seats making them the Council's minority party. The current council president is Kenyatta Johnson.[272]

Philadelphia's political structure consists of a system of wards and divisions. There are 66 wards with 11 to 51 divisions each for a total of 1703 divisions. Each division elects two committee people who are supposed to live within the division boundaries, and committee people select a leader for their ward.[273] Democrats and Republicans elect their own committee people every four years. The committee person's role is to serve as a point of contact between voters and party officials and help get out the vote.[274] Most wards are closed which means the ward leader makes sole endorsement decisions; open wards allow committee people to weigh in on these decisions.[275] There are groups such as Open Wards Philadelphia Archived April 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine and individuals who are working to elect ward leaders who promote an open ward system.[276]

Chart of voter registration

  Democratic (75.16%)
  Republican (11.29%)
  Independent (11.04%)
  Other Parties (2.50%)

Philadelphia had historically been a bastion of the Republican Party from the American Civil War until the mid-1930s.[279][280] In 1856, the first Republican National Convention was held at Musical Fund Hall at 808 Locust Street in Philadelphia.[281]

Democratic registrations increased after the Great Depression; however, the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932, as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican Herbert Hoover. Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in 1936 and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote. Philadelphia has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote. In 2016, Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82% of the vote.[278]

As a result of the previously declining population in the city and state,[282] Philadelphia has only three congressional districts of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania, based on the 2010 census apportionment:[283] the 2nd district, represented by Brendan Boyle; the 3rd, represented by Dwight Evans; and the 5th, represented by Mary Gay Scanlon.[284] All three representatives are Democrats, though Republicans still have some support in the city, primarily in the Northeast.[285] Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in 1999 and 2003, losing to Democrat John Street both times.[286][287]

Pennsylvania's longest-serving Senator, Arlen Specter,[288] was an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia.[289] Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009, losing that party's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011.[290] He was assistant counsel on the Warren Commission in 1964 and the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.[289]

Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions, including in 1848 (Whig), 1856 (Republican), 1872 (Republican), 1900 (Republican), 1936 (Democratic), 1940 (Republican), 1948 (Republican), 1948 (Progressive), 2000 (Republican), and 2016 (Democratic).[291] Philadelphia has been home to one vice president, George M. Dallas,[292] and one general of the American Civil War, George B. McClellan, who won his party's nomination for president but lost in the general election to Abraham Lincoln in 1864.[293] In May 2019, former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden chose Philadelphia to be his 2020 U.S. presidential campaign headquarters.[294]

Environmental policy

"Green Cities, Clean Water" is an environmental policy initiative based in Philadelphia that has shown promising results in mitigating the effects of climate change.[295] The researchers on the policy have stated that despite such promising plans of green infrastructure building, "the city is forecasted to grow warmer, wetter, and more urbanized over the century, runoff and local temperatures will increase on average throughout the city".[295] Even though landcover predictive models on the effects of the policy initiative have indicated that green infrastructure could be useful at decreasing the amount of runoff in the city over time, the city government would have to expand its current plans and "consider the cobenefit of climate change adaptation when planning new projects" in limiting the scope of city-wide temperature increase.[295]

Public safety

Police and law enforcement

The Philadelphia Police Department administration building, known as the Roundhouse, in Center City east of Chinatown
A Philadelphia police cruiser on Benjamin Franklin Parkway

In a 2015 report by Pew Charitable Trusts, the police districts with the highest rates of violent crime were Frankford (15th district) and Kensington (24th district) in the Near Northeast, and districts to the North (22nd, 25th, and 35th districts), West (19th district) and Southwest (12th district) of Center City. Each of those seven districts recorded more than a thousand violent crimes in 2014. The lowest rates of violent crime occurred in Center City, South Philadelphia, the Far Northeast, and Roxborough districts, the latter of which includes Manayunk.[155]

Philadelphia had 500, 503 according to some sources, murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. An average of about 400 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose to 406 by 2006, before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007.[296][297] A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, the city had 246 murders, which is a decrease of nearly 40% since 2006.[298]

In 2014, 248 homicides were committed. The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015, then fell slightly to 277 in 2016, before rising again to 317 in 2017.[299] Homicides increased dramatically in the late 2010s/early 2020s, reaching 499 homicides in 2020[296] and surpassing the 1990 "record" in 2021, with 501st murder on November 27 and 510 by the end of the month.[300] Phillie ended the year with 562 murders, an all-time record. It dropped in 2022 to 514, and significantly further again in 2023, to 410.[301]In 2006, Philadelphia's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country's 10 most populous cities.[302] In 2012, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest homicide rate among the country's most populous cities. The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth-highest city in the country.[155]

The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century. Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014.[155] Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014.[155]

In 2014, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance decriminalizing the possession of less than 30 grams of marijuana or eight grams of hashish; the ordinance gave police officers the discretion to treat possession of these amounts as a civil infraction punishable by a $25 ticket, rather than a crime.[303][304] At the time, Philadelphia was at the largest city in the nation to decriminalize the possession of marijuana.[304] From 2013 to 2018, marijuana arrests in the city dropped by more than 85%.[303] The purchase or sale of marijuana remains a criminal offense in Philadelphia.[304]

Firefighting

The Philadelphia Fire Department provides fire protection and emergency medical services (EMS). The department's official mission is to protect public safety by quick and professional response to emergencies and the promotion of sound emergency prevention measures. This mandate encompasses all traditional firefighting functions, including fire suppression, with 60 engine companies and 30 ladder companies[305] as well as specialty and support units deployed throughout the city; specialized firefighting units for Philadelphia International Airport and the Port of Philadelphia; investigations conducted by the fire marshal's office to determine the origins of fires and develop preventive strategies; prevention programs to educate the public; and support services including research and planning, management of the fire communications center within the city's 911 system, and operation of the Philadelphia Fire Academy.

Media

Newspapers

Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, first published in 1829—the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country—and the Philadelphia Daily News, first published in 1925.[306] The Daily News has been published as an edition of the Inquirer since 2009.[307] Recent owners of the Inquirer and Daily News have included Knight Ridder, The McClatchy Company, and Philadelphia Media Holdings, with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010.[308] After two years of financial struggle, the newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012.[308] The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013, the 18th-largest circulation in the country, and their collective website, Philly.com,[309] was ranked 13th in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by Alexa Internet the same year.[310]

Smaller publications include the Philadelphia Tribune published five days each week for the African-American community;[311] Philadelphia magazine, a monthly regional magazine;[312] Philadelphia Weekly, a weekly alternative newspaper;[313] Philadelphia Gay News, a weekly newspaper for the LGBT community;[314] The Jewish Exponent, a weekly newspaper for the Jewish community;[315] Al Día, a weekly newspaper for the Latino community;[316] and Philadelphia Metro, a free daily newspaper.[317]

Student-run newspapers include the University of Pennsylvania's The Daily Pennsylvanian,[318] Temple University's The Temple News,[319] and Drexel University's The Triangle.[320]

Radio

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial AM radio stations began broadcasting in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbels department store, followed by WFIL, then owned by Strawbridge & Clothier department store, and WOO, a defunct station owned by Wanamaker's department store, as well as WCAU and WDAS.[321]

As of 2018, the FCC lists 28 FM and 11 AM stations for Philadelphia.[322][323] As of December 2017, the ten highest-rated stations in Philadelphia were adult contemporary WBEB-FM (101.1), sports talk WIP-FM (94.1), classic rock WMGK-FM (102.9), urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM (105.3), classic hits WOGL-FM (98.1), album-oriented rock WMMR-FM (93.3), country music WXTU-FM (92.5), all-news KYW-AM (1060), talk radio WHYY-FM (90.9), and urban adult contemporary WRNB-FM (100.3).[324][325] Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial public radio stations: WHYY-FM (NPR),[326] WRTI-FM (classical and jazz),[327] and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music).[328]

Television

In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia. The station became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (currently a CBS affiliate). WCAU-TV, WFIL-TV, and WHYY-TV were all founded by the 1960s.[321] In 1952, WFIL (renamed WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark.[329]

Each commercial network has an affiliate in Philadelphia: KYW-TV 3 (CBS), WPVI-TV 6 (ABC), WCAU 10 (NBC), WPHL-TV 17 (The CW with MyNetworkTV on DT2), WFPA-CD 28 (UniMás), WTXF-TV 29 (Fox), WPSG 57 (Independent), WWSI 62 (Telemundo), and WUVP-DT 65 (Univision). The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WPPT-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey).[330]

Philadelphia has owned-and-operated stations for five major English-language broadcast networks: NBC – WCAU-TV, CBS – KYW-TV, ABC – WPVI-TV, Fox – WTXF-TV and The CWWPHL-TV. Since September 2024, it is the largest television market where at least one of the six English networks are shown at a station not owned by a particular network's associated parent company. The major Spanish-language networks are UnivisionWUVP-DT, UniMásWFPA-CD, and TelemundoWWSI-TV.[330]

As of 2018, the city is the nation's fourth-largest consumer in media market, as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research firm, with nearly 2.9 million TV households.[331]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Philadelphia's 30th Street Station serves both SEPTA regional and Amtrak national trains and is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation.
A Market–Frankford Line train departing 52nd Street station

Philadelphia is served by SEPTA, which operates buses, trains, rapid transit (as both subways and elevated trains), trolleys, and trackless trolleys (electric buses) throughout Philadelphia, the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery, in addition to service to Mercer County, New Jersey (Trenton) and New Castle County, Delaware (Wilmington and Newark, Delaware).[332] The city's subway system consists of two routes: the subway section of the Market–Frankford Line running east–west under Market Street which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall,[333] and the Broad Street Line running north–south beneath Broad Street which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938.[334]

Beginning in the 1980s, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance.[335][336][337]

Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the third-busiest station in the country after New York City's Pennsylvania Station and Washington's Union Station.[338] 30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak,[339] SEPTA,[340] and NJ Transit lines.[341] Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year, and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday.[338]

The PATCO Speedline provides rapid transit service to Camden, Collingswood, Westmont, Haddonfield, Woodcrest (Cherry Hill), Ashland (Voorhees), and Lindenwold, New Jersey, from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th, 13th and 12th, and 10th and 9th streets, and on Market Street at 8th Street.[342]

Airports

An aerial view of Philadelphia International Airport, the busiest airport in Pennsylvania and 21st-busiest in the nation

Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) is 7 mi (11 km) south-southwest of Center City on the boundary with Delaware County, providing scheduled domestic and international air service,[343] while Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE) is a general aviation relief airport in Northeast Philadelphia serving general and corporate aviation.[344] Philadelphia International Airport is among the busiest airports in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e., takeoffs and landings).[345] More than 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines, including all major domestic carriers. The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to more than 120 destinations worldwide.[343] SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport.[346]

Roads

The 9,650-foot (2,940 m) long Benjamin Franklin Bridge spans the Delaware River, connecting Philadelphia and South Jersey
The Schuylkill Expressway eastbound at I-676 and US 30, also known as the Vine Street Expressway, in Center City

William Penn planned Philadelphia with numbered streets traversing north and south, and streets named for trees, such as Chestnut, Walnut, and Mulberry (since renamed Arch Street), traversing east and west. The two main streets were named Broad Street (the north–south artery, since designated Pennsylvania Route 611) and High Street (the east–west artery, since renamed Market Street) converging at Centre Square which later became the site of City Hall.[347]

Interstate 95 (the Delaware Expressway) traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the Delaware River as the main north–south controlled-access highway, connecting Philadelphia with Newark, New Jersey and New York City to the north and with Baltimore and Washington, D.C. southward. The city is also served by Interstate 76 (the Schuylkill Expressway), which runs along the Schuylkill River, intersecting the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia and providing access to Harrisburg and points west. Interstate 676 (the Vine Street Expressway) links I-95 and I-76 through Center City by running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of Vine Street. Entrance and exit ramps for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge are near the eastern end of the expressway, just west of the I-95 interchange.[348]

The Roosevelt Boulevard and Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City via I-76 through Fairmount Park. Woodhaven Road (Route 63) and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between I-95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard. The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. Route 30 (Lancaster Avenue) extends westward from West Philadelphia to Lancaster.[348]

Interstate 476 (locally referred to as the Blue Route[349]) traverses Delaware County, bypassing the city to the west and serving the city's western suburbs, and provides a direct route to Allentown and points north, including the Poconos. Interstate 276, the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Delaware River extension, is a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city and a link to the New Jersey Turnpike and New York City.[348]

The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey: the Walt Whitman Bridge (I-76), the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and U.S. 30), the Betsy Ross Bridge (New Jersey Route 90), and the Commodore Barry Bridge (U.S. 322 in Delaware County, south of the city).[350] The Burlington County Bridge Commission maintains two bridges across the Delaware River: the Tacony–Palmyra Bridge which connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey Route 73 in Palmyra, Burlington County, and the Burlington–Bristol Bridge which connects NJ Route 413/U.S. Route 130 in Burlington, New Jersey with PA Route 413/U.S. 13 in Bristol Township, north of Philadelphia.[351]

Bus service

The Greyhound terminal is at 1001 Filbert Street (at 10th Street) in Center City, southeast of the Pennsylvania Convention Center and south of Chinatown.[352] Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including Fullington Trailways,[353] Martz Trailways,[354] Peter Pan Bus Lines,[355] and NJ Transit buses.[356]

Other intercity bus services include Megabus with stops at 30th Street Station and the visitor center for Independence Hall,[357] BoltBus (operated by Greyhound) at 30th Street Station,[358] OurBus at various stops in the city.

Rail

Suburban Station with art deco architecture at 16th Street and JFK Boulevard

Since the early days of rail transportation in the United States, Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area. The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of SEPTA, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey.[359]

In 1911, Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric trolleys running on 86 lines.[360] In 2005, SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line, Route 15.[361] SEPTA operates six subway-surface trolleys that run on street-level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City, along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs.[362]

Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally-owned Amtrak system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago. As of 2018, 30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in the country, after New York City and Washington.[162]

Utilities

Water purity and availability

Fairmount Water Works, Philadelphia's second municipal waterworks, in December 1984

In 1815, Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the Fairmount Water Works on the Schuylkill River, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods.[363] Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River.[364] The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River. The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day, while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons. The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles (5,885 km) of sewers.[364]

Electricity

Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company, founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) in 1902, provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs.[365] PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles (37,000 km) of electric transmission and distribution lines, along with 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of natural gas transmission, distribution & service lines.[366]

Natural gas

Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally-owned natural gas utility. PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area.[367] Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.[368][369]

Telecommunications

Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the Bell System went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas, area code 445 to 215 and area code 835 to 610, was delayed and later rescinded.[370] Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3, 2018.[371]

Notable people

Sister cities

A Chinatown paifang at 10th and Arch streets, a symbol of Philadelphia's sister city relationship with Tianjin

Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions:[380]

Philadelphia has eight official sister cities as designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International (CDI) of Philadelphia:[380] Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. The Sister Cities Park, a site of 0.5 acres (2,400 sq yd) at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Logan Square, was dedicated in June 1976. The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia's first two sister city relationships, with Tel Aviv and Florence. Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012, featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's sister and partnership cities, a café and visitor's center, children's play area, outdoor garden, boat pond, and a pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.[384][385]

The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans from Tianjin, stands astride 10th Street, on the north side of its intersection with Arch Street, as a symbol of the sister city relationship. The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State's "Partners for Peace" project with Mosul, Iraq,[386] and in accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries.[387]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River's drainage basin. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise:
    • the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden), and
    • portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:
    • westerly past the region around Albany, New York to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills, then
    • southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware.

    The Susquehanna-Delaware River system's watershed divided the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.

  2. ^ See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall (February 5–6, 2010), and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact (February 9–10, 2010). The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in (131 cm). If no snow fell outside of February that season, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th-snowiest. See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall.
  3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  4. ^ Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940, and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present.[111] Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948, respectively.[105] In 2006, snowfall measurements were moved to National Park, New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport.[112]
  5. ^ a b c From 15% sample
  6. ^ E.g., in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (ed. Chambers et al., Blackwell 2002), J.K. Chambers writes that "variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963, the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov's "ideas imbue every page".

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Further reading

External links