Eliza Marian Butler (29 December 1885 – 13 November 1959),[1] was an English linguist, academic, and scholar of German who successively held two prestigious endowed professorships:[2] the Henry Simon Chair in German (1936–1944)[3] at University of Manchester; and the Schröder Professor of German at the University of Cambridge (from 1945). She was the first women ever appointed to either of these chairs.[2] Controversial when first published, and banned in Germany, her 1935 book The Tyranny of Greece over Germany, became a classic of German cultural analysis in the English-speaking world after the Second World War.[4] In addition to academic works, published as E. M. Butler and Elizabeth M. Butler, she published two novels and a memoir.
Eliza Butler, known as "Elsie", was born in Bardsea, Lancashire, to a family of Anglo-Irish ancestry.[5] She was educated by a Norwegian governess (from whom she learned German) and subsequently in Hannover from age 11, Paris from age 15, the school of domestic science at Reifenstein Abbey from age 18, and Newnham College, Cambridge from 21.[5] As a teenager, she watched Kaiser Wilhelm II inspect his troops. In the First World War she worked as an interpreter and nurse in Scottish units on the Russian and Macedonian fronts (she had learned Russian from Jane Harrison)[2] and treated the victims of the German assault.[4]
After working in hospitals, she taught at Cambridge and in 1936 became a professor at the University of Manchester.[6] Her works include a trilogy on ritual magic and the occult, especially in the Faust legend (1948–1952).[5]
In her 1935 work, The Tyranny of Greece over Germany,[2] she wrote that Germany has had "too much exposure to Ancient Greek literature and art. The result was that the German mind had succumbed to 'the tyranny of an ideal'. The German worship of Ancient Greece had emboldened the Nazis to remake Europe in their image."[4] It was controversial in Britain and its translation was banned in Germany.[5] Butler also wrote two novels. Her autobiography, Paper Boats, was published by William Collins, Sons in the year of her death.[5][1]
Butler was awarded an honorary doctorate (D. Litt.) from London University in 1957 and one from Oxford University in 1958.[1]
In her research on German orientalism, the scholar Suzanne L. Marchand built upon Butler's German cultural critique; Marchand, too, emphasised the political overtones of Orientalistik ('Oriental studies') and Germany's philhellenism. Marchand is critical of Edward Said's view, expressed in his Orientalism, that German orientalism was not of the same pernicious quality as the orientalism of the colonial powers, France and Britain. Said's belief was that Germany historically had a mostly "classical" interest in the Orient. In contrast, Marchand agrees with Butler in concluding that the use of classical Greece by 18th- to the early-20th-century German nationalism was a factor in the rise of fascist ideology.[4][7]
Butler had a long-term committed relationship with fellow-scholar Isaline Blew Horner. From 1926 until Butler's death, the two lived and travelled together.[2][8][9][10]
Butler died in London on 13 November 1959.[1]
As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn.
... while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.
There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.
It is demurely noted in the short biography provided by the University of Cambridge, where her papers are housed, that 'she lived with her companion Elsie Butler [from] 1926 [to] 1959'. While this clue could mean more than one thing, I am told by Professor Grace Burford ... that Elsie Butler was what we would now call Horner's 'partner', meaning that I. B. Horner was a lesbian living in a long-term committed relationship with another female scholar at the college.