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Impeachment de Bill Clinton

El 19 de diciembre de 1998, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos, perteneciente al 105.º Congreso de los Estados Unidos , impugnó a Bill Clinton , 42.º presidente de los Estados Unidos , por " delitos y faltas graves ". La Cámara aprobó dos artículos de impeachment contra Clinton, en los que se acusaba específicamente a Clinton de mentir bajo juramento y de obstrucción de la justicia . Se habían considerado otros dos artículos, pero fueron rechazados por votación de la Cámara.

El impeachment de Clinton se produjo después de una investigación formal de la Cámara de Representantes , que se había iniciado el 8 de octubre de 1998. Los cargos por los que Clinton fue destituido se derivaron de una demanda por acoso sexual presentada contra Clinton por Paula Jones . Durante el descubrimiento previo al juicio en la demanda, Clinton dio testimonio negando que hubiera tenido una relación sexual con la becaria de la Casa Blanca, Monica Lewinsky . El catalizador para el impeachment del presidente fue el Informe Starr , un informe de septiembre de 1998 preparado por Ken Starr , Asesor Independiente , para el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Representantes . El Informe Starr incluía detalles que describían una relación sexual entre Clinton y Lewinsky [1] Clinton fue el segundo presidente estadounidense en ser destituido, el primero fue Andrew Johnson , quien fue destituido en 1868. [ a]

Los artículos de impeachment aprobados se enviarían al Senado de los Estados Unidos el 7 de enero de 1999. Entonces comenzó un juicio en el Senado, presidido por el presidente de la Corte Suprema, William Rehnquist . El 12 de febrero, Clinton fue absuelto de ambos cargos, ya que ninguno recibió la mayoría de dos tercios de los votos de los senadores presentes para ser condenado y destituido del cargo; en este caso se necesitaban 67 votos. En el Artículo Uno, 45 senadores votaron a favor de condenar, mientras que 55 votaron a favor de absolver. En el Artículo Dos, 50 senadores votaron a favor de condenar, mientras que 50 votaron a favor de absolver. [3] Clinton permaneció en el cargo durante el resto de su segundo mandato. [4]

Fondo

En 1994, Paula Jones presentó una demanda acusando a Clinton de acoso sexual cuando era gobernador de Arkansas. [5] Clinton intentó retrasar el juicio hasta después de dejar el cargo, pero en mayo de 1997 la Corte Suprema rechazó por unanimidad la afirmación de Clinton de que la Constitución lo inmunizaba frente a demandas civiles, y poco después comenzó el proceso de descubrimiento previo al juicio. [6]

Aparte de esto, en enero de 1994, la Fiscal General Janet Reno nombró a Robert B. Fiske como fiscal independiente para investigar la controversia de Whitewater . [7] En agosto de ese año, Ken Starr fue designado para reemplazar a Fiske en este cargo. [7]

En 1997, el primer esfuerzo en el Congreso para iniciar un juicio político contra Clinton fue lanzado por el congresista republicano Bob Barr . [8]

En una declaración jurada del 17 de enero de 1998, Clinton negó haber tenido una "relación sexual", "aventura sexual" o "relaciones sexuales" con Lewinsky. [9] Su abogado, Robert S. Bennett , declaró en presencia de Clinton que la declaración jurada de Lewinsky demostraba que no había habido sexo de ninguna manera, forma o modo entre Clinton y Lewinsky. El Informe Starr afirma que al día siguiente, Clinton "entrenó" a su secretaria Betty Currie para que repitiera sus negaciones en caso de que fuera citada a testificar.

Después de que los rumores del escándalo llegaran a los medios, Clinton dijo públicamente: "No tuve relaciones sexuales con esa mujer, la señorita Lewinsky". [10] Pero meses después, Clinton admitió que su relación con Lewinsky era "incorrecta" e "inapropiada". Lewinsky tuvo sexo oral con Clinton varias veces. [11] [12]

Una de las defensas de Clinton contra los cargos fue afirmar que su testimonio había sido desestimado en el caso Jones porque el juez había dictaminado que no era relevante para su demanda. Los medios de comunicación y otros defensores se dieron cuenta de esto y lo informaron como un hecho. Sin embargo, como se señala en Hofstra Law Review, que cita la sentencia de desacato del juez Wright y la remisión al Colegio de Abogados de Arkansas para su inhabilitación:

"Tomando nota judicialmente de la interpretación de la "inmaterialidad" que los defensores de Clinton habían dado a esa sentencia, el juez Wright sostuvo más tarde expresamente que "contrariamente a numerosas afirmaciones, este Tribunal no dictaminó que la prueba del caso Lewinsky fuera irrelevante o inmaterial para las cuestiones del caso del demandante". El juez Wright repitió "que dicha prueba podría haber sido relevante para el caso del demandante", probatoria para "establecer, entre otras cosas, la intención, la ausencia de error, el motivo y el hábito por parte del Presidente". [13] Jones vs Clinton 993 F. Supp. 1217, 1222 (ED Ark. 1998) Sentencia del juez Wright [14]


El Informe Starr fue presentado al Congreso el 9 de septiembre de 1998 y al público el 11 de septiembre. [7] [15] En el informe, Starr argumentó que había once posibles motivos para el impeachment de Clinton, incluyendo perjurio , obstrucción de la justicia , manipulación de testigos y abuso de poder . El informe también detallaba detalles explícitos y gráficos de la relación sexual entre Clinton y Lewinsky. [7] [16]

Investigación del fiscal independiente

Los cargos surgieron de una investigación realizada por Ken Starr , un fiscal independiente . [17] Con la aprobación de la fiscal general de los Estados Unidos, Janet Reno , Starr llevó a cabo una amplia investigación de supuestos abusos, incluida la controversia de Whitewater , el despido de agentes de viajes de la Casa Blanca y el supuesto uso indebido de archivos del FBI. El 12 de enero de 1998, Linda Tripp , que había estado trabajando con los abogados de Jones, informó a Starr que Lewinsky se estaba preparando para cometer perjurio en el caso de Jones y le había pedido a Tripp que hiciera lo mismo. También dijo que el amigo de Clinton, Vernon Jordan, estaba ayudando a Lewinsky. Basándose en la conexión con Jordan, que estaba bajo escrutinio en la investigación de Whitewater, Starr obtuvo la aprobación de Reno para ampliar su investigación sobre si Lewinsky y otros estaban infringiendo la ley.

Una declaración muy citada del testimonio de Clinton ante el gran jurado mostró que él cuestionaba el uso preciso de la palabra "es". Sosteniendo que su declaración de que "no pasa nada entre nosotros" había sido veraz porque no tenía una relación en curso con Lewinsky en el momento en que fue interrogado, Clinton dijo: "Depende de cuál sea el significado de la palabra 'es'. Si el... si él... si 'es' significa es y nunca ha sido, eso no es... eso es una cosa. Si significa que no hay nada, esa fue una declaración completamente verdadera". [18] Starr obtuvo más evidencia de comportamiento inapropiado al confiscar el disco duro de la computadora y los registros de correo electrónico de Monica Lewinsky. Basándose en el testimonio contradictorio del presidente, Starr concluyó que Clinton había cometido perjurio. Starr presentó sus hallazgos al Congreso en un extenso documento, el Informe Starr , que se hizo público a través de Internet unos días después e incluía descripciones de encuentros entre Clinton y Lewinsky. [19] Starr fue criticado por los demócratas por gastar $ 70 millones en la investigación. [20] Los críticos de Starr también sostienen que su investigación estaba altamente politizada porque filtraba regularmente fragmentos de información a la prensa en violación de la ética legal, y porque su informe incluía largas descripciones que eran humillantes e irrelevantes para el caso legal. [21] [22]

Investigación de juicio político por parte del Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Representantes

El 8 de octubre de 1998, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos votó para autorizar una amplia investigación de juicio político , iniciando así el proceso de juicio político. [23] La Cámara de Representantes controlada por los republicanos había decidido esto con una votación bipartidista de 258 a 176, con 31 demócratas uniéndose a los republicanos. [24] Dado que Ken Starr ya había completado una investigación extensa, el Comité Judicial de la Cámara no realizó investigaciones propias sobre las presuntas irregularidades de Clinton y no celebró audiencias serias relacionadas con el juicio político antes de las elecciones de mitad de período de 1998. [ cita requerida ] El juicio político fue uno de los principales temas en esas elecciones. [ cita requerida ]

En las elecciones de noviembre de 1998 , los demócratas ganaron cinco escaños en la Cámara, pero los republicanos mantuvieron el control mayoritario. Los resultados fueron en contra de lo que predijo el presidente de la Cámara, Newt Gingrich , quien, antes de la elección, había sido tranquilizado por encuestas privadas de que el escándalo de Clinton resultaría en ganancias republicanas de hasta treinta escaños en la Cámara. Poco después de las elecciones, Gingrich, que había sido uno de los principales defensores del impeachment, anunció que renunciaría al Congreso tan pronto como pudiera encontrar a alguien para llenar su asiento vacante; [25] [26] Gingrich cumplió su promesa y renunció oficialmente al Congreso el 3 de enero de 1999. [27]

El proceso de destitución se llevó a cabo durante la sesión posterior a las elecciones, " de pato cojo ", del saliente 105.º Congreso de los Estados Unidos . A diferencia del caso del proceso de destitución de 1974 contra Richard Nixon , las audiencias del comité fueron superficiales, pero el debate en el pleno de la Cámara fue animado por ambos lados. El presidente designado , el representante Bob Livingston , elegido por la Conferencia del Partido Republicano para reemplazar a Gingrich como presidente de la Cámara, anunció el fin de su candidatura a presidente y su renuncia al Congreso desde el pleno de la Cámara después de que saliera a la luz su propia infidelidad marital. [28] En el mismo discurso, Livingston también alentó a Clinton a renunciar. Clinton eligió permanecer en el cargo e instó a Livingston a reconsiderar su renuncia. [29] Muchos otros miembros republicanos prominentes del Congreso (incluidos Dan Burton , [28] Helen Chenoweth , [28] y Henry Hyde , [28] el principal gestor de la Cámara de Representantes del juicio de Clinton en el Senado) vieron expuestas infidelidades en esa época, y todos ellos votaron a favor del impeachment. El editor Larry Flynt ofreció una recompensa por esa información, y muchos partidarios de Clinton acusaron a los republicanos de hipocresía. [28]

Impeachment por la Cámara de Representantes

18 de diciembre de 1998: La Cámara continuó el debate sobre cuatro artículos de juicio político contra el presidente Clinton por perjurio, obstrucción de la justicia y abuso de poder.

El 11 de diciembre de 1998, el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Representantes acordó enviar cuatro artículos de impeachment al pleno de la Cámara para su consideración. La votación sobre dos artículos, perjurio del gran jurado y obstrucción de la justicia , fue de 21 a 17, ambos en líneas partidistas. En el otro, perjurio en el caso de Paula Jones, el comité votó 20 a 18, con el republicano Lindsey Graham uniéndose a los demócratas, para dar al presidente Clinton "el beneficio legal de la duda". [30] Al día siguiente, 12 de diciembre, el comité acordó enviar un cuarto y último artículo, por abuso de poder , al pleno de la Cámara de Representantes por una votación de 21 a 17, nuevamente en líneas partidistas. [31]

Aunque los procedimientos se retrasaron debido al bombardeo de Irak , tras la aprobación de la H. Res. 611, Clinton fue sometido a juicio político por la Cámara de Representantes el 19 de diciembre de 1998, por motivos de perjurio ante un gran jurado (primer artículo, 228-206) [32] y obstrucción de la justicia (tercer artículo, 221-212). [33] Los otros dos artículos fueron rechazados, el cargo de perjurio en el caso Jones (segundo artículo, 205-229) [34] y abuso de poder (cuarto artículo, 148-285). [35] Clinton se convirtió así en el segundo presidente estadounidense en ser sometido a juicio político; el primero, Andrew Johnson , fue sometido a juicio político en 1868. [ 36] [37] El único otro presidente estadounidense anterior que fue objeto de un procedimiento formal de juicio político en la Cámara fue Richard Nixon en 1973-74 . El Comité Judicial aprobó una resolución que contenía tres artículos de juicio político en julio de 1974, pero Nixon renunció a su cargo poco después, antes de que la Cámara analizara la resolución. [38]

Cinco demócratas ( Virgil Goode , Ralph Hall , Paul McHale , Charles Stenholm y Gene Taylor ) votaron a favor de los tres primeros artículos del impeachment, pero sólo Taylor votó a favor del cargo de abuso de poder. Cinco republicanos ( Amo Houghton , Peter King , Connie Morella , Chris Shays y Mark Souder ) votaron en contra del primer cargo de perjurio. Ocho republicanos más ( Sherwood Boehlert , Michael Castle , Phil English , Nancy Johnson , Jay Kim , Jim Leach , John McHugh y Ralph Regula ), pero no Souder, votaron en contra del cargo de obstrucción. Veintiocho republicanos votaron en contra del segundo cargo de perjurio, lo que lo envió a la derrota, y ochenta y uno votaron en contra del cargo de abuso de poder.

Artículos remitidos al Senado

El artículo I, que acusaba a Clinton de perjurio, afirmaba en parte que:

El 17 de agosto de 1998, William Jefferson Clinton juró decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad ante un gran jurado federal de los Estados Unidos. Contrariamente a ese juramento, William Jefferson Clinton prestó deliberadamente un testimonio perjurioso, falso y engañoso ante el gran jurado sobre uno o más de los siguientes puntos:

  1. la naturaleza y los detalles de su relación con un empleado gubernamental subordinado;
  2. testimonio previo perjurio, falso y engañoso que dio en una acción federal de derechos civiles presentada contra él;
  3. declaraciones falsas y engañosas anteriores que permitió que su abogado hiciera ante un juez federal en esa acción de derechos civiles; y
  4. sus esfuerzos corruptos para influir en el testimonio de los testigos e impedir el descubrimiento de pruebas en esa acción de derechos civiles. [43] [44]

El artículo II, que acusaba a Clinton de obstrucción de la justicia, afirmaba en parte que:

Los medios utilizados para implementar esta línea de conducta o plan incluyeron uno o más de los siguientes actos:

  1. ...  alentó corruptamente a un testigo en una acción federal de derechos civiles interpuesta contra él a ejecutar una declaración jurada en ese procedimiento que sabía que era perjuriosa, falsa y engañosa.
  2. ...  alentó corruptamente a un testigo en una acción federal de derechos civiles interpuesta contra él a dar un testimonio perjurio, falso y engañoso cuando fue llamado a testificar personalmente en ese procedimiento.
  3. ...  participó corruptamente, alentó o apoyó un plan para ocultar evidencia que había sido citada en una acción federal de derechos civiles presentada contra él.
  4. ...  se intensificó y tuvo éxito en un esfuerzo por asegurar asistencia laboral a un testigo en una acción federal de derechos civiles interpuesta en su contra con el fin de impedir corruptamente el testimonio veraz de ese testigo en ese procedimiento en un momento en que el testimonio veraz de ese testigo habría sido perjudicial para él.
  5. ...  en su declaración en una demanda federal por derechos civiles interpuesta contra él, William Jefferson Clinton permitió corruptamente que su abogado hiciera declaraciones falsas y engañosas a un juez federal que caracterizaban una declaración jurada, con el fin de evitar que el juez hiciera preguntas que consideraba pertinentes. Dichas declaraciones falsas y engañosas fueron posteriormente reconocidas por su abogado en una comunicación dirigida a ese juez.
  6. ...  relató un relato falso y engañoso de hechos relevantes a una acción federal de derechos civiles interpuesta contra él a un posible testigo en ese procedimiento, con el fin de influenciar corruptamente el testimonio de ese testigo.
  7. ... made false and misleading statements to potential witnesses in a Federal grand jury proceeding in order to corruptly influence the testimony of those witnesses. The false and misleading statements made by William Jefferson Clinton were repeated by the witnesses to the grand jury, causing the grand jury to receive false and misleading information.[43][45]

Senate trial

Tickets dated January 14 and 15, 1999, for President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial

Preparation

Between December 20 and January 5, Republican and Democratic Senate leaders negotiated about the pending trial.[46] There was some discussion about the possibility of censuring Clinton instead of holding a trial.[46] Disagreement arose as to whether to call witnesses. This decision would ultimately not be made until after the opening arguments from the House impeachment managers and the White House defense team.[46] On January 5, the Republican Majority Leader Trent Lott, announced that the trial would start on January 7.[46]

Officers

Thirteen House Republicans from the Judiciary Committee served as "managers", the equivalent of prosecutors: Henry Hyde (chairman), Jim Sensenbrenner, Bill McCollum, George Gekas, Charles Canady, Steve Buyer, Ed Bryant, Steve Chabot, Bob Barr, Asa Hutchinson, Chris Cannon, James E. Rogan and Lindsey Graham.[47]

Clinton was defended by Cheryl Mills. Clinton's counsel staff included Charles Ruff, David E. Kendall, Dale Bumpers, Bruce Lindsey, Nicole Seligman, Lanny A. Breuer and Gregory B. Craig.[48]

Process and schedule

The Senate trial began on January 7, 1999, with Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist presiding. The first day consisted of formal presentation of the charges against Clinton, and of Rehnquist swearing in all senators.[46]

A resolution on rules and procedure for the trial was adopted unanimously on the following day;[49] however, senators tabled the question of whether to call witnesses in the trial. The trial remained in recess while briefs were filed by the House (January 11) and Clinton (January 13).[50][51]

The managers presented their case over three days, from January 14 to 16, arguing for removal of the President from office by virtue of what they characterized as Clinton's "willful, premeditated, deliberate corruption of the nation's system of justice through perjury and obstruction of justice".[52] The defense presentation took place January 19–21. Clinton's defense counsel argued that the case made against Clinton was, "an unsubstantiated, circumstantial case that does not meet the constitutional standard to remove the President from office".[52] January 22 and 23 were devoted to questions from members of the Senate to the House managers and Clinton's defense counsel. Under the rules, all questions (over 150) were to be written down and given to Rehnquist to read to the party being questioned.[46][53][54]

On January 25, Senator Robert Byrd moved for dismissals of both articles of impeachment. On the following day, Representative Bryant moved to call witnesses to the trial, a question the Senate had scrupulously avoided to that point. In both cases, the Senate voted to deliberate on the question in private session, rather than public, televised procedure. On January 27, the Senate voted on both motions in public session; the motion to dismiss failed on a nearly party line vote of 56–44, while the motion to depose witnesses passed by the same margin. A day later, the Senate voted down motions to move directly to a vote on the articles of impeachment and to suppress videotaped depositions of the witnesses from public release, Senator Russ Feingold again voting with the Republicans.

Over three days, February 1–3, House managers took videotaped closed-door depositions from Monica Lewinsky, Clinton's friend Vernon Jordan, and White House aide Sidney Blumenthal.[55] On February 4, however, the Senate voted 70–30 that excerpting these videotapes would suffice as testimony, rather than calling live witnesses to appear at trial. The videos were played in the Senate on February 6, featuring 30 excerpts of Lewinsky discussing her affidavit in the Paula Jones case, the hiding of small gifts Clinton had given her, and his involvement in procurement of a job for Lewinsky.

On February 8, closing arguments were presented with each side allotted a three-hour time slot. On the President's behalf, White House Counsel Charles Ruff declared:

There is only one question before you, albeit a difficult one, one that is a question of fact and law and constitutional theory. Would it put at risk the liberties of the people to retain the President in office? Putting aside partisan animus, if you can honestly say that it would not, that those liberties are safe in his hands, then you must vote to acquit.[52]

Chief Prosecutor Henry Hyde countered:

A failure to convict will make the statement that lying under oath, while unpleasant and to be avoided, is not all that serious ... We have reduced lying under oath to a breach of etiquette, but only if you are the President ... And now let us all take our place in history on the side of honor, and, oh, yes, let right be done.[52]

Acquittal

On February 9, 1999, after voting against a public deliberation on the verdict, the Senate began closed-door deliberations instead. On February 12, 1999, the Senate emerged from its closed deliberations and voted on the articles of impeachment. A two-thirds vote, equal to 67 votes if all Senators voted, would have been necessary to convict on either charge and remove the President from office. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against, and the obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against.[3][56][57] Senator Arlen Specter voted "not proved"[b] for both charges,[58] which was considered by Chief Justice Rehnquist to constitute a vote of "not guilty". All 45 Democrats in the Senate voted "not guilty" on both charges, as did five Republicans; they were joined by five additional Republicans in voting "not guilty" on the perjury charge.[3][56][57]

Robe worn by Chief Justice William Rehnquist during the impeachment trial
Congressional Record page, February 12, 1999, opening of the final day of the impeachment trial

Subsequent events

Contempt of court citation

In April 1999, about two months after being acquitted by the Senate, Clinton was cited by federal District Judge Susan Webber Wright for civil contempt of court for his "willful failure" to obey her orders to testify truthfully in the Paula Jones sexual harassment lawsuit. For this, Clinton was assessed a $90,000 fine and the matter was referred to the Arkansas Supreme Court to see if disciplinary action would be appropriate.[61]

Regarding Clinton's January 17, 1998, deposition where he was placed under oath, Webber Wright wrote:

Simply put, the president's deposition testimony regarding whether he had ever been alone with Ms. (Monica) Lewinsky was intentionally false, and his statements regarding whether he had ever engaged in sexual relations with Ms. Lewinsky likewise were intentionally false.[61]

On the day before leaving office on January 20, 2001, Clinton, in what amounted to a plea bargain, agreed to a five-year suspension of his Arkansas law license and to pay a $25,000 fine as part of an agreement with independent counsel Robert Ray to end the investigation without the filing of any criminal charges for perjury or obstruction of justice.[62][63] On October 1, 2001, Clinton was accordingly suspended from the practice of law in the United States Supreme Court who also issued an order to show cause in 40 days "why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court."[64] Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court bar during the show-cause period, and the Supreme Court accordingly ordered his name "stricken from the roll of attorneys admitted to the practice of law before this Court."[65]

Civil settlement with Paula Jones

Eventually, the court dismissed the Paula Jones harassment lawsuit, before trial, on the grounds that Jones failed to demonstrate any damages. However, while the dismissal was on appeal, Clinton entered into an out-of-court settlement by agreeing to pay Jones $850,000.[66][67]

McCullam and Bryant later lost bids for the Senate while Rogan lost his seat to future lead impeachment manager Adam Schiff who led then President Donald Trump's impeachment in 2020. Graham successfully ran for the Senate in 2002 where he's currently serving.

Political ramifications

Opponents of Clinton's impeachment demonstrating outside the Capitol in December 1998

Polls conducted during 1998 and early 1999 showed that only about one-third of Americans supported Clinton's impeachment or conviction. However, one year later, when it was clear that impeachment would not lead to the ousting of the President, half of Americans said in a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll that they supported impeachment, 57% approved of the Senate's decision to keep him in office, and two-thirds of those polled said the impeachment was harmful to the country.[68]

While Clinton's job approval rating rose during the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and subsequent impeachment, his poll numbers with regard to questions of honesty, integrity and moral character declined.[69] As a result, "moral character" and "honesty" weighed heavily in the next presidential election. According to The Daily Princetonian, after the 2000 presidential election, "post-election polls found that, in the wake of Clinton-era scandals, the single most significant reason people voted for Bush was for his moral character."[70][71][72]According to an analysis of the election by Stanford University:

A more political explanation is the belief in Gore campaign circles that disapproval of President Clinton's personal behavior was a serious threat to the vice president's prospects. Going into the election the one negative element in the public's perception of the state of the nation was the belief that the country was morally on the wrong track, whatever the state of the economy or world affairs. According to some insiders, anything done to raise the association between Gore and Clinton would have produced a net loss of support—the impact of Clinton's personal negatives would outweigh the positive impact of his job performance on support for Gore. Thus, hypothesis four suggests that a previously unexamined variable played a major role in 2000—the retiring president's personal approval.[73]

The Stanford analysis, however, presented different theories and mainly argued that Gore had lost because he decided to distance himself from Clinton during the campaign. The writers of it concluded:[73]

We find that Gore's oft-criticized personality was not a cause of his under-performance. Rather, the major cause was his failure to receive a historically normal amount of credit for the performance of the Clinton administration ... [and] failure to get normal credit reflected Gore's peculiar campaign which in turn reflected fear of association with Clinton's behavior.[73]

According to the America's Future Foundation:

In the wake of the Clinton scandals, independents warmed to Bush's promise to 'restore honor and dignity to the White House'. According to Voter News Service, the personal quality that mattered most to voters was 'honesty'. Voters who chose 'honesty' preferred Bush over Gore by over a margin of five to one. Forty four percent of Americans said the Clinton scandals were important to their vote. Of these, Bush reeled in three out of every four.[74]

Political commentators have argued that Gore's refusal to have Clinton campaign with him was a bigger liability to Gore than Clinton's scandals.[73][75][76][77][78] The 2000 U.S. Congressional election also saw the Democrats gain more seats in Congress.[79] As a result of this gain, control of the Senate was split 50–50 between both parties,[80] and Democrats would gain control over the Senate after Republican Senator Jim Jeffords defected from his party in early 2001 and agreed to caucus with the Democrats.[81]

Al Gore reportedly confronted Clinton after the election, and "tried to explain that keeping Clinton under wraps [during the campaign] was a rational response to polls showing swing voters were still mad as hell over the Year of Monica". According to the AP, "during the one-on-one meeting at the White House, which lasted more than an hour, Gore used uncommonly blunt language to tell Clinton that his sex scandal and low personal approval ratings were a hurdle he could not surmount in his campaign ... [with] the core of the dispute was Clinton's lies to Gore and the nation about his affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky."[82][83][84] Clinton, however, was unconvinced by Gore's argument and insisted to Gore that he would have won the election if he had embraced the administration and its good economic record.[82][83][84]

Partial retraction from Starr

In January 2020, while testifying as a defense lawyer for U.S. President Donald Trump during his first Senate impeachment trial, Starr himself would retract some of the allegations he made to justify Clinton's impeachment.[85] Slate journalist Jeremy Stahl pointed out that as he was urging the Senate not to remove Trump as president, Starr contradicted various arguments he used in 1998 to justify Clinton's impeachment.[85] In defending Trump, Starr also claimed he was wrong to have called for impeachment against Clinton for abuse of executive privilege and efforts to obstruct Congress, and stated that the House Judiciary Committee was right in 1998 to have rejected one of the planks for impeachment he had advocated for.[85] He also invoked a 1999 Hofstra Law Review article by Yale law professor Akhil Amar, who argued that the Clinton impeachment proved just how impeachment and removal causes "grave disruption" to a national election.[85]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Prior to Bill Clinton, the only other U.S. president aside from Andrew Johnson to be the subject of formal House impeachment proceedings was Richard Nixon in 1973–74, but he resigned from the presidency on August 9, 1974, before the House voted on his impeachment.[2]
  2. ^ A verdict used in Scots law. It was recorded as a "not guilty" vote.

References

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  2. ^ "House begins impeachment of Nixon". history.com. A&E Television Networks. February 26, 2019 [Published November 24, 2009]. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Baker, Peter (February 13, 1999). "The Senate Acquits President Clinton". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Co. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  4. ^ Riley, Russell L. (October 4, 2016). "Bill Clinton: Domestic Affairs". millercenter.org. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Miller Center, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  5. ^ "Clinton v. Jones Timeline". The Washington Post. July 4, 1997. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  6. ^ "The Starr Report Narrative Pt. VII". The Washington Post. May 1997. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d "Clinton impeachment timeline". The Guardian. November 18, 1998. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  8. ^ Pace, David (November 6, 1997). "17 in House seek probe to impeach president". Newspapers.com. The Record. Associated Press. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
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